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+.de Id
+.ds Rv \\$3
+.ds Dt \\$4
+..
+.Id $Id: cvs.1,v 1.1 1995/12/19 09:21:35 deraadt Exp $
+.TH CVS 1 "\*(Dt"
+.\" Full space in nroff; half space in troff
+.de SP
+.if n .sp
+.if t .sp .5
+..
+.\" quoted command
+.de `
+.RB ` "\|\\$1\|" '\\$2
+..
+.SH "NAME"
+cvs \- Concurrent Versions System
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.TP
+\fBcvs\fP [ \fIcvs_options\fP ]
+.I cvs_command
+[
+.I command_options
+] [
+.I command_args
+]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.IX "revision control system" "\fLcvs\fR"
+.IX  cvs  ""  "\fLcvs\fP \- concurrent versions system"
+.IX  "concurrent versions system \- \fLcvs\fP"
+.IX  "release control system"  "cvs command"  ""  "\fLcvs\fP \- concurrent versions system"
+.IX  "source control system"  "cvs command"  ""  "\fLcvs\fP \- concurrent versions system"
+.IX  revisions  "cvs command"  ""  "\fLcvs\fP \- source control"
+.B cvs
+is a front end to the
+.BR rcs ( 1 )
+revision control system which extends
+the notion of revision control from a collection of files in a single
+directory to a hierarchical collection of directories consisting of
+revision controlled files.
+These directories and files can be combined together to form a software
+release.
+.B cvs
+provides the functions necessary to manage these software releases and to
+control the concurrent editing of source files among multiple software
+developers.
+.SP
+.B cvs
+keeps a single copy of the master sources.
+This copy is called the source ``repository''; it contains all the
+information to permit extracting previous software releases at any
+time based on either a symbolic revision tag, or a date in the past.
+.SH "ESSENTIAL COMMANDS"
+.B cvs
+provides a rich variety of commands (\fIcvs_command\fP in the
+Synopsis), each of which often has a wealth of options, to satisfy the
+many needs of source management in distributed environments.  However,
+you don't have to master every detail to do useful work with
+.BR cvs ;
+in fact, five commands are sufficient to use (and contribute to)
+the source repository.
+.TP
+\fBcvs checkout\fP \fImodules\fP\|.\|.\|.
+A necessary preliminary for most \fBcvs\fP work: creates your private
+copy of the source for \fImodules\fP (named collections of source; you
+can also use a path relative to the source repository here).  You can
+work with this copy without interfering with others' work.  At least
+one subdirectory level is always created.
+.TP
+.B cvs update
+Execute this command from \fIwithin\fP your private source
+directory when you wish to update your copies of source files from
+changes that other developers have made to the source in the
+repository.
+.TP
+\fBcvs add\fP \fIfile\fP\|.\|.\|.
+Use this command to enroll new files in \fBcvs\fP records of your
+working directory.  The files will be added to the repository the next
+time you run
+.` "cvs commit".
+Note:
+You should use the
+.` "cvs import"
+command to bootstrap new sources into the source repository.
+.` "cvs add"
+is only used for new files to an already checked-out module.
+.TP
+\fBcvs remove\fP \fIfile\fP\|.\|.\|.
+Use this command (after erasing any files listed) to declare that you
+wish to eliminate files from the repository.  The removal does not
+affect others until you run
+.` "cvs commit".
+.TP
+\fBcvs commit\fP \fIfile\fP\|.\|.\|.
+Use this command when you wish to ``publish'' your changes to other
+developers, by incorporating them in the source repository.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+The
+.B cvs
+command line can include
+.IR cvs_options ,
+which apply to the overall
+.B cvs
+program; a
+.IR cvs_command ,
+which specifies a particular action on the source repository; and
+.I command_options
+and
+.I command_arguments
+to fully specify what the
+.I cvs_command
+will do.
+.SP
+.I Warning:
+you must be careful of precisely where you place options relative to the
+.IR cvs_command .
+The same option can mean different things depending on whether it
+is in the
+.I cvs_options
+position (to the left of a
+.B cvs
+command) or in the
+.I command_options
+position (to the right of a
+.B cvs
+command).
+.SP
+There are only two situations where you may omit
+.IR cvs_command :
+.` "cvs \-H"
+or
+.` "cvs --help"
+elicits a list of available commands, and
+.` "cvs \-v"
+or
+.` "cvs --version"
+displays version information on \fBcvs\fP itself.
+.SP
+.SH "CVS OPTIONS"
+As of release 1.6,
+.B cvs
+supports
+.SM GNU
+style long options as well as short options.  Only
+a few long options are currently supported, these are listed in
+brackets after the short options whose functions they duplicate.
+.SP
+Use these options to control the overall
+.B cvs
+program:
+.TP
+.B \-H [ --help ]
+Display usage information about the specified
+.I cvs_command
+(but do not actually execute the command).  If you don't specify a
+command name,
+.` "cvs \-H"
+displays a summary of all the commands available.
+.TP
+.B \-Q
+Causes the command to be
+.I really
+quiet; the command will generate output only for serious problems.
+.TP
+.B \-q
+Causes the command to be somewhat quiet; informational messages, such
+as reports of recursion through subdirectories, are suppressed.
+.TP
+\fB\-b\fP \fIbindir\fP
+Use
+.I bindir
+as the directory where
+.SM RCS
+programs are located.
+Overrides the setting of the
+.SM RCSBIN
+environment variable.
+This value should be specified as an absolute pathname.
+.TP
+\fB\-d\fP \fICVS_root_directory\fP
+Use
+.I CVS_root_directory
+as the root directory pathname of the master
+.SM RCS
+source repository.
+Overrides the setting of the
+.SM CVSROOT
+environment variable.
+This value should be specified as an absolute pathname.
+.TP
+\fB\-e\fP \fIeditor\fP
+Use
+.I editor
+to enter revision log information.
+Overrides the setting of the
+.SM CVSEDITOR
+and the
+.SM EDITOR
+environment variables.
+.TP
+.B \-f
+Do not read the
+.B cvs
+startup file (\fI~/.cvsrc\fP).
+.TP
+.B \-l
+Do not log the
+.I cvs_command
+in the command history (but execute it anyway).  See the description
+of the
+.B history
+command for information on command history.
+.TP
+.B \-n
+Do not change any files.  Attempt to execute the
+.IR cvs_command ,
+but only to issue reports; do not remove, update, or merge any
+existing files, or create any new files.
+.TP
+.B \-t
+Trace program execution; display messages showing the steps of
+.B cvs
+activity.  Particularly useful with
+.B \-n
+to explore the potential impact of an unfamiliar command.
+.TP
+.B \-r
+Makes new working files read-only.
+Same effect as if the
+.SM CVSREAD
+environment variable is set.
+.TP
+.B \-v [ --version ]
+Displays version and copyright information for
+.BR cvs .
+.TP
+.B \-w
+Makes new working files read-write (default).
+Overrides the setting of the
+.SM CVSREAD
+environment variable.
+.TP
+\fB\-z\fP \fIcompression\-level\fP
+When transferring files across the network use
+.B gzip
+with compression level \fIcompression\-level\fP to compress and
+de-compress data as it is transferred.  Requires the presence of
+the
+.SM GNU
+.B gzip
+program in the current search path at both ends of the link.
+.SH "USAGE"
+Except when requesting general help with
+.` "cvs \-H",
+you must specify a
+.I cvs_command
+to
+.B cvs
+to select a specific release control function to perform.
+Each
+.B cvs
+command accepts its own collection of options and arguments.
+However, many options are available across several commands.
+You can display a usage summary for each command by specifying the
+.B \-H
+option with the command.
+.SH "CVS STARTUP FILE"
+Normally, when CVS starts up, it reads the
+.I .cvsrc
+file from the home directory of the user reading it.  This startup
+procedure can be turned off with the
+.B \-f
+flag.
+.SP
+The
+.I .cvsrc
+file lists CVS commands with a list of arguments, one command per
+line.  For example, the following line in \fI.cvsrc\fP:
+.SP
+diff \-c
+.SP
+will mean that the
+.` "cvs diff"
+command will always be passed the \-c option in addition to any
+other options that are specified in the command line (in this case
+it will have the effect of producing context sensitive diffs for
+all executions of
+.` "cvs diff"
+).
