initial import of NetBSD tree

22 files changed, 7582 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/sbin/fsck_ffs/Makefile b/sbin/fsck_ffs/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6b9a9d086fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sbin/fsck_ffs/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#	$NetBSD: Makefile,v 1.10 1995/03/18 14:55:39 cgd Exp $
+#	@(#)Makefile	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
+
+PROG=	fsck
+MAN=	fsck.8
+SRCS=	dir.c inode.c main.c pass1.c pass1b.c pass2.c pass3.c pass4.c \
+	pass5.c preen.c setup.c utilities.c ffs_subr.c ffs_tables.c
+.PATH:	${.CURDIR}/../../sys/ufs/ffs
+
+.if make(install)
+SUBDIR+= SMM.doc
+.endif
+
+.include <bsd.prog.mk>
diff --git a/sbin/fsck_ffs/SMM.doc/0.t b/sbin/fsck_ffs/SMM.doc/0.t
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b6598c0f817
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sbin/fsck_ffs/SMM.doc/0.t
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+.\"	$NetBSD: 0.t,v 1.2 1995/03/18 14:56:05 cgd Exp $
+.\"
+.\" Copyright (c) 1986, 1993
+.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+.\"    must display the following acknowledgement:
+.\"	This product includes software developed by the University of
+.\"	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"	@(#)0.t	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/8/93
+.\"
+.if n .ND
+.TL
+Fsck \- The UNIX\(dg File System Check Program
+.EH 'SMM:3-%''The \s-2UNIX\s+2 File System Check Program'
+.OH 'The \s-2UNIX\s+2 File System Check Program''SMM:3-%'
+.AU
+Marshall Kirk McKusick
+.AI
+Computer Systems Research Group
+Computer Science Division
+Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
+University of California, Berkeley
+Berkeley, CA  94720
+.AU
+T. J. Kowalski
+.AI
+Bell Laboratories
+Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974
+.AB
+.FS
+\(dgUNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories.
+.FE
+.FS
+This work was done under grants from
+the National Science Foundation under grant MCS80-05144,
+and the Defense Advance Research Projects Agency (DoD) under
+Arpa Order No. 4031 monitored by Naval Electronic System Command under
+Contract No. N00039-82-C-0235.
+.FE
+This document reflects the use of
+.I fsck
+with the 4.2BSD and 4.3BSD file system organization.  This
+is a revision of the
+original paper written by
+T. J. Kowalski.
+.PP
+File System Check Program (\fIfsck\fR)
+is an interactive file system check and repair program.
+.I Fsck
+uses the redundant structural information in the
+UNIX file system to perform several consistency checks.
+If an inconsistency is detected, it is reported
+to the operator, who may elect to fix or ignore
+each inconsistency.
+These inconsistencies result from the permanent interruption
+of the file system updates, which are performed every
+time a file is modified.
+Unless there has been a hardware failure,
+.I fsck
+is able to repair corrupted file systems
+using procedures based upon the order in which UNIX honors
+these file system update requests.
+.PP
+The purpose of this document is to describe the normal updating
+of the file system,
+to discuss the possible causes of file system corruption,
+and to present the corrective actions implemented
+by
+.I fsck.
+Both the program and the interaction between the
+program and the operator are described.
+.sp 2
+.LP
+Revised July 16, 1985
+.AE
+.LP
+.bp
+.ce
+.B "TABLE OF CONTENTS"
+.LP
+.sp 1
+.nf
+.B "1.  Introduction"
+.LP
+.sp .5v
+.nf
+.B "2.  Overview of the file system
+2.1.    Superblock
+2.2.    Summary Information
+2.3.    Cylinder groups
+2.4.    Fragments
+2.5.    Updates to the file system
+.LP
+.sp .5v
+.nf
+.B "3.  Fixing corrupted file systems
+3.1.    Detecting and correcting corruption
+3.2.    Super block checking
+3.3.    Free block checking
+3.4.    Checking the inode state
+3.5.    Inode links
+3.6.    Inode data size
+3.7.    Checking the data associated with an inode
+3.8.    File system connectivity
+.LP
+.sp .5v
+.nf
+.B Acknowledgements
+.LP
+.sp .5v
+.nf
+.B References
+.LP
+.sp .5v
+.nf
+.B "4.  Appendix A
+4.1.     Conventions
+4.2.     Initialization
+4.3.     Phase 1 - Check Blocks and Sizes
+4.4.     Phase 1b - Rescan for more Dups
+4.5.     Phase 2 - Check Pathnames
+4.6.     Phase 3 - Check Connectivity
+4.7.     Phase 4 - Check Reference Counts
+4.8.     Phase 5 - Check Cyl groups
+4.9.     Cleanup
+.ds RH Introduction
+.bp
diff --git a/sbin/fsck_ffs/SMM.doc/1.t b/sbin/fsck_ffs/SMM.doc/1.t
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..91622cbe3e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sbin/fsck_ffs/SMM.doc/1.t
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+.\"	$NetBSD: 1.t,v 1.2 1995/03/18 14:56:06 cgd Exp $
+.\"
+.\" Copyright (c) 1982, 1993
+.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+.\"    must display the following acknowledgement:
+.\"	This product includes software developed by the University of
+.\"	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"	@(#)1.t	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
+.\"
+.ds RH Introduction
+.NH
+Introduction
+.PP
+This document reflects the use of
+.I fsck
+with the 4.2BSD and 4.3BSD file system organization.  This
+is a revision of the
+original paper written by
+T. J. Kowalski.
+.PP
+When a UNIX
+operating system is brought up, a consistency
+check of the file systems should always be performed.
+This precautionary measure helps to insure
+a reliable environment for file storage on disk.
+If an inconsistency is discovered,
+corrective action must be taken.
+.I Fsck
+runs in two modes.
+Normally it is run non-interactively by the system after 
+a normal boot.
+When running in this mode,
+it will only make changes to the file system that are known
+to always be correct.
+If an unexpected inconsistency is found
+.I fsck
+will exit with a non-zero exit status, 
+leaving the system running single-user.
+Typically the operator then runs 
+.I fsck
+interactively.
+When running in this mode,
+each problem is listed followed by a suggested corrective action.
+The operator must decide whether or not the suggested correction
+should be made.
+.PP
+The purpose of this memo is to dispel the
+mystique surrounding
+file system inconsistencies.
+It first describes the updating of the file system
+(the calm before the storm) and
+then describes file system corruption (the storm).
+Finally,
+the set of deterministic corrective actions
+used by
+.I fsck
+(the Coast Guard
+to the rescue) is presented.
+.ds RH Overview of the File System
diff --git a/sbin/fsck_ffs/SMM.doc/2.t b/sbin/fsck_ffs/SMM.doc/2.t
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a4abd91fe4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sbin/fsck_ffs/SMM.doc/2.t
@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+.\"	$NetBSD: 2.t,v 1.2 1995/03/18 14:56:08 cgd Exp $
+.\"
+.\" Copyright (c) 1982, 1993
+.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+.\"    must display the following acknowledgement:
+.\"	This product includes software developed by the University of
+.\"	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"	@(#)2.t	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
+.\"
+.ds RH Overview of the file system
+.NH
+Overview of the file system
+.PP
+The file system is discussed in detail in [Mckusick84];
+this section gives a brief overview.
+.NH 2
+Superblock
+.PP
+A file system is described by its
+.I "super-block" .
+The super-block is built when the file system is created (\c
+.I newfs (8))
+and never changes.
+The super-block
+contains the basic parameters of the file system,
+such as the number of data blocks it contains
+and a count of the maximum number of files.
+Because the super-block contains critical data,
+.I newfs
+replicates it to protect against catastrophic loss.
+The
+.I "default super block"
+always resides at a fixed offset from the beginning
+of the file system's disk partition.
+The
+.I "redundant super blocks"
+are not referenced unless a head crash
+or other hard disk error causes the default super-block
+to be unusable.
+The redundant blocks are sprinkled throughout the disk partition.
+.PP
+Within the file system are files.
+Certain files are distinguished as directories and contain collections
+of pointers to files that may themselves be directories.
+Every file has a descriptor associated with it called an
+.I "inode".
+The inode contains information describing ownership of the file,
+time stamps indicating modification and access times for the file,
+and an array of indices pointing to the data blocks for the file.
+In this section,
+we assume that the first 12 blocks
+of the file are directly referenced by values stored
+in the inode structure itself\(dg.
+.FS
+\(dgThe actual number may vary from system to system, but is usually in
+the range 5-13.
+.FE
+The inode structure may also contain references to indirect blocks
+containing further data block indices.
+In a file system with a 4096 byte block size, a singly indirect
+block contains 1024 further block addresses,
+a doubly indirect block contains 1024 addresses of further single indirect
+blocks,
+and a triply indirect block contains 1024 addresses of further doubly indirect
+blocks (the triple indirect block is never needed in practice).
+.PP
+In order to create files with up to
+2\(ua32 bytes,
+using only two levels of indirection,
+the minimum size of a file system block is 4096 bytes.
+The size of file system blocks can be any power of two
+greater than or equal to 4096.
+The block size of the file system is maintained in the super-block,
+so it is possible for file systems of different block sizes
+to be accessible simultaneously on the same system.
+The block size must be decided when
+.I newfs
+creates the file system;
+the block size cannot be subsequently
+changed without rebuilding the file system.
+.NH 2
+Summary information
+.PP
+Associated with the super block is non replicated
+.I "summary information" .
+The summary information changes
+as the file system is modified.
+The summary information contains
+the number of blocks, fragments, inodes and directories in the file system.
+.NH 2
+Cylinder groups
+.PP
+The file system partitions the disk into one or more areas called
+.I "cylinder groups".
+A cylinder group is comprised of one or more consecutive
+cylinders on a disk.
+Each cylinder group includes inode slots for files, a
+.I "block map"
+describing available blocks in the cylinder group,
+and summary information describing the usage of data blocks
+within the cylinder group.
+A fixed number of inodes is allocated for each cylinder group
+when the file system is created.
+The current policy is to allocate one inode for each 2048
+bytes of disk space;
+this is expected to be far more inodes than will ever be needed.
+.PP
+All the cylinder group bookkeeping information could be
+placed at the beginning of each cylinder group.
+However if this approach were used,
+all the redundant information would be on the top platter.
+A single hardware failure that destroyed the top platter
+could cause the loss of all copies of the redundant super-blocks.
+Thus the cylinder group bookkeeping information
+begins at a floating offset from the beginning of the cylinder group.
+The offset for
+the
+.I "i+1" st
+cylinder group is about one track further
+from the beginning of the cylinder group
+than it was for the
+.I "i" th
+cylinder group.
+In this way,
+the redundant
+information spirals down into the pack;
+any single track, cylinder,
+or platter can be lost without losing all copies of the super-blocks.
+Except for the first cylinder group,
+the space between the beginning of the cylinder group
+and the beginning of the cylinder group information stores data.
+.NH 2
+Fragments
+.PP
+To avoid waste in storing small files,
+the file system space allocator divides a single
+file system block into one or more
+.I "fragments".
+The fragmentation of the file system is specified
+when the file system is created;
+each file system block can be optionally broken into
+2, 4, or 8 addressable fragments.
+The lower bound on the size of these fragments is constrained
+by the disk sector size;
+typically 512 bytes is the lower bound on fragment size.
+The block map associated with each cylinder group
+records the space availability at the fragment level.
+Aligned fragments are examined
+to determine block availability.
+.PP
+On a file system with a block size of 4096 bytes
+and a fragment size of 1024 bytes,
+a file is represented by zero or more 4096 byte blocks of data,
+and possibly a single fragmented block.
+If a file system block must be fragmented to obtain
+space for a small amount of data,
+the remainder of the block is made available for allocation
+to other files.
+For example,
+consider an 11000 byte file stored on
+a 4096/1024 byte file system.
+This file uses two full size blocks and a 3072 byte fragment.
+If no fragments with at least 3072 bytes
+are available when the file is created,
+a full size block is split yielding the necessary 3072 byte
+fragment and an unused 1024 byte fragment.
+This remaining fragment can be allocated to another file, as needed.
+.NH 2
+Updates to the file system
+.PP
+Every working day hundreds of files
+are created, modified, and removed.
+Every time a file is modified,
+the operating system performs a
+series of file system updates.
+These updates, when written on disk, yield a consistent file system.
+The file system stages
+all modifications of critical information;
+modification can
+either be completed or cleanly backed out after a crash.
+Knowing the information that is first written to the file system,
+deterministic procedures can be developed to
+repair a corrupted file system.
+To understand this process,
+the order that the update
+requests were being honored must first be understood.
+.PP
+When a user program does an operation to change the file system,
+such as a 
+.I write ,
+the data to be written is copied into an internal
+.I "in-core"
+buffer in the kernel.
+Normally, the disk update is handled asynchronously;
+the user process is allowed to proceed even though
+the data has not yet been written to the disk.
+The data,
+along with the inode information reflecting the change,
+is eventually written out to disk.
+The real disk write may not happen until long after the
+.I write
+system call has returned.
+Thus at any given time, the file system,
+as it resides on the disk,
+lags the state of the file system represented by the in-core information.
+.PP
+The disk information is updated to reflect the in-core information
+when the buffer is required for another use,
+when a
+.I sync (2)
+is done (at 30 second intervals) by
+.I "/etc/update" "(8),"
+or by manual operator intervention with the
+.I sync (8)
+command.
+If the system is halted without writing out the in-core information,
+the file system on the disk will be in an inconsistent state.
+.PP
+If all updates are done asynchronously, several serious
+inconsistencies can arise.
+One inconsistency is that a block may be claimed by two inodes.
+Such an inconsistency can occur when the system is halted before
+the pointer to the block in the old inode has been cleared
+in the copy of the old inode on the disk,
+and after the pointer to the block in the new inode has been written out
+to the copy of the new inode on the disk.
+Here,
+there is no deterministic method for deciding
+which inode should really claim the block.
+A similar problem can arise with a multiply claimed inode.
+.PP
+The problem with asynchronous inode updates
+can be avoided by doing all inode deallocations synchronously. 
+Consequently,
+inodes and indirect blocks are written to the disk synchronously
+(\fIi.e.\fP the process blocks until the information is
+really written to disk)
+when they are being deallocated.
+Similarly inodes are kept consistent by synchronously
+deleting, adding, or changing directory entries.
+.ds RH Fixing corrupted file systems
diff --git a/sbin/fsck_ffs/SMM.doc/3.t b/sbin/fsck_ffs/SMM.doc/3.t
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a1db17b2d7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sbin/fsck_ffs/SMM.doc/3.t
@@ -0,0 +1,441 @@
+.\"	$NetBSD: 3.t,v 1.2 1995/03/18 14:56:10 cgd Exp $
+.\"
+.\" Copyright (c) 1982, 1993
+.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+.\"    must display the following acknowledgement:
+.\"	This product includes software developed by the University of
+.\"	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"	@(#)3.t	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
+.\"
+.ds RH Fixing corrupted file systems
+.NH
+Fixing corrupted file systems
+.PP
+A file system
+can become corrupted in several ways.
+The most common of these ways are
+improper shutdown procedures
+and hardware failures.
+.PP
+File systems may become corrupted during an
+.I "unclean halt" .
+This happens when proper shutdown
+procedures are not observed,
+physically write-protecting a mounted file system,
+or a mounted file system is taken off-line.
+The most common operator procedural failure is forgetting to
+.I sync
+the system before halting the CPU.
+.PP
+File systems may become further corrupted if proper startup
+procedures are not observed, e.g.,
+not checking a file system for inconsistencies,
+and not repairing inconsistencies.
+Allowing a corrupted file system to be used (and, thus, to be modified
+further) can be disastrous.
+.PP
+Any piece of hardware can fail at any time.
+Failures
+can be as subtle as a bad block
+on a disk pack, or as blatant as a non-functional disk-controller.
+.NH 2
+Detecting and correcting corruption
+.PP
+Normally
+.I fsck
+is run non-interactively.
+In this mode it will only fix
+corruptions that are expected to occur from an unclean halt.
+These actions are a proper subset of the actions that 
+.I fsck
+will take when it is running interactively.
+Throughout this paper we assume that 
+.I fsck 
+is being run interactively,
+and all possible errors can be encountered.
+When an inconsistency is discovered in this mode,
+.I fsck
+reports the inconsistency for the operator to
+chose a corrective action.
+.PP
+A quiescent\(dd
+.FS
+\(dd I.e., unmounted and not being written on.
+.FE
+file system may be checked for structural integrity
+by performing consistency checks on the
+redundant data intrinsic to a file system.
+The redundant data is either read from
+the file system,
+or computed from other known values.
+The file system
+.B must
+be in a quiescent state when
+.I fsck
+is run,
+since
+.I fsck
+is a multi-pass program.
+.PP
+In the following sections,
+we discuss methods to discover inconsistencies
+and possible corrective actions
+for the cylinder group blocks, the inodes, the indirect blocks, and
+the data blocks containing directory entries.
+.NH 2
+Super-block checking
+.PP
+The most commonly corrupted item in a file system
+is the summary information
+associated with the super-block.
+The summary information is prone to corruption
+because it is modified with every change to the file
+system's blocks or inodes,
+and is usually corrupted
+after an unclean halt.
+.PP
+The super-block is checked for inconsistencies
+involving file-system size, number of inodes,
+free-block count, and the free-inode count.
+The file-system size must be larger than the
+number of blocks used by the super-block
+and the number of blocks used by the list of inodes.
+The file-system size and layout information
+are the most critical pieces of information for
+.I fsck .
+While there is no way to actually check these sizes,
+since they are statically determined by
+.I newfs ,
+.I fsck
+can check that these sizes are within reasonable bounds.
+All other file system checks require that these sizes be correct.
+If
+.I fsck 
+detects corruption in the static parameters of the default super-block,
+.I fsck
+requests the operator to specify the location of an alternate super-block.
+.NH 2
+Free block checking
+.PP
+.I Fsck
+checks that all the blocks
+marked as free in the cylinder group block maps
+are not claimed by any files.
+When all the blocks have been initially accounted for,
+.I fsck
+checks that
+the number of free blocks
+plus the number of blocks claimed by the inodes
+equals the total number of blocks in the file system.
+.PP
+If anything is wrong with the block allocation maps,
+.I fsck
+will rebuild them,
+based on the list it has computed of allocated blocks.
+.PP
+The summary information associated with the super-block
+counts the total number of free blocks within the file system.
+.I Fsck
+compares this count to the
+number of free blocks it found within the file system.
+If the two counts do not agree, then
+.I fsck
+replaces the incorrect count in the summary information
+by the actual free-block count.
+.PP
+The summary information
+counts the total number of free inodes within the file system.
+.I Fsck
+compares this count to the number
+of free inodes it found within the file system.
+If the two counts do not agree, then
+.I fsck
+replaces the incorrect count in the
+summary information by the actual free-inode count.
+.NH 2
+Checking the inode state
+.PP
+An individual inode is not as likely to be corrupted as
+the allocation information.
+However, because of the great number of active inodes,
+a few of the inodes are usually corrupted.
+.PP
+The list of inodes in the file system
+is checked sequentially starting with inode 2
+(inode 0 marks unused inodes;
+inode 1 is saved for future generations)
+and progressing through the last inode in the file system.
+The state of each inode is checked for
+inconsistencies involving format and type,
+link count,
+duplicate blocks,
+bad blocks,
+and inode size.
+.PP
+Each inode contains a mode word.
+This mode word describes the type and state of the inode.
+Inodes must be one of six types:
+regular inode, directory inode, symbolic link inode,
+special block inode, special character inode, or socket inode.
+Inodes may be found in one of three allocation states:
+unallocated, allocated, and neither unallocated nor allocated.
+This last state suggests an incorrectly formated inode.
+An inode can get in this state if
+bad data is written into the inode list.
+The only possible corrective action is for
+.I fsck
+is to clear the inode.
+.NH 2
+Inode links
+.PP
+Each inode counts the
+total number of directory entries
+linked to the inode.
+.I Fsck
+verifies the link count of each inode
+by starting at the root of the file system,
+and descending through the directory structure.
+The actual link count for each inode
+is calculated during the descent.
+.PP
+If the stored link count is non-zero and the actual
+link count is zero,
+then no directory entry appears for the inode.
+If this happens,
+.I fsck
+will place the disconnected file in the
+.I lost+found
+directory.
+If the stored and actual link counts are non-zero and unequal,
+a directory entry may have been added or removed without the inode being
+updated.
+If this happens,
+.I fsck
+replaces the incorrect stored link count by the actual link count.
+.PP
+Each inode contains a list,
+or pointers to
+lists (indirect blocks),
+of all the blocks claimed by the inode.
+Since indirect blocks are owned by an inode,
+inconsistencies in indirect blocks directly
+affect the inode that owns it.
+.PP
+.I Fsck
+compares each block number claimed by an inode
+against a list of already allocated blocks.
+If another inode already claims a block number,
+then the block number is added to a list of
+.I "duplicate blocks" .
+Otherwise, the list of allocated blocks
+is updated to include the block number.
+.PP
+If there are any duplicate blocks,
+.I fsck
+will perform a partial second
+pass over the inode list
+to find the inode of the duplicated block.
+The second pass is needed,
+since without examining the files associated with
+these inodes for correct content,
+not enough information is available
+to determine which inode is corrupted and should be cleared.
+If this condition does arise
+(only hardware failure will cause it),
+then the inode with the earliest
+modify time is usually incorrect,
+and should be cleared.
+If this happens,
+.I fsck
+prompts the operator to clear both inodes.
+The operator must decide which one should be kept
+and which one should be cleared.
+.PP
+.I Fsck
+checks the range of each block number claimed by an inode.
+If the block number is
+lower than the first data block in the file system,
+or greater than the last data block,
+then the block number is a
+.I "bad block number" .
+Many bad blocks in an inode are usually caused by
+an indirect block that was not written to the file system,
+a condition which can only occur if there has been a hardware failure.
+If an inode contains bad block numbers,
+.I fsck
+prompts the operator to clear it.
+.NH 2
+Inode data size
+.PP
+Each inode contains a count of the number of data blocks
+that it contains.
+The number of actual data blocks
+is the sum of the allocated data blocks
+and the indirect blocks.
+.I Fsck
+computes the actual number of data blocks
+and compares that block count against
+the actual number of blocks the inode claims.
+If an inode contains an incorrect count
+.I fsck
+prompts the operator to fix it.
+.PP
+Each inode contains a thirty-two bit size field.
+The size is the number of data bytes
+in the file associated with the inode.
+The consistency of the byte size field is roughly checked
+by computing from the size field the maximum number of blocks
+that should be associated with the inode,
+and comparing that expected block count against
+the actual number of blocks the inode claims.
+.NH 2
+Checking the data associated with an inode
+.PP
+An inode can directly or indirectly
+reference three kinds of data blocks.
+All referenced blocks must be the same kind.
+The three types of data blocks are:
+plain data blocks, symbolic link data blocks, and directory data blocks.
+Plain data blocks
+contain the information stored in a file;
+symbolic link data blocks
+contain the path name stored in a link.
+Directory data blocks contain directory entries.
+.I Fsck
+can only check the validity of directory data blocks.
+.PP
+Each directory data block is checked for
+several types of inconsistencies.
+These inconsistencies include
+directory inode numbers pointing to unallocated inodes,
+directory inode numbers that are greater than
+the number of inodes in the file system,
+incorrect directory inode numbers for ``\fB.\fP'' and ``\fB..\fP'',
+and directories that are not attached to the file system.
