fix ``fake quotes''

Signed-off-by: Thomas E. Dickey <dickey@invisible-island.net>

7 files changed, 56 insertions, 56 deletions

diff --git a/specs/CH01.xml b/specs/CH01.xml
index 5dc0d84..b20226e 100644
--- a/specs/CH01.xml
+++ b/specs/CH01.xml
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ for each Intrinsics procedure and <xref linkend='Nonwidget_Objects' />
 describe which operations
 are defined for the nonwidget superclasses of Core.  The reader may
 determine by context whether a specific reference to <emphasis remap='I'>widget</emphasis>
-actually means ``widget'' or ``object.''
+actually means &ldquo;widget&rdquo; or &ldquo;object.&rdquo;
 </para>
 </sect1>
 
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ and is usually referenced as \-lXt when linking the application.
 <para>
 All functions defined in this specification except those specified below
 may be implemented as C macros with arguments.  C applications may use
-``#undef'' to remove a macro definition and ensure that the actual function
+&ldquo;#undef&rdquo; to remove a macro definition and ensure that the actual function
 is referenced.  Any such macro will expand to a single expression that
 has the same precedence as a function call and that evaluates each
 of its arguments exactly once, fully protected by parentheses, so that
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ subclasses.
 Physically, a widget class is a pointer to a structure.
 The contents of this structure are constant for all widgets of the widget
 class but will vary from class to class.
-(Here, ``constant'' means the class structure is initialized at compile time
+(Here, &ldquo;constant&rdquo; means the class structure is initialized at compile time
 and never changed, except for a one-time class initialization
 and in-place compilation of resource lists,
 which takes place when the first widget of the class or subclass is created.)
@@ -1261,11 +1261,11 @@ A resource name is spelled identically to the field name
 except that compound names use capitalization rather than underscore.
 To let the compiler catch spelling errors,
 each resource name should have a symbolic identifier prefixed with
-``XtN''.
+&ldquo;XtN&rdquo;.
 For example,
 the <emphasis remap='I'>background_pixmap</emphasis> field has the corresponding identifier
 XtNbackgroundPixmap,
-which is defined as the string ``backgroundPixmap''.
+which is defined as the string &ldquo;backgroundPixmap&rdquo;.
 Many predefined names are listed in
 <function>&lt;X11/StringDefs.h&gt;</function>.
 Before you invent a new name,
@@ -1275,9 +1275,9 @@ you should make sure there is not already a name that you can use.
   <listitem>
     <para>
 A resource class string starts with a capital letter
-and uses capitalization for compound names (for example,``BorderWidth'').
+and uses capitalization for compound names (for example,&ldquo;BorderWidth&rdquo;).
 Each resource class string should have a symbolic identifier prefixed with
-``XtC''
+&ldquo;XtC&rdquo;
 (for example, XtCBorderWidth).
 Many predefined classes are listed in
 <function>&lt;X11/StringDefs.h&gt;</function>.
@@ -1286,9 +1286,9 @@ Many predefined classes are listed in
   <listitem>
     <para>
 A resource representation string is spelled identically to the type name
-(for example, ``TranslationTable'').
+(for example, &ldquo;TranslationTable&rdquo;).
 Each representation string should have a symbolic identifier prefixed with
-``XtR''
+&ldquo;XtR&rdquo;
 (for example, XtRTranslationTable).
 Many predefined representation types are listed in
 <function>&lt;X11/StringDefs.h&gt;</function>.
@@ -1349,7 +1349,7 @@ Action procedures available to translation specifications should follow the
 same naming conventions as procedures.
 That is,
 they start with a capital letter, and compound names use uppercase
-(for example, ``Highlight'' and ``NotifyClient'').
+(for example, &ldquo;Highlight&rdquo; and &ldquo;NotifyClient&rdquo;).
     </para>
   </listitem>
 </itemizedlist>
@@ -1681,7 +1681,7 @@ inheriting or enveloping a superclass's operations
 The <emphasis remap='I'>class_name</emphasis> field contains the text name for this class,
 which is used by
 the resource manager.
-For example, the Label widget has the string ``Label''.
+For example, the Label widget has the string &ldquo;Label&rdquo;.
 More than one widget class can share the same text class name.
 This string must be permanently allocated prior to or during the
 execution of the class initialization procedure and must not be
@@ -2686,7 +2686,7 @@ result of
 <function>XrmStringToQuark</function>
 for a registered string constant.  The
 Intrinsics reserve all record type strings beginning with the two
-characters ``XT'' for future standard uses.  The value
+characters &ldquo;XT&rdquo; for future standard uses.  The value
 <emphasis role='strong'>NULLQUARK</emphasis>
 may also be used
 by the class part owner in extension records attached to its own class
diff --git a/specs/CH02.xml b/specs/CH02.xml
index 00bc7e7..c1bd5e2 100644
--- a/specs/CH02.xml
+++ b/specs/CH02.xml
@@ -573,7 +573,7 @@ name is the name used to invoke the program.  On implementations that
 conform to ANSI C Hosted Environment support, the application name will
 be <emphasis remap='I'>argv</emphasis>[0] less any directory and file type components, that is, the
 final component of <emphasis remap='I'>argv</emphasis>[0], if specified.  If <emphasis remap='I'>argv</emphasis>[0] does not exist or
-is the empty string, the application name is ``main''.
+is the empty string, the application name is &ldquo;main&rdquo;.
 <xref linkend='XtOpenDisplay' xrefstyle='select: title'/>
 returns the newly opened display or NULL if it failed.
 </para>
@@ -795,7 +795,7 @@ Calls
 to verify that the current locale is supported.
 If the locale is not supported, a warning message is issued with
 <xref linkend='XtWarning' xrefstyle='select: title'/>
-and the locale is set to ``C''.
+and the locale is set to &ldquo;C&rdquo;.
     </para>
   </listitem>
   <listitem>
@@ -886,7 +886,7 @@ above in the same order:
 <itemizedlist spacing='compact'>
   <listitem>
     <para>
-A temporary database, the ``server resource database'', is
+A temporary database, the &ldquo;server resource database&rdquo;, is
 created from the string returned by
 <function>XResourceManagerString</function>
 or, if
@@ -900,7 +900,7 @@ preference resource file is $HOME/<function>.Xdefaults</function>.
     <para>
 If a language procedure has been set,
 <xref linkend='XtDisplayInitialize' xrefstyle='select: title'/>
-first searches the command line for the option ``-xnlLanguage'', or
+first searches the command line for the option &ldquo;-xnlLanguage&rdquo;, or
 for a -xrm option that specifies the xnlLanguage/XnlLanguage resource,
 as specified by Section 2.4.
 If such a resource is found, the value is assumed to be
@@ -1061,7 +1061,7 @@ It may contain sitewide customizations specified by the system manager.
 The name of the application class resource file is found by calling
 <xref linkend='XtResolvePathname' xrefstyle='select: title'/>
 with the parameters
-(<emphasis remap='I'>display</emphasis>, ``app-defaults'', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, NULL).
+(<emphasis remap='I'>display</emphasis>, &ldquo;app-defaults&rdquo;, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, NULL).
 This file is expected to be provided by the developer of the application
 and may be required for the application to function properly.
 A simple application that wants to be assured of having a minimal
@@ -1518,7 +1518,7 @@ in the standard table overrides the standard table entry.
 If an option name is a prefix of another option name,
 both names are kept in the merged table.
 The Intrinsics reserve all option names
-beginning with the characters ``-xt'' for future standard uses.
+beginning with the characters &ldquo;-xt&rdquo; for future standard uses.
 </para>
 </sect1>
 