+.SH "CVS COMMAND SUMMARY"
+Here are brief descriptions of all the
+.B cvs
+commands:
+.TP
+.B add
+Add a new file or directory to the repository, pending a
+.` "cvs commit"
+on the same file.
+Can only be done from within sources created by a previous
+.` "cvs checkout"
+invocation.
+Use
+.` "cvs import"
+to place whole new hierarchies of sources under
+.B cvs
+control.
+(Does not directly affect repository; changes
+working directory.)
+.TP
+.B admin
+Execute
+.SM RCS
+control functions on the source repository.  (Changes
+repository directly; uses working directory without changing it.)
+.TP
+.B checkout
+Make a working directory of source files for editing.  (Creates or changes
+working directory.)
+.TP
+.B commit
+Apply to the source repository changes, additions, and deletions from your
+working directory.  (Changes repository.)
+.TP
+.B diff
+Show differences between files in working directory and source
+repository, or between two revisions in source repository.
+(Does not change either repository or working directory.)
+.TP
+.B export
+Prepare copies of a set of source files for shipment off site.
+Differs from
+.` "cvs checkout"
+in that no
+.B cvs
+administrative directories are created (and therefore
+.` "cvs commit"
+cannot be executed from a directory prepared with
+.` "cvs export"),
+and a symbolic tag must be specified.
+(Does not change repository; creates directory similar to working
+directories).
+.TP
+.B history
+Show reports on
+.B cvs
+commands that you or others have executed on a particular file or
+directory in the source repository.  (Does not change repository or
+working directory.)  History logs are kept only if enabled by creation
+of the
+.` "$CVSROOT/CVSROOT/history"
+file; see
+.BR cvs ( 5 ).
+.TP
+.B import
+Incorporate a set of updates from off-site into the source repository,
+as a ``vendor branch''.  (Changes repository.)
+.TP
+.B log
+Display
+.SM RCS
+log information.
+(Does not change repository or working directory.)
+.TP
+.B rdiff
+Prepare a collection of diffs as a patch file between two releases in
+the repository.  (Does not change repository or working directory.)
+.TP
+.B release
+Cancel a
+.` "cvs checkout",
+abandoning any changes.
+(Can delete working directory; no effect on repository.)
+.TP
+.B remove
+Remove files from the source repository, pending a
+.` "cvs commit"
+on the same files.  (Does not directly affect repository;
+changes working directory.)
+.TP
+.B rtag
+Explicitly specify a symbolic tag for particular revisions of files in the
+source repository.  See also
+.` "cvs tag".
+(Changes repository directly; does not require or affect
+working directory.)
+.TP
+.B status
+Show current status of files: latest version, version in working
+directory, whether working version has been edited and, optionally,
+symbolic tags in the
+.SM RCS
+file.  (Does not change
+repository or working directory.)
+.TP
+.B tag
+Specify a symbolic tag for files in the repository.  By default, tags
+the revisions
+that were last synchronized with your working directory.   (Changes
+repository directly; uses working directory without changing it.)
+.TP
+.B update
+Bring your working directory up to date with changes from the
+repository.  Merges are performed automatically when possible; a
+warning is issued if manual resolution is required for conflicting
+changes.  (Changes working directory; does not change repository.)
+.SH "COMMON COMMAND OPTIONS"
+This section describes the
+.I command_options
+that are available across several
+.B cvs
+commands.  Not all commands support all of these options; each option
+is only supported for commands where it makes sense.  However, when
+a command has one of these options you can count on the same meaning
+for the option as in other commands.  (Other command
+options, which are listed with the individual commands, may have
+different meanings from one
+.B cvs
+command to another.)
+.I "Warning:"
+the
+.B history
+command is an exception;
+it supports many options that conflict
+even with these standard options.
+.TP
+\fB\-D\fP \fIdate_spec\fP
+Use the most recent revision no later than \fIdate_spec\fP (a single
+argument, date description specifying a date in the
+past).  A wide variety of date formats are supported by the underlying
+.SM RCS
+facilities, similar to those described in
+.BR co ( 1 ),
+but not exactly the same.
+The \fIdate_spec\fP is interpreted as being in the local timezone, unless a
+specific timezone is specified.
+The specification is ``sticky'' when you use it to make a
+private copy of a source file; that is, when you get a working file
+using \fB\-D\fP, \fBcvs\fP records the date you
+specified, so that further updates in the same directory will use the
+same date (unless you explicitly override it; see the description of
+the \fBupdate\fP command).
+.B \-D
+is available with the
+.BR checkout ", " diff ", " history ", " export ", "
+.BR rdiff ", " rtag ", and "
+.B update
+commands.
+Examples of valid date specifications include:
+.in +1i
+.ft B
+.nf
+1 month ago
+2 hours ago
+400000 seconds ago
+last year
+last Monday
+yesterday
+a fortnight ago
+3/31/92 10:00:07 PST
+January 23, 1987 10:05pm
+22:00 GMT
+.fi
+.ft P
+.in -1i
+.TP
+.B \-f
+When you specify a particular date or tag to \fBcvs\fP commands, they
+normally ignore files that do not contain the tag (or did not exist on
+the date) that you specified.  Use the \fB\-f\fP option if you want
+files retrieved even when there is no match for the tag or date.  (The
+most recent version is used in this situation.)
+.B \-f
+is available with these commands:
+.BR checkout ", " export ", "
+.BR rdiff ", " rtag ", and " update .
+.TP
+.B \-H
+Help; describe the options available for this command.  This is the
+only option supported for
+.I all
+.B cvs
+commands.
+.TP
+\fB\-k\fP \fIkflag\fP
+Alter the default
+.SM RCS
+processing of keywords; all the
+.B \-k
+options described in
+.BR co ( 1 )
+are available.  The \fB\-k\fP option is available with the
+.BR add ", " checkout ", " diff ", " export ", "
+.BR rdiff ", and " update
+commands.  Your \fIkflag\fP specification is ``sticky'' when you use
+it to create a private copy of a source file; that is, when you use
+this option with the \fBcheckout\fP or \fBupdate\fP commands,
+\fBcvs\fP associates your selected \fIkflag\fP with the file, and
+continues to use it with future \fBupdate\fP commands on the same file
+until you specify otherwise.
+.SP
+Some of the more useful \fIkflag\fPs are \-ko and \-kb (for binary files,
+only compatible with
+.SM RCS
+version 5.7 or later), and \-kv which is useful for an
+.B export
+where you wish to retain keyword information after an
+.B import
+at some other site.
+.TP
+.B \-l
+Local; run only in current working directory, rather than recurring through
+subdirectories.   Available with the following commands:
+.BR checkout ", " commit ", " diff ", "
+.BR export ", " remove ", " rdiff ", " rtag ", "
+.BR status ", " tag ", and " update .
+.I Warning:
+this is not the same
+as the overall
+.` "cvs \-l"
+option, which you can specify to the
+.I left
+of a
+.B cvs
+command!
+.TP
+.B \-n
+Do
+.I not
+run any
+.BR checkout / commit / tag / update
+program.  (A program can be specified to run on each of these
+activities, in the modules database; this option bypasses it.)
+Available with the
+.BR checkout ", " commit ", " export ", and "
+.B rtag
+commands.
+.I Warning:
+this is not the same
+as the overall
+.` "cvs \-n"
+option, which you can specify to the
+.I left
+of a
+.B cvs
+command!
+.TP
+.B \-P
+Prune (remove) directories that are empty after being updated, on
+.BR checkout ", or " update .
+Normally, an empty directory (one that is void of revision-controlled
+files) is left alone.
+Specifying
+.B \-P
+will cause these directories to be silently removed from your checked-out
+sources.
+This does not remove the directory from the repository, only from your
+checked out copy.
+Note that this option is implied by the
+.B \-r
+or
+.B \-D
+options of
+.BR checkout " and " export .
+.TP
+.B \-p
+Pipe the files retrieved from the repository to standard output,
+rather than writing them in the current directory.  Available with the
+.BR checkout " and " update
+commands.