+If the inode number in a directory data block
+references an unallocated inode,
+then
+.I fsck
+will remove that directory entry.
+Again,
+this condition can only arise when there has been a hardware failure.
+.PP
+If a directory entry inode number references
+outside the inode list, then
+.I fsck
+will remove that directory entry.
+This condition occurs if bad data is written into a directory data block.
+.PP
+The directory inode number entry for ``\fB.\fP''
+must be the first entry in the directory data block.
+The inode number for ``\fB.\fP''
+must reference itself;
+e.g., it must equal the inode number
+for the directory data block.
+The directory inode number entry
+for ``\fB..\fP'' must be
+the second entry in the directory data block.
+Its value must equal the inode number for the
+parent of the directory entry
+(or the inode number of the directory
+data block if the directory is the
+root directory).
+If the directory inode numbers are
+incorrect,
+.I fsck
+will replace them with the correct values.
+If there are multiple hard links to a directory,
+the first one encountered is considered the real parent
+to which ``\fB..\fP'' should point;
+\fIfsck\fP recommends deletion for the subsequently discovered names.
+.NH 2
+File system connectivity
+.PP
+.I Fsck
+checks the general connectivity of the file system.
+If directories are not linked into the file system, then
+.I fsck
+links the directory back into the file system in the
+.I lost+found
+directory.
+This condition only occurs when there has been a hardware failure.
+.ds RH "References"
+.SH
+\s+2Acknowledgements\s0
+.PP
+I thank Bill Joy, Sam Leffler, Robert Elz and Dennis Ritchie 
+for their suggestions and help in implementing the new file system.
+Thanks also to Robert Henry for his editorial input to
+get this document together.
+Finally we thank our sponsors,
+the National Science Foundation under grant MCS80-05144,
+and the Defense Advance Research Projects Agency (DoD) under
+Arpa Order No. 4031 monitored by Naval Electronic System Command under
+Contract No. N00039-82-C-0235. (Kirk McKusick, July 1983)
+.PP
+I would like to thank Larry A. Wehr for advice that lead
+to the first version of
+.I fsck
+and Rick B. Brandt for adapting
+.I fsck
+to
+UNIX/TS. (T. Kowalski, July 1979)
+.sp 2
+.SH
+\s+2References\s0
+.LP
+.IP [Dolotta78] 20
+Dolotta, T. A., and Olsson, S. B. eds.,
+.I "UNIX User's Manual, Edition 1.1\^" ,
+January 1978.
+.IP [Joy83] 20
+Joy, W., Cooper, E., Fabry, R., Leffler, S., McKusick, M., and Mosher, D.
+4.2BSD System Manual,
+.I "University of California at Berkeley" ,
+.I "Computer Systems Research Group Technical Report"
+#4, 1982.
+.IP [McKusick84] 20
+McKusick, M., Joy, W., Leffler, S., and Fabry, R.
+A Fast File System for UNIX,
+\fIACM Transactions on Computer Systems 2\fP, 3.
+pp. 181-197, August 1984.
+.IP [Ritchie78] 20
+Ritchie, D. M., and Thompson, K.,
+The UNIX Time-Sharing System,
+.I "The Bell System Technical Journal"
+.B 57 ,
+6 (July-August 1978, Part 2), pp. 1905-29.
+.IP [Thompson78] 20
+Thompson, K.,
+UNIX Implementation,
+.I "The Bell System Technical Journal\^"
+.B 57 ,
+6 (July-August 1978, Part 2), pp. 1931-46.
+.ds RH Appendix A \- Fsck Error Conditions
+.bp
diff --git a/sbin/fsck_ffs/SMM.doc/4.t b/sbin/fsck_ffs/SMM.doc/4.t
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3045b3abb55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sbin/fsck_ffs/SMM.doc/4.t
@@ -0,0 +1,1426 @@
+.\"	$NetBSD: 4.t,v 1.2 1995/03/18 14:56:12 cgd Exp $
+.\"
+.\" Copyright (c) 1982, 1993
+.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+.\"    must display the following acknowledgement:
+.\"	This product includes software developed by the University of
+.\"	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"	@(#)4.t	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
+.\"
+.ds RH Appendix A \- Fsck Error Conditions
+.NH
+Appendix A \- Fsck Error Conditions
+.NH 2 
+Conventions
+.PP
+.I Fsck
+is
+a multi-pass file system check program.
+Each file system pass invokes a different Phase of the
+.I fsck
+program.
+After the initial setup,
+.I fsck
+performs successive Phases over each file system,
+checking blocks and sizes,
+path-names,
+connectivity,
+reference counts,
+and the map of free blocks,
+(possibly rebuilding it),
+and performs some cleanup.
+.LP
+Normally
+.I fsck
+is run non-interactively to
+.I preen
+the file systems after an unclean halt.
+While preen'ing a file system,
+it will only fix corruptions that are expected
+to occur from an unclean halt.
+These actions are a proper subset of the actions that 
+.I fsck
+will take when it is running interactively.
+Throughout this appendix many errors have several options
+that the operator can take.
+When an inconsistency is detected,
+.I fsck
+reports the error condition to the operator.
+If a response is required,
+.I fsck
+prints a prompt message and
+waits for a response.
+When preen'ing most errors are fatal.
+For those that are expected,
+the response taken is noted.
+This appendix explains the meaning of each error condition,
+the possible responses, and the related error conditions.
+.LP
+The error conditions are organized by the
+.I Phase
+of the
+.I fsck
+program in which they can occur.
+The error conditions that may occur
+in more than one Phase
+will be discussed in initialization.
+.NH 2 
+Initialization
+.PP
+Before a file system check can be performed, certain
+tables have to be set up and certain files opened.
+This section concerns itself with the opening of files and
+the initialization of tables.
+This section lists error conditions resulting from
+command line options,
+memory requests,
+opening of files,
+status of files,
+file system size checks,
+and creation of the scratch file.
+All the initialization errors are fatal
+when the file system is being preen'ed.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "\fIC\fP option?"
+.br
+\fIC\fP is not a legal option to
+.I fsck ;
+legal options are \-b, \-c, \-y, \-n, and \-p.
+.I Fsck
+terminates on this error condition.
+See the
+.I fsck (8)
+manual entry for further detail.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "cannot alloc NNN bytes for blockmap"
+.br
+.B "cannot alloc NNN bytes for freemap"
+.br
+.B "cannot alloc NNN bytes for statemap"
+.br
+.B "cannot alloc NNN bytes for lncntp"
+.br
+.I Fsck 's
+request for memory for its virtual
+memory tables failed.
+This should never happen.
+.I Fsck
+terminates on this error condition.
+See a guru.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "Can't open checklist file: \fIF\fP"
+.br
+The file system checklist file
+\fIF\fP (usually
+.I /etc/fstab )
+can not be opened for reading.
+.I Fsck
+terminates on this error condition.
+Check access modes of \fIF\fP.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "Can't stat root"
+.br
+.I Fsck 's
+request for statistics about the root directory ``/'' failed.
+This should never happen.
+.I Fsck
+terminates on this error condition.
+See a guru.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "Can't stat \fIF\fP"
+.br
+.B "Can't make sense out of name \fIF\fP"
+.br
+.I Fsck 's
+request for statistics about the file system \fIF\fP failed.
+When running manually,
+it ignores this file system
+and continues checking the next file system given.
+Check access modes of \fIF\fP.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "Can't open \fIF\fP"
+.br
+.I Fsck 's
+request attempt to open the file system \fIF\fP failed.
+When running manually, it ignores this file system
+and continues checking the next file system given.
+Check access modes of \fIF\fP.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "\fIF\fP: (NO WRITE)"
+.br
+Either the \-n flag was specified or
+.I fsck 's
+attempt to open the file system \fIF\fP for writing failed.
+When running manually,
+all the diagnostics are printed out,
+but no modifications are attempted to fix them.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "file is not a block or character device; OK"
+.br
+You have given
+.I fsck
+a regular file name by mistake.
+Check the type of the file specified.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the OK prompt are:
+.IP YES
+ignore this error condition.
+.IP NO
+ignore this file system and continues checking
+the next file system given.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "UNDEFINED OPTIMIZATION IN SUPERBLOCK (SET TO DEFAULT)"
+.br
+The superblock optimization parameter is neither OPT_TIME
+nor OPT_SPACE.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the SET TO DEFAULT prompt are:
+.IP YES
+The superblock is set to request optimization to minimize
+running time of the system.
+(If optimization to minimize disk space utilization is
+desired, it can be set using \fItunefs\fP(8).)
+.IP NO
+ignore this error condition.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "IMPOSSIBLE MINFREE=\fID\fP IN SUPERBLOCK (SET TO DEFAULT)"
+.br
+The superblock minimum space percentage is greater than 99%
+or less then 0%.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the SET TO DEFAULT prompt are:
+.IP YES
+The minfree parameter is set to 10%.
+(If some other percentage is desired,
+it can be set using \fItunefs\fP(8).)
+.IP NO
+ignore this error condition.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "IMPOSSIBLE INTERLEAVE=\fID\fP IN SUPERBLOCK (SET TO DEFAULT)"
+.br
+The file system interleave is less than or equal to zero.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the SET TO DEFAULT prompt are:
+.IP YES
+The interleave parameter is set to 1.
+.IP NO
+ignore this error condition.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "IMPOSSIBLE NPSECT=\fID\fP IN SUPERBLOCK (SET TO DEFAULT)"
+.br
+The number of physical sectors per track is less than the number
+of usable sectors per track.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the SET TO DEFAULT prompt are:
+.IP YES
+The npsect parameter is set to the number of usable sectors per track.
+.IP NO
+ignore this error condition.
+.sp
+.LP
+One of the following messages will appear:
+.br
+.B "MAGIC NUMBER WRONG"
+.br
+.B "NCG OUT OF RANGE"
+.br
+.B "CPG OUT OF RANGE"
+.br
+.B "NCYL DOES NOT JIVE WITH NCG*CPG"
+.br
+.B "SIZE PREPOSTEROUSLY LARGE"
+.br
+.B "TRASHED VALUES IN SUPER BLOCK"
+.br
+and will be followed by the message:
+.br
+.B "\fIF\fP: BAD SUPER BLOCK: \fIB\fP"
+.br
+.B "USE -b OPTION TO FSCK TO SPECIFY LOCATION OF AN ALTERNATE"
+.br
+.B "SUPER-BLOCK TO SUPPLY NEEDED INFORMATION; SEE fsck(8)."
+.br
+The super block has been corrupted. 
+An alternative super block must be selected from among those
+listed by
+.I newfs
+(8) when the file system was created.
+For file systems with a blocksize less than 32K,
+specifying \-b 32 is a good first choice.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "INTERNAL INCONSISTENCY: \fIM\fP"
+.br
+.I Fsck 's
+has had an internal panic, whose message is specified as \fIM\fP.
+This should never happen.
+See a guru.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "CAN NOT SEEK: BLK \fIB\fP (CONTINUE)"
+.br
+.I Fsck 's
+request for moving to a specified block number \fIB\fP in
+the file system failed.
+This should never happen.
+See a guru.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the CONTINUE prompt are:
+.IP YES
+attempt to continue to run the file system check.
+Often,
+however the problem will persist.
+This error condition will not allow a complete check of the file system.
+A second run of
+.I fsck
+should be made to re-check this file system.
+If the block was part of the virtual memory buffer
+cache,
+.I fsck
+will terminate with the message ``Fatal I/O error''.
+.IP NO
+terminate the program.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "CAN NOT READ: BLK \fIB\fP (CONTINUE)"
+.br
+.I Fsck 's
+request for reading a specified block number \fIB\fP in
+the file system failed.
+This should never happen.
+See a guru.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the CONTINUE prompt are:
+.IP YES
+attempt to continue to run the file system check.
+It will retry the read and print out the message:
+.br
+.B "THE FOLLOWING SECTORS COULD NOT BE READ: \fIN\fP"
+.br
+where \fIN\fP indicates the sectors that could not be read.
+If 
+.I fsck
+ever tries to write back one of the blocks on which the read failed
+it will print the message:
+.br
+.B "WRITING ZERO'ED BLOCK \fIN\fP TO DISK"
+.br
+where \fIN\fP indicates the sector that was written with zero's.
+If the disk is experiencing hardware problems, the problem will persist.
+This error condition will not allow a complete check of the file system.
+A second run of
+.I fsck
+should be made to re-check this file system.
+If the block was part of the virtual memory buffer
+cache,
+.I fsck
+will terminate with the message ``Fatal I/O error''.
+.IP NO
+terminate the program.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "CAN NOT WRITE: BLK \fIB\fP (CONTINUE)"
+.br
+.I Fsck 's
+request for writing a specified block number \fIB\fP
+in the file system failed.
+The disk is write-protected;
+check the write protect lock on the drive.
+If that is not the problem, see a guru.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the CONTINUE prompt are:
+.IP YES
+attempt to continue to run the file system check.
+The write operation will be retried with the failed blocks
+indicated by the message:
+.br
+.B "THE FOLLOWING SECTORS COULD NOT BE WRITTEN: \fIN\fP"
+.br
+where \fIN\fP indicates the sectors that could not be written.
+If the disk is experiencing hardware problems, the problem will persist.
+This error condition will not allow a complete check of the file system.
+A second run of
+.I fsck
+should be made to re-check this file system.
+If the block was part of the virtual memory buffer
+cache,
+.I fsck
+will terminate with the message ``Fatal I/O error''.
+.IP NO
+terminate the program.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "bad inode number DDD to ginode"
+.br
+An internal error has attempted to read non-existent inode \fIDDD\fP.
+This error causes 
+.I fsck
+to exit.
+See a guru.
+.NH 2 
+Phase 1 \- Check Blocks and Sizes
+.PP
+This phase concerns itself with
+the inode list.
+This section lists error conditions resulting from
+checking inode types,
+setting up the zero-link-count table,
+examining inode block numbers for bad or duplicate blocks,
+checking inode size,
+and checking inode format.
+All errors in this phase except
+.B "INCORRECT BLOCK COUNT"
+and
+.B "PARTIALLY TRUNCATED INODE"
+are fatal if the file system is being preen'ed.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "UNKNOWN FILE TYPE I=\fII\fP (CLEAR)"
+.br
+The mode word of the inode \fII\fP indicates that the inode is not a
+special block inode, special character inode, socket inode, regular inode,
+symbolic link, or directory inode.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the CLEAR prompt are:
+.IP YES
+de-allocate inode \fII\fP by zeroing its contents.
+This will always invoke the UNALLOCATED error condition in Phase 2
+for each directory entry pointing to this inode.
+.IP NO
+ignore this error condition.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "PARTIALLY TRUNCATED INODE I=\fII\fP (SALVAGE)"
+.br
+.I Fsck
+has found inode \fII\fP whose size is shorter than the number of
+blocks allocated to it.
+This condition should only occur if the system crashes while in the
+midst of truncating a file.
+When preen'ing the file system, 
+.I fsck
+completes the truncation to the specified size.
+.LP
+Possible responses to SALVAGE are:
+.IP YES
+complete the truncation to the size specified in the inode.
+.IP NO
+ignore this error condition.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "LINK COUNT TABLE OVERFLOW (CONTINUE)"
+.br
+An internal table for
+.I fsck
+containing allocated inodes with a link count of
+zero cannot allocate more memory.
+Increase the virtual memory for
+.I fsck .
+.LP
+Possible responses to the CONTINUE prompt are:
+.IP YES
+continue with the program.
+This error condition will not allow a complete check of the file system.
+A second run of
+.I fsck
+should be made to re-check this file system.
+If another allocated inode with a zero link count is found,
+this error condition is repeated.
+.IP NO
+terminate the program.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "\fIB\fP BAD I=\fII\fP"
+.br
+Inode \fII\fP contains block number \fIB\fP with a number
+lower than the number of the first data block in the file system or
+greater than the number of the last block
+in the file system.
+This error condition may invoke the
+.B "EXCESSIVE BAD BLKS"
+error condition in Phase 1 (see next paragraph) if
+inode \fII\fP has too many block numbers outside the file system range.
+This error condition will always invoke the
+.B "BAD/DUP"
+error condition in Phase 2 and Phase 4.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "EXCESSIVE BAD BLKS I=\fII\fP (CONTINUE)"
+.br
+There is more than a tolerable number (usually 10) of blocks with a number
+lower than the number of the first data block in the file system or greater than
+the number of last block in the file system associated with inode \fII\fP.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the CONTINUE prompt are:
+.IP YES
+ignore the rest of the blocks in this inode
+and continue checking with the next inode in the file system.
+This error condition will not allow a complete check of the file system.
+A second run of
+.I fsck
+should be made to re-check this file system.
+.IP NO
+terminate the program.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "BAD STATE DDD TO BLKERR"
+.br
+An internal error has scrambled 
+.I fsck 's
+state map to have the impossible value \fIDDD\fP.
+.I Fsck
+exits immediately. 
+See a guru.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "\fIB\fP DUP I=\fII\fP"
+.br
+Inode \fII\fP contains block number \fIB\fP that is already claimed by
+another inode.
+This error condition may invoke the
+.B "EXCESSIVE DUP BLKS"
+error condition in Phase 1 if
+inode \fII\fP has too many block numbers claimed by other inodes.
+This error condition will always invoke Phase 1b and the
+.B "BAD/DUP"
+error condition in Phase 2 and Phase 4.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "EXCESSIVE DUP BLKS I=\fII\fP (CONTINUE)"
+.br
+There is more than a tolerable number (usually 10) of blocks claimed by other
+inodes.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the CONTINUE prompt are:
+.IP YES
+ignore the rest of the blocks in this inode
+and continue checking with the next inode in the file system.
+This error condition will not allow a complete check of the file system.
+A second run of
+.I fsck
+should be made to re-check this file system.
+.IP NO
+terminate the program.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "DUP TABLE OVERFLOW (CONTINUE)"
+.br
+An internal table in
+.I fsck
+containing duplicate block numbers cannot allocate any more space.
+Increase the amount of virtual memory available to
+.I fsck .
+.LP
+Possible responses to the CONTINUE prompt are:
+.IP YES
+continue with the program.
+This error condition will not allow a complete check of the file system.
+A second run of
+.I fsck
+should be made to re-check this file system.
+If another duplicate block is found, this error condition will repeat.
+.IP NO
+terminate the program.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "PARTIALLY ALLOCATED INODE I=\fII\fP (CLEAR)"
+.br
+Inode \fII\fP is neither allocated nor unallocated.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the CLEAR prompt are:
+.IP YES
+de-allocate inode \fII\fP by zeroing its contents.
+.IP NO
+ignore this error condition.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "INCORRECT BLOCK COUNT I=\fII\fP (\fIX\fP should be \fIY\fP) (CORRECT)"
+.br
+The block count for inode \fII\fP is \fIX\fP blocks,
+but should be \fIY\fP blocks.
+When preen'ing the count is corrected.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the CORRECT prompt are:
+.IP YES
+replace the block count of inode \fII\fP with \fIY\fP.
+.IP NO
+ignore this error condition.
+.NH 2 
+Phase 1B: Rescan for More Dups
+.PP
+When a duplicate block is found in the file system, the file system is
+rescanned to find the inode that previously claimed that block.
+This section lists the error condition when the duplicate block is found.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "\fIB\fP DUP I=\fII\fP"
+.br
+Inode \fII\fP contains block number \fIB\fP that
+is already claimed by another inode.
+This error condition will always invoke the
+.B "BAD/DUP"
+error condition in Phase 2.
+You can determine which inodes have overlapping blocks by examining
+this error condition and the DUP error condition in Phase 1.
+.NH 2 
+Phase 2 \- Check Pathnames
+.PP
+This phase concerns itself with removing directory entries
+pointing to
+error conditioned inodes
+from Phase 1 and Phase 1b.
+This section lists error conditions resulting from
+root inode mode and status,
+directory inode pointers in range,
+and directory entries pointing to bad inodes,
+and directory integrity checks.
+All errors in this phase are fatal if the file system is being preen'ed,
+except for directories not being a multiple of the blocks size
+and extraneous hard links.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "ROOT INODE UNALLOCATED (ALLOCATE)"
+.br
+The root inode (usually inode number 2) has no allocate mode bits.
+This should never happen.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the ALLOCATE prompt are:
+.IP YES
+allocate inode 2 as the root inode.
+The files and directories usually found in the root will be recovered
+in Phase 3 and put into
+.I lost+found .
+If the attempt to allocate the root fails,
+.I fsck
+will exit with the message:
+.br
+.B "CANNOT ALLOCATE ROOT INODE" .
+.IP NO
+.I fsck
+will exit.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "ROOT INODE NOT DIRECTORY (REALLOCATE)"
+.br
+The root inode (usually inode number 2)
+is not directory inode type.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the REALLOCATE prompt are:
+.IP YES
+clear the existing contents of the root inode
+and reallocate it.
+The files and directories usually found in the root will be recovered
+in Phase 3 and put into
+.I lost+found .
+If the attempt to allocate the root fails,
+.I fsck
+will exit with the message:
+.br
+.B "CANNOT ALLOCATE ROOT INODE" .
+.IP NO
+.I fsck
+will then prompt with
+.B "FIX"
+.LP
+Possible responses to the FIX prompt are:
+.IP YES
+replace the root inode's type to be a directory.
+If the root inode's data blocks are not directory blocks,
+many error conditions will be produced.
+.IP NO
+terminate the program.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "DUPS/BAD IN ROOT INODE (REALLOCATE)"
+.br
+Phase 1 or Phase 1b have found duplicate blocks
+or bad blocks in the root inode (usually inode number 2) for the file system.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the REALLOCATE prompt are:
+.IP YES
+clear the existing contents of the root inode
+and reallocate it.
+The files and directories usually found in the root will be recovered
+in Phase 3 and put into
+.I lost+found .
+If the attempt to allocate the root fails,
+.I fsck
+will exit with the message:
+.br
+.B "CANNOT ALLOCATE ROOT INODE" .
+.IP NO
+.I fsck
+will then prompt with
+.B "CONTINUE" .
+.LP
+Possible responses to the CONTINUE prompt are:
+.IP YES
+ignore the
+.B "DUPS/BAD"
+error condition in the root inode and
+attempt to continue to run the file system check.
+If the root inode is not correct,
+then this may result in many other error conditions.
+.IP NO
+terminate the program.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "NAME TOO LONG \fIF\fP"
+.br
+An excessively long path name has been found.
+This usually indicates loops in the file system name space.
+This can occur if the super user has made circular links to directories.
+The offending links must be removed (by a guru).
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "I OUT OF RANGE I=\fII\fP NAME=\fIF\fP (REMOVE)"
+.br
+A directory entry \fIF\fP has an inode number \fII\fP that is greater than
+the end of the inode list.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the REMOVE prompt are:
+.IP YES
+the directory entry \fIF\fP is removed.
+.IP NO
+ignore this error condition.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "UNALLOCATED I=\fII\fP OWNER=\fIO\fP MODE=\fIM\fP SIZE=\fIS\fP MTIME=\fIT\fP \fItype\fP=\fIF\fP (REMOVE)"
+.br
+A directory or file entry \fIF\fP points to an unallocated inode \fII\fP.
+The owner \fIO\fP, mode \fIM\fP, size \fIS\fP, modify time \fIT\fP,
+and name \fIF\fP are printed.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the REMOVE prompt are:
+.IP YES
+the directory entry \fIF\fP is removed.