@@ -1795,9 +1795,9 @@ All Intrinsics interfaces that require
 <function>ArgList</function>
 arguments have analogs
 conforming to the ANSI C variable argument list
-(traditionally called ``varargs'')
+(traditionally called &ldquo;varargs&rdquo;)
 calling convention.  The name of the analog is formed by prefixing
-``Va'' to the name of the corresponding
+&ldquo;Va&rdquo; to the name of the corresponding
 <function>ArgList</function>
 procedure; e.g.,
 <xref linkend='XtVaCreateWidget' xrefstyle='select: title'/>.
@@ -4031,7 +4031,7 @@ Unmanages the widget if the widget is managed.
     <para>
 Makes a postorder (child-to-parent) traversal of the widget tree
 rooted at the specified widget and, for each widget that has
-declared a callback list resource named ``unrealizeCallback'', executes the
+declared a callback list resource named &ldquo;unrealizeCallback&rdquo;, executes the
 procedures on the
 XtNunrealizeCallback
 list.
diff --git a/specs/CH07.xml b/specs/CH07.xml
index 5756483..737a0b6 100644
--- a/specs/CH07.xml
+++ b/specs/CH07.xml
@@ -747,7 +747,7 @@ If
 <xref linkend='XtNoticeSignal' xrefstyle='select: title'/>
 is invoked multiple times before the Intrinsics are able to invoke the
 registered callback, the callback is only called once.
-Logically, the Intrinsics maintain ``pending'' flag for each registered callback.
+Logically, the Intrinsics maintain &ldquo;pending&rdquo; flag for each registered callback.
 This flag is initially
 <function>False</function>
 and is set to
@@ -760,7 +760,7 @@ or
 <xref linkend='XtAppProcessEvent' xrefstyle='select: title'/>
 (with a mask including
 <function>XtIMSignal</function>)
-is called, all registered callbacks with ``pending''
+is called, all registered callbacks with &ldquo;pending&rdquo;
 <function>True</function>
 are invoked and the flags are reset to
 <function>False</function>.
@@ -2504,7 +2504,7 @@ was created.  Since
 on the parent will not
 modify the resource of the pop-up child, clients are advised to include
 a resource specification of the form
-``*TransientShell.ancestorSensitive: True''
+&ldquo;*TransientShell.ancestorSensitive: True&rdquo;
 in the application defaults resource file or to
 otherwise ensure that the parent is
 sensitive when creating pop-up shells.
diff --git a/specs/CH09.xml b/specs/CH09.xml
index 0f45c42..53eba83 100644
--- a/specs/CH09.xml
+++ b/specs/CH09.xml
@@ -79,14 +79,14 @@ except all underscores (_) are deleted and the next letter is replaced by its
 uppercase counterpart.
 For example, the resource name for background_pixel becomes backgroundPixel.
 Resource names beginning with the two-character
-sequence ``xt'', and resource classes beginning with the two-character
-sequence ``Xt'' are reserved to the Intrinsics for future standard and
+sequence &ldquo;xt&rdquo;, and resource classes beginning with the two-character
+sequence &ldquo;Xt&rdquo; are reserved to the Intrinsics for future standard and
 implementation-dependent uses.
 Widget header files typically contain a symbolic name for each resource name.
 All resource names, classes, and types used by the Intrinsics are named in
 <function>&lt;X11/StringDefs.h&gt;</function>.
 The Intrinsics's symbolic resource names begin with
-``XtN''
+&ldquo;XtN&rdquo;
 and are followed by the string name (for example, XtNbackgroundPixel
 for backgroundPixel).
 </para>
@@ -124,9 +124,9 @@ and everything else darkblue.
 