+.TP
+\fB\-r\fP \fItag\fP
+Use the revision specified by the
+.I tag
+argument instead of the default ``head'' revision.  As well as
+arbitrary tags defined with the \fBtag\fP or \fBrtag\fP command, two
+special tags are always available:
+.` "HEAD"
+refers to the most
+recent version available in the repository, and
+.` "BASE"
+refers to the revision you last checked out into the current working
+directory.
+.SP
+The \fItag\fP specification is ``sticky'' when you use
+this option with
+.` "cvs checkout"
+or
+.` "cvs update"
+to
+make your own copy of a file: \fBcvs\fP remembers the \fItag\fP and
+continues to use it on future \fBupdate\fP commands, until you specify
+otherwise.
+.I tag
+can be either a symbolic or numeric tag, in
+.SM RCS
+fashion.
+Specifying the
+.B \-q
+global option along with the
+.B \-r
+command option is often useful, to suppress the warning messages when the
+.SM RCS
+file does not contain the specified tag.
+.B \-r
+is available with the
+.BR checkout ", " commit ", " diff ", "
+.BR history ", " export ", "
+.BR rdiff ", " rtag ", and " update
+commands.
+.I Warning:
+this is not the same
+as the overall
+.` "cvs \-r"
+option, which you can specify to the
+.I left
+of a
+.B cvs
+command!
+.SH "CVS COMMANDS"
+Here (finally) are details on all the
+.B cvs
+commands and the options each accepts.  The summary lines at the top
+of each command's description highlight three kinds of things:
+.TP 1i
+\ \ \ \ Command Options and Arguments
+Special options are described in detail below; common command options
+may appear only in the summary line.
+.TP 1i
+\ \ \ \ Working Directory, or Repository?
+Some \fBcvs\fP commands require a working directory to operate; some
+require a repository.  Also, some commands \fIchange\fP the
+repository, some change the working directory, and some change
+nothing.
+.TP 1i
+\ \ \ \ Synonyms
+Many commands have synonyms, which you may find easier to
+remember (or type) than the principal name.
+.PP
+.TP
+\fBadd\fP [\fB\-k\fP \fIkflag\fP] [\fB\-m '\fP\fImessage\fP\fB'\fP] \fIfiles.\|.\|.\fP
+.I Requires:
+repository, working directory.
+.br
+.I Changes:
+working directory.
+.br
+.I Synonym:
+.B new
+.br
+Use the
+.B add
+command to create a new file or directory in the
+.SM RCS
+source repository.
+The files or directories specified with
+.B add
+must already exist in the current directory (which must have been created
+with the
+.B checkout
+command).
+To add a whole new directory hierarchy to the source repository
+(for example, files received from a third-party vendor), use the
+.` "cvs import"
+command instead.
+.SP
+If the argument to
+.` "cvs add"
+refers to an immediate sub-directory, the directory is
+created at the correct place in the
+.SM RCS
+source repository, and the necessary
+.B cvs
+administration files are created in your working directory.
+If the directory already exists in the source repository,
+.` "cvs add"
+still creates the administration files in your version of the directory.
+This allows you to use
+.` "cvs add"
+to add a particular directory to your private sources even if
+someone else created that directory after your
+.B checkout
+of the sources.  You can do the following:
+.SP
+.in +1i
+.ft B
+.nf
+example% mkdir new_directory
+example% cvs add new_directory
+example% cvs update new_directory
+.fi
+.ft P
+.in -1i
+.SP
+An alternate approach using
+.` "cvs update"
+might be:
+.SP
+.in +1i
+.ft B
+.nf
+example% cvs update -d new_directory
+.fi
+.ft P
+.in -1i
+.SP
+(To add \fIany available\fP new directories to your working directory, it's
+probably simpler to use
+.` "cvs checkout"
+or
+.` "cvs update -d".)
+.SP
+The added files are not placed in the
+.SM RCS
+source repository until you use
+.` "cvs commit"
+to make the change permanent.
+Doing a
+.` "cvs add"
+on a file that was removed with the
+.` "cvs remove"
+command will resurrect the file, if no
+.` "cvs commit"
+command intervened.
+.SP
+You will have the opportunity to specify a logging message, as usual,
+when you use
+.` "cvs commit"
+to make the new file permanent.  If you'd like to have another
+logging message associated with just
+.I creation
+of the file (for example, to describe the file's purpose), you can
+specify it with the
+.` "\-m \fImessage\fP"
+option to the
+.B add
+command.
+.SP
+The
+.` "-k kflag"
+option specifies the default way that this
+file will be checked out.
+The
+.` "kflag"
+argument is stored in the
+.SM RCS
+file and can be changed with
+.` "cvs admin".
+Specifying
+.` "-ko"
+is useful for checking in binaries that
+shouldn't have the
+.SM RCS
+id strings expanded.
+.TP
+\fBadmin\fP [\fIrcs-options\fP] \fIfiles.\|.\|.\fP
+.I Requires:
+repository, working directory.
+.br
+.I Changes:
+repository.
+.br
+.I Synonym:
+.B rcs
+.br
+This is the
+.B cvs
+interface to assorted administrative
+.SM RCS
+facilities, documented in
+.BR rcs ( 1 ).
+.` "cvs admin"
+simply passes all its options and arguments to the
+.B rcs
+command; it does no filtering or other processing.
+This command does work recursively, however, so extreme care should be
+used.
+.TP
+\fBcheckout\fP [\fBoptions\fP] \fImodules\fP.\|.\|.
+.I Requires:
+repository.
+.br
+.I Changes:
+working directory.
+.br
+.I Synonyms:
+.BR co ", " get
+.br
+Make a working directory containing copies of the source files specified by
+.IR modules .
+You must execute
+.` "cvs checkout"
+before using most of the other
+.B cvs
+commands, since most of them operate on your working directory.
+.SP
+\fImodules\fP are either symbolic names (themselves defined as the
+module
+.` "modules"
+in the source repository; see
+.BR cvs ( 5 ))
+for some collection of source directories and files, or paths to
+directories or files in the repository.
+.SP
+Depending on the
+.I modules
+you specify,
+.B checkout
+may recursively create directories and populate them with the appropriate
+source files.
+You can then edit these source files at any time (regardless of whether
+other software developers are editing their own copies of the sources);
+update them to include new changes applied by others to the source
+repository; or commit your work as a permanent change to the
+.SM RCS
+repository.
+.SP
+Note that
+.B checkout
+is used to create directories.
+The top-level directory created is always added to the directory
+where
+.B checkout
+is invoked, and usually has the same name as the specified
+.IR module .
+In the case of a
+.I module
+alias, the created sub-directory may have a different name, but you can be
+sure that it will be a sub-directory, and that
+.B checkout
+will show the relative path leading to each file as it is extracted into
+your private work area (unless you specify the
+.B \-Q
+global option).
+.SP
+Running
+.` "cvs checkout"
+on a directory that was already built by a prior
+.B checkout
+is also permitted, and
+has the same effect as specifying the
+.B \-d
+option to the
+.B update
+command described below.
+.SP
+The
+.I options
+permitted with
+.` "cvs checkout"
+include the standard command options
+.BR \-P ", " \-f ", "
+.BI \-k " kflag"
+\&,
+.BR \-l ", " \-n ", " \-p ", "
+.BR \-r
+.IR tag ", and"
+.BI \-D " date"\c
+\&.
+.SP
+In addition to those, you can use these special command options
+with
+.BR checkout :
+.SP
+Use the
+.B \-A
+option to reset any sticky tags, dates, or
+.B \-k
+options.  (If you get a working file using one of the
+\fB\-r\fP, \fB\-D\fP, or \fB\-k\fP options, \fBcvs\fP remembers the
+corresponding tag, date, or \fIkflag\fP and continues using it on
+future updates; use the \fB\-A\fP option to make \fBcvs\fP forget these
+specifications, and retrieve the ``head'' version of the file).
+.SP
+The
+.BI \-j " branch"
+option merges the changes made between the
+resulting revision and the revision that it is based on (e.g., if
+the tag refers to a branch,
+.B cvs
+will merge all changes made in that branch into your working file).
+.SP
+With two \fB-j\fP options,
+.B cvs
+will merge in the changes between the two respective revisions.
+This can be used to ``remove'' a certain delta from your working file.