+.IP NO
+ignore this error condition.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "DUP/BAD I=\fII\fP OWNER=\fIO\fP MODE=\fIM\fP SIZE=\fIS\fP MTIME=\fIT\fP \fItype\fP=\fIF\fP (REMOVE)"
+.br
+Phase 1 or Phase 1b have found duplicate blocks or bad blocks
+associated with directory or file entry \fIF\fP, inode \fII\fP.
+The owner \fIO\fP, mode \fIM\fP, size \fIS\fP, modify time \fIT\fP,
+and directory name \fIF\fP are printed.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the REMOVE prompt are:
+.IP YES
+the directory entry \fIF\fP is removed.
+.IP NO
+ignore this error condition.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "ZERO LENGTH DIRECTORY I=\fII\fP OWNER=\fIO\fP MODE=\fIM\fP SIZE=\fIS\fP MTIME=\fIT\fP DIR=\fIF\fP (REMOVE)"
+.br
+A directory entry \fIF\fP has a size \fIS\fP that is zero.
+The owner \fIO\fP, mode \fIM\fP, size \fIS\fP, modify time \fIT\fP,
+and directory name \fIF\fP are printed.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the REMOVE prompt are:
+.IP YES
+the directory entry \fIF\fP is removed;
+this will always invoke the BAD/DUP error condition in Phase 4.
+.IP NO
+ignore this error condition.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "DIRECTORY TOO SHORT I=\fII\fP OWNER=\fIO\fP MODE=\fIM\fP SIZE=\fIS\fP MTIME=\fIT\fP DIR=\fIF\fP (FIX)"
+.br
+A directory \fIF\fP has been found whose size \fIS\fP
+is less than the minimum size directory.
+The owner \fIO\fP, mode \fIM\fP, size \fIS\fP, modify time \fIT\fP,
+and directory name \fIF\fP are printed.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the FIX prompt are:
+.IP YES
+increase the size of the directory to the minimum directory size.
+.IP NO
+ignore this directory.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "DIRECTORY \fIF\fP LENGTH \fIS\fP NOT MULTIPLE OF \fIB\fP (ADJUST)
+.br
+A directory \fIF\fP has been found with size \fIS\fP that is not
+a multiple of the directory blocksize \fIB\fP.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the ADJUST prompt are:
+.IP YES
+the length is rounded up to the appropriate block size.
+This error can occur on 4.2BSD file systems.
+Thus when preen'ing the file system only a warning is printed
+and the directory is adjusted.
+.IP NO
+ignore the error condition.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "DIRECTORY CORRUPTED I=\fII\fP OWNER=\fIO\fP MODE=\fIM\fP SIZE=\fIS\fP MTIME=\fIT\fP DIR=\fIF\fP (SALVAGE)"
+.br
+A directory with an inconsistent internal state has been found.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the FIX prompt are:
+.IP YES
+throw away all entries up to the next directory boundary (usually 512-byte)
+boundary.
+This drastic action can throw away up to 42 entries,
+and should be taken only after other recovery efforts have failed.
+.IP NO
+skip up to the next directory boundary and resume reading,
+but do not modify the directory.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "BAD INODE NUMBER FOR `.' I=\fII\fP OWNER=\fIO\fP MODE=\fIM\fP SIZE=\fIS\fP MTIME=\fIT\fP DIR=\fIF\fP (FIX)"
+.br
+A directory \fII\fP has been found whose inode number for `.' does
+does not equal \fII\fP.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the FIX prompt are:
+.IP YES
+change the inode number for `.' to be equal to \fII\fP.
+.IP NO
+leave the inode number for `.' unchanged.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "MISSING `.' I=\fII\fP OWNER=\fIO\fP MODE=\fIM\fP SIZE=\fIS\fP MTIME=\fIT\fP DIR=\fIF\fP (FIX)"
+.br
+A directory \fII\fP has been found whose first entry is unallocated.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the FIX prompt are:
+.IP YES
+build an entry for `.' with inode number equal to \fII\fP.
+.IP NO
+leave the directory unchanged.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "MISSING `.' I=\fII\fP OWNER=\fIO\fP MODE=\fIM\fP SIZE=\fIS\fP MTIME=\fIT\fP DIR=\fIF\fP"
+.br
+.B "CANNOT FIX, FIRST ENTRY IN DIRECTORY CONTAINS \fIF\fP"
+.br
+A directory \fII\fP has been found whose first entry is \fIF\fP.
+.I Fsck
+cannot resolve this problem. 
+The file system should be mounted and the offending entry \fIF\fP
+moved elsewhere.
+The file system should then be unmounted and
+.I fsck
+should be run again.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "MISSING `.' I=\fII\fP OWNER=\fIO\fP MODE=\fIM\fP SIZE=\fIS\fP MTIME=\fIT\fP DIR=\fIF\fP"
+.br
+.B "CANNOT FIX, INSUFFICIENT SPACE TO ADD `.'"
+.br
+A directory \fII\fP has been found whose first entry is not `.'.
+.I Fsck
+cannot resolve this problem as it should never happen.
+See a guru.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "EXTRA `.' ENTRY I=\fII\fP OWNER=\fIO\fP MODE=\fIM\fP SIZE=\fIS\fP MTIME=\fIT\fP DIR=\fIF\fP (FIX)"
+.br
+A directory \fII\fP has been found that has more than one entry for `.'.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the FIX prompt are:
+.IP YES
+remove the extra entry for `.'.
+.IP NO
+leave the directory unchanged.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "BAD INODE NUMBER FOR `..' I=\fII\fP OWNER=\fIO\fP MODE=\fIM\fP SIZE=\fIS\fP MTIME=\fIT\fP DIR=\fIF\fP (FIX)"
+.br
+A directory \fII\fP has been found whose inode number for `..' does
+does not equal the parent of \fII\fP.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the FIX prompt are:
+.IP YES
+change the inode number for `..' to be equal to the parent of \fII\fP
+(``\fB..\fP'' in the root inode points to itself).
+.IP NO
+leave the inode number for `..' unchanged.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "MISSING `..' I=\fII\fP OWNER=\fIO\fP MODE=\fIM\fP SIZE=\fIS\fP MTIME=\fIT\fP DIR=\fIF\fP (FIX)"
+.br
+A directory \fII\fP has been found whose second entry is unallocated.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the FIX prompt are:
+.IP YES
+build an entry for `..' with inode number equal to the parent of \fII\fP
+(``\fB..\fP'' in the root inode points to itself).
+.IP NO
+leave the directory unchanged.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "MISSING `..' I=\fII\fP OWNER=\fIO\fP MODE=\fIM\fP SIZE=\fIS\fP MTIME=\fIT\fP DIR=\fIF\fP"
+.br
+.B "CANNOT FIX, SECOND ENTRY IN DIRECTORY CONTAINS \fIF\fP"
+.br
+A directory \fII\fP has been found whose second entry is \fIF\fP.
+.I Fsck
+cannot resolve this problem. 
+The file system should be mounted and the offending entry \fIF\fP
+moved elsewhere.
+The file system should then be unmounted and
+.I fsck
+should be run again.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "MISSING `..' I=\fII\fP OWNER=\fIO\fP MODE=\fIM\fP SIZE=\fIS\fP MTIME=\fIT\fP DIR=\fIF\fP"
+.br
+.B "CANNOT FIX, INSUFFICIENT SPACE TO ADD `..'"
+.br
+A directory \fII\fP has been found whose second entry is not `..'.
+.I Fsck
+cannot resolve this problem.
+The file system should be mounted and the second entry in the directory
+moved elsewhere.
+The file system should then be unmounted and
+.I fsck
+should be run again.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "EXTRA `..' ENTRY I=\fII\fP OWNER=\fIO\fP MODE=\fIM\fP SIZE=\fIS\fP MTIME=\fIT\fP DIR=\fIF\fP (FIX)"
+.br
+A directory \fII\fP has been found that has more than one entry for `..'.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the FIX prompt are:
+.IP YES
+remove the extra entry for `..'.
+.IP NO
+leave the directory unchanged.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "\fIN\fP IS AN EXTRANEOUS HARD LINK TO A DIRECTORY \fID\fP (REMOVE)
+.br
+.I Fsck
+has found a hard link, \fIN\fP, to a directory, \fID\fP.
+When preen'ing the extraneous links are ignored.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the REMOVE prompt are:
+.IP YES
+delete the extraneous entry, \fIN\fP.
+.IP NO
+ignore the error condition.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "BAD INODE \fIS\fP TO DESCEND"
+.br
+An internal error has caused an impossible state \fIS\fP to be passed to the
+routine that descends the file system directory structure.
+.I Fsck
+exits.
+See a guru.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "BAD RETURN STATE \fIS\fP FROM DESCEND"
+.br
+An internal error has caused an impossible state \fIS\fP to be returned
+from the routine that descends the file system directory structure.
+.I Fsck
+exits.
+See a guru.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "BAD STATE \fIS\fP FOR ROOT INODE"
+.br
+An internal error has caused an impossible state \fIS\fP to be assigned
+to the root inode.
+.I Fsck
+exits.
+See a guru.
+.NH 2 
+Phase 3 \- Check Connectivity
+.PP
+This phase concerns itself with the directory connectivity seen in
+Phase 2.
+This section lists error conditions resulting from
+unreferenced directories,
+and missing or full
+.I lost+found
+directories.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "UNREF DIR I=\fII\fP OWNER=\fIO\fP MODE=\fIM\fP SIZE=\fIS\fP MTIME=\fIT\fP (RECONNECT)"
+.br
+The directory inode \fII\fP was not connected to a directory entry
+when the file system was traversed.
+The owner \fIO\fP, mode \fIM\fP, size \fIS\fP, and
+modify time \fIT\fP of directory inode \fII\fP are printed.
+When preen'ing, the directory is reconnected if its size is non-zero,
+otherwise it is cleared.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the RECONNECT prompt are:
+.IP YES
+reconnect directory inode \fII\fP to the file system in the
+directory for lost files (usually \fIlost+found\fP).
+This may invoke the
+.I lost+found
+error condition in Phase 3
+if there are problems connecting directory inode \fII\fP to \fIlost+found\fP.
+This may also invoke the CONNECTED error condition in Phase 3 if the link
+was successful.
+.IP NO
+ignore this error condition.
+This will always invoke the UNREF error condition in Phase 4.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "NO lost+found DIRECTORY (CREATE)"
+.br
+There is no
+.I lost+found
+directory in the root directory of the file system;
+When preen'ing
+.I fsck
+tries to create a \fIlost+found\fP directory.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the CREATE prompt are:
+.IP YES
+create a \fIlost+found\fP directory in the root of the file system.
+This may raise the message:
+.br
+.B "NO SPACE LEFT IN / (EXPAND)"
+.br
+See below for the possible responses.
+Inability to create a \fIlost+found\fP directory generates the message:
+.br
+.B "SORRY. CANNOT CREATE lost+found DIRECTORY"
+.br
+and aborts the attempt to linkup the lost inode.
+This will always invoke the UNREF error condition in Phase 4.
+.IP NO
+abort the attempt to linkup the lost inode.
+This will always invoke the UNREF error condition in Phase 4.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "lost+found IS NOT A DIRECTORY (REALLOCATE)"
+.br
+The entry for
+.I lost+found
+is not a directory.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the REALLOCATE prompt are:
+.IP YES
+allocate a directory inode, and change \fIlost+found\fP to reference it.
+The previous inode reference by the \fIlost+found\fP name is not cleared.
+Thus it will either be reclaimed as an UNREF'ed inode or have its
+link count ADJUST'ed later in this Phase.
+Inability to create a \fIlost+found\fP directory generates the message:
+.br
+.B "SORRY. CANNOT CREATE lost+found DIRECTORY"
+.br
+and aborts the attempt to linkup the lost inode.
+This will always invoke the UNREF error condition in Phase 4.
+.IP NO
+abort the attempt to linkup the lost inode.
+This will always invoke the UNREF error condition in Phase 4.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "NO SPACE LEFT IN /lost+found (EXPAND)"
+.br
+There is no space to add another entry to the
+.I lost+found
+directory in the root directory
+of the file system.
+When preen'ing the 
+.I lost+found
+directory is expanded.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the EXPAND prompt are:
+.IP YES
+the 
+.I lost+found
+directory is expanded to make room for the new entry.
+If the attempted expansion fails
+.I fsck
+prints the message:
+.br
+.B "SORRY. NO SPACE IN lost+found DIRECTORY"
+.br
+and aborts the attempt to linkup the lost inode.
+This will always invoke the UNREF error condition in Phase 4.
+Clean out unnecessary entries in
+.I lost+found .
+This error is fatal if the file system is being preen'ed.
+.IP NO
+abort the attempt to linkup the lost inode.
+This will always invoke the UNREF error condition in Phase 4.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "DIR I=\fII1\fP CONNECTED. PARENT WAS I=\fII2\fP"
+.br
+This is an advisory message indicating a directory inode \fII1\fP was
+successfully connected to the
+.I lost+found
+directory.
+The parent inode \fII2\fP of the directory inode \fII1\fP is
+replaced by the inode number of the
+.I lost+found
+directory.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "DIRECTORY \fIF\fP LENGTH \fIS\fP NOT MULTIPLE OF \fIB\fP (ADJUST)
+.br
+A directory \fIF\fP has been found with size \fIS\fP that is not
+a multiple of the directory blocksize \fIB\fP
+(this can reoccur in Phase 3 if it is not adjusted in Phase 2).
+.LP
+Possible responses to the ADJUST prompt are:
+.IP YES
+the length is rounded up to the appropriate block size.
+This error can occur on 4.2BSD file systems.
+Thus when preen'ing the file system only a warning is printed
+and the directory is adjusted.
+.IP NO
+ignore the error condition.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "BAD INODE \fIS\fP TO DESCEND"
+.br
+An internal error has caused an impossible state \fIS\fP to be passed to the
+routine that descends the file system directory structure.
+.I Fsck
+exits.
+See a guru.
+.NH 2 
+Phase 4 \- Check Reference Counts
+.PP
+This phase concerns itself with the link count information
+seen in Phase 2 and Phase 3.
+This section lists error conditions resulting from
+unreferenced files,
+missing or full
+.I lost+found
+directory,
+incorrect link counts for files, directories, symbolic links, or special files,
+unreferenced files, symbolic links, and directories,
+and bad or duplicate blocks in files, symbolic links, and directories.
+All errors in this phase are correctable if the file system is being preen'ed
+except running out of space in the \fIlost+found\fP directory.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "UNREF FILE I=\fII\fP OWNER=\fIO\fP MODE=\fIM\fP SIZE=\fIS\fP MTIME=\fIT\fP (RECONNECT)"
+.br
+Inode \fII\fP was not connected to a directory entry
+when the file system was traversed.
+The owner \fIO\fP, mode \fIM\fP, size \fIS\fP, and
+modify time \fIT\fP of inode \fII\fP are printed.
+When preen'ing the file is cleared if either its size or its
+link count is zero,
+otherwise it is reconnected.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the RECONNECT prompt are:
+.IP YES
+reconnect inode \fII\fP to the file system in the directory for
+lost files (usually \fIlost+found\fP).
+This may invoke the
+.I lost+found
+error condition in Phase 4
+if there are problems connecting inode \fII\fP to
+.I lost+found .
+.IP NO
+ignore this error condition.
+This will always invoke the CLEAR error condition in Phase 4.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "(CLEAR)"
+.br
+The inode mentioned in the immediately previous error condition can not be
+reconnected.
+This cannot occur if the file system is being preen'ed,
+since lack of space to reconnect files is a fatal error.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the CLEAR prompt are:
+.IP YES
+de-allocate the inode mentioned in the immediately previous error condition by zeroing its contents.
+.IP NO
+ignore this error condition.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "NO lost+found DIRECTORY (CREATE)"
+.br
+There is no
+.I lost+found
+directory in the root directory of the file system;
+When preen'ing
+.I fsck
+tries to create a \fIlost+found\fP directory.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the CREATE prompt are:
+.IP YES
+create a \fIlost+found\fP directory in the root of the file system.
+This may raise the message:
+.br
+.B "NO SPACE LEFT IN / (EXPAND)"
+.br
+See below for the possible responses.
+Inability to create a \fIlost+found\fP directory generates the message:
+.br
+.B "SORRY. CANNOT CREATE lost+found DIRECTORY"
+.br
+and aborts the attempt to linkup the lost inode.
+This will always invoke the UNREF error condition in Phase 4.
+.IP NO
+abort the attempt to linkup the lost inode.
+This will always invoke the UNREF error condition in Phase 4.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "lost+found IS NOT A DIRECTORY (REALLOCATE)"
+.br
+The entry for
+.I lost+found
+is not a directory.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the REALLOCATE prompt are:
+.IP YES
+allocate a directory inode, and change \fIlost+found\fP to reference it.
+The previous inode reference by the \fIlost+found\fP name is not cleared.
+Thus it will either be reclaimed as an UNREF'ed inode or have its
+link count ADJUST'ed later in this Phase.
+Inability to create a \fIlost+found\fP directory generates the message:
+.br
+.B "SORRY. CANNOT CREATE lost+found DIRECTORY"
+.br
+and aborts the attempt to linkup the lost inode.
+This will always invoke the UNREF error condition in Phase 4.
+.IP NO
+abort the attempt to linkup the lost inode.
+This will always invoke the UNREF error condition in Phase 4.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "NO SPACE LEFT IN /lost+found (EXPAND)"
+.br
+There is no space to add another entry to the
+.I lost+found
+directory in the root directory
+of the file system.
+When preen'ing the 
+.I lost+found
+directory is expanded.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the EXPAND prompt are:
+.IP YES
+the 
+.I lost+found
+directory is expanded to make room for the new entry.
+If the attempted expansion fails
+.I fsck
+prints the message:
+.br
+.B "SORRY. NO SPACE IN lost+found DIRECTORY"
+.br
+and aborts the attempt to linkup the lost inode.
+This will always invoke the UNREF error condition in Phase 4.
+Clean out unnecessary entries in
+.I lost+found .
+This error is fatal if the file system is being preen'ed.
+.IP NO
+abort the attempt to linkup the lost inode.
+This will always invoke the UNREF error condition in Phase 4.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "LINK COUNT \fItype\fP I=\fII\fP OWNER=\fIO\fP MODE=\fIM\fP SIZE=\fIS\fP MTIME=\fIT\fP COUNT=\fIX\fP SHOULD BE \fIY\fP (ADJUST)"
+.br
+The link count for inode \fII\fP,
+is \fIX\fP but should be \fIY\fP.
+The owner \fIO\fP, mode \fIM\fP, size \fIS\fP, and modify time \fIT\fP
+are printed.
+When preen'ing the link count is adjusted unless the number of references
+is increasing, a condition that should never occur unless precipitated
+by a hardware failure.
+When the number of references is increasing under preen mode,
+.I fsck
+exits with the message:
+.br
+.B "LINK COUNT INCREASING"
+.LP
+Possible responses to the ADJUST prompt are:
+.IP YES
+replace the link count of file inode \fII\fP with \fIY\fP.
+.IP NO
+ignore this error condition.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "UNREF \fItype\fP I=\fII\fP OWNER=\fIO\fP MODE=\fIM\fP SIZE=\fIS\fP MTIME=\fIT\fP (CLEAR)"
+.br
+Inode \fII\fP, was not connected to a directory entry when the
+file system was traversed.
+The owner \fIO\fP, mode \fIM\fP, size \fIS\fP,
+and modify time \fIT\fP of inode \fII\fP
+are printed.
+When preen'ing,
+this is a file that was not connected because its size or link count was zero,
+hence it is cleared.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the CLEAR prompt are:
+.IP YES
+de-allocate inode \fII\fP by zeroing its contents.
+.IP NO
+ignore this error condition.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "BAD/DUP \fItype\fP I=\fII\fP OWNER=\fIO\fP MODE=\fIM\fP SIZE=\fIS\fP MTIME=\fIT\fP (CLEAR)"
+.br
+Phase 1 or Phase 1b have found duplicate blocks
+or bad blocks associated with
+inode \fII\fP.
+The owner \fIO\fP, mode \fIM\fP, size \fIS\fP,
+and modify time \fIT\fP of inode \fII\fP
+are printed.
+This error cannot arise when the file system is being preen'ed,
+as it would have caused a fatal error earlier.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the CLEAR prompt are:
+.IP YES
+de-allocate inode \fII\fP by zeroing its contents.
+.IP NO
+ignore this error condition.
+.NH 2 
+Phase 5 - Check Cyl groups
+.PP
+This phase concerns itself with the free-block and used-inode maps.
+This section lists error conditions resulting from
+allocated blocks in the free-block maps,
+free blocks missing from free-block maps,
+and the total free-block count incorrect.
+It also lists error conditions resulting from
+free inodes in the used-inode maps,
+allocated inodes missing from used-inode maps,
+and the total used-inode count incorrect.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "CG \fIC\fP: BAD MAGIC NUMBER"
+.br
+The magic number of cylinder group \fIC\fP is wrong.
+This usually indicates that the cylinder group maps have been destroyed.
+When running manually the cylinder group is marked as needing
+to be reconstructed.
+This error is fatal if the file system is being preen'ed.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "BLK(S) MISSING IN BIT MAPS (SALVAGE)"
+.br
+A cylinder group block map is missing some free blocks.
+During preen'ing the maps are reconstructed.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the SALVAGE prompt are:
+.IP YES
+reconstruct the free block map.
+.IP NO
+ignore this error condition.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "SUMMARY INFORMATION BAD (SALVAGE)"
+.br
+The summary information was found to be incorrect.
+When preen'ing,
+the summary information is recomputed.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the SALVAGE prompt are:
+.IP YES
+reconstruct the summary information.
+.IP NO
+ignore this error condition.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "FREE BLK COUNT(S) WRONG IN SUPERBLOCK (SALVAGE)"
+.br
+The superblock free block information was found to be incorrect.
+When preen'ing,
+the superblock free block information is recomputed.
+.LP
+Possible responses to the SALVAGE prompt are:
+.IP YES
+reconstruct the superblock free block information.
+.IP NO
+ignore this error condition.
+.NH 2 
+Cleanup
+.PP
+Once a file system has been checked, a few cleanup functions are performed.
+This section lists advisory messages about
+the file system
+and modify status of the file system.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "\fIV\fP files, \fIW\fP used, \fIX\fP free (\fIY\fP frags, \fIZ\fP blocks)"
+.br
+This is an advisory message indicating that
+the file system checked contained
+\fIV\fP files using
+\fIW\fP fragment sized blocks leaving
+\fIX\fP fragment sized blocks free in the file system.
+The numbers in parenthesis breaks the free count down into
+\fIY\fP free fragments and
+\fIZ\fP free full sized blocks.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "***** REBOOT UNIX *****"
+.br
+This is an advisory message indicating that
+the root file system has been modified by
+.I fsck.
+If UNIX is not rebooted immediately,
+the work done by
+.I fsck
+may be undone by the in-core copies of tables
+UNIX keeps.
+When preen'ing,
+.I fsck
+will exit with a code of 4.
+The standard auto-reboot script distributed with 4.3BSD 
+interprets an exit code of 4 by issuing a reboot system call.
+.sp
+.LP
+.B "***** FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED *****"
+.br
+This is an advisory message indicating that
+the current file system was modified by
+.I fsck.
+If this file system is mounted or is the current root file system,
+.I fsck
+should be halted and UNIX rebooted.