 <para>
 In this case, the background pixel should have a resource class of
-``Background''
+&ldquo;Background&rdquo;
 and all the other pixel entries a resource class of
-``Foreground''.
+&ldquo;Foreground&rdquo;.
 Then, the resource file needs only two lines to
 change all pixels to ivory or darkblue:
 </para>
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ By convention,
 resource classes are always spelled starting with a capital letter
 to distinguish them from resource names.
 Their symbolic names are preceded with
-``XtC''
+&ldquo;XtC&rdquo;
 (for example, XtCBackground).
 </para>
 
@@ -1467,7 +1467,7 @@ and evaluate this in the following manner:
   <listitem>
     <para>
 Query the resource database for the resource whose full name
-is ``xtDefaultFont'', class ``XtDefaultFont'' (that is, no widget
+is &ldquo;xtDefaultFont&rdquo;, class &ldquo;XtDefaultFont&rdquo; (that is, no widget
 name/class prefixes), and use a type
 <function>XtRString</function>
 value returned as the font name or a type
@@ -1508,7 +1508,7 @@ and evaluate this in the following manner:
   <listitem>
     <para>
 Query the resource database for the resource whose full name
-is ``xtDefaultFontSet'', class ``XtDefaultFontSet'' (that is, no widget
+is &ldquo;xtDefaultFontSet&rdquo;, class &ldquo;XtDefaultFontSet&rdquo; (that is, no widget
 name/class prefixes), and use a type
 <function>XtRString</function>
 value returned as the base font name list or a type
@@ -1573,14 +1573,14 @@ Alphabetic case is not significant in the conversion.
 The String-to-CommandArgArray conversion parses a String into an
 array of strings.
 White space characters separate elements of the command line.
-The converter recognizes the backslash character ``\\'' as an escape
+The converter recognizes the backslash character &ldquo;\\&rdquo; as an escape
 character to allow the following white space character to be part of the
 array element.
 </para>
 