+.SP
+In addition, each \fB-j\fP option can contain on optional date
+specification which, when used with branches, can limit the chosen
+revision to one within a specific date.
+An optional date is specified by adding a colon (:) to the tag.
+An example might be what
+.` "cvs import"
+tells you to do when you have
+just imported sources that have conflicts with local changes:
+.SP
+.in +1i
+.ft B
+.nf
+example% cvs checkout -jTAG:yesterday -jTAG module
+.fi
+.ft P
+.in -1i
+.SP
+Use the
+.B \-N
+option with
+.` "\-d \fIdir\fP"
+to avoid shortening module paths in your working directory.   (Normally, \fBcvs\fP shortens paths as much as possible when you specify an explicit target directory.)
+.SP
+Use the
+.B \-c
+option to copy the module file, sorted, to the standard output,
+instead of creating or modifying any files or directories in your
+working directory.
+.SP
+Use the
+.BI \-d " dir"
+option to create a directory called
+.I dir
+for the working files, instead of using the module name.  Unless you
+also use \fB\-N\fP, the paths created under \fIdir\fP will be as short
+as possible.
+.SP
+Use the
+.B \-s
+option to display per-module status information stored with
+the
+.B \-s
+option within the modules file. 
+.TP
+\fBcommit\fP [\fB\-lnR\fP] [\fB\-m\fP '\fIlog_message\fP' | \fB\-f\fP \fIfile\fP] [\fB\-r\fP \fIrevision\fP] [\fIfiles.\|.\|.\fP]
+.I Requires:
+working directory, repository.
+.br
+.I Changes:
+repository.
+.br
+.I Synonym:
+.B ci
+.br
+Use
+.` "cvs commit"
+when you want to incorporate changes from your working source
+files into the general source repository.
+.SP
+If you don't specify particular \fIfiles\fP to commit, all
+of the files in your working current directory are examined.
+.B commit
+is careful to change in the repository only those files that you have
+really changed.  By default (or if you explicitly specify the
+.B \-R
+option), files
+in subdirectories are also examined and committed if they have
+changed; you can use the
+.B \-l
+option to limit
+.B commit
+to the current directory only.
+Sometimes you may want to force a file to be committed even though it
+is unchanged; this is achieved with the
+.B \-f
+flag, which also has the effect of disabling recursion (you can turn
+it back on with
+.B \-R
+of course).
+.SP
+.B commit
+verifies that the selected files are up to date with the current revisions
+in the source repository; it will notify you, and exit without
+committing, if any of the specified files must be made current first
+with
+.` "cvs update".
+.B commit
+does not call the
+.B update
+command for you, but rather leaves that for you to do when
+the time is right.
+.SP
+When all is well, an editor is invoked to allow you to enter a log
+message that will be written to one or more logging programs and placed in the
+.SM RCS
+source repository file.
+You can instead specify the log message on the command line with the
+.B \-m
+option, thus suppressing the editor invocation, or use the
+.B \-F
+option to specify that the argument \fIfile\fP contains the log message.
+.SP
+The
+.B \-r
+option can be used to commit to a particular symbolic or numeric revision
+within the
+.SM RCS
+file.
+For example, to bring all your files up to the
+.SM RCS
+revision ``3.0'' (including those that haven't changed), you might do:
+.SP
+.in +1i
+.ft B
+.nf
+example% cvs commit -r3.0
+.fi
+.ft P
+.in -1i
+.SP
+.B cvs
+will only allow you to commit to a revision that is on the main trunk (a
+revision with a single dot).
+However, you can also commit to a branch revision (one that has an even
+number of dots) with the
+.B \-r
+option.
+To create a branch revision, one typically use the
+.B \-b
+option of the
+.BR rtag " or " tag
+commands.
+Then, either
+.BR checkout " or " update
+can be used to base your sources on the newly created branch.
+From that point on, all
+.B commit
+changes made within these working sources will be automatically added
+to a branch revision, thereby not perturbing main-line development in any
+way.
+For example, if you had to create a patch to the 1.2 version of the
+product, even though the 2.0 version is already under development, you
+might do:
+.SP
+.in +1i
+.ft B
+.nf
+example% cvs rtag -b -rFCS1_2 FCS1_2_Patch product_module
+example% cvs checkout -rFCS1_2_Patch product_module
+example% cd product_module
+[[ hack away ]]
+example% cvs commit
+.fi
+.ft P
+.in -1i
+.SP
+Say you have been working on some extremely experimental software, based on
+whatever revision you happened to checkout last week.
+If others in your group would like to work on this software with you, but
+without disturbing main-line development, you could commit your change to a
+new branch.
+Others can then checkout your experimental stuff and utilize the full
+benefit of
+.B cvs
+conflict resolution.
+The scenario might look like:
+.SP
+.in +1i
+.ft B
+.nf
+example% cvs tag -b EXPR1
+example% cvs update -rEXPR1
+[[ hack away ]]
+example% cvs commit
+.fi
+.ft P
+.in -1i
+.SP
+Others would simply do
+.` "cvs checkout -rEXPR1 whatever_module"
+to work with you on the experimental change.
+.TP
+\fBdiff\fP [\fB\-kl\fP] [\fIrcsdiff_options\fP] [[\fB\-r\fP \fIrev1\fP | \fB\-D\fP \fIdate1\fP] [\fB\-r\fP \fIrev2\fP | \fB\-D\fP \fIdate2\fP]] [\fIfiles.\|.\|.\fP]
+.I Requires:
+working directory, repository.
+.br
+.I Changes:
+nothing.
+.br
+You can compare your working files with revisions in the source
+repository, with the
+.` "cvs diff"
+command.  If you don't specify a particular revision, your files
+are compared with the revisions they were based on.  You can also use
+the standard
+.B cvs
+command option
+.B \-r
+to specify a particular revision to compare your files with.  Finally,
+if you use
+.B \-r
+twice, you can see differences between two revisions in the
+repository.
+You can also specify
+.B \-D
+options to diff against a revision in the past.
+The
+.B \-r
+and
+.B \-D
+options can be mixed together with at most two options ever specified.
+.SP
+See
+.BR rcsdiff ( 1 )
+for a list of other accepted options.
+.SP
+If you don't specify any files,
+.B diff
+will display differences for all those files in the current directory
+(and its subdirectories, unless you use the standard option
+.BR \-l )
+that
+differ from the corresponding revision in the source repository
+(i.e. files that
+.I you
+have changed), or that differ from the revision specified.
+.TP
+\fBexport\fP [\-\fBf\|lNnQq\fP] \fB\-r\fP \fIrev\fP\||\|\fB\-D\fP \fIdate\fP [\fB\-d\fP \fIdir\fP] [\fB\-k\fP \fIkflag\fP] \fImodule\fP.\|.\|.
+.I Requires:
+repository.
+.br
+.I Changes:
+current directory.
+.br
+This command is a variant of
+.` "cvs checkout";
+use it when you want a copy of the source for \fImodule\fP
+without the \fBcvs\fP administrative directories.  For example, you
+might use
+.` "cvs export"
+to prepare source for shipment
+off-site.  This command \fIrequires\fP that you specify a date or tag
+(with \fB\-D\fP or \fB\-r\fP), so that you can count on reproducing
+the source you ship to others.
+.SP
+The only non-standard options are
+.` "\-d \fIdir\fP"
+(write the
+source into directory \fIdir\fP) and
+.` "\-N"
+(don't shorten
+module paths).
+These have the same meanings as the same options in
+.` "cvs checkout".
+.SP
+The
+.B \-kv
+option is useful when
+.B export
+is used.
+This causes any
+.SM RCS
+keywords to be expanded such that an
+.B import
+done at some other site will not lose the keyword revision information.
+Other \fIkflag\fPs may be used with
+.` "cvs export"
+and are described in
+.BR co ( 1 ).
+.TP
+\fBhistory\fP [\fB\-\fP\fIreport\fP] [\fB\-\fP\fIflags\fP] [\fB\-\fP\fIoptions args\fP] [\fIfiles\fP.\|.\|.]
+.I Requires:
+the file
+.` "$CVSROOT/CVSROOT/history"
+.br
+.I Changes:
+nothing.