+If UNIX is not rebooted immediately,
+the work done by
+.I fsck
+may be undone by the in-core copies of tables
+UNIX keeps.
diff --git a/sbin/fsck_ffs/SMM.doc/Makefile b/sbin/fsck_ffs/SMM.doc/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f6c1f7ce621
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sbin/fsck_ffs/SMM.doc/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#	$NetBSD: Makefile,v 1.2 1995/03/18 14:56:15 cgd Exp $
+#	@(#)Makefile	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/8/93
+
+DIR=	smm/03.fsck
+SRCS=	0.t 1.t 2.t 3.t 4.t
+MACROS=	-ms
+
+.include <bsd.doc.mk>
diff --git a/sbin/fsck_ffs/dir.c b/sbin/fsck_ffs/dir.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..37a1fc3c904
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sbin/fsck_ffs/dir.c
@@ -0,0 +1,728 @@
+/*	$NetBSD: dir.c,v 1.17 1995/03/18 14:55:40 cgd Exp $	*/
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1980, 1986, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+ *    must display the following acknowledgement:
+ *	This product includes software developed by the University of
+ *	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef lint
+#if 0
+static char sccsid[] = "@(#)dir.c	8.5 (Berkeley) 12/8/94";
+#else
+static char rcsid[] = "$NetBSD: dir.c,v 1.17 1995/03/18 14:55:40 cgd Exp $";
+#endif
+#endif /* not lint */
+
+#include <sys/param.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <ufs/ufs/dinode.h>
+#include <ufs/ufs/dir.h>
+#include <ufs/ffs/fs.h>
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "fsck.h"
+#include "extern.h"
+
+char	*lfname = "lost+found";
+int	lfmode = 01777;
+struct	dirtemplate emptydir = { 0, DIRBLKSIZ };
+struct	dirtemplate dirhead = {
+	0, 12, DT_DIR, 1, ".",
+	0, DIRBLKSIZ - 12, DT_DIR, 2, ".."
+};
+struct	odirtemplate odirhead = {
+	0, 12, 1, ".",
+	0, DIRBLKSIZ - 12, 2, ".."
+};
+
+int expanddir __P((struct dinode *, char *));
+void freedir __P((ino_t, ino_t));
+struct direct *fsck_readdir();
+struct bufarea *getdirblk();
+int lftempname __P((char *, ino_t));
+
+/*
+ * Propagate connected state through the tree.
+ */
+void
+propagate()
+{
+	register struct inoinfo **inpp, *inp;
+	struct inoinfo **inpend;
+	long change;
+
+	inpend = &inpsort[inplast];
+	do {
+		change = 0;
+		for (inpp = inpsort; inpp < inpend; inpp++) {
+			inp = *inpp;
+			if (inp->i_parent == 0)
+				continue;
+			if (statemap[inp->i_parent] == DFOUND &&
+			    statemap[inp->i_number] == DSTATE) {
+				statemap[inp->i_number] = DFOUND;
+				change++;
+			}
+		}
+	} while (change > 0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Scan each entry in a directory block.
+ */
+int
+dirscan(idesc)
+	register struct inodesc *idesc;
+{
+	register struct direct *dp;
+	register struct bufarea *bp;
+	int dsize, n;
+	long blksiz;
+	char dbuf[DIRBLKSIZ];
+
+	if (idesc->id_type != DATA)
+		errexit("wrong type to dirscan %d\n", idesc->id_type);
+	if (idesc->id_entryno == 0 &&
+	    (idesc->id_filesize & (DIRBLKSIZ - 1)) != 0)
+		idesc->id_filesize = roundup(idesc->id_filesize, DIRBLKSIZ);
+	blksiz = idesc->id_numfrags * sblock.fs_fsize;
+	if (chkrange(idesc->id_blkno, idesc->id_numfrags)) {
+		idesc->id_filesize -= blksiz;
+		return (SKIP);
+	}
+	idesc->id_loc = 0;
+	for (dp = fsck_readdir(idesc); dp != NULL; dp = fsck_readdir(idesc)) {
+		dsize = dp->d_reclen;
+		memcpy(dbuf, dp, (size_t)dsize);
+#		if (BYTE_ORDER == LITTLE_ENDIAN)
+			if (!newinofmt) {
+				struct direct *tdp = (struct direct *)dbuf;
+				u_char tmp;
+
+				tmp = tdp->d_namlen;
+				tdp->d_namlen = tdp->d_type;
+				tdp->d_type = tmp;
+			}
+#		endif
+		idesc->id_dirp = (struct direct *)dbuf;
+		if ((n = (*idesc->id_func)(idesc)) & ALTERED) {
+#			if (BYTE_ORDER == LITTLE_ENDIAN)
+				if (!newinofmt && !doinglevel2) {
+					struct direct *tdp;
+					u_char tmp;
+
+					tdp = (struct direct *)dbuf;
+					tmp = tdp->d_namlen;
+					tdp->d_namlen = tdp->d_type;
+					tdp->d_type = tmp;
+				}
+#			endif
+			bp = getdirblk(idesc->id_blkno, blksiz);
+			memcpy(bp->b_un.b_buf + idesc->id_loc - dsize, dbuf,
+			    (size_t)dsize);
+			dirty(bp);
+			sbdirty();
+		}
+		if (n & STOP) 
+			return (n);
+	}
+	return (idesc->id_filesize > 0 ? KEEPON : STOP);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get next entry in a directory.
+ */
+struct direct *
+fsck_readdir(idesc)
+	register struct inodesc *idesc;
+{
+	register struct direct *dp, *ndp;
+	register struct bufarea *bp;
+	long size, blksiz, fix, dploc;
+
+	blksiz = idesc->id_numfrags * sblock.fs_fsize;
+	bp = getdirblk(idesc->id_blkno, blksiz);
+	if (idesc->id_loc % DIRBLKSIZ == 0 && idesc->id_filesize > 0 &&
+	    idesc->id_loc < blksiz) {
+		dp = (struct direct *)(bp->b_un.b_buf + idesc->id_loc);
+		if (dircheck(idesc, dp))
+			goto dpok;
+		if (idesc->id_fix == IGNORE)
+			return (0);
+		fix = dofix(idesc, "DIRECTORY CORRUPTED");
+		bp = getdirblk(idesc->id_blkno, blksiz);
+		dp = (struct direct *)(bp->b_un.b_buf + idesc->id_loc);
+		dp->d_reclen = DIRBLKSIZ;
+		dp->d_ino = 0;
+		dp->d_type = 0;
+		dp->d_namlen = 0;
+		dp->d_name[0] = '\0';
+		if (fix)
+			dirty(bp);
+		idesc->id_loc += DIRBLKSIZ;
+		idesc->id_filesize -= DIRBLKSIZ;
+		return (dp);
+	}
+dpok:
+	if (idesc->id_filesize <= 0 || idesc->id_loc >= blksiz)
+		return NULL;
+	dploc = idesc->id_loc;
+	dp = (struct direct *)(bp->b_un.b_buf + dploc);
+	idesc->id_loc += dp->d_reclen;
+	idesc->id_filesize -= dp->d_reclen;
+	if ((idesc->id_loc % DIRBLKSIZ) == 0)
+		return (dp);
+	ndp = (struct direct *)(bp->b_un.b_buf + idesc->id_loc);
+	if (idesc->id_loc < blksiz && idesc->id_filesize > 0 &&
+	    dircheck(idesc, ndp) == 0) {
+		size = DIRBLKSIZ - (idesc->id_loc % DIRBLKSIZ);
+		idesc->id_loc += size;
+		idesc->id_filesize -= size;
+		if (idesc->id_fix == IGNORE)
+			return (0);
+		fix = dofix(idesc, "DIRECTORY CORRUPTED");
+		bp = getdirblk(idesc->id_blkno, blksiz);
+		dp = (struct direct *)(bp->b_un.b_buf + dploc);
+		dp->d_reclen += size;
+		if (fix)
+			dirty(bp);
+	}
+	return (dp);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify that a directory entry is valid.
+ * This is a superset of the checks made in the kernel.
+ */
+int
+dircheck(idesc, dp)
+	struct inodesc *idesc;
+	register struct direct *dp;
+{
+	register int size;
+	register char *cp;
+	u_char namlen, type;
+	int spaceleft;
+
+	spaceleft = DIRBLKSIZ - (idesc->id_loc % DIRBLKSIZ);
+	if (dp->d_ino >= maxino ||
+	    dp->d_reclen == 0 ||
+	    dp->d_reclen > spaceleft ||
+	    (dp->d_reclen & 0x3) != 0)
+		return (0);
+	if (dp->d_ino == 0)
+		return (1);
+	size = DIRSIZ(!newinofmt, dp);
+#	if (BYTE_ORDER == LITTLE_ENDIAN)
+		if (!newinofmt) {
+			type = dp->d_namlen;
+			namlen = dp->d_type;
+		} else {
+			namlen = dp->d_namlen;
+			type = dp->d_type;
+		}
+#	else
+		namlen = dp->d_namlen;
+		type = dp->d_type;
+#	endif
+	if (dp->d_reclen < size ||
+	    idesc->id_filesize < size ||
+	    namlen > MAXNAMLEN ||
+	    type > 15)
+		return (0);
+	for (cp = dp->d_name, size = 0; size < namlen; size++)
+		if (*cp == '\0' || (*cp++ == '/'))
+			return (0);
+	if (*cp != '\0')
+		return (0);
+	return (1);
+}
+
+void
+direrror(ino, errmesg)
+	ino_t ino;
+	char *errmesg;
+{
+
+	fileerror(ino, ino, errmesg);
+}
+
+void
+fileerror(cwd, ino, errmesg)
+	ino_t cwd, ino;
+	char *errmesg;
+{
+	register struct dinode *dp;
+	char pathbuf[MAXPATHLEN + 1];
+
+	pwarn("%s ", errmesg);
+	pinode(ino);
+	printf("\n");
+	getpathname(pathbuf, cwd, ino);
+	if (ino < ROOTINO || ino > maxino) {
+		pfatal("NAME=%s\n", pathbuf);
+		return;
+	}
+	dp = ginode(ino);
+	if (ftypeok(dp))
+		pfatal("%s=%s\n",
+		    (dp->di_mode & IFMT) == IFDIR ? "DIR" : "FILE", pathbuf);
+	else
+		pfatal("NAME=%s\n", pathbuf);
+}
+
+void
+adjust(idesc, lcnt)
+	register struct inodesc *idesc;
+	short lcnt;
+{
+	register struct dinode *dp;
+
+	dp = ginode(idesc->id_number);
+	if (dp->di_nlink == lcnt) {
+		if (linkup(idesc->id_number, (ino_t)0) == 0)
+			clri(idesc, "UNREF", 0);
+	} else {
+		pwarn("LINK COUNT %s", (lfdir == idesc->id_number) ? lfname :
+			((dp->di_mode & IFMT) == IFDIR ? "DIR" : "FILE"));
+		pinode(idesc->id_number);
+		printf(" COUNT %d SHOULD BE %d",
+			dp->di_nlink, dp->di_nlink - lcnt);
+		if (preen) {
+			if (lcnt < 0) {
+				printf("\n");
+				pfatal("LINK COUNT INCREASING");
+			}
+			printf(" (ADJUSTED)\n");
+		}
+		if (preen || reply("ADJUST") == 1) {
+			dp->di_nlink -= lcnt;
+			inodirty();
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+int
+mkentry(idesc)
+	struct inodesc *idesc;
+{
+	register struct direct *dirp = idesc->id_dirp;
+	struct direct newent;
+	int newlen, oldlen;
+
+	newent.d_namlen = strlen(idesc->id_name);
+	newlen = DIRSIZ(0, &newent);
+	if (dirp->d_ino != 0)
+		oldlen = DIRSIZ(0, dirp);
+	else
+		oldlen = 0;
+	if (dirp->d_reclen - oldlen < newlen)
+		return (KEEPON);
+	newent.d_reclen = dirp->d_reclen - oldlen;
+	dirp->d_reclen = oldlen;
+	dirp = (struct direct *)(((char *)dirp) + oldlen);
+	dirp->d_ino = idesc->id_parent;	/* ino to be entered is in id_parent */
+	dirp->d_reclen = newent.d_reclen;
+	if (newinofmt)
+		dirp->d_type = typemap[idesc->id_parent];
+	else
+		dirp->d_type = 0;
+	dirp->d_namlen = newent.d_namlen;
+	memcpy(dirp->d_name, idesc->id_name, (size_t)dirp->d_namlen + 1);
+#	if (BYTE_ORDER == LITTLE_ENDIAN)
+		/*
+		 * If the entry was split, dirscan() will only reverse the byte
+		 * order of the original entry, and not the new one, before
+		 * writing it back out.  So, we reverse the byte order here if
+		 * necessary.
+		 */
+		if (oldlen != 0 && !newinofmt && !doinglevel2) {
+			u_char tmp;
+
+			tmp = dirp->d_namlen;
+			dirp->d_namlen = dirp->d_type;
+			dirp->d_type = tmp;
+		}
+#	endif
+	return (ALTERED|STOP);
+}
+
+int
+chgino(idesc)
+	struct inodesc *idesc;
+{
+	register struct direct *dirp = idesc->id_dirp;
+
+	if (memcmp(dirp->d_name, idesc->id_name, (int)dirp->d_namlen + 1))
+		return (KEEPON);
+	dirp->d_ino = idesc->id_parent;
+	if (newinofmt)
+		dirp->d_type = typemap[idesc->id_parent];
+	else
+		dirp->d_type = 0;
+	return (ALTERED|STOP);
+}
+
+int
+linkup(orphan, parentdir)
+	ino_t orphan;
+	ino_t parentdir;
+{
+	register struct dinode *dp;
+	int lostdir;
+	ino_t oldlfdir;
+	struct inodesc idesc;
+	char tempname[BUFSIZ];
+
+	memset(&idesc, 0, sizeof(struct inodesc));
+	dp = ginode(orphan);
+	lostdir = (dp->di_mode & IFMT) == IFDIR;
+	pwarn("UNREF %s ", lostdir ? "DIR" : "FILE");
+	pinode(orphan);
+	if (preen && dp->di_size == 0)
+		return (0);
+	if (preen)
+		printf(" (RECONNECTED)\n");
+	else
+		if (reply("RECONNECT") == 0)
+			return (0);
+	if (lfdir == 0) {
+		dp = ginode(ROOTINO);
+		idesc.id_name = lfname;
+		idesc.id_type = DATA;
+		idesc.id_func = findino;
+		idesc.id_number = ROOTINO;
+		if ((ckinode(dp, &idesc) & FOUND) != 0) {
+			lfdir = idesc.id_parent;
+		} else {
+			pwarn("NO lost+found DIRECTORY");
+			if (preen || reply("CREATE")) {
+				lfdir = allocdir(ROOTINO, (ino_t)0, lfmode);
+				if (lfdir != 0) {
+					if (makeentry(ROOTINO, lfdir, lfname) != 0) {
+						if (preen)
+							printf(" (CREATED)\n");
+					} else {
+						freedir(lfdir, ROOTINO);
+						lfdir = 0;
+						if (preen)
+							printf("\n");
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		if (lfdir == 0) {
+			pfatal("SORRY. CANNOT CREATE lost+found DIRECTORY");
+			printf("\n\n");
+			return (0);
+		}
+	}
+	dp = ginode(lfdir);
+	if ((dp->di_mode & IFMT) != IFDIR) {
+		pfatal("lost+found IS NOT A DIRECTORY");
+		if (reply("REALLOCATE") == 0)
+			return (0);
+		oldlfdir = lfdir;
+		if ((lfdir = allocdir(ROOTINO, (ino_t)0, lfmode)) == 0) {
+			pfatal("SORRY. CANNOT CREATE lost+found DIRECTORY\n\n");
+			return (0);
+		}
+		if ((changeino(ROOTINO, lfname, lfdir) & ALTERED) == 0) {
+			pfatal("SORRY. CANNOT CREATE lost+found DIRECTORY\n\n");
+			return (0);
+		}
+		inodirty();
+		idesc.id_type = ADDR;
+		idesc.id_func = pass4check;
+		idesc.id_number = oldlfdir;
+		adjust(&idesc, lncntp[oldlfdir] + 1);
+		lncntp[oldlfdir] = 0;
+		dp = ginode(lfdir);
+	}
+	if (statemap[lfdir] != DFOUND) {
+		pfatal("SORRY. NO lost+found DIRECTORY\n\n");
+		return (0);
+	}
+	(void)lftempname(tempname, orphan);
+	if (makeentry(lfdir, orphan, tempname) == 0) {
+		pfatal("SORRY. NO SPACE IN lost+found DIRECTORY");
+		printf("\n\n");
+		return (0);
+	}
+	lncntp[orphan]--;
+	if (lostdir) {
+		if ((changeino(orphan, "..", lfdir) & ALTERED) == 0 &&
+		    parentdir != (ino_t)-1)
+			(void)makeentry(orphan, lfdir, "..");
+		dp = ginode(lfdir);
+		dp->di_nlink++;
+		inodirty();
+		lncntp[lfdir]++;
+		pwarn("DIR I=%lu CONNECTED. ", orphan);
+		if (parentdir != (ino_t)-1)
+			printf("PARENT WAS I=%lu\n", parentdir);
+		if (preen == 0)
+			printf("\n");
+	}
+	return (1);
+}
+
+/*
+ * fix an entry in a directory.
+ */
+int
+changeino(dir, name, newnum)
+	ino_t dir;
+	char *name;
+	ino_t newnum;
+{
+	struct inodesc idesc;
+
+	memset(&idesc, 0, sizeof(struct inodesc));
+	idesc.id_type = DATA;
+	idesc.id_func = chgino;
+	idesc.id_number = dir;
+	idesc.id_fix = DONTKNOW;
+	idesc.id_name = name;
+	idesc.id_parent = newnum;	/* new value for name */
+	return (ckinode(ginode(dir), &idesc));
+}
+
+/*
+ * make an entry in a directory
+ */
+int
+makeentry(parent, ino, name)
+	ino_t parent, ino;
+	char *name;
+{
+	struct dinode *dp;
+	struct inodesc idesc;
+	char pathbuf[MAXPATHLEN + 1];
+	
+	if (parent < ROOTINO || parent >= maxino ||
+	    ino < ROOTINO || ino >= maxino)
+		return (0);
+	memset(&idesc, 0, sizeof(struct inodesc));
+	idesc.id_type = DATA;
+	idesc.id_func = mkentry;
+	idesc.id_number = parent;
+	idesc.id_parent = ino;	/* this is the inode to enter */
+	idesc.id_fix = DONTKNOW;
+	idesc.id_name = name;
+	dp = ginode(parent);
+	if (dp->di_size % DIRBLKSIZ) {
+		dp->di_size = roundup(dp->di_size, DIRBLKSIZ);
+		inodirty();
+	}
+	if ((ckinode(dp, &idesc) & ALTERED) != 0)
+		return (1);
+	getpathname(pathbuf, parent, parent);
+	dp = ginode(parent);
+	if (expanddir(dp, pathbuf) == 0)
+		return (0);
+	return (ckinode(dp, &idesc) & ALTERED);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Attempt to expand the size of a directory
+ */
+int
+expanddir(dp, name)
+	register struct dinode *dp;
+	char *name;
+{
+	daddr_t lastbn, newblk;
+	register struct bufarea *bp;
+	char *cp, firstblk[DIRBLKSIZ];
+
+	lastbn = lblkno(&sblock, dp->di_size);
+	if (lastbn >= NDADDR - 1 || dp->di_db[lastbn] == 0 || dp->di_size == 0)
+		return (0);
+	if ((newblk = allocblk(sblock.fs_frag)) == 0)
+		return (0);
+	dp->di_db[lastbn + 1] = dp->di_db[lastbn];
+	dp->di_db[lastbn] = newblk;
+	dp->di_size += sblock.fs_bsize;
+	dp->di_blocks += btodb(sblock.fs_bsize);
+	bp = getdirblk(dp->di_db[lastbn + 1],
+		(long)dblksize(&sblock, dp, lastbn + 1));
+	if (bp->b_errs)
+		goto bad;
+	memcpy(firstblk, bp->b_un.b_buf, DIRBLKSIZ);
+	bp = getdirblk(newblk, sblock.fs_bsize);
+	if (bp->b_errs)
+		goto bad;
+	memcpy(bp->b_un.b_buf, firstblk, DIRBLKSIZ);
+	for (cp = &bp->b_un.b_buf[DIRBLKSIZ];
+	     cp < &bp->b_un.b_buf[sblock.fs_bsize];
+	     cp += DIRBLKSIZ)
+		memcpy(cp, &emptydir, sizeof emptydir);
+	dirty(bp);
+	bp = getdirblk(dp->di_db[lastbn + 1],
+		(long)dblksize(&sblock, dp, lastbn + 1));
+	if (bp->b_errs)
+		goto bad;
+	memcpy(bp->b_un.b_buf, &emptydir, sizeof emptydir);
+	pwarn("NO SPACE LEFT IN %s", name);
+	if (preen)
+		printf(" (EXPANDED)\n");
+	else if (reply("EXPAND") == 0)
+		goto bad;
+	dirty(bp);
+	inodirty();
+	return (1);
+bad:
+	dp->di_db[lastbn] = dp->di_db[lastbn + 1];
+	dp->di_db[lastbn + 1] = 0;
+	dp->di_size -= sblock.fs_bsize;
+	dp->di_blocks -= btodb(sblock.fs_bsize);
+	freeblk(newblk, sblock.fs_frag);
+	return (0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * allocate a new directory
+ */
+int
+allocdir(parent, request, mode)
+	ino_t parent, request;
+	int mode;
+{
+	ino_t ino;
+	char *cp;
+	struct dinode *dp;
+	register struct bufarea *bp;
+	struct dirtemplate *dirp;
+
+	ino = allocino(request, IFDIR|mode);
+	if (newinofmt)
+		dirp = &dirhead;
+	else
+		dirp = (struct dirtemplate *)&odirhead;
+	dirp->dot_ino = ino;
+	dirp->dotdot_ino = parent;
+	dp = ginode(ino);
+	bp = getdirblk(dp->di_db[0], sblock.fs_fsize);
+	if (bp->b_errs) {
+		freeino(ino);
+		return (0);
+	}
+	memcpy(bp->b_un.b_buf, dirp, sizeof(struct dirtemplate));
+	for (cp = &bp->b_un.b_buf[DIRBLKSIZ];
+	     cp < &bp->b_un.b_buf[sblock.fs_fsize];
+	     cp += DIRBLKSIZ)
+		memcpy(cp, &emptydir, sizeof emptydir);
+	dirty(bp);
+	dp->di_nlink = 2;
+	inodirty();
+	if (ino == ROOTINO) {
+		lncntp[ino] = dp->di_nlink;
+		cacheino(dp, ino);
+		return(ino);
+	}
+	if (statemap[parent] != DSTATE && statemap[parent] != DFOUND) {
+		freeino(ino);
+		return (0);
+	}
+	cacheino(dp, ino);
+	statemap[ino] = statemap[parent];
+	if (statemap[ino] == DSTATE) {
+		lncntp[ino] = dp->di_nlink;
+		lncntp[parent]++;
+	}
+	dp = ginode(parent);
+	dp->di_nlink++;
+	inodirty();
+	return (ino);
+}
+
+/*
+ * free a directory inode
+ */
+void
+freedir(ino, parent)
+	ino_t ino, parent;
+{
+	struct dinode *dp;
+
+	if (ino != parent) {
+		dp = ginode(parent);
+		dp->di_nlink--;
+		inodirty();
+	}
+	freeino(ino);
+}
+
+/*
+ * generate a temporary name for the lost+found directory.