 <para>
 The String-to-DirectoryString conversion recognizes the
-string ``XtCurrentDirectory'' and returns the result of a call
+string &ldquo;XtCurrentDirectory&rdquo; and returns the result of a call
 to the operating system to get the current directory.
 </para>
 
@@ -2164,9 +2164,9 @@ The
 <xref linkend='XtDisplayStringConversionWarning' xrefstyle='select: title'/>
 procedure issues a warning message using
 <xref linkend='XtAppWarningMsg' xrefstyle='select: title'/>
-with <emphasis remap='I'>name</emphasis> ``conversionError'',
-<emphasis remap='I'>type</emphasis> ``string'', <emphasis remap='I'>class</emphasis> ``XtToolkitError'', and the default message
-``Cannot convert "<emphasis remap='I'>from_value</emphasis>" to type <emphasis remap='I'>to_type</emphasis>''.
+with <emphasis remap='I'>name</emphasis> &ldquo;conversionError&rdquo;,
+<emphasis remap='I'>type</emphasis> &ldquo;string&rdquo;, <emphasis remap='I'>class</emphasis> &ldquo;XtToolkitError&rdquo;, and the default message
+&ldquo;Cannot convert "<emphasis remap='I'>from_value</emphasis>" to type <emphasis remap='I'>to_type</emphasis>&rdquo;.
 </para>
 
 <para>
diff --git a/specs/CH10.xml b/specs/CH10.xml
index 58e6af0..9bc17ed 100644
--- a/specs/CH10.xml
+++ b/specs/CH10.xml
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ is the name of the C procedure that implements that function:
 </literallayout>
 <para>
 The Intrinsics reserve all action names and parameters starting with
-the characters ``Xt'' for future standard enhancements.  Users,
+the characters &ldquo;Xt&rdquo; for future standard enhancements.  Users,
 applications, and widgets should not declare action names or pass
 parameters starting with these characters except to invoke specified
 built-in Intrinsics functions.
@@ -628,8 +628,8 @@ action sequence.
 Translation table entries may specify actions that are taken when two
 or more identical events occur consecutively within a short time
 interval, called the multi-click time.  The multi-click time value may
-be specified as an application resource with name ``multiClickTime'' and
-class ``MultiClickTime'' and may also be modified dynamically by the
+be specified as an application resource with name &ldquo;multiClickTime&rdquo; and
+class &ldquo;MultiClickTime&rdquo; and may also be modified dynamically by the
 application.  The multi-click time is unique for each Display value and
 is retrieved from the resource database by
 <xref linkend='XtDisplayInitialize' xrefstyle='select: title'/>.
@@ -949,8 +949,8 @@ augment, or override any
 existing translation table in the widget.
 To specify this,
 a pound sign (#) is given as the first character of the table
-followed by one of the keywords ``replace'', ``augment'', or
-``override'' to indicate
+followed by one of the keywords &ldquo;replace&rdquo;, &ldquo;augment&rdquo;, or
+&ldquo;override&rdquo; to indicate
 whether to replace, augment, or override the existing table.
 The replace or merge
 operation is performed during the
@@ -959,20 +959,20 @@ instance initialization.
 Each merge operation produces a new
 translation resource value; if the original tables were shared by
 other widgets, they are unaffected.  If no directive is
-specified, ``#replace'' is assumed.
+specified, &ldquo;#replace&rdquo; is assumed.
 </para>
 