+.br
+\fBcvs\fP keeps a history file that tracks each use of the
+\fBcheckout\fP, \fBcommit\fP, \fBrtag\fP, \fBupdate\fP, and \fBrelease\fP
+commands.  You can use
+.` "cvs history"
+to display this
+information in various formats.
+.SP
+.I Warning:
+.` "cvs history"
+uses
+.` "\-f",
+.` "\-l",
+.` "\-n",
+and
+.` "\-p"
+in ways that conflict with the
+descriptions in
+.SM
+COMMON COMMAND OPTIONS\c
+\&.
+.SP
+Several options (shown above as \fB\-\fP\fIreport\fP) control what
+kind of report is generated:
+.TP 1i
+.B \ \ \ \ \ \ \-c
+Report on each time \fBcommit\fP was used (i.e., each time the
+repository was modified).
+.TP 1i
+\fB\ \ \ \ \ \ \-m\fP \fImodule\fP
+Report on a particular \fImodule\fP.  (You can meaningfully use
+\fB\-m\fP more than once on the command line.)
+.TP 1i
+.B \ \ \ \ \ \ \-o
+Report on checked-out modules.
+.TP 1i
+.B \ \ \ \ \ \ \-T
+Report on all tags.
+.TP 1i
+\fB\ \ \ \ \ \ \-x\fP \fItype\fP
+Extract a particular set of record types \fIX\fP from the \fBcvs\fP
+history.  The types are indicated by single letters, which you may
+specify in combination.
+Certain commands have a single record type: \fBcheckout\fP (type `O'),
+\fBrelease\fP (type `F'), and \fBrtag\fP (type `T').  One of four
+record types may result from an \fBupdate\fP: `W', when the working copy
+of a file is deleted during update (because it was gone from the
+repository); `U', when a working file was copied from the
+repository; `G', when a merge was necessary and it succeeded; and 'C',
+when a merge was necessary but collisions were detected (requiring
+manual merging).  Finally, one of three record types results from
+\fBcommit\fP: `M', when a file was modified; `A', when a file is first
+added; and `R', when a file is removed.
+.TP 1i
+.B \ \ \ \ \ \ \-e
+Everything (all record types); equivalent to specifying
+.` "\-xMACFROGWUT".
+.TP 1i
+\fB\ \ \ \ \ \ \-z\fP \fIzone\fP
+Use time zone
+.I zone
+when outputting history records.
+The zone name
+.B LT
+stands for local time;
+numeric offsets stand for hours and minutes ahead of UTC.
+For example,
+.B +0530
+stands for 5 hours and 30 minutes ahead of (i.e. east of) UTC.
+.PP
+.RS .5i
+The options shown as \fB\-\fP\fIflags\fP constrain the report without
+requiring option arguments:
+.RE
+.TP 1i
+.B \ \ \ \ \ \ \-a
+Show data for all users (the default is to show data only for the user
+executing
+.` "cvs history").
+.TP 1i
+.B \ \ \ \ \ \ \-l
+Show last modification only.
+.TP 1i
+.B \ \ \ \ \ \ \-w
+Show only the records for modifications done from the same working
+directory where
+.` "cvs history"
+is executing.
+.PP
+.RS .5i
+The options shown as \fB\-\fP\fIoptions args\fP constrain the report
+based on an argument:
+.RE
+.TP 1i
+\fB\ \ \ \ \ \ \-b\fP \fIstr\fP
+Show data back to a record containing the string \fIstr\fP in either
+the module name, the file name, or the repository path.
+.TP 1i
+\fB\ \ \ \ \ \ \-D\fP \fIdate\fP
+Show data since \fIdate\fP.
+.TP 1i
+\fB\ \ \ \ \ \ \-p\fP \fIrepository\fP
+Show data for a particular source repository (you can specify several
+\fB\-p\fP options on the same command line).
+.TP 1i
+\fB\ \ \ \ \ \ \-r\fP \fIrev\fP
+Show records referring to revisions since the revision or tag
+named \fIrev\fP appears in individual RCS files.
+Each
+.SM RCS
+file is searched for the revision or tag.
+.TP 1i
+\fB\ \ \ \ \ \ \-t\fP \fItag\fP
+Show records since tag \fItag\fP was last added to the the history file.
+This differs from the \fB-r\fP flag above in that it reads
+only the history file, not the
+.SM RCS
+files, and is much faster.
+.TP 1i
+\fB\ \ \ \ \ \ \-u\fP \fIname\fP
+Show records for user \fIname\fP.
+.PP
+.TP
+\fBimport\fP [\fB\-\fP\fIoptions\fP] \fIrepository vendortag releasetag\fP.\|.\|.
+.I Requires:
+Repository, source distribution directory.
+.br
+.I Changes:
+repository.
+.br
+Use
+.` "cvs import"
+to incorporate an entire source
+distribution from an outside source (e.g., a source vendor) into your
+source repository directory.  You can use this command both for
+initial creation of a repository, and for wholesale updates to the
+module form the outside source.
+.SP
+The \fIrepository\fP argument gives a directory name (or a path to a
+directory) under the CVS root directory for repositories; if the
+directory did not exist, \fBimport\fP creates it.
+.SP
+When you use \fBimport\fP for updates to source that has been modified in your
+source repository (since a prior \fBimport\fP), it
+will notify you of any files that conflict in the two branches of
+development; use
+.` "cvs checkout -j"
+to reconcile the differences, as \fBimport\fP instructs you to do.
+.SP
+By default, certain file names are ignored during
+.` "cvs import":
+names associated with
+.SM CVS
+administration, or with other common source control systems; common
+names for patch files, object files, archive files, and editor backup
+files; and other names that are usually artifacts of assorted utilities.
+Currently, the default list of ignored files includes files matching
+these names:
+.SP
+.in +1i
+.ft B
+.nf
+RCSLOG  RCS  SCCS
+CVS*  cvslog.*
+tags  TAGS
+\&.make.state  .nse_depinfo
+*~  #*  .#*  ,*
+*.old  *.bak  *.BAK  *.orig  *.rej  .del\-*
+*.a  *.o  *.so  *.Z  *.elc  *.ln  core
+.fi
+.ft P
+.in -1i
+.SP
+The outside source is saved in a first-level
+.SM RCS
+branch, by default
+.` "1.1.1".
+Updates are leaves of this
+branch; for example, files from the first imported collection of
+source will be revision
+.` "1.1.1.1",
+then files from the first
+imported update will be revision
+.` "1.1.1.2",
+and so on.
+.SP
+At least three arguments are required.  \fIrepository\fP is needed to
+identify the collection of source.  \fIvendortag\fP is a tag for the
+entire branch (e.g., for
+.` "1.1.1").
+You must also specify at
+least one \fIreleasetag\fP to identify the files at the leaves created
+each time you execute
+.` "cvs import".
+.SP
+One of the standard
+.B cvs
+command options is available: \fB\-m\fP
+\fImessage\fP.  If you do not specify a logging message with
+\fB\-m\fP, your editor is invoked (as with \fBcommit\fP) to allow you
+to enter one.
+.SP
+There are three additional special options.
+.SP
+Use
+.` "\-d"
+to specify that each file's time of last modification should be used
+for the checkin date and time.
+.SP
+Use
+.` "\-b \fIbranch\fP"
+to specify a first-level branch other
+than
+.` "1.1.1".
+.SP
+Use
+.` "\-I \fIname\fP"
+to specify file names that should be
+ignored during \fBimport\fP.  You can use this option repeatedly.
+To avoid ignoring any files at all (even those ignored by default),
+specify
+.` "\-I !".
+.TP
+\fBlog\fP [\fB\-l\fP] \fIrlog-options [files\fP\|.\|.\|.]
+.I Requires:
+repository, working directory.
+.br
+.I Changes:
+nothing.
+.br
+.I Synonym:
+.B rlog
+.br
+Display log information for \fIfiles\fP.
+.` "cvs log"
+calls
+the
+.SM RCS
+utility \fBrlog\fP; all the options described in
+.BR rlog ( 1 )
+are available.  Among the more useful \fBrlog\fP options are \fB\-h\fP
+to display only the header (including tag definitions, but omitting
+most of the full log); \fB\-r\fP to select logs on particular
+revisions or ranges of revisions; and \fB\-d\fP to select particular
+dates or date ranges.  See
+.BR rlog ( 1 )
+for full explanations.