+ */
+int
+lftempname(bufp, ino)
+	char *bufp;
+	ino_t ino;
+{
+	register ino_t in;
+	register char *cp;
+	int namlen;
+
+	cp = bufp + 2;
+	for (in = maxino; in > 0; in /= 10)
+		cp++;
+	*--cp = 0;
+	namlen = cp - bufp;
+	in = ino;
+	while (cp > bufp) {
+		*--cp = (in % 10) + '0';
+		in /= 10;
+	}
+	*cp = '#';
+	return (namlen);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get a directory block.
+ * Insure that it is held until another is requested.
+ */
+struct bufarea *
+getdirblk(blkno, size)
+	daddr_t blkno;
+	long size;
+{
+
+	if (pdirbp != 0)
+		pdirbp->b_flags &= ~B_INUSE;
+	pdirbp = getdatablk(blkno, size);
+	return (pdirbp);
+}
diff --git a/sbin/fsck_ffs/extern.h b/sbin/fsck_ffs/extern.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..dbc23a0eb16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sbin/fsck_ffs/extern.h
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+/*	$NetBSD: extern.h,v 1.4 1995/04/12 21:24:07 mycroft Exp $	*/
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1994 James A. Jegers
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
+ *    derived from this software without specific prior written permission
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
+ * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
+ * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+ * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+ * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
+ * THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+void adjust __P((struct inodesc *, short));
+int allocblk __P((long));
+int allocdir __P((ino_t, ino_t, int));
+void blkerror __P((ino_t, char *, daddr_t));
+int bread __P((int, char *, daddr_t, long));
+void bufinit();
+void bwrite __P((int, char *, daddr_t, long));
+void cacheino __P((struct dinode *, ino_t));
+int changeino __P((ino_t, char *, ino_t));
+int checkfstab __P((int, int, int (*)(), int (*)() ));
+int chkrange __P((daddr_t, int));
+void ckfini __P((int));
+int ckinode __P((struct dinode *, struct inodesc *));
+void clri __P((struct inodesc *, char *, int));
+int dircheck __P((struct inodesc *, struct direct *));
+void direrror __P((ino_t, char *));
+int dirscan __P((struct inodesc *));
+int dofix __P((struct inodesc *, char *));
+void fileerror __P((ino_t, ino_t, char *));
+int findino __P((struct inodesc *));
+int findname __P((struct inodesc *));
+void flush __P((int, struct bufarea *));
+void freeblk __P((daddr_t, long));
+void freeino __P((ino_t));
+void freeinodebuf();
+int ftypeok __P((struct dinode *));
+void getpathname __P((char *, ino_t, ino_t));
+void inocleanup();
+void inodirty();
+int linkup __P((ino_t, ino_t));
+int makeentry __P((ino_t, ino_t, char *));
+void pass1();
+void pass1b();
+void pass2();
+void pass3();
+void pass4();
+int pass4check();
+void pass5();
+void pinode __P((ino_t));
+void propagate();
+int reply __P((char *));
+void resetinodebuf();
+int setup __P((char *));
+
diff --git a/sbin/fsck_ffs/fsck.8 b/sbin/fsck_ffs/fsck.8
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..727f2767679
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sbin/fsck_ffs/fsck.8
@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+.\"	$NetBSD: fsck.8,v 1.10 1995/07/12 01:49:16 cgd Exp $
+.\"
+.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1989, 1991, 1993
+.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+.\"    must display the following acknowledgement:
+.\"	This product includes software developed by the University of
+.\"	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"	@(#)fsck.8	8.3 (Berkeley) 11/29/94
+.\"
+.Dd November 29, 1994
+.Dt FSCK 8
+.Os BSD 4
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm fsck
+.Nd filesystem consistency check and interactive repair
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm fsck
+.Fl p
+.Op Fl f
+.Op Fl m Ar mode
+.Nm fsck
+.Op Fl f
+.Op Fl b Ar block#
+.Op Fl c Ar level
+.Op Fl l Ar maxparallel
+.Op Fl y
+.Op Fl n
+.Op Fl m Ar mode
+.Op Ar filesystem
+.Ar ...
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+The first form of
+.Nm fsck
+preens a standard set of filesystems or the specified filesystems.
+It is normally used in the script
+.Pa /etc/rc
+during automatic reboot.
+Here
+.Nm fsck
+reads the table
+.Pa /etc/fstab
+to determine which filesystems to check.
+Only partitions in fstab that are mounted ``rw,'' ``rq'' or ``ro''
+and that have non-zero pass number are checked.
+Filesystems with pass number 1 (normally just the root filesystem)
+are checked one at a time.
+When pass 1 completes, all remaining filesystems are checked,
+running one process per disk drive.
+The disk drive containing each filesystem is inferred from the longest prefix
+of the device name that ends in a digit; the remaining characters are assumed
+to be the partition designator.
+.Pp
+The kernel takes care that only a restricted class of innocuous filesystem
+inconsistencies can happen unless hardware or software failures intervene.
+These are limited to the following:
+.Bl -item -compact
+.It
+Unreferenced inodes
+.It
+Link counts in inodes too large
+.It
+Missing blocks in the free map
+.It
+Blocks in the free map also in files
+.It
+Counts in the super-block wrong
+.El
+.Pp
+These are the only inconsistencies that
+.Nm fsck
+with the
+.Fl p
+option will correct; if it encounters other inconsistencies, it exits
+with an abnormal return status and an automatic reboot will then fail.
+For each corrected inconsistency one or more lines will be printed
+identifying the filesystem on which the correction will take place,
+and the nature of the correction.  After successfully correcting a filesystem,
+.Nm fsck
+will print the number of files on that filesystem,
+the number of used and free blocks,
+and the percentage of fragmentation.
+.Pp
+If sent a
+.Dv QUIT
+signal,
+.Nm fsck
+will finish the filesystem checks, then exit with an abnormal
+return status that causes an automatic reboot to fail.
+This is useful when you want to finish the filesystem checks during an
+automatic reboot,
+but do not want the machine to come up multiuser after the checks complete.
+.Pp
+Without the
+.Fl p
+option,
+.Nm fsck
+audits and interactively repairs inconsistent conditions for filesystems. 
+If the filesystem is inconsistent the operator is prompted for concurrence
+before each correction is attempted.
+It should be noted that some of the corrective actions which are not
+correctable under the
+.Fl p
+option will result in some loss of data.
+The amount and severity of data lost may be determined from the diagnostic
+output.
+The default action for each consistency correction
+is to wait for the operator to respond
+.Li yes
+or
+.Li no .
+If the operator does not have write permission on the filesystem
+.Nm fsck
+will default to a 
+.Fl n
+action.
+.Pp
+.Nm Fsck
+has more consistency checks than
+its predecessors
+.Em check , dcheck , fcheck ,
+and
+.Em icheck
+combined.
+.Pp
+The following flags are interpreted by
+.Nm fsck .
+.Bl -tag -width indent
+.It Fl f
+Force checking of file systems.  Normally, if a file system is cleanly
+unmounted, the kernel will set a
+.Dq clean flag
+in the file system superblock, and
+.Nm
+will not check the file system.  This option forces
+.Nm
+to check the file system, regardless of the state of the clean flag.
+.It Fl b
+Use the block specified immediately after the flag as
+the super block for the filesystem.  Block 32 is usually
+an alternate super block.
+.It Fl l
+Limit the number of parallel checks to the number specified in the following
+argument.
+By default, the limit is the number of disks, running one process per disk.
+If a smaller limit is given, the disks are checked round-robin, one filesystem
+at a time.
+.It Fl m
+Use the mode specified in octal immediately after the flag as the
+permission bits to use when creating the
+.Pa lost+found
+directory rather than the default 1777.
+In particular, systems that do not wish to have lost files accessible
+by all users on the system should use a more restrictive
+set of permissions such as 700.
+.It Fl y
+Assume a yes response to all questions asked by 
+.Nm fsck ;
+this should be used with great caution as this is a free license
+to continue after essentially unlimited trouble has been encountered.
+.It Fl n
+Assume a no response to all questions asked by 
+.Nm fsck
+except for
+.Ql CONTINUE? ,
+which is assumed to be affirmative;
+do not open the filesystem for writing.
+.It Fl c
+Convert the filesystem to the specified level.
+Note that the level of a filesystem can only be raised.
+.Bl -tag -width indent
+There are currently four levels defined:
+.It 0
+The filesystem is in the old (static table) format.
+.It 1
+The filesystem is in the new (dynamic table) format.
+.It 2
+The filesystem supports 32-bit uid's and gid's,
+short symbolic links are stored in the inode, 
+and directories have an added field showing the file type.
+.It 3
+If maxcontig is greater than one,
+build the free segment maps to aid in finding contiguous sets of blocks.
+If maxcontig is equal to one, delete any existing segment maps.
+.El
+.Pp
+In interactive mode,
+.Nm fsck
+will list the conversion to be made
+and ask whether the conversion should be done.
+If a negative answer is given,
+no further operations are done on the filesystem.
+In preen mode,
+the conversion is listed and done if
+possible without user interaction.
+Conversion in preen mode is best used when all the filesystems
+are being converted at once.
+The format of a filesystem can be determined from the
+first line of output from 
+.Xr dumpfs 8 .
+.El
+.Pp
+If no filesystems are given to 
+.Nm fsck
+then a default list of filesystems is read from
+the file
+.Pa /etc/fstab .
+.Pp
+.Bl -enum -indent indent -compact
+Inconsistencies checked are as follows:
+.It
+Blocks claimed by more than one inode or the free map.
+.It
+Blocks claimed by an inode outside the range of the filesystem.
+.It
+Incorrect link counts.
+.It
+Size checks:
+.Bl -item -indent indent -compact
+.It 
+Directory size not a multiple of DIRBLKSIZ.
+.It
+Partially truncated file.
+.El
+.It
+Bad inode format.
+.It
+Blocks not accounted for anywhere.
+.It
+Directory checks:
+.Bl -item -indent indent -compact
+.It 
+File pointing to unallocated inode.
+.It
+Inode number out of range.
+.It
+Dot or dot-dot not the first two entries of a directory
+or having the wrong inode number.
+.El
+.It
+Super Block checks:
+.Bl -item -indent indent -compact
+.It 
+More blocks for inodes than there are in the filesystem.
+.It
+Bad free block map format.
+.It
+Total free block and/or free inode count incorrect.
+.El
+.El
+.Pp
+Orphaned files and directories (allocated but unreferenced) are,
+with the operator's concurrence, reconnected by
+placing them in the 
+.Pa lost+found
+directory.
+The name assigned is the inode number.
+If the
+.Pa lost+found
+directory does not exist, it is created.
+If there is insufficient space its size is increased.
+.Pp
+Because of inconsistencies between the block device and the buffer cache,
+the raw device should always be used.
+.Sh FILES
+.Bl -tag -width /etc/fstab -compact
+.It Pa /etc/fstab
+contains default list of filesystems to check.
+.El
+.Sh DIAGNOSTICS
+The diagnostics produced by 
+.Nm fsck
+are fully enumerated and explained in Appendix A of
+.Rs
+.%T "Fsck \- The UNIX File System Check Program"
+.Re
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr fstab 5 ,
+.Xr fs 5 ,
+.Xr fsdb 8 ,
+.Xr newfs 8 ,
+.Xr mkfs 8 ,
+.Xr reboot 8
diff --git a/sbin/fsck_ffs/fsck.h b/sbin/fsck_ffs/fsck.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b112a6b1f49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sbin/fsck_ffs/fsck.h
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+/*	$NetBSD: fsck.h,v 1.10 1995/04/12 21:24:09 mycroft Exp $	*/
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1980, 1986, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+ *    must display the following acknowledgement:
+ *	This product includes software developed by the University of
+ *	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)fsck.h	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
+ */
+
+#define	MAXDUP		10	/* limit on dup blks (per inode) */
+#define	MAXBAD		10	/* limit on bad blks (per inode) */
+#define	MAXBUFSPACE	40*1024	/* maximum space to allocate to buffers */
+#define	INOBUFSIZE	56*1024	/* size of buffer to read inodes in pass1 */
+
+#ifndef BUFSIZ
+#define BUFSIZ 1024
+#endif
+
+#define	USTATE	01		/* inode not allocated */
+#define	FSTATE	02		/* inode is file */
+#define	DSTATE	03		/* inode is directory */
+#define	DFOUND	04		/* directory found during descent */
+#define	DCLEAR	05		/* directory is to be cleared */
+#define	FCLEAR	06		/* file is to be cleared */
+
+/*
+ * buffer cache structure.
+ */
+struct bufarea {
+	struct bufarea	*b_next;		/* free list queue */
+	struct bufarea	*b_prev;		/* free list queue */
+	daddr_t	b_bno;
+	int	b_size;
+	int	b_errs;
+	int	b_flags;
+	union {
+		char	*b_buf;			/* buffer space */
+		daddr_t	*b_indir;		/* indirect block */
+		struct	fs *b_fs;		/* super block */
+		struct	cg *b_cg;		/* cylinder group */
+		struct	dinode *b_dinode;	/* inode block */
+	} b_un;
+	char	b_dirty;
+};
+
+#define	B_INUSE 1
+
+#define	MINBUFS		5	/* minimum number of buffers required */
+struct bufarea bufhead;		/* head of list of other blks in filesys */
+struct bufarea sblk;		/* file system superblock */
+struct bufarea cgblk;		/* cylinder group blocks */
+struct bufarea *pdirbp;		/* current directory contents */
+struct bufarea *pbp;		/* current inode block */
+struct bufarea *getdatablk();
+
+#define	dirty(bp)	(bp)->b_dirty = 1
+#define	initbarea(bp) \
+	(bp)->b_dirty = 0; \
+	(bp)->b_bno = (daddr_t)-1; \
+	(bp)->b_flags = 0;
+
+#define	sbdirty()	sblk.b_dirty = 1
+#define	cgdirty()	cgblk.b_dirty = 1
+#define	sblock		(*sblk.b_un.b_fs)
+#define	cgrp		(*cgblk.b_un.b_cg)
+
+enum fixstate {DONTKNOW, NOFIX, FIX, IGNORE};
+
+struct inodesc {
+	enum fixstate id_fix;	/* policy on fixing errors */
+	int (*id_func)();	/* function to be applied to blocks of inode */
+	ino_t id_number;	/* inode number described */
+	ino_t id_parent;	/* for DATA nodes, their parent */
+	daddr_t id_blkno;	/* current block number being examined */
+	int id_numfrags;	/* number of frags contained in block */
+	quad_t id_filesize;	/* for DATA nodes, the size of the directory */
+	int id_loc;		/* for DATA nodes, current location in dir */
+	int id_entryno;		/* for DATA nodes, current entry number */
+	struct direct *id_dirp;	/* for DATA nodes, ptr to current entry */
+	char *id_name;		/* for DATA nodes, name to find or enter */
+	char id_type;		/* type of descriptor, DATA or ADDR */
+};
+/* file types */
+#define	DATA	1
+#define	ADDR	2
+
+/*
+ * Linked list of duplicate blocks.
+ * 
+ * The list is composed of two parts. The first part of the
+ * list (from duplist through the node pointed to by muldup)
+ * contains a single copy of each duplicate block that has been 
+ * found. The second part of the list (from muldup to the end)
+ * contains duplicate blocks that have been found more than once.
+ * To check if a block has been found as a duplicate it is only
+ * necessary to search from duplist through muldup. To find the 
+ * total number of times that a block has been found as a duplicate
+ * the entire list must be searched for occurences of the block
+ * in question. The following diagram shows a sample list where
+ * w (found twice), x (found once), y (found three times), and z
+ * (found once) are duplicate block numbers:
+ *
+ *    w -> y -> x -> z -> y -> w -> y
+ *    ^		     ^
+ *    |		     |
+ * duplist	  muldup
+ */
+struct dups {
+	struct dups *next;
+	daddr_t dup;
+};
+struct dups *duplist;		/* head of dup list */
+struct dups *muldup;		/* end of unique duplicate dup block numbers */
+
+/*
+ * Linked list of inodes with zero link counts.
+ */
+struct zlncnt {
+	struct zlncnt *next;
+	ino_t zlncnt;
+};
+struct zlncnt *zlnhead;		/* head of zero link count list */
+
+/*
+ * Inode cache data structures.
+ */
+struct inoinfo {
+	struct	inoinfo *i_nexthash;	/* next entry in hash chain */
+	ino_t	i_number;		/* inode number of this entry */
+	ino_t	i_parent;		/* inode number of parent */
+	ino_t	i_dotdot;		/* inode number of `..' */
+	size_t	i_isize;		/* size of inode */
+	u_int	i_numblks;		/* size of block array in bytes */
+	daddr_t	i_blks[1];		/* actually longer */
+} **inphead, **inpsort;
+long numdirs, listmax, inplast;
+
+char	*cdevname;		/* name of device being checked */
+long	dev_bsize;		/* computed value of DEV_BSIZE */
+long	secsize;		/* actual disk sector size */
+char	nflag;			/* assume a no response */
+char	yflag;			/* assume a yes response */
+int	bflag;			/* location of alternate super block */
+int	debug;			/* output debugging info */
+int	cvtlevel;		/* convert to newer file system format */
+int	doinglevel1;		/* converting to new cylinder group format */
+int	doinglevel2;		/* converting to new inode format */
+int	newinofmt;		/* filesystem has new inode format */
+char	preen;			/* just fix normal inconsistencies */
+char	hotroot;		/* checking root device */
+char	havesb;			/* superblock has been read */
+char	skipclean;		/* skip clean file systems if preening */
+int	fsmodified;		/* 1 => write done to file system */
+int	fsreadfd;		/* file descriptor for reading file system */
+int	fswritefd;		/* file descriptor for writing file system */
+
+daddr_t	maxfsblock;		/* number of blocks in the file system */
+char	*blockmap;		/* ptr to primary blk allocation map */
+ino_t	maxino;			/* number of inodes in file system */
+ino_t	lastino;		/* last inode in use */
+char	*statemap;		/* ptr to inode state table */
+char	*typemap;		/* ptr to inode type table */
+int16_t	*lncntp;		/* ptr to link count table */
+
+ino_t	lfdir;			/* lost & found directory inode number */
+char	*lfname;		/* lost & found directory name */
+int	lfmode;			/* lost & found directory creation mode */
+
+daddr_t	n_blks;			/* number of blocks in use */
+daddr_t	n_files;		/* number of files in use */
+
+#define	clearinode(dp)	(*(dp) = zino)
+struct	dinode zino;
+
+#define	setbmap(blkno)	setbit(blockmap, blkno)
+#define	testbmap(blkno)	isset(blockmap, blkno)
+#define	clrbmap(blkno)	clrbit(blockmap, blkno)
+
+#define	STOP	0x01
+#define	SKIP	0x02
+#define	KEEPON	0x04
+#define	ALTERED	0x08
+#define	FOUND	0x10
+
+time_t time();
+struct dinode *ginode();
+struct inoinfo *getinoinfo();
+void getblk();
+ino_t allocino();
diff --git a/sbin/fsck_ffs/inode.c b/sbin/fsck_ffs/inode.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..67409b4ed03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sbin/fsck_ffs/inode.c
@@ -0,0 +1,574 @@
+/*	$NetBSD: inode.c,v 1.15 1995/06/07 17:16:10 cgd Exp $	*/
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1980, 1986, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+ *    must display the following acknowledgement:
+ *	This product includes software developed by the University of
+ *	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef lint
+#if 0
+static char sccsid[] = "@(#)inode.c	8.5 (Berkeley) 2/8/95";
+#else
+static char rcsid[] = "$NetBSD: inode.c,v 1.15 1995/06/07 17:16:10 cgd Exp $";
+#endif
+#endif /* not lint */
+
+#include <sys/param.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <ufs/ufs/dinode.h>
+#include <ufs/ufs/dir.h>
+#include <ufs/ffs/fs.h>
+#ifndef SMALL
+#include <pwd.h>
+#endif
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "fsck.h"
+#include "extern.h"
+
+static ino_t startinum;
+
+int iblock __P((struct inodesc *, long, quad_t));
+
+int
+ckinode(dp, idesc)
+	struct dinode *dp;
+	register struct inodesc *idesc;
+{
+	register daddr_t *ap;
+	long ret, n, ndb, offset;
+	struct dinode dino;
+	quad_t remsize, sizepb;
+	mode_t mode;
+
+	if (idesc->id_fix != IGNORE)
+		idesc->id_fix = DONTKNOW;
+	idesc->id_entryno = 0;
+	idesc->id_filesize = dp->di_size;
+	mode = dp->di_mode & IFMT;
+	if (mode == IFBLK || mode == IFCHR || (mode == IFLNK &&
+	    (dp->di_size < sblock.fs_maxsymlinklen ||
+	     (sblock.fs_maxsymlinklen == 0 && dp->di_blocks == 0))))
+		return (KEEPON);
+	dino = *dp;
+	ndb = howmany(dino.di_size, sblock.fs_bsize);
+	for (ap = &dino.di_db[0]; ap < &dino.di_db[NDADDR]; ap++) {
+		if (--ndb == 0 && (offset = blkoff(&sblock, dino.di_size)) != 0)
+			idesc->id_numfrags =
+				numfrags(&sblock, fragroundup(&sblock, offset));
+		else
+			idesc->id_numfrags = sblock.fs_frag;
+		if (*ap == 0)
+			continue;
+		idesc->id_blkno = *ap;
+		if (idesc->id_type == ADDR)
+			ret = (*idesc->id_func)(idesc);
+		else
+			ret = dirscan(idesc);
+		if (ret & STOP)
+			return (ret);
+	}
+	idesc->id_numfrags = sblock.fs_frag;
+	remsize = dino.di_size - sblock.fs_bsize * NDADDR;
+	sizepb = sblock.fs_bsize;
+	for (ap = &dino.di_ib[0], n = 1; n <= NIADDR; ap++, n++) {
+		if (*ap) {
+			idesc->id_blkno = *ap;
+			ret = iblock(idesc, n, remsize);
+			if (ret & STOP)
+				return (ret);
+		}
+		sizepb *= NINDIR(&sblock);
+		remsize -= sizepb;
+	}
+	return (KEEPON);
+}
+
+int
+iblock(idesc, ilevel, isize)
+	struct inodesc *idesc;
+	long ilevel;
+	quad_t isize;
+{
+	register daddr_t *ap;
+	register daddr_t *aplim;
+	register struct bufarea *bp;
+	int i, n, (*func)(), nif;
+	quad_t sizepb;
+	char buf[BUFSIZ];
+	extern int pass1check();
+
+	if (idesc->id_type == ADDR) {
+		func = idesc->id_func;
+		if (((n = (*func)(idesc)) & KEEPON) == 0)
+			return (n);
+	} else
+		func = dirscan;
+	if (chkrange(idesc->id_blkno, idesc->id_numfrags))
+		return (SKIP);
+	bp = getdatablk(idesc->id_blkno, sblock.fs_bsize);
+	ilevel--;
+	for (sizepb = sblock.fs_bsize, i = 0; i < ilevel; i++)
+		sizepb *= NINDIR(&sblock);
+	nif = howmany(isize , sizepb);
+	if (nif > NINDIR(&sblock))
+		nif = NINDIR(&sblock);
+	if (idesc->id_func == pass1check && nif < NINDIR(&sblock)) {
+		aplim = &bp->b_un.b_indir[NINDIR(&sblock)];
+		for (ap = &bp->b_un.b_indir[nif]; ap < aplim; ap++) {
+			if (*ap == 0)
+				continue;
+			(void)sprintf(buf, "PARTIALLY TRUNCATED INODE I=%lu",
+				idesc->id_number);
+			if (dofix(idesc, buf)) {
+				*ap = 0;
+				dirty(bp);
+			}
+		}
+		flush(fswritefd, bp);
+	}
+	aplim = &bp->b_un.b_indir[nif];
+	for (ap = bp->b_un.b_indir; ap < aplim; ap++) {
+		if (*ap) {
+			idesc->id_blkno = *ap;
+			if (ilevel == 0)
+				n = (*func)(idesc);
+			else
+				n = iblock(idesc, ilevel, isize);
+			if (n & STOP) {
+				bp->b_flags &= ~B_INUSE;
+				return (n);
+			}
+		}
+		isize -= sizepb;
+	}
+	bp->b_flags &= ~B_INUSE;
+	return (KEEPON);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check that a block in a legal block number.