 <para>
 At instance initialization
 the XtNtranslations resource is first fetched.  Then, if it was
-not specified or did not contain ``#replace'', the
+not specified or did not contain &ldquo;#replace&rdquo;, the
 resource database is searched for the resource XtNbaseTranslations.
 If XtNbaseTranslations is found, it is merged into the widget class
 translation table.  Then the widget <emphasis remap='I'>translations</emphasis> field is
 merged into the result or into the class translation table if
 XtNbaseTranslations was not found.  This final table is then
 stored into the widget <emphasis remap='I'>translations</emphasis> field.  If the XtNtranslations
-resource specified ``#replace'', no merge is done.
+resource specified &ldquo;#replace&rdquo;, no merge is done.
 If neither XtNbaseTranslations or XtNtranslations are specified,
 the class translation table is copied into the widget instance.
 </para>
@@ -2030,7 +2030,7 @@ translation table entry only.  For both
 and
 <function>KeyPress</function>
 events, don't-care modifiers are ignored unless the translation entry
-explicitly specifies ``Any'' in the <emphasis remap='I'>modifiers</emphasis> field.
+explicitly specifies &ldquo;Any&rdquo; in the <emphasis remap='I'>modifiers</emphasis> field.
 </para>
 
 <para>
diff --git a/specs/CH13.xml b/specs/CH13.xml
index c6a1cdd..530f918 100644
--- a/specs/CH13.xml
+++ b/specs/CH13.xml
@@ -129,8 +129,8 @@ specification change is small.
 A composite widget layout routine that calls
 <xref linkend='XtQueryGeometry' xrefstyle='select: title'/>
 is now expected to store the complete new geometry in the intended structure;
-previously the specification said ``store the changes it intends to
-make''.  Only by storing the complete geometry does the child have
+previously the specification said &ldquo;store the changes it intends to
+make&rdquo;.  Only by storing the complete geometry does the child have
 any way to know what other parts of the geometry may still be
 flexible.  Existing widgets should not be affected by this, except
 to take advantage of the new information.
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ In order to provide a mechanism for widgets to be notified when they
 become unrealized through a call to
 <xref linkend='XtUnrealizeWidget' xrefstyle='select: title'/>,
 the callback
-list name ``unrealizeCallback'' has been defined by the Intrinsics.  A
+list name &ldquo;unrealizeCallback&rdquo; has been defined by the Intrinsics.  A
 widget class that requires notification on unrealize may declare a
 callback list resource by this name.  No class is required to declare
 this resource, but any class that did so in a prior revision may find
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ defaults files while still giving end users the ability to augment
 or override individual event sequences.  This change will affect
 only those applications that wish to take advantage of the new
 functionality or those widgets that may have previously defined
-a resource named ``baseTranslations''.
+a resource named &ldquo;baseTranslations&rdquo;.
 </para>
 
 <para>
@@ -307,8 +307,8 @@ to
 If it is important to the application to preserve complete
 compatibility of the defaults file between different versions
 of the application running under Release 4 and Release 5,
-the full translations can be replicated in both the ``translations''
-and the ``baseTranslations'' resource.
+the full translations can be replicated in both the &ldquo;translations&rdquo;
+and the &ldquo;baseTranslations&rdquo; resource.
 </para>
 </sect2>
 
@@ -342,8 +342,8 @@ application class resource files according to arbitrary user-specified
 categories.  The primary motivation for this addition was separate
 monochrome and color application class defaults files.  The
 substitution value is obtained by querying the current resource
-database for the application resource name ``customization'', class
-``Customization''.  Any application that previously used this
+database for the application resource name &ldquo;customization&rdquo;, class
+&ldquo;Customization&rdquo;.  Any application that previously used this
 resource name and class will need to be aware of the possibly
 conflicting semantics.
 </para>
@@ -717,7 +717,7 @@ database construction, by using the new substitution string, %D.
 <para>
 The default key translator now recognizes the NumLock modifier.
 If NumLock is on and the second keysym is a keypad keysym
-(a standard keysym named with a ``KP'' prefix or a
+(a standard keysym named with a &ldquo;KP&rdquo; prefix or a
 vendor-specific keysym in the hexadecimal range 0x11000000 to 0x1100FFFF),
 then the default key translator will
 use the first keysym if Shift and/or ShiftLock is on and will
diff --git a/specs/appD.xml b/specs/appD.xml
index b863381..a7ac681 100644
--- a/specs/appD.xml
+++ b/specs/appD.xml
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 <para>
 All Intrinsics errors and warnings have class
-``XtToolkitError''.
+&ldquo;XtToolkitError&rdquo;.
 The following two tables summarize the common errors and warnings that can be
 generated by the Intrinsics.
 Additional implementation-dependent messages are permitted.