+This command is recursive by default, unless the
+.B \-l
+option is specified.
+.TP
+\fBrdiff\fP [\fB\-\fP\fIflags\fP] [\fB\-V\fP \fIvn\fP] [\fB\-r\fP \fIt\fP|\fB\-D\fP \fId\fP [\fB\-r\fP \fIt2\fP|\fB\-D\fP \fId2\fP]] \fImodules\|.\|.\|.\fP
+.I Requires:
+repository.
+.br
+.I Changes:
+nothing.
+.br
+.I Synonym:
+.B patch
+.br
+Builds a Larry Wall format
+.BR patch ( 1 )
+file between two releases, that can be fed directly into the
+.B patch
+program to bring an old release up-to-date with the new release.
+(This is one of the few \fBcvs\fP commands that operates directly from
+the repository, and doesn't require a prior
+.BR checkout .)
+The diff output is sent to the standard output device.
+You can specify (using the standard \fB\-r\fP and \fB\-D\fP options)
+any combination of one or two revisions or dates.
+If only one revision or date is specified, the
+patch file reflects differences between that revision or date and the
+current ``head'' revisions in the
+.SM RCS
+file.
+.SP
+Note that if the software release affected
+is contained in more than one directory, then it may be necessary to
+specify the
+.B \-p
+option to the
+.B patch
+command when patching the old sources, so that
+.B patch
+is able to find the files that are located in other directories.
+.SP
+If you use the option \fB\-V\fP \fIvn\fP,
+.SM RCS
+keywords are expanded according to the rules current in
+.SM RCS
+version \fIvn\fP (the expansion format changed with
+.SM RCS
+version 5).
+.SP
+The standard option \fIflags\fP \fB\-f\fP, and \fB\-l\fP
+are available with this command.  There are also several
+special options flags:
+.SP
+If you use the
+.B \-s
+option, no patch output is produced.
+Instead, a summary of the changed or added files between the two
+releases is sent to the standard output device.
+This is useful for finding out, for example, which files have changed
+between two dates or revisions.
+.SP
+If you use the
+.B \-t
+option, a diff of the top two revisions is sent to the standard output device.
+This is most useful for seeing what the last change to a file was.
+.SP
+If you use the
+.B \-u
+option, the patch output uses the newer ``unidiff'' format for context
+diffs.
+.SP
+You can use
+.B \-c
+to explicitly specify the
+.` "diff \-c"
+form of context diffs
+(which is the default), if you like.
+.TP
+\fBrelease\fP [\fB\-dQq\fP] \fImodules\fP\|.\|.\|.
+.I Requires:
+Working directory.
+.br
+.I Changes:
+Working directory, history log.
+.br
+This command is meant to safely cancel the effect of
+.` "cvs checkout'.
+Since
+.B cvs
+doesn't lock files, it isn't strictly necessary to use this command.
+You can always simply delete your working directory, if you
+like; but you risk losing changes you may have forgotten, and you
+leave no trace in the
+.B cvs
+history file that you've abandoned your checkout.
+.SP
+Use
+.` "cvs release"
+to avoid these problems.  This command
+checks that no un-committed changes are present; that you are
+executing it from immediately above, or inside, a \fBcvs\fP working
+directory; and that the repository recorded for your files is the same
+as the repository defined in the module database.
+.SP
+If all these conditions are true,
+.` "cvs release"
+leaves a
+record of its execution (attesting to your intentionally abandoning
+your checkout) in the
+.B cvs
+history log.
+.SP
+You can use the \fB\-d\fP flag to request that your working copies of
+the source files be deleted if the \fBrelease\fP succeeds.
+.TP
+\fBremove\fP [\fB\-lR\fP] [\fIfiles\|.\|.\|.\fP]
+.I Requires:
+Working directory.
+.br
+.I Changes:
+Working directory.
+.br
+.I Synonyms:
+.BR rm ", " delete
+.br
+Use this command to declare that you wish to remove \fIfiles\fP from
+the source repository.  Like most
+.B cvs
+commands,
+.` "cvs remove"
+works on files in your working
+directory, not directly on the repository.  As a safeguard, it also
+requires that you first erase the specified files from your working
+directory.
+.SP
+The files are not actually removed until you apply your changes to the
+repository with
+.BR commit ;
+at that point, the corresponding
+.SM RCS
+files in the source repository are
+.I moved
+into the
+.` "Attic"
+directory (also within the source repository).
+.SP
+This command is recursive by default, scheduling all physically removed
+files that it finds for removal by the next
+.BR commit .
+Use the
+.B \-l
+option to avoid this recursion, or just specify that actual files that you
+wish remove to consider.
+.TP
+\fBrtag\fP [\fB\-f\|alnRQq\fP] [\fB\-b\fP] [\fB\-d\fP] [\fB\-r\fP \fItag\fP | \fB\-D\fP \fIdate\fP] \fIsymbolic_tag\fP \fImodules\|.\|.\|.\fP
+.I Requires:
+repository.
+.br
+.I Changes:
+repository.
+.br
+.I Synonym:
+.B rfreeze
+.br
+You can use this command to assign symbolic tags to particular,
+explicitly specified source versions in the repository.
+.` "cvs rtag"
+works directly on the repository contents (and requires no
+prior
+.BR checkout ).
+Use
+.` "cvs tag"
+instead, to base the selection of
+versions to tag on the contents of your working directory.
+.SP
+In general, tags (often the symbolic names of software distributions)
+should not be removed, but the
+.B \-d
+option is available as a means to remove completely obsolete symbolic names
+if necessary (as might be the case for an Alpha release, say).
+.SP
+.` "cvs rtag"
+will not move a tag that already exists.  With the \fB\-F\fP option,
+however,
+.` "cvs rtag"
+will re-locate any instance of \fIsymbolic_tag\fP that already exists
+on that file to the new repository versions.  Without the \fB\-F\fP
+option, attempting to use
+.` "cvs rtag"
+to apply a tag that already exists on that file will produce an error
+message.
+.SP
+The \fB-b\fP option makes the tag a ``branch'' tag, allowing
+concurrent, isolated development.
+This is most useful for creating a patch to a previously released software
+distribution.
+.SP
+You can use the standard \fB\-r\fP and \fB\-D\fP options to tag only those
+files that already contain a certain tag.  This method would be used
+to rename a tag: tag only the files identified by the old tag, then delete the
+old tag, leaving the new tag on exactly the same files as the old tag.
+.SP
+.B rtag
+executes recursively by default, tagging all subdirectories of
+\fImodules\fP you specify in the argument.  You can restrict its
+operation to top-level directories with the standard \fB\-l\fP option;
+or you can explicitly request recursion with \fB\-R\fP.
+.SP
+The modules database can specify a program to execute whenever a tag
+is specified; a typical use is to send electronic mail to a group of
+interested parties.  If you want to bypass that program, use the
+standard \fB\-n\fP option.
+.SP
+Use the
+.B \-a
+option to have
+.B rtag
+look in the
+.` "Attic"
+for removed files that contain the specified tag.
+The tag is removed from these files, which makes it convenient to re-use a
+symbolic tag as development continues (and files get removed from the
+up-coming distribution).
+.TP
+\fBstatus\fP [\fB\-lRqQ\fP] [\fB\-v\fP] [\fIfiles\fP\|.\|.\|.]
+.I Requires:
+working directory, repository.
+.br
+.I Changes:
+nothing.
+.br
+Display a brief report on the current status of \fIfiles\fP with
+respect to the source repository, including any ``sticky'' tags,
+dates, or \fB\-k\fP options.  (``Sticky'' options will restrict how
+.` "cvs update"
+operates until you reset them; see the
+description of
+.` "cvs update \-A\|.\|.\|.".)
+.SP
+You can also use this command to anticipate the potential impact of a
+.` "cvs update"
+on your working source directory.  If you do
+not specify any \fIfiles\fP explicitly, reports are shown for all
+files that \fBcvs\fP has placed in your working directory.  You can
+limit the scope of this search to the current directory itself (not
+its subdirectories) with the standard \fB\-l\fP option flag; or you
+can explicitly request recursive status reports with the \fB\-R\fP
+option.