+ * Return 0 if in range, 1 if out of range.
+ */
+int
+chkrange(blk, cnt)
+	daddr_t blk;
+	int cnt;
+{
+	register int c;
+
+	if ((unsigned)(blk + cnt) > maxfsblock)
+		return (1);
+	c = dtog(&sblock, blk);
+	if (blk < cgdmin(&sblock, c)) {
+		if ((blk + cnt) > cgsblock(&sblock, c)) {
+			if (debug) {
+				printf("blk %ld < cgdmin %ld;",
+				    blk, cgdmin(&sblock, c));
+				printf(" blk + cnt %ld > cgsbase %ld\n",
+				    blk + cnt, cgsblock(&sblock, c));
+			}
+			return (1);
+		}
+	} else {
+		if ((blk + cnt) > cgbase(&sblock, c+1)) {
+			if (debug)  {
+				printf("blk %ld >= cgdmin %ld;",
+				    blk, cgdmin(&sblock, c));
+				printf(" blk + cnt %ld > sblock.fs_fpg %ld\n",
+				    blk+cnt, sblock.fs_fpg);
+			}
+			return (1);
+		}
+	}
+	return (0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * General purpose interface for reading inodes.
+ */
+struct dinode *
+ginode(inumber)
+	ino_t inumber;
+{
+	daddr_t iblk;
+
+	if (inumber < ROOTINO || inumber > maxino)
+		errexit("bad inode number %d to ginode\n", inumber);
+	if (startinum == 0 ||
+	    inumber < startinum || inumber >= startinum + INOPB(&sblock)) {
+		iblk = ino_to_fsba(&sblock, inumber);
+		if (pbp != 0)
+			pbp->b_flags &= ~B_INUSE;
+		pbp = getdatablk(iblk, sblock.fs_bsize);
+		startinum = (inumber / INOPB(&sblock)) * INOPB(&sblock);
+	}
+	return (&pbp->b_un.b_dinode[inumber % INOPB(&sblock)]);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Special purpose version of ginode used to optimize first pass
+ * over all the inodes in numerical order.
+ */
+ino_t nextino, lastinum;
+long readcnt, readpercg, fullcnt, inobufsize, partialcnt, partialsize;
+struct dinode *inodebuf;
+
+struct dinode *
+getnextinode(inumber)
+	ino_t inumber;
+{
+	long size;
+	daddr_t dblk;
+	static struct dinode *dp;
+
+	if (inumber != nextino++ || inumber > maxino)
+		errexit("bad inode number %d to nextinode\n", inumber);
+	if (inumber >= lastinum) {
+		readcnt++;
+		dblk = fsbtodb(&sblock, ino_to_fsba(&sblock, lastinum));
+		if (readcnt % readpercg == 0) {
+			size = partialsize;
+			lastinum += partialcnt;
+		} else {
+			size = inobufsize;
+			lastinum += fullcnt;
+		}
+		(void)bread(fsreadfd, (char *)inodebuf, dblk, size); /* ??? */
+		dp = inodebuf;
+	}
+	return (dp++);
+}
+
+void
+resetinodebuf()
+{
+
+	startinum = 0;
+	nextino = 0;
+	lastinum = 0;
+	readcnt = 0;
+	inobufsize = blkroundup(&sblock, INOBUFSIZE);
+	fullcnt = inobufsize / sizeof(struct dinode);
+	readpercg = sblock.fs_ipg / fullcnt;
+	partialcnt = sblock.fs_ipg % fullcnt;
+	partialsize = partialcnt * sizeof(struct dinode);
+	if (partialcnt != 0) {
+		readpercg++;
+	} else {
+		partialcnt = fullcnt;
+		partialsize = inobufsize;
+	}
+	if (inodebuf == NULL &&
+	    (inodebuf = (struct dinode *)malloc((unsigned)inobufsize)) == NULL)
+		errexit("Cannot allocate space for inode buffer\n");
+	while (nextino < ROOTINO)
+		(void)getnextinode(nextino);
+}
+
+void
+freeinodebuf()
+{
+
+	if (inodebuf != NULL)
+		free((char *)inodebuf);
+	inodebuf = NULL;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Routines to maintain information about directory inodes.
+ * This is built during the first pass and used during the
+ * second and third passes.
+ *
+ * Enter inodes into the cache.
+ */
+void
+cacheino(dp, inumber)
+	register struct dinode *dp;
+	ino_t inumber;
+{
+	register struct inoinfo *inp;
+	struct inoinfo **inpp;
+	unsigned int blks;
+
+	blks = howmany(dp->di_size, sblock.fs_bsize);
+	if (blks > NDADDR)
+		blks = NDADDR + NIADDR;
+	inp = (struct inoinfo *)
+		malloc(sizeof(*inp) + (blks - 1) * sizeof(daddr_t));
+	if (inp == NULL)
+		return;
+	inpp = &inphead[inumber % numdirs];
+	inp->i_nexthash = *inpp;
+	*inpp = inp;
+	if (inumber == ROOTINO)
+		inp->i_parent = ROOTINO;
+	else
+		inp->i_parent = (ino_t)0;
+	inp->i_dotdot = (ino_t)0;
+	inp->i_number = inumber;
+	inp->i_isize = dp->di_size;
+	inp->i_numblks = blks * sizeof(daddr_t);
+	memcpy(&inp->i_blks[0], &dp->di_db[0], (size_t)inp->i_numblks);
+	if (inplast == listmax) {
+		listmax += 100;
+		inpsort = (struct inoinfo **)realloc((char *)inpsort,
+		    (unsigned)listmax * sizeof(struct inoinfo *));
+		if (inpsort == NULL)
+			errexit("cannot increase directory list");
+	}
+	inpsort[inplast++] = inp;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Look up an inode cache structure.
+ */
+struct inoinfo *
+getinoinfo(inumber)
+	ino_t inumber;
+{
+	register struct inoinfo *inp;
+
+	for (inp = inphead[inumber % numdirs]; inp; inp = inp->i_nexthash) {
+		if (inp->i_number != inumber)
+			continue;
+		return (inp);
+	}
+	errexit("cannot find inode %d\n", inumber);
+	return ((struct inoinfo *)0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Clean up all the inode cache structure.
+ */
+void
+inocleanup()
+{
+	register struct inoinfo **inpp;
+
+	if (inphead == NULL)
+		return;
+	for (inpp = &inpsort[inplast - 1]; inpp >= inpsort; inpp--)
+		free((char *)(*inpp));
+	free((char *)inphead);
+	free((char *)inpsort);
+	inphead = inpsort = NULL;
+}
+	
+void
+inodirty()
+{
+	
+	dirty(pbp);
+}
+
+void
+clri(idesc, type, flag)
+	register struct inodesc *idesc;
+	char *type;
+	int flag;
+{
+	register struct dinode *dp;
+
+	dp = ginode(idesc->id_number);
+	if (flag == 1) {
+		pwarn("%s %s", type,
+		    (dp->di_mode & IFMT) == IFDIR ? "DIR" : "FILE");
+		pinode(idesc->id_number);
+	}
+	if (preen || reply("CLEAR") == 1) {
+		if (preen)
+			printf(" (CLEARED)\n");
+		n_files--;
+		(void)ckinode(dp, idesc);
+		clearinode(dp);
+		statemap[idesc->id_number] = USTATE;
+		inodirty();
+	}
+}
+
+int
+findname(idesc)
+	struct inodesc *idesc;
+{
+	register struct direct *dirp = idesc->id_dirp;
+
+	if (dirp->d_ino != idesc->id_parent)
+		return (KEEPON);
+	memcpy(idesc->id_name, dirp->d_name, (size_t)dirp->d_namlen + 1);
+	return (STOP|FOUND);
+}
+
+int
+findino(idesc)
+	struct inodesc *idesc;
+{
+	register struct direct *dirp = idesc->id_dirp;
+
+	if (dirp->d_ino == 0)
+		return (KEEPON);
+	if (strcmp(dirp->d_name, idesc->id_name) == 0 &&
+	    dirp->d_ino >= ROOTINO && dirp->d_ino <= maxino) {
+		idesc->id_parent = dirp->d_ino;
+		return (STOP|FOUND);
+	}
+	return (KEEPON);
+}
+
+void
+pinode(ino)
+	ino_t ino;
+{
+	register struct dinode *dp;
+	register char *p;
+	struct passwd *pw;
+	char *ctime();
+
+	printf(" I=%lu ", ino);
+	if (ino < ROOTINO || ino > maxino)
+		return;
+	dp = ginode(ino);
+	printf(" OWNER=");
+#ifndef SMALL
+	if ((pw = getpwuid((int)dp->di_uid)) != 0)
+		printf("%s ", pw->pw_name);
+	else
+#endif
+		printf("%u ", (unsigned)dp->di_uid);
+	printf("MODE=%o\n", dp->di_mode);
+	if (preen)
+		printf("%s: ", cdevname);
+	printf("SIZE=%qu ", dp->di_size);
+	p = ctime(&dp->di_mtime);
+	printf("MTIME=%12.12s %4.4s ", &p[4], &p[20]);
+}
+
+void
+blkerror(ino, type, blk)
+	ino_t ino;
+	char *type;
+	daddr_t blk;
+{
+
+	pfatal("%ld %s I=%lu", blk, type, ino);
+	printf("\n");
+	switch (statemap[ino]) {
+
+	case FSTATE:
+		statemap[ino] = FCLEAR;
+		return;
+
+	case DSTATE:
+		statemap[ino] = DCLEAR;
+		return;
+
+	case FCLEAR:
+	case DCLEAR:
+		return;
+
+	default:
+		errexit("BAD STATE %d TO BLKERR", statemap[ino]);
+		/* NOTREACHED */
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * allocate an unused inode
+ */
+ino_t
+allocino(request, type)
+	ino_t request;
+	int type;
+{
+	register ino_t ino;
+	register struct dinode *dp;
+
+	if (request == 0)
+		request = ROOTINO;
+	else if (statemap[request] != USTATE)
+		return (0);
+	for (ino = request; ino < maxino; ino++)
+		if (statemap[ino] == USTATE)
+			break;
+	if (ino == maxino)
+		return (0);
+	switch (type & IFMT) {
+	case IFDIR:
+		statemap[ino] = DSTATE;
+		break;
+	case IFREG:
+	case IFLNK:
+		statemap[ino] = FSTATE;
+		break;
+	default:
+		return (0);
+	}
+	dp = ginode(ino);
+	dp->di_db[0] = allocblk((long)1);
+	if (dp->di_db[0] == 0) {
+		statemap[ino] = USTATE;
+		return (0);
+	}
+	dp->di_mode = type;
+	(void)time(&dp->di_atime);
+	dp->di_mtime = dp->di_ctime = dp->di_atime;
+	dp->di_size = sblock.fs_fsize;
+	dp->di_blocks = btodb(sblock.fs_fsize);
+	n_files++;
+	inodirty();
+	if (newinofmt)
+		typemap[ino] = IFTODT(type);
+	return (ino);
+}
+
+/*
+ * deallocate an inode
+ */
+void
+freeino(ino)
+	ino_t ino;
+{
+	struct inodesc idesc;
+	struct dinode *dp;
+
+	memset(&idesc, 0, sizeof(struct inodesc));
+	idesc.id_type = ADDR;
+	idesc.id_func = pass4check;
+	idesc.id_number = ino;
+	dp = ginode(ino);
+	(void)ckinode(dp, &idesc);
+	clearinode(dp);
+	inodirty();
+	statemap[ino] = USTATE;
+	n_files--;
+}
diff --git a/sbin/fsck_ffs/main.c b/sbin/fsck_ffs/main.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..128005b6fe5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sbin/fsck_ffs/main.c
@@ -0,0 +1,344 @@
+/*	$NetBSD: main.c,v 1.18 1995/07/12 03:39:53 cgd Exp $	*/
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1980, 1986, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+ *    must display the following acknowledgement:
+ *	This product includes software developed by the University of
+ *	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef lint
+static char copyright[] =
+"@(#) Copyright (c) 1980, 1986, 1993\n\
+	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.\n";
+#endif /* not lint */
+
+#ifndef lint
+#if 0
+static char sccsid[] = "@(#)main.c	8.2 (Berkeley) 1/23/94";
+#else
+static char rcsid[] = "$NetBSD: main.c,v 1.18 1995/07/12 03:39:53 cgd Exp $";
+#endif
+#endif /* not lint */
+
+#include <sys/param.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <sys/mount.h>
+#include <ufs/ufs/dinode.h>
+#include <ufs/ffs/fs.h>
+#include <fstab.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "fsck.h"
+#include "extern.h"
+
+void	catch(), catchquit(), voidquit();
+int	returntosingle;
+int argtoi __P((int, char *, char *, int));
+int checkfilesys __P((char *, char *, long, int));
+int docheck __P((struct fstab *));
+
+int
+main(argc, argv)
+	int	argc;
+	char	*argv[];
+{
+	int ch;
+	int ret, maxrun = 0;
+	extern char *optarg, *blockcheck();
+	extern int optind;
+
+	sync();
+	skipclean = 1;
+	while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, "dfpnNyYb:c:l:m:")) != EOF) {
+		switch (ch) {
+		case 'p':
+			preen++;
+			break;
+
+		case 'b':
+			skipclean = 0;
+			bflag = argtoi('b', "number", optarg, 10);
+			printf("Alternate super block location: %d\n", bflag);
+			break;
+
+		case 'c':
+			skipclean = 0;
+			cvtlevel = argtoi('c', "conversion level", optarg, 10);
+			break;
+		
+		case 'd':
+			debug++;
+			break;
+
+		case 'f':
+			skipclean = 0;
+			break;
+
+		case 'l':
+			maxrun = argtoi('l', "number", optarg, 10);
+			break;
+
+		case 'm':
+			lfmode = argtoi('m', "mode", optarg, 8);
+			if (lfmode &~ 07777)
+				errexit("bad mode to -m: %o\n", lfmode);
+			printf("** lost+found creation mode %o\n", lfmode);
+			break;
+
+		case 'n':
+		case 'N':
+			nflag++;
+			yflag = 0;
+			break;
+
+		case 'y':
+		case 'Y':
+			yflag++;
+			nflag = 0;
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			errexit("%c option?\n", ch);
+		}
+	}
+	argc -= optind;
+	argv += optind;
+	if (signal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN) != SIG_IGN)
+		(void)signal(SIGINT, catch);
+	if (preen)
+		(void)signal(SIGQUIT, catchquit);
+	if (argc) {
+		while (argc-- > 0)
+			(void)checkfilesys(blockcheck(*argv++), 0, 0L, 0);
+		exit(0);
+	}
+	ret = checkfstab(preen, maxrun, docheck, checkfilesys);
+	if (returntosingle)
+		exit(2);
+	exit(ret);
+}
+
+int
+argtoi(flag, req, str, base)
+	int flag;
+	char *req, *str;
+	int base;
+{
+	char *cp;
+	int ret;
+
+	ret = (int)strtol(str, &cp, base);
+	if (cp == str || *cp)
+		errexit("-%c flag requires a %s\n", flag, req);
+	return (ret);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Determine whether a filesystem should be checked.
+ */
+int
+docheck(fsp)
+	register struct fstab *fsp;
+{
+
+	if ((strcmp(fsp->fs_vfstype, "ufs") &&
+	     strcmp(fsp->fs_vfstype, "ffs")) ||
+	    (strcmp(fsp->fs_type, FSTAB_RW) &&
+	     strcmp(fsp->fs_type, FSTAB_RO)) ||
+	    fsp->fs_passno == 0)
+		return (0);
+	return (1);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check the specified filesystem.
+ */
+/* ARGSUSED */
+int
+checkfilesys(filesys, mntpt, auxdata, child)
+	char *filesys, *mntpt;
+	long auxdata;
+	int child;
+{
+	daddr_t n_ffree, n_bfree;
+	struct dups *dp;
+	struct zlncnt *zlnp;
+	int cylno;
+
+	if (preen && child)
+		(void)signal(SIGQUIT, voidquit);
+	cdevname = filesys;
+	if (debug && preen)
+		pwarn("starting\n");
+	switch (setup(filesys)) {
+	case 0:
+		if (preen)
+			pfatal("CAN'T CHECK FILE SYSTEM.");
+	case -1:
+		return (0);
+	}
+	/*
+	 * 1: scan inodes tallying blocks used
+	 */
+	if (preen == 0) {
+		printf("** Last Mounted on %s\n", sblock.fs_fsmnt);
+		if (hotroot)
+			printf("** Root file system\n");
+		printf("** Phase 1 - Check Blocks and Sizes\n");
+	}
+	pass1();
+
+	/*
+	 * 1b: locate first references to duplicates, if any
+	 */
+	if (duplist) {
+		if (preen)
+			pfatal("INTERNAL ERROR: dups with -p");
+		printf("** Phase 1b - Rescan For More DUPS\n");
+		pass1b();
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * 2: traverse directories from root to mark all connected directories
+	 */
+	if (preen == 0)
+		printf("** Phase 2 - Check Pathnames\n");
+	pass2();
+
+	/*
+	 * 3: scan inodes looking for disconnected directories
+	 */
+	if (preen == 0)
+		printf("** Phase 3 - Check Connectivity\n");
+	pass3();
+
+	/*
+	 * 4: scan inodes looking for disconnected files; check reference counts
+	 */
+	if (preen == 0)
+		printf("** Phase 4 - Check Reference Counts\n");
+	pass4();
+
+	/*
+	 * 5: check and repair resource counts in cylinder groups
+	 */
+	if (preen == 0)
+		printf("** Phase 5 - Check Cyl groups\n");
+	pass5();
+
+	/*
+	 * print out summary statistics
+	 */
+	n_ffree = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nffree;
+	n_bfree = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree;
+	pwarn("%ld files, %ld used, %ld free ",
+	    n_files, n_blks, n_ffree + sblock.fs_frag * n_bfree);
+	printf("(%ld frags, %ld blocks, %d.%d%% fragmentation)\n",
+	    n_ffree, n_bfree, (n_ffree * 100) / sblock.fs_dsize,
+	    ((n_ffree * 1000 + sblock.fs_dsize / 2) / sblock.fs_dsize) % 10);
+	if (debug &&
+	    (n_files -= maxino - ROOTINO - sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nifree))
+		printf("%ld files missing\n", n_files);
+	if (debug) {
+		n_blks += sblock.fs_ncg *
+			(cgdmin(&sblock, 0) - cgsblock(&sblock, 0));
+		n_blks += cgsblock(&sblock, 0) - cgbase(&sblock, 0);
+		n_blks += howmany(sblock.fs_cssize, sblock.fs_fsize);
+		if (n_blks -= maxfsblock - (n_ffree + sblock.fs_frag * n_bfree))
+			printf("%ld blocks missing\n", n_blks);
+		if (duplist != NULL) {
+			printf("The following duplicate blocks remain:");
+			for (dp = duplist; dp; dp = dp->next)
+				printf(" %ld,", dp->dup);
+			printf("\n");
+		}
+		if (zlnhead != NULL) {
+			printf("The following zero link count inodes remain:");
+			for (zlnp = zlnhead; zlnp; zlnp = zlnp->next)
+				printf(" %lu,", zlnp->zlncnt);
+			printf("\n");
+		}
+	}
+	zlnhead = (struct zlncnt *)0;
+	duplist = (struct dups *)0;
+	muldup = (struct dups *)0;
+	inocleanup();
+	if (fsmodified) {
+		(void)time(&sblock.fs_time);
+		sbdirty();
+	}
+	if (cvtlevel && sblk.b_dirty) {
+		/* 
+		 * Write out the duplicate super blocks
+		 */
+		for (cylno = 0; cylno < sblock.fs_ncg; cylno++)
+			bwrite(fswritefd, (char *)&sblock,
+			    fsbtodb(&sblock, cgsblock(&sblock, cylno)), SBSIZE);
+	}
+	ckfini(1);
+	free(blockmap);
+	free(statemap);
+	free((char *)lncntp);
+	if (!fsmodified)
+		return (0);
+	if (!preen)
+		printf("\n***** FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED *****\n");
+	if (hotroot) {
+		struct statfs stfs_buf;
+		/*
+		 * We modified the root.  Do a mount update on
+		 * it, unless it is read-write, so we can continue.
+		 */
+		if (statfs("/", &stfs_buf) == 0) {
+			long flags = stfs_buf.f_flags;
+			struct ufs_args args;
+			int ret;
+
+			if (flags & MNT_RDONLY) {
+				args.fspec = 0;
+				args.export.ex_flags = 0;
+				args.export.ex_root = 0;
+				flags |= MNT_UPDATE | MNT_RELOAD;
+				ret = mount(MOUNT_UFS, "/", flags, &args);
+				if (ret == 0)
+					return(0);
+			}
+		}
+		if (!preen)
+			printf("\n***** REBOOT NOW *****\n");
+		sync();
+		return (4);
+	}
+	return (0);
+}
diff --git a/sbin/fsck_ffs/pass1.c b/sbin/fsck_ffs/pass1.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a512575c240
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sbin/fsck_ffs/pass1.c
@@ -0,0 +1,334 @@
+/*	$NetBSD: pass1.c,v 1.13 1995/03/18 14:55:49 cgd Exp $	*/
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1980, 1986, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+ *    must display the following acknowledgement:
+ *	This product includes software developed by the University of
+ *	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef lint
+#if 0
+static char sccsid[] = "@(#)pass1.c	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93";
+#else
+static char rcsid[] = "$NetBSD: pass1.c,v 1.13 1995/03/18 14:55:49 cgd Exp $";
+#endif
+#endif /* not lint */
+
+#include <sys/param.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <ufs/ufs/dinode.h>
+#include <ufs/ufs/dir.h>
+#include <ufs/ffs/fs.h>
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "fsck.h"
+#include "extern.h"
+
+static daddr_t badblk;
+static daddr_t dupblk;
+int pass1check();
+struct dinode *getnextinode();
+void checkinode __P((ino_t, struct inodesc *));
+
+void
+pass1()
+{
+	ino_t inumber;
+	int c, i, cgd;
+	struct inodesc idesc;
+
+	/*
+	 * Set file system reserved blocks in used block map.
+	 */
+	for (c = 0; c < sblock.fs_ncg; c++) {
+		cgd = cgdmin(&sblock, c);
+		if (c == 0) {
+			i = cgbase(&sblock, c);
+			cgd += howmany(sblock.fs_cssize, sblock.fs_fsize);
+		} else
+			i = cgsblock(&sblock, c);
+		for (; i < cgd; i++)
+			setbmap(i);
+	}
+	/*
+	 * Find all allocated blocks.