+.SP
+The
+.B \-v
+option causes the symbolic tags for the
+.SM RCS
+file to be displayed as well.
+.TP
+\fBtag\fP [\fB\-lQqR\fP] [\fB\-F\fP] [\fB\-b\fP] [\fB\-d\fP] [\fB\-r\fP \fItag\fP | \fB\-D\fP \fIdate\fP] [\fB\-f\fP] \fIsymbolic_tag\fP [\fIfiles\fP\|.\|.\|.\|]
+.I Requires:
+working directory, repository.
+.br
+.I Changes:
+repository.
+.br
+.I Synonym:
+.B freeze
+.br
+Use this command to assign symbolic tags to the nearest repository
+versions to your working sources.  The tags are applied immediately to
+the repository, as with \fBrtag\fP.
+.SP
+One use for tags is to record a ``snapshot'' of the current sources
+when the software freeze date of a project arrives.  As bugs are fixed
+after the freeze date, only those changed sources that are to be part
+of the release need be re-tagged.
+.SP
+The symbolic tags are meant to permanently record which revisions of which
+files were used in creating a software distribution.
+The
+.BR checkout ,
+.B export
+and
+.B update
+commands allow you to extract an exact copy of a tagged release at any time in
+the future, regardless of whether files have been changed, added, or removed
+since the release was tagged.
+.SP
+You can use the standard \fB\-r\fP and \fB\-D\fP options to tag only those
+files that already contain a certain tag.  This method would be used
+to rename a tag: tag only the files identified by the old tag, then delete the
+old tag, leaving the new tag on exactly the same files as the old tag.
+.SP
+Specifying the \fB\-f\fP flag in addition to the \fB\-r\fP or \fB\-D\fP
+flags will tag those files named on the command line even if they do not
+contain the old tag or did not exist on the specified date.
+.SP
+By default (without a \fB\-r\fP or \fB\-D\fP flag)
+the versions to be tagged are supplied
+implicitly by the \fBcvs\fP records of your working files' history
+rather than applied explicitly.
+.SP
+If you use
+.` "cvs tag \-d \fIsymbolic_tag\fP\|.\|.\|.",
+the
+symbolic tag you specify is
+.I deleted
+instead of being added.  \fIWarning\fP: Be very certain of your ground
+before you delete a tag; doing this effectively discards some
+historical information, which may later turn out to have been valuable.
+.SP
+.` "cvs tag"
+will not move a tag that already exists.  With the \fB\-F\fP option,
+however,
+.` "cvs tag"
+will re-locate any instance of \fIsymbolic_tag\fP that already exists
+on that file to the new repository versions.  Without the \fB\-F\fP
+option, attempting to use
+.` "cvs tag"
+to apply a tag that already exists on that file will produce an error
+message.
+.SP
+The \fB-b\fP option makes the tag a ``branch'' tag, allowing
+concurrent, isolated development.
+This is most useful for creating a patch to a previously released software
+distribution.
+.SP
+Normally,
+.B tag
+executes recursively through subdirectories; you can prevent this by
+using the standard \fB\-l\fP option, or specify the recursion
+explicitly by using \fB\-R\fP.
+.TP
+\fBupdate\fP [\fB\-Adf\|lPpQqR\fP] [\fB\-d\fP] [\fB\-r\fP \fItag\fP|\fB\-D\fP \fIdate\fP] \fIfiles\|.\|.\|.\fP
+.I Requires:
+repository, working directory.
+.br
+.I Changes:
+working directory.
+.br
+After you've run
+.B checkout
+to create your private copy of source from the common repository,
+other developers will continue changing the central source.  From time
+to time, when it is convenient in your development process, you can
+use the
+.B update
+command
+from within your working directory to reconcile your work with any
+revisions applied to  the source repository since your last
+.B checkout
+or
+.BR update .
+.SP
+.B update
+keeps you informed of its progress by printing a line for each file,
+prefaced with one of the characters
+.` "U A R M C ?"
+to indicate the status of the file:
+.TP 1i
+\fBU\fP \fIfile\fP
+The file was brought \fIup to date\fP with respect to the repository.
+This is done for any file that exists in the repository but not in
+your source, and for files that you haven't changed but are not the most
+recent versions available in the repository.
+.TP 1i
+\fBA\fP \fIfile\fP
+The file has been \fIadded\fP to your private copy of the sources, and
+will be added to the
+.SM RCS
+source repository when you run
+.` "cvs commit"
+on the file.
+This is a reminder to you that the file needs to be committed.
+.TP 1i
+\fBR\fP \fIfile\fP
+The file has been \fIremoved\fP from your private copy of the sources, and
+will be removed from the
+.SM RCS
+source repository when you run
+.` "cvs commit"
+on the file.
+This is a reminder to you that the file needs to be committed.
+.TP 1i
+\fBM\fP \fIfile\fP
+The file is \fImodified\fP in your working directory.
+.` "M"
+can indicate one of two states for a file you're working on: either
+there were no modifications to the same file in the repository, so
+that your file remains as you last saw it; or there were modifications
+in the repository as well as in your copy, but they were
+\fImerged\fP successfully, without conflict, in your working
+directory.
+.TP 1i
+\fBC\fP \fIfile\fP
+A \fIconflict\fP was detected while trying to merge your changes to
+\fIfile\fP with changes from the source repository.  \fIfile\fP (the
+copy in your working directory) is now the output of the
+.BR rcsmerge ( 1 )
+command on the two versions; an unmodified copy of your file is also
+in your working directory, with the name `\fB.#\fP\fIfile\fP\fB.\fP\fIversion\fP',
+where
+.I version
+is the
+.SM RCS
+revision that your modified file started from.
+(Note that some systems automatically purge files that begin with
+\&
+.` ".#"
+if they have not been accessed for a few days.
+If you intend to keep a copy of your original file, it is a very good
+idea to rename it.)
+.TP 1i
+\fB?\fP \fIfile\fP
+\fIfile\fP is in your working directory, but does not correspond to
+anything in the source repository, and is not in the list of files
+for \fBcvs\fP to ignore (see the description of the \fB\-I\fP option).
+.PP
+.RS .5i
+.SP
+Use the
+.B \-A
+option to reset any sticky tags, dates, or
+.B \-k
+options.  (If you get a working copy of a file by using one of the
+\fB\-r\fP, \fB\-D\fP, or \fB\-k\fP options, \fBcvs\fP remembers the
+corresponding tag, date, or \fIkflag\fP and continues using it on
+future updates; use the \fB\-A\fP option to make \fBcvs\fP forget these
+specifications, and retrieve the ``head'' version of the file).
+.SP
+The \fB\-j\fP\fIbranch\fP option 
+merges the changes made between the
+resulting revision and the revision that it is based on (e.g., if
+the tag refers to a branch,
+.B cvs
+will merge all changes made in
+that branch into your working file).
+.SP
+With two \fB-j\fP options,
+.B cvs
+will merge in the changes between the two respective revisions.
+This can be used to ``remove'' a certain delta from your working file.
+E.g., If the file foo.c is based on
+revision 1.6 and I want to remove the changes made between 1.3 and
+1.5, I might do:
+.SP
+.in +1i
+.ft B
+.nf
+example% cvs update -j1.5 -j1.3 foo.c	# note the order...
+.fi
+.ft P
+.in -1i
+.SP
+In addition, each \fB-j\fP option can contain on optional date
+specification which, when used with branches, can limit the chosen
+revision to one within a specific date.
+An optional date is specified by adding a colon (:) to the tag.
+.SP
+.in +1i
+.ft B
+.nf
+-jSymbolic_Tag:Date_Specifier
+.fi
+.ft P
+.in -1i
+.SP
+Use the
+.B \-d
+option to create any directories that exist in the repository if they're
+missing from the working directory.  (Normally, update acts only on
+directories and files that were already enrolled in your
+working directory.)  This is useful for updating directories
+that were created in the repository since the initial
+\fBcheckout\fP; but it has an unfortunate side effect.  If you
+deliberately avoided certain directories in the repository when you
+created your working directory (either through use of a module name or by
+listing explicitly the files and directories you wanted on the
+command line), then updating with
+.B \-d
+will create those directories, which may not be what you want.
+.SP
+Use \fB\-I\fP \fIname\fP to ignore files whose names match \fIname\fP
+(in your working directory) during the update.  You can specify
+\fB\-I\fP more than once on the command line to specify several files
+to ignore.  By default,
+\fBupdate\fP ignores files whose names match any of the following:
+.SP
+.in +1i
+.ft B
+.nf
+RCSLOG  RCS  SCCS
+CVS*  cvslog.*
+tags  TAGS
+\&.make.state  .nse_depinfo
+*~  #*  .#*  ,*
+*.old  *.bak  *.BAK  *.orig  *.rej  .del\-*
+*.a  *.o  *.so  *.Z  *.elc  *.ln  core
+.fi
+.ft P
+.in -1i
+.SP
+Use
+.` "\-I !"
+to avoid ignoring any files at all.
+.SP
+The standard \fBcvs\fP command options \fB\-f\fP, \fB\-k\fP,
+\fB\-l\fP, \fB\-P\fP, \fB\-p\fP, and \fB\-r\fP
+are also available with \fBupdate\fP.
+.RE
+.SH "FILES"
+For more detailed information on
+.B cvs
+supporting files, see
+.BR cvs ( 5 ).
+.LP
+.I
+Files in home directories:
+.TP
+\.cvsrc
+The
+.B cvs
+initialisation file.  Lines in this file can be used to specify default
+options for each
+.B cvs
+command.  For example the line
+.` "diff \-c"
+will ensure that
+.` "cvs diff"
+is always passed the
+.B \-c
+option in addition to any other options passed on the command line.
+.TP
+\.cvswrappers
+Specifies wrappers to be used in addition to those specified in the
+CVSROOT/cvswrappers file in the repository.
+.LP
+.I
+Files in working directories:
+.TP
+CVS
+A directory of \fBcvs\fP administrative files.
+.I
+Do not delete.
+.TP
+CVS/Entries
+List and status of files in your working directory.
+.TP
+CVS/Entries.Backup
+A backup of
+.` "CVS/Entries".
+.TP
+CVS/Entries.Static
+Flag: do not add more entries on
+.` "cvs update".
+.TP
+CVS/Root
+Pathname to the repository (
+.SM CVSROOT
+) location at the time of checkout.  This file is used instead
+of the
+.SM CVSROOT
+environment variable if the environment variable is not
+set.  A warning message will be issued when the contents of this
+file and the
+.SM CVSROOT
+environment variable differ.  The file may be over-ridden by the
+presence of the
+.SM CVS_IGNORE_REMOTE_ROOT
+environment variable.
+.TP
+CVS/Repository
+Pathname to the corresponding directory in the source repository.
+.TP
+CVS/Tag
+Contains the per-directory ``sticky'' tag or date information.
+This file is created/updated when you specify
+.B \-r
+or
+.B \-D
+to the
+.B checkout
+or
+.B update
+commands, and no files are specified.
+.TP
+CVS/Checkin.prog
+Name of program to run on
+.` "cvs commit".
+.TP
+CVS/Update.prog
+Name of program to run on
+.` "cvs update".
+.LP
+.I
+Files in source repositories:
+.TP
+$CVSROOT/CVSROOT
+Directory of global administrative files for repository.
+.TP
+CVSROOT/commitinfo,v
+Records programs for filtering
+.` "cvs commit"
+requests.
+.TP
+CVSROOT/history
+Log file of \fBcvs\fP transactions.
+.TP
+CVSROOT/modules,v
+Definitions for modules in this repository.
+.TP
+CVSROOT/loginfo,v
+Records programs for piping
+.` "cvs commit"
+log entries.
+.TP
+CVSROOT/rcsinfo,v
+Records pathnames to templates used during a
+.` "cvs commit"
+operation.
+.TP
+CVSROOT/editinfo,v
+Records programs for editing/validating
+.` "cvs commit"
+log entries.
+.TP
+CVSROOT/cvswrappers,v
+Records
+.B cvs
+wrapper commands to be used when checking files into and out of the
+repository.  Wrappers are essentially directories that are to be
+treated as files.  This file allows wrappers to be processed
+on the way in and out of CVS.  The intended use is to wrap up a wrapper
+into a single tar, such that that tar can be treated as a single
+binary file in
+.BR cvs .
+.TP
+CVSROOT/taginfo,v
+Records programs for validating/logging
+.` "cvs tag"
+and
+.` "cvs rtag"
+operations.
+.TP
+Attic
+Directory for removed source files.
+.TP
+#cvs.lock
+A lock directory created by
+.B cvs
+when doing sensitive changes to the
+.SM RCS
+source repository.
+.TP
+#cvs.tfl.\fIpid\fP
+Temporary lock file for repository.
+.TP
+#cvs.rfl.\fIpid\fP
+A read lock.
+.TP
+#cvs.wfl.\fIpid\fP
+A write lock.
+.SH "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES"
+.TP
+.SM CVSROOT
+Should contain the full pathname to the root of the
+.B cvs
+source repository (where the
+.SM RCS
+files are kept).  This information must be available to \fBcvs\fP for
+most commands to execute; if
+.SM CVSROOT
+is not set, or if you wish to override it for one invocation, you can
+supply it on the command line:
+.` "cvs \-d \fIcvsroot cvs_command\fP\|.\|.\|."
+You may not need to set
+.SM CVSROOT
+if your \fBcvs\fP binary has the right path compiled in; use
+.` "cvs \-v"
+to display all compiled-in paths.
+.TP
+.SM CVSREAD
+If this is set,
+.B checkout
+and
+.B update
+will try hard to make the files in your working directory read-only.
+When this is not set, the default behavior is to permit modification
+of your working files.
+.TP
+.SM RCSBIN
+Specifies the full pathname where to find
+.SM RCS
+programs, such as
+.BR co ( 1 )
+and
+.BR ci ( 1 ).
+If not set, a compiled-in value is used; see the display from
+.` "cvs \-v".
+.TP
+.SM CVSEDITOR
+Specifies the program to use for recording log messages during
+.BR commit .
+If not set, the
+.SM EDITOR
+environment variable is used instead.
+If
+.SM EDITOR
+is not set either, the default is
+.BR /usr/ucb/vi .
+.TP
+.SM CVS_IGNORE_REMOTE_ROOT
+If this variable is set then
+.B cvs
+will ignore all references to remote repositories in the CVS/Root file.
+.TP
+.SM CVS_RSH
+.B cvs
+uses the contents of this variable to determine the name of the
+remote shell command to use when starting a
+.B cvs
+server.  If this variable is not set then
+.` "rsh"
+is used.
+.TP
+.SM CVS_SERVER
+.B cvs 
+uses the contents of this variable to determine the name of the
+.B cvs
+server command.  If this variable is not set then
+.` "cvs"
+is used.
+.TP
+.SM CVSWRAPPERS
+This variable is used by the
+.` "cvswrappers"
+script to determine the name of the wrapper file, in addition to the
+wrappers defaults contained in the repository
+.SM (CVSROOT/cvswrappers)
+and the user's home directory (~/.cvswrappers).
+.SH "AUTHORS"
+.TP
+Dick Grune
+Original author of the
+.B cvs
+shell script version posted to
+.B comp.sources.unix
+in the volume6 release of December, 1986.
+Credited with much of the
+.B cvs
+conflict resolution algorithms.
+.TP
+Brian Berliner
+Coder and designer of the
+.B cvs
+program itself in April, 1989, based on the original work done by Dick.
+.TP
+Jeff Polk
+Helped Brian with the design of the
+.B cvs
+module and vendor branch support and author of the
+.BR checkin ( 1 )
+shell script (the ancestor of
+.` "cvs import").
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.BR ci ( 1 ),
+.BR co ( 1 ),
+.BR cvs ( 5 ),
+.BR cvsbug ( 8 ),
+.BR cvsinit ( 8 ),
+.BR diff ( 1 ),
+.BR grep ( 1 ),
+.BR mkmodules ( 1 ),
+.BR patch ( 1 ),
+.BR rcs ( 1 ),
+.BR rcsdiff ( 1 ),
+.BR rcsmerge ( 1 ),
+.BR rlog ( 1 ),
+.BR rm ( 1 ),
+.BR sort ( 1 ).