+	 */
+	memset(&idesc, 0, sizeof(struct inodesc));
+	idesc.id_type = ADDR;
+	idesc.id_func = pass1check;
+	inumber = 0;
+	n_files = n_blks = 0;
+	resetinodebuf();
+	for (c = 0; c < sblock.fs_ncg; c++) {
+		for (i = 0; i < sblock.fs_ipg; i++, inumber++) {
+			if (inumber < ROOTINO)
+				continue;
+			checkinode(inumber, &idesc);
+		}
+	}
+	freeinodebuf();
+}
+
+void
+checkinode(inumber, idesc)
+	ino_t inumber;
+	register struct inodesc *idesc;
+{
+	register struct dinode *dp;
+	struct zlncnt *zlnp;
+	int ndb, j;
+	mode_t mode;
+	char *symbuf;
+
+	dp = getnextinode(inumber);
+	mode = dp->di_mode & IFMT;
+	if (mode == 0) {
+		if (memcmp(dp->di_db, zino.di_db, NDADDR * sizeof(daddr_t)) ||
+		    memcmp(dp->di_ib, zino.di_ib, NIADDR * sizeof(daddr_t)) ||
+		    dp->di_mode || dp->di_size) {
+			pfatal("PARTIALLY ALLOCATED INODE I=%lu", inumber);
+			if (reply("CLEAR") == 1) {
+				dp = ginode(inumber);
+				clearinode(dp);
+				inodirty();
+			}
+		}
+		statemap[inumber] = USTATE;
+		return;
+	}
+	lastino = inumber;
+	if (/* dp->di_size < 0 || */
+	    dp->di_size + sblock.fs_bsize - 1 < dp->di_size) {
+		if (debug)
+			printf("bad size %qu:", dp->di_size);
+		goto unknown;
+	}
+	if (!preen && mode == IFMT && reply("HOLD BAD BLOCK") == 1) {
+		dp = ginode(inumber);
+		dp->di_size = sblock.fs_fsize;
+		dp->di_mode = IFREG|0600;
+		inodirty();
+	}
+	ndb = howmany(dp->di_size, sblock.fs_bsize);
+	if (ndb < 0) {
+		if (debug)
+			printf("bad size %qu ndb %d:",
+				dp->di_size, ndb);
+		goto unknown;
+	}
+	if (mode == IFBLK || mode == IFCHR)
+		ndb++;
+	if (mode == IFLNK) {
+		/*
+		 * Note that the old fastlink format always had di_blocks set
+		 * to 0.  Other than that we no longer use the `spare' field
+		 * (which is now the extended uid) for sanity checking, the
+		 * new format is the same as the old.  We simply ignore the
+		 * conversion altogether.  - mycroft, 19MAY1994
+		 */
+		if (doinglevel2 &&
+		    dp->di_size > 0 && dp->di_size < MAXSYMLINKLEN &&
+		    dp->di_blocks != 0) {
+			symbuf = alloca(secsize);
+			if (bread(fsreadfd, symbuf,
+			    fsbtodb(&sblock, dp->di_db[0]),
+			    (long)secsize) != 0)
+				errexit("cannot read symlink");
+			if (debug) {
+				symbuf[dp->di_size] = 0;
+				printf("convert symlink %d(%s) of size %d\n",
+					inumber, symbuf, (long)dp->di_size);
+			}
+			dp = ginode(inumber);
+			memcpy(dp->di_shortlink, symbuf, (long)dp->di_size);
+			dp->di_blocks = 0;
+			inodirty();
+		}
+		/*
+		 * Fake ndb value so direct/indirect block checks below
+		 * will detect any garbage after symlink string.
+		 */
+		if (dp->di_size < sblock.fs_maxsymlinklen ||
+		    (sblock.fs_maxsymlinklen == 0 && dp->di_blocks == 0)) {
+			ndb = howmany(dp->di_size, sizeof(daddr_t));
+			if (ndb > NDADDR) {
+				j = ndb - NDADDR;
+				for (ndb = 1; j > 1; j--)
+					ndb *= NINDIR(&sblock);
+				ndb += NDADDR;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	for (j = ndb; j < NDADDR; j++)
+		if (dp->di_db[j] != 0) {
+			if (debug)
+				printf("bad direct addr: %ld\n", dp->di_db[j]);
+			goto unknown;
+		}
+	for (j = 0, ndb -= NDADDR; ndb > 0; j++)
+		ndb /= NINDIR(&sblock);
+	for (; j < NIADDR; j++)
+		if (dp->di_ib[j] != 0) {
+			if (debug)
+				printf("bad indirect addr: %ld\n",
+					dp->di_ib[j]);
+			goto unknown;
+		}
+	if (ftypeok(dp) == 0)
+		goto unknown;
+	n_files++;
+	lncntp[inumber] = dp->di_nlink;
+	if (dp->di_nlink <= 0) {
+		zlnp = (struct zlncnt *)malloc(sizeof *zlnp);
+		if (zlnp == NULL) {
+			pfatal("LINK COUNT TABLE OVERFLOW");
+			if (reply("CONTINUE") == 0)
+				errexit("");
+		} else {
+			zlnp->zlncnt = inumber;
+			zlnp->next = zlnhead;
+			zlnhead = zlnp;
+		}
+	}
+	if (mode == IFDIR) {
+		if (dp->di_size == 0)
+			statemap[inumber] = DCLEAR;
+		else
+			statemap[inumber] = DSTATE;
+		cacheino(dp, inumber);
+	} else
+		statemap[inumber] = FSTATE;
+	typemap[inumber] = IFTODT(mode);
+	if (doinglevel2 &&
+	    (dp->di_ouid != (u_short)-1 || dp->di_ogid != (u_short)-1)) {
+		dp = ginode(inumber);
+		dp->di_uid = dp->di_ouid;
+		dp->di_ouid = -1;
+		dp->di_gid = dp->di_ogid;
+		dp->di_ogid = -1;
+		inodirty();
+	}
+	badblk = dupblk = 0;
+	idesc->id_number = inumber;
+	(void)ckinode(dp, idesc);
+	idesc->id_entryno *= btodb(sblock.fs_fsize);
+	if (dp->di_blocks != idesc->id_entryno) {
+		pwarn("INCORRECT BLOCK COUNT I=%lu (%ld should be %ld)",
+		    inumber, dp->di_blocks, idesc->id_entryno);
+		if (preen)
+			printf(" (CORRECTED)\n");
+		else if (reply("CORRECT") == 0)
+			return;
+		dp = ginode(inumber);
+		dp->di_blocks = idesc->id_entryno;
+		inodirty();
+	}
+	return;
+unknown:
+	pfatal("UNKNOWN FILE TYPE I=%lu", inumber);
+	statemap[inumber] = FCLEAR;
+	if (reply("CLEAR") == 1) {
+		statemap[inumber] = USTATE;
+		dp = ginode(inumber);
+		clearinode(dp);
+		inodirty();
+	}
+}
+
+int
+pass1check(idesc)
+	register struct inodesc *idesc;
+{
+	int res = KEEPON;
+	int anyout, nfrags;
+	daddr_t blkno = idesc->id_blkno;
+	register struct dups *dlp;
+	struct dups *new;
+
+	if ((anyout = chkrange(blkno, idesc->id_numfrags)) != 0) {
+		blkerror(idesc->id_number, "BAD", blkno);
+		if (badblk++ >= MAXBAD) {
+			pwarn("EXCESSIVE BAD BLKS I=%lu",
+				idesc->id_number);
+			if (preen)
+				printf(" (SKIPPING)\n");
+			else if (reply("CONTINUE") == 0)
+				errexit("");
+			return (STOP);
+		}
+	}
+	for (nfrags = idesc->id_numfrags; nfrags > 0; blkno++, nfrags--) {
+		if (anyout && chkrange(blkno, 1)) {
+			res = SKIP;
+		} else if (!testbmap(blkno)) {
+			n_blks++;
+			setbmap(blkno);
+		} else {
+			blkerror(idesc->id_number, "DUP", blkno);
+			if (dupblk++ >= MAXDUP) {
+				pwarn("EXCESSIVE DUP BLKS I=%lu",
+					idesc->id_number);
+				if (preen)
+					printf(" (SKIPPING)\n");
+				else if (reply("CONTINUE") == 0)
+					errexit("");
+				return (STOP);
+			}
+			new = (struct dups *)malloc(sizeof(struct dups));
+			if (new == NULL) {
+				pfatal("DUP TABLE OVERFLOW.");
+				if (reply("CONTINUE") == 0)
+					errexit("");
+				return (STOP);
+			}
+			new->dup = blkno;
+			if (muldup == 0) {
+				duplist = muldup = new;
+				new->next = 0;
+			} else {
+				new->next = muldup->next;
+				muldup->next = new;
+			}
+			for (dlp = duplist; dlp != muldup; dlp = dlp->next)
+				if (dlp->dup == blkno)
+					break;
+			if (dlp == muldup && dlp->dup != blkno)
+				muldup = new;
+		}
+		/*
+		 * count the number of blocks found in id_entryno
+		 */
+		idesc->id_entryno++;
+	}
+	return (res);
+}
diff --git a/sbin/fsck_ffs/pass1b.c b/sbin/fsck_ffs/pass1b.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..de541f25329
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sbin/fsck_ffs/pass1b.c
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+/*	$NetBSD: pass1b.c,v 1.9 1995/03/18 14:55:51 cgd Exp $	*/
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1980, 1986, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+ *    must display the following acknowledgement:
+ *	This product includes software developed by the University of
+ *	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef lint
+#if 0
+static char sccsid[] = "@(#)pass1b.c	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93";
+#else
+static char rcsid[] = "$NetBSD: pass1b.c,v 1.9 1995/03/18 14:55:51 cgd Exp $";
+#endif
+#endif /* not lint */
+
+#include <sys/param.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <ufs/ufs/dinode.h>
+#include <ufs/ffs/fs.h>
+
+#include <string.h>
+#include "fsck.h"
+#include "extern.h"
+
+int	pass1bcheck();
+static  struct dups *duphead;
+
+void
+pass1b()
+{
+	register int c, i;
+	register struct dinode *dp;
+	struct inodesc idesc;
+	ino_t inumber;
+
+	memset(&idesc, 0, sizeof(struct inodesc));
+	idesc.id_type = ADDR;
+	idesc.id_func = pass1bcheck;
+	duphead = duplist;
+	inumber = 0;
+	for (c = 0; c < sblock.fs_ncg; c++) {
+		for (i = 0; i < sblock.fs_ipg; i++, inumber++) {
+			if (inumber < ROOTINO)
+				continue;
+			dp = ginode(inumber);
+			if (dp == NULL)
+				continue;
+			idesc.id_number = inumber;
+			if (statemap[inumber] != USTATE &&
+			    (ckinode(dp, &idesc) & STOP))
+				return;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+int
+pass1bcheck(idesc)
+	register struct inodesc *idesc;
+{
+	register struct dups *dlp;
+	int nfrags, res = KEEPON;
+	daddr_t blkno = idesc->id_blkno;
+
+	for (nfrags = idesc->id_numfrags; nfrags > 0; blkno++, nfrags--) {
+		if (chkrange(blkno, 1))
+			res = SKIP;
+		for (dlp = duphead; dlp; dlp = dlp->next) {
+			if (dlp->dup == blkno) {
+				blkerror(idesc->id_number, "DUP", blkno);
+				dlp->dup = duphead->dup;
+				duphead->dup = blkno;
+				duphead = duphead->next;
+			}
+			if (dlp == muldup)
+				break;
+		}
+		if (muldup == 0 || duphead == muldup->next)
+			return (STOP);
+	}
+	return (res);
+}
diff --git a/sbin/fsck_ffs/pass2.c b/sbin/fsck_ffs/pass2.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4c17f67db1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sbin/fsck_ffs/pass2.c
@@ -0,0 +1,471 @@
+/*	$NetBSD: pass2.c,v 1.12 1995/03/18 14:55:52 cgd Exp $	*/
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1980, 1986, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+ *    must display the following acknowledgement:
+ *	This product includes software developed by the University of
+ *	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef lint
+#if 0
+static char sccsid[] = "@(#)pass2.c	8.6 (Berkeley) 10/27/94";
+#else
+static char rcsid[] = "$NetBSD: pass2.c,v 1.12 1995/03/18 14:55:52 cgd Exp $";
+#endif
+#endif /* not lint */
+
+#include <sys/param.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <ufs/ufs/dinode.h>
+#include <ufs/ufs/dir.h>
+#include <ufs/ffs/fs.h>
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include "fsck.h"
+#include "extern.h"
+
+#define MINDIRSIZE	(sizeof (struct dirtemplate))
+
+int	pass2check(), blksort();
+
+void
+pass2()
+{
+	register struct dinode *dp;
+	register struct inoinfo **inpp, *inp;
+	struct inoinfo **inpend;
+	struct inodesc curino;
+	struct dinode dino;
+	char pathbuf[MAXPATHLEN + 1];
+
+	switch (statemap[ROOTINO]) {
+
+	case USTATE:
+		pfatal("ROOT INODE UNALLOCATED");
+		if (reply("ALLOCATE") == 0)
+			errexit("");
+		if (allocdir(ROOTINO, ROOTINO, 0755) != ROOTINO)
+			errexit("CANNOT ALLOCATE ROOT INODE\n");
+		break;
+
+	case DCLEAR:
+		pfatal("DUPS/BAD IN ROOT INODE");
+		if (reply("REALLOCATE")) {
+			freeino(ROOTINO);
+			if (allocdir(ROOTINO, ROOTINO, 0755) != ROOTINO)
+				errexit("CANNOT ALLOCATE ROOT INODE\n");
+			break;
+		}
+		if (reply("CONTINUE") == 0)
+			errexit("");
+		break;
+
+	case FSTATE:
+	case FCLEAR:
+		pfatal("ROOT INODE NOT DIRECTORY");
+		if (reply("REALLOCATE")) {
+			freeino(ROOTINO);
+			if (allocdir(ROOTINO, ROOTINO, 0755) != ROOTINO)
+				errexit("CANNOT ALLOCATE ROOT INODE\n");
+			break;
+		}
+		if (reply("FIX") == 0)
+			errexit("");
+		dp = ginode(ROOTINO);
+		dp->di_mode &= ~IFMT;
+		dp->di_mode |= IFDIR;
+		inodirty();
+		break;
+
+	case DSTATE:
+		break;
+
+	default:
+		errexit("BAD STATE %d FOR ROOT INODE", statemap[ROOTINO]);
+	}
+	statemap[ROOTINO] = DFOUND;
+	if (newinofmt) {
+		statemap[WINO] = FSTATE;
+		typemap[WINO] = DT_WHT;
+	}
+	/*
+	 * Sort the directory list into disk block order.
+	 */
+	qsort((char *)inpsort, (size_t)inplast, sizeof *inpsort, blksort);
+	/*
+	 * Check the integrity of each directory.
+	 */
+	memset(&curino, 0, sizeof(struct inodesc));
+	curino.id_type = DATA;
+	curino.id_func = pass2check;
+	dp = &dino;
+	inpend = &inpsort[inplast];
+	for (inpp = inpsort; inpp < inpend; inpp++) {
+		inp = *inpp;
+		if (inp->i_isize == 0)
+			continue;
+		if (inp->i_isize < MINDIRSIZE) {
+			direrror(inp->i_number, "DIRECTORY TOO SHORT");
+			inp->i_isize = roundup(MINDIRSIZE, DIRBLKSIZ);
+			if (reply("FIX") == 1) {
+				dp = ginode(inp->i_number);
+				dp->di_size = inp->i_isize;
+				inodirty();
+				dp = &dino;
+			}
+		} else if ((inp->i_isize & (DIRBLKSIZ - 1)) != 0) {
+			getpathname(pathbuf, inp->i_number, inp->i_number);
+			pwarn("DIRECTORY %s: LENGTH %d NOT MULTIPLE OF %d",
+				pathbuf, inp->i_isize, DIRBLKSIZ);
+			if (preen)
+				printf(" (ADJUSTED)\n");
+			inp->i_isize = roundup(inp->i_isize, DIRBLKSIZ);
+			if (preen || reply("ADJUST") == 1) {
+				dp = ginode(inp->i_number);
+				dp->di_size = roundup(inp->i_isize, DIRBLKSIZ);
+				inodirty();
+				dp = &dino;
+			}
+		}
+		memset(&dino, 0, sizeof(struct dinode));
+		dino.di_mode = IFDIR;
+		dp->di_size = inp->i_isize;
+		memcpy(&dp->di_db[0], &inp->i_blks[0], (size_t)inp->i_numblks);
+		curino.id_number = inp->i_number;
+		curino.id_parent = inp->i_parent;
+		(void)ckinode(dp, &curino);
+	}
+	/*
+	 * Now that the parents of all directories have been found,
+	 * make another pass to verify the value of `..'
+	 */
+	for (inpp = inpsort; inpp < inpend; inpp++) {
+		inp = *inpp;
+		if (inp->i_parent == 0 || inp->i_isize == 0)
+			continue;
+		if (statemap[inp->i_parent] == DFOUND &&
+		    statemap[inp->i_number] == DSTATE)
+			statemap[inp->i_number] = DFOUND;
+		if (inp->i_dotdot == inp->i_parent ||
+		    inp->i_dotdot == (ino_t)-1)
+			continue;
+		if (inp->i_dotdot == 0) {
+			inp->i_dotdot = inp->i_parent;
+			fileerror(inp->i_parent, inp->i_number, "MISSING '..'");
+			if (reply("FIX") == 0)
+				continue;
+			(void)makeentry(inp->i_number, inp->i_parent, "..");
+			lncntp[inp->i_parent]--;
+			continue;
+		}
+		fileerror(inp->i_parent, inp->i_number,
+		    "BAD INODE NUMBER FOR '..'");
+		if (reply("FIX") == 0)
+			continue;
+		lncntp[inp->i_dotdot]++;
+		lncntp[inp->i_parent]--;
+		inp->i_dotdot = inp->i_parent;
+		(void)changeino(inp->i_number, "..", inp->i_parent);
+	}
+	/*
+	 * Mark all the directories that can be found from the root.
+	 */
+	propagate();
+}
+
+int
+pass2check(idesc)
+	struct inodesc *idesc;
+{
+	register struct direct *dirp = idesc->id_dirp;
+	register struct inoinfo *inp;
+	int n, entrysize, ret = 0;
+	struct dinode *dp;
+	char *errmsg;
+	struct direct proto;
+	char namebuf[MAXPATHLEN + 1];
+	char pathbuf[MAXPATHLEN + 1];
+
+	/*
+	 * If converting, set directory entry type.
+	 */
+	if (doinglevel2 && dirp->d_ino > 0 && dirp->d_ino < maxino) {
+		dirp->d_type = typemap[dirp->d_ino];
+		ret |= ALTERED;
+	}
+	/* 
+	 * check for "."
+	 */
+	if (idesc->id_entryno != 0)
+		goto chk1;
+	if (dirp->d_ino != 0 && strcmp(dirp->d_name, ".") == 0) {
+		if (dirp->d_ino != idesc->id_number) {
+			direrror(idesc->id_number, "BAD INODE NUMBER FOR '.'");
+			dirp->d_ino = idesc->id_number;
+			if (reply("FIX") == 1)
+				ret |= ALTERED;
+		}
+		if (newinofmt && dirp->d_type != DT_DIR) {
+			direrror(idesc->id_number, "BAD TYPE VALUE FOR '.'");
+			dirp->d_type = DT_DIR;
+			if (reply("FIX") == 1)
+				ret |= ALTERED;
+		}
+		goto chk1;
+	}
+	direrror(idesc->id_number, "MISSING '.'");
+	proto.d_ino = idesc->id_number;
+	if (newinofmt)
+		proto.d_type = DT_DIR;
+	else
+		proto.d_type = 0;
+	proto.d_namlen = 1;
+	(void)strcpy(proto.d_name, ".");
+#	if BYTE_ORDER == LITTLE_ENDIAN
+		if (!newinofmt) {
+			u_char tmp;
+
+			tmp = proto.d_type;
+			proto.d_type = proto.d_namlen;
+			proto.d_namlen = tmp;
+		}
+#	endif
+	entrysize = DIRSIZ(0, &proto);
+	if (dirp->d_ino != 0 && strcmp(dirp->d_name, "..") != 0) {
+		pfatal("CANNOT FIX, FIRST ENTRY IN DIRECTORY CONTAINS %s\n",
+			dirp->d_name);
+	} else if (dirp->d_reclen < entrysize) {
+		pfatal("CANNOT FIX, INSUFFICIENT SPACE TO ADD '.'\n");
+	} else if (dirp->d_reclen < 2 * entrysize) {
+		proto.d_reclen = dirp->d_reclen;
+		memcpy(dirp, &proto, (size_t)entrysize);
+		if (reply("FIX") == 1)
+			ret |= ALTERED;
+	} else {
+		n = dirp->d_reclen - entrysize;
+		proto.d_reclen = entrysize;
+		memcpy(dirp, &proto, (size_t)entrysize);
+		idesc->id_entryno++;
+		lncntp[dirp->d_ino]--;
+		dirp = (struct direct *)((char *)(dirp) + entrysize);
+		memset(dirp, 0, (size_t)n);
+		dirp->d_reclen = n;
+		if (reply("FIX") == 1)
+			ret |= ALTERED;
+	}
+chk1:
+	if (idesc->id_entryno > 1)
+		goto chk2;
+	inp = getinoinfo(idesc->id_number);
+	proto.d_ino = inp->i_parent;
+	if (newinofmt)
+		proto.d_type = DT_DIR;
+	else
+		proto.d_type = 0;
+	proto.d_namlen = 2;
+	(void)strcpy(proto.d_name, "..");
+#	if BYTE_ORDER == LITTLE_ENDIAN
+		if (!newinofmt) {
+			u_char tmp;
+
+			tmp = proto.d_type;
+			proto.d_type = proto.d_namlen;
+			proto.d_namlen = tmp;
+		}
+#	endif
+	entrysize = DIRSIZ(0, &proto);
+	if (idesc->id_entryno == 0) {
+		n = DIRSIZ(0, dirp);
+		if (dirp->d_reclen < n + entrysize)
+			goto chk2;
+		proto.d_reclen = dirp->d_reclen - n;
+		dirp->d_reclen = n;
+		idesc->id_entryno++;
+		lncntp[dirp->d_ino]--;
+		dirp = (struct direct *)((char *)(dirp) + n);
+		memset(dirp, 0, (size_t)proto.d_reclen);
+		dirp->d_reclen = proto.d_reclen;
+	}
+	if (dirp->d_ino != 0 && strcmp(dirp->d_name, "..") == 0) {
+		inp->i_dotdot = dirp->d_ino;
+		if (newinofmt && dirp->d_type != DT_DIR) {
+			direrror(idesc->id_number, "BAD TYPE VALUE FOR '..'");
+			dirp->d_type = DT_DIR;
+			if (reply("FIX") == 1)
+				ret |= ALTERED;
+		}
+		goto chk2;
+	}
+	if (dirp->d_ino != 0 && strcmp(dirp->d_name, ".") != 0) {
+		fileerror(inp->i_parent, idesc->id_number, "MISSING '..'");
+		pfatal("CANNOT FIX, SECOND ENTRY IN DIRECTORY CONTAINS %s\n",
+			dirp->d_name);
+		inp->i_dotdot = (ino_t)-1;
+	} else if (dirp->d_reclen < entrysize) {
+		fileerror(inp->i_parent, idesc->id_number, "MISSING '..'");
+		pfatal("CANNOT FIX, INSUFFICIENT SPACE TO ADD '..'\n");
+		inp->i_dotdot = (ino_t)-1;
+	} else if (inp->i_parent != 0) {
+		/*
+		 * We know the parent, so fix now.
+		 */
+		inp->i_dotdot = inp->i_parent;
+		fileerror(inp->i_parent, idesc->id_number, "MISSING '..'");
+		proto.d_reclen = dirp->d_reclen;
+		memcpy(dirp, &proto, (size_t)entrysize);
+		if (reply("FIX") == 1)
+			ret |= ALTERED;
+	}
+	idesc->id_entryno++;
+	if (dirp->d_ino != 0)
+		lncntp[dirp->d_ino]--;
+	return (ret|KEEPON);
+chk2:
+	if (dirp->d_ino == 0)
+		return (ret|KEEPON);
+	if (dirp->d_namlen <= 2 &&
+	    dirp->d_name[0] == '.' &&
+	    idesc->id_entryno >= 2) {
+		if (dirp->d_namlen == 1) {
+			direrror(idesc->id_number, "EXTRA '.' ENTRY");
+			dirp->d_ino = 0;
+			if (reply("FIX") == 1)
+				ret |= ALTERED;
+			return (KEEPON | ret);
+		}
+		if (dirp->d_name[1] == '.') {
+			direrror(idesc->id_number, "EXTRA '..' ENTRY");
+			dirp->d_ino = 0;
+			if (reply("FIX") == 1)
+				ret |= ALTERED;
+			return (KEEPON | ret);
+		}
+	}
+	idesc->id_entryno++;
+	n = 0;
+	if (dirp->d_ino > maxino) {
+		fileerror(idesc->id_number, dirp->d_ino, "I OUT OF RANGE");
+		n = reply("REMOVE");
+	} else if (newinofmt &&
+		   ((dirp->d_ino == WINO && dirp->d_type != DT_WHT) ||
+		    (dirp->d_ino != WINO && dirp->d_type == DT_WHT))) {
+		fileerror(idesc->id_number, dirp->d_ino, "BAD WHITEOUT ENTRY");
+		dirp->d_ino = WINO;
+		dirp->d_type = DT_WHT;
+		if (reply("FIX") == 1)
+			ret |= ALTERED;
+	} else {
+again:
+		switch (statemap[dirp->d_ino]) {
+		case USTATE:
+			if (idesc->id_entryno <= 2)
+				break;
+			fileerror(idesc->id_number, dirp->d_ino, "UNALLOCATED");
+			n = reply("REMOVE");
+			break;
+
+		case DCLEAR:
+		case FCLEAR:
+			if (idesc->id_entryno <= 2)
+				break;
+			if (statemap[dirp->d_ino] == FCLEAR)
+				errmsg = "DUP/BAD";
+			else if (!preen)
+				errmsg = "ZERO LENGTH DIRECTORY";
+			else {
+				n = 1;
+				break;
+			}
+			fileerror(idesc->id_number, dirp->d_ino, errmsg);
+			if ((n = reply("REMOVE")) == 1)
+				break;
+			dp = ginode(dirp->d_ino);
+			statemap[dirp->d_ino] =
+			    (dp->di_mode & IFMT) == IFDIR ? DSTATE : FSTATE;
+			lncntp[dirp->d_ino] = dp->di_nlink;
+			goto again;
+
+		case DSTATE:
+			if (statemap[idesc->id_number] == DFOUND)
+				statemap[dirp->d_ino] = DFOUND;
+			/* fall through */
+
+		case DFOUND:
+			inp = getinoinfo(dirp->d_ino);
+			if (inp->i_parent != 0 && idesc->id_entryno > 2) {
+				getpathname(pathbuf, idesc->id_number,
+				    idesc->id_number);
+				getpathname(namebuf, dirp->d_ino, dirp->d_ino);
+				pwarn("%s %s %s\n", pathbuf,
+				    "IS AN EXTRANEOUS HARD LINK TO DIRECTORY",
+				    namebuf);
+				if (preen)
+					printf(" (IGNORED)\n");
+				else if ((n = reply("REMOVE")) == 1)
+					break;
+			}
+			if (idesc->id_entryno > 2)
+				inp->i_parent = idesc->id_number;
+			/* fall through */
+
+		case FSTATE:
+			if (newinofmt && dirp->d_type != typemap[dirp->d_ino]) {
+				fileerror(idesc->id_number, dirp->d_ino,
+				    "BAD TYPE VALUE");
+				dirp->d_type = typemap[dirp->d_ino];
+				if (reply("FIX") == 1)
+					ret |= ALTERED;
+			}
+			lncntp[dirp->d_ino]--;
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			errexit("BAD STATE %d FOR INODE I=%d",
+			    statemap[dirp->d_ino], dirp->d_ino);
+		}
+	}
+	if (n == 0)
+		return (ret|KEEPON);
+	dirp->d_ino = 0;
+	return (ret|KEEPON|ALTERED);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Routine to sort disk blocks.
+ */
+int
+blksort(inpp1, inpp2)
+	struct inoinfo **inpp1, **inpp2;
+{
+
+	return ((*inpp1)->i_blks[0] - (*inpp2)->i_blks[0]);
+}
diff --git a/sbin/fsck_ffs/pass3.c b/sbin/fsck_ffs/pass3.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a30c99210d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sbin/fsck_ffs/pass3.c
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+/*	$NetBSD: pass3.c,v 1.8 1995/03/18 14:55:54 cgd Exp $	*/
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1980, 1986, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+ *    must display the following acknowledgement:
+ *	This product includes software developed by the University of
+ *	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef lint
+#if 0
+static char sccsid[] = "@(#)pass3.c	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93";
+#else
+static char rcsid[] = "$NetBSD: pass3.c,v 1.8 1995/03/18 14:55:54 cgd Exp $";
+#endif
+#endif /* not lint */
+
+#include <sys/param.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <ufs/ufs/dinode.h>
+#include <ufs/ffs/fs.h>
+#include "fsck.h"
+#include "extern.h"
+
+void
+pass3()
+{
+	register struct inoinfo **inpp, *inp;
+	ino_t orphan;
+	int loopcnt;
+
+	for (inpp = &inpsort[inplast - 1]; inpp >= inpsort; inpp--) {
+		inp = *inpp;
+		if (inp->i_number == ROOTINO ||
+		    !(inp->i_parent == 0 || statemap[inp->i_number] == DSTATE))
+			continue;
+		if (statemap[inp->i_number] == DCLEAR)
+			continue;
+		for (loopcnt = 0; ; loopcnt++) {
+			orphan = inp->i_number;
+			if (inp->i_parent == 0 ||
+			    statemap[inp->i_parent] != DSTATE ||
+			    loopcnt > numdirs)
+				break;
+			inp = getinoinfo(inp->i_parent);
+		}
+		(void)linkup(orphan, inp->i_dotdot);
+		inp->i_parent = inp->i_dotdot = lfdir;
+		lncntp[lfdir]--;
+		statemap[orphan] = DFOUND;
+		propagate();
+	}
+}
diff --git a/sbin/fsck_ffs/pass4.c b/sbin/fsck_ffs/pass4.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0c3e9651ef9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sbin/fsck_ffs/pass4.c
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+/*	$NetBSD: pass4.c,v 1.9 1995/03/18 14:55:56 cgd Exp $	*/
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1980, 1986, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+ *    must display the following acknowledgement:
+ *	This product includes software developed by the University of
+ *	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef lint
+#if 0
+static char sccsid[] = "@(#)pass4.c	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93";
+#else
+static char rcsid[] = "$NetBSD: pass4.c,v 1.9 1995/03/18 14:55:56 cgd Exp $";
+#endif
+#endif /* not lint */
+
+#include <sys/param.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <ufs/ufs/dinode.h>
+#include <ufs/ffs/fs.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include "fsck.h"
+#include "extern.h"
+
+void
+pass4()
+{
+	register ino_t inumber;
+	register struct zlncnt *zlnp;
+	struct dinode *dp;
+	struct inodesc idesc;
+	int n;
+
+	memset(&idesc, 0, sizeof(struct inodesc));
+	idesc.id_type = ADDR;
+	idesc.id_func = pass4check;
+	for (inumber = ROOTINO; inumber <= lastino; inumber++) {
+		idesc.id_number = inumber;
+		switch (statemap[inumber]) {
+
+		case FSTATE:
+		case DFOUND:
+			n = lncntp[inumber];
+			if (n)
+				adjust(&idesc, (short)n);
+			else {
+				for (zlnp = zlnhead; zlnp; zlnp = zlnp->next)
+					if (zlnp->zlncnt == inumber) {
+						zlnp->zlncnt = zlnhead->zlncnt;
+						zlnp = zlnhead;
+						zlnhead = zlnhead->next;
+						free((char *)zlnp);
+						clri(&idesc, "UNREF", 1);
+						break;
+					}
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case DSTATE:
+			clri(&idesc, "UNREF", 1);
+			break;
+
+		case DCLEAR:
+			dp = ginode(inumber);
+			if (dp->di_size == 0) {
+				clri(&idesc, "ZERO LENGTH", 1);
+				break;
+			}
+			/* fall through */
+		case FCLEAR:
+			clri(&idesc, "BAD/DUP", 1);
+			break;
+
+		case USTATE:
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			errexit("BAD STATE %d FOR INODE I=%d",
+			    statemap[inumber], inumber);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+int
+pass4check(idesc)
+	register struct inodesc *idesc;
+{
+	register struct dups *dlp;
+	int nfrags, res = KEEPON;
+	daddr_t blkno = idesc->id_blkno;
+
+	for (nfrags = idesc->id_numfrags; nfrags > 0; blkno++, nfrags--) {
+		if (chkrange(blkno, 1)) {
+			res = SKIP;
+		} else if (testbmap(blkno)) {
+			for (dlp = duplist; dlp; dlp = dlp->next) {
+				if (dlp->dup != blkno)
+					continue;
+				dlp->dup = duplist->dup;
+				dlp = duplist;
+				duplist = duplist->next;
+				free((char *)dlp);
+				break;
+			}
+			if (dlp == 0) {
+				clrbmap(blkno);
+				n_blks--;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return (res);
+}
diff --git a/sbin/fsck_ffs/pass5.c b/sbin/fsck_ffs/pass5.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f26d679c45e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sbin/fsck_ffs/pass5.c
@@ -0,0 +1,330 @@
+/*	$NetBSD: pass5.c,v 1.14 1995/03/21 01:30:16 cgd Exp $	*/
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1980, 1986, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+ *    must display the following acknowledgement:
+ *	This product includes software developed by the University of
+ *	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef lint
+#if 0
+static char sccsid[] = "@(#)pass5.c	8.6 (Berkeley) 11/30/94";
+#else
+static char rcsid[] = "$NetBSD: pass5.c,v 1.14 1995/03/21 01:30:16 cgd Exp $";
+#endif
+#endif /* not lint */
+
+#include <sys/param.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <ufs/ufs/dinode.h>
+#include <ufs/ffs/fs.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include "fsck.h"
+#include "extern.h"
+
+void
+pass5()
+{
+	int c, blk, frags, basesize, sumsize, mapsize, savednrpos;
+	register struct fs *fs = &sblock;
+	register struct cg *cg = &cgrp;
+	daddr_t dbase, dmax;
+	register daddr_t d;
+	register long i, j;
+	struct csum *cs;
+	struct csum cstotal;
+	struct inodesc idesc[3];
+	char buf[MAXBSIZE];
+	register struct cg *newcg = (struct cg *)buf;
+	struct ocg *ocg = (struct ocg *)buf;
+
+	statemap[WINO] = USTATE;
+	memset(newcg, 0, (size_t)fs->fs_cgsize);
+	newcg->cg_niblk = fs->fs_ipg;
+	if (cvtlevel >= 3) {
+		if (fs->fs_maxcontig < 2 && fs->fs_contigsumsize > 0) {
+			if (preen)
+				pwarn("DELETING CLUSTERING MAPS\n");
+			if (preen || reply("DELETE CLUSTERING MAPS")) {
+				fs->fs_contigsumsize = 0;
+				doinglevel1 = 1;
+				sbdirty();
+			}
+		}
+		if (fs->fs_maxcontig > 1) {
+			char *doit = 0;
+
+			if (fs->fs_contigsumsize < 1) {
+				doit = "CREAT";
+			} else if (fs->fs_contigsumsize < fs->fs_maxcontig &&
+				   fs->fs_contigsumsize < FS_MAXCONTIG) {
+				doit = "EXPAND";
+			}
+			if (doit) {
+				i = fs->fs_contigsumsize;
+				fs->fs_contigsumsize =
+				    MIN(fs->fs_maxcontig, FS_MAXCONTIG);
+				if (CGSIZE(fs) > fs->fs_bsize) {
+					pwarn("CANNOT %s CLUSTER MAPS\n", doit);
+					fs->fs_contigsumsize = i;
+				} else if (preen ||
+				    reply("CREATE CLUSTER MAPS")) {
+					if (preen)
+						pwarn("%sING CLUSTER MAPS\n",
+						    doit);
+					fs->fs_cgsize =
+					    fragroundup(fs, CGSIZE(fs));
+					doinglevel1 = 1;
+					sbdirty();
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	switch ((int)fs->fs_postblformat) {
+
+	case FS_42POSTBLFMT:
+		basesize = (char *)(&ocg->cg_btot[0]) -
+		    (char *)(&ocg->cg_firstfield);
+		sumsize = &ocg->cg_iused[0] - (u_int8_t *)(&ocg->cg_btot[0]);
+		mapsize = &ocg->cg_free[howmany(fs->fs_fpg, NBBY)] -
+			(u_char *)&ocg->cg_iused[0];
+		ocg->cg_magic = CG_MAGIC;
+		savednrpos = fs->fs_nrpos;
+		fs->fs_nrpos = 8;
+		break;
+
+	case FS_DYNAMICPOSTBLFMT:
+		newcg->cg_btotoff =
+		     &newcg->cg_space[0] - (u_char *)(&newcg->cg_firstfield);
+		newcg->cg_boff =
+		    newcg->cg_btotoff + fs->fs_cpg * sizeof(int32_t);
+		newcg->cg_iusedoff = newcg->cg_boff + 
+		    fs->fs_cpg * fs->fs_nrpos * sizeof(int16_t);
+		newcg->cg_freeoff =
+		    newcg->cg_iusedoff + howmany(fs->fs_ipg, NBBY);
+		if (fs->fs_contigsumsize <= 0) {
+			newcg->cg_nextfreeoff = newcg->cg_freeoff +
+			    howmany(fs->fs_cpg * fs->fs_spc / NSPF(fs), NBBY);
+		} else {
+			newcg->cg_clustersumoff = newcg->cg_freeoff +
+			    howmany(fs->fs_cpg * fs->fs_spc / NSPF(fs), NBBY) -
+			    sizeof(int32_t);
+			newcg->cg_clustersumoff =
+			    roundup(newcg->cg_clustersumoff, sizeof(int32_t));
+			newcg->cg_clusteroff = newcg->cg_clustersumoff +
+			    (fs->fs_contigsumsize + 1) * sizeof(int32_t);
+			newcg->cg_nextfreeoff = newcg->cg_clusteroff +
+			    howmany(fs->fs_cpg * fs->fs_spc / NSPB(fs), NBBY);
+		}
+		newcg->cg_magic = CG_MAGIC;
+		basesize = &newcg->cg_space[0] -
+		    (u_char *)(&newcg->cg_firstfield);
+		sumsize = newcg->cg_iusedoff - newcg->cg_btotoff;
+		mapsize = newcg->cg_nextfreeoff - newcg->cg_iusedoff;
+		break;
+
+	default:
+		errexit("UNKNOWN ROTATIONAL TABLE FORMAT %d\n",
+			fs->fs_postblformat);
+	}
+	memset(&idesc[0], 0, sizeof idesc);
+	for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+		idesc[i].id_type = ADDR;
+		if (doinglevel2)
+			idesc[i].id_fix = FIX;
+	}
+	memset(&cstotal, 0, sizeof(struct csum));
+	j = blknum(fs, fs->fs_size + fs->fs_frag - 1);
+	for (i = fs->fs_size; i < j; i++)
+		setbmap(i);
+	for (c = 0; c < fs->fs_ncg; c++) {
+		getblk(&cgblk, cgtod(fs, c), fs->fs_cgsize);
+		if (!cg_chkmagic(cg))
+			pfatal("CG %d: BAD MAGIC NUMBER\n", c);
+		dbase = cgbase(fs, c);
+		dmax = dbase + fs->fs_fpg;
+		if (dmax > fs->fs_size)
+			dmax = fs->fs_size;
+		newcg->cg_time = cg->cg_time;
+		newcg->cg_cgx = c;
+		if (c == fs->fs_ncg - 1)
+			newcg->cg_ncyl = fs->fs_ncyl % fs->fs_cpg;
+		else
+			newcg->cg_ncyl = fs->fs_cpg;
+		newcg->cg_ndblk = dmax - dbase;
+		if (fs->fs_contigsumsize > 0)
+			newcg->cg_nclusterblks = newcg->cg_ndblk / fs->fs_frag;
+		newcg->cg_cs.cs_ndir = 0;
+		newcg->cg_cs.cs_nffree = 0;
+		newcg->cg_cs.cs_nbfree = 0;
+		newcg->cg_cs.cs_nifree = fs->fs_ipg;
+		if (cg->cg_rotor < newcg->cg_ndblk)
+			newcg->cg_rotor = cg->cg_rotor;
+		else
+			newcg->cg_rotor = 0;
+		if (cg->cg_frotor < newcg->cg_ndblk)
+			newcg->cg_frotor = cg->cg_frotor;
+		else
+			newcg->cg_frotor = 0;
+		if (cg->cg_irotor < newcg->cg_niblk)
+			newcg->cg_irotor = cg->cg_irotor;
+		else
+			newcg->cg_irotor = 0;
+		memset(&newcg->cg_frsum[0], 0, sizeof newcg->cg_frsum);
+		memset(&cg_blktot(newcg)[0], 0,
+		      (size_t)(sumsize + mapsize));
+		if (fs->fs_postblformat == FS_42POSTBLFMT)
+			ocg->cg_magic = CG_MAGIC;
+		j = fs->fs_ipg * c;
+		for (i = 0; i < fs->fs_ipg; j++, i++) {
+			switch (statemap[j]) {
+
+			case USTATE:
+				break;
+
+			case DSTATE:
+			case DCLEAR:
+			case DFOUND:
+				newcg->cg_cs.cs_ndir++;
+				/* fall through */
+
+			case FSTATE:
+			case FCLEAR:
+				newcg->cg_cs.cs_nifree--;
+				setbit(cg_inosused(newcg), i);
+				break;
+
+			default:
+				if (j < ROOTINO)
+					break;
+				errexit("BAD STATE %d FOR INODE I=%d",
+				    statemap[j], j);
+			}
+		}
+		if (c == 0)
+			for (i = 0; i < ROOTINO; i++) {
+				setbit(cg_inosused(newcg), i);
+				newcg->cg_cs.cs_nifree--;
+			}
+		for (i = 0, d = dbase;
+		     d < dmax;
+		     d += fs->fs_frag, i += fs->fs_frag) {
+			frags = 0;
+			for (j = 0; j < fs->fs_frag; j++) {
+				if (testbmap(d + j))
+					continue;
+				setbit(cg_blksfree(newcg), i + j);
+				frags++;
+			}
+			if (frags == fs->fs_frag) {
+				newcg->cg_cs.cs_nbfree++;
+				j = cbtocylno(fs, i);
+				cg_blktot(newcg)[j]++;
+				cg_blks(fs, newcg, j)[cbtorpos(fs, i)]++;
+				if (fs->fs_contigsumsize > 0)
+					setbit(cg_clustersfree(newcg),
+					    i / fs->fs_frag);
+			} else if (frags > 0) {
+				newcg->cg_cs.cs_nffree += frags;
+				blk = blkmap(fs, cg_blksfree(newcg), i);
+				ffs_fragacct(fs, blk, newcg->cg_frsum, 1);
+			}
+		}
+		if (fs->fs_contigsumsize > 0) {
+			int32_t *sump = cg_clustersum(newcg);
+			u_char *mapp = cg_clustersfree(newcg);
+			int map = *mapp++;
+			int bit = 1;
+			int run = 0;
+
+			for (i = 0; i < newcg->cg_nclusterblks; i++) {
+				if ((map & bit) != 0) {
+					run++;
+				} else if (run != 0) {
+					if (run > fs->fs_contigsumsize)
+						run = fs->fs_contigsumsize;
+					sump[run]++;
+					run = 0;
+				}
+				if ((i & (NBBY - 1)) != (NBBY - 1)) {
+					bit <<= 1;
+				} else {
+					map = *mapp++;
+					bit = 1;
+				}
+			}
+			if (run != 0) {
+				if (run > fs->fs_contigsumsize)
+					run = fs->fs_contigsumsize;
+				sump[run]++;
+			}
+		}
+		cstotal.cs_nffree += newcg->cg_cs.cs_nffree;
+		cstotal.cs_nbfree += newcg->cg_cs.cs_nbfree;
+		cstotal.cs_nifree += newcg->cg_cs.cs_nifree;
+		cstotal.cs_ndir += newcg->cg_cs.cs_ndir;
+		cs = &fs->fs_cs(fs, c);
+		if (memcmp(&newcg->cg_cs, cs, sizeof *cs) != 0 &&
+		    dofix(&idesc[0], "FREE BLK COUNT(S) WRONG IN SUPERBLK")) {
+			memcpy(cs, &newcg->cg_cs, sizeof *cs);
+			sbdirty();
+		}
+		if (doinglevel1) {
+			memcpy(cg, newcg, (size_t)fs->fs_cgsize);
+			cgdirty();
+			continue;
+		}
+		if (memcmp(cg_inosused(newcg),
+			   cg_inosused(cg), mapsize) != 0 &&
+		    dofix(&idesc[1], "BLK(S) MISSING IN BIT MAPS")) {
+			memcpy(cg_inosused(cg), cg_inosused(newcg),
+			      (size_t)mapsize);
+			cgdirty();
+		}
+		if ((memcmp(newcg, cg, basesize) != 0 ||
+		     memcmp(&cg_blktot(newcg)[0],
+			    &cg_blktot(cg)[0], sumsize) != 0) &&
+		    dofix(&idesc[2], "SUMMARY INFORMATION BAD")) {
+			memcpy(cg, newcg, (size_t)basesize);
+			memcpy(&cg_blktot(cg)[0],
+			       &cg_blktot(newcg)[0], (size_t)sumsize);
+			cgdirty();
+		}
+	}
+	if (fs->fs_postblformat == FS_42POSTBLFMT)
+		fs->fs_nrpos = savednrpos;
+	if (memcmp(&cstotal, &fs->fs_cstotal, sizeof *cs) != 0
+	    && dofix(&idesc[0], "FREE BLK COUNT(S) WRONG IN SUPERBLK")) {
+		memcpy(&fs->fs_cstotal, &cstotal, sizeof *cs);
+		fs->fs_ronly = 0;
+		fs->fs_fmod = 0;
+		sbdirty();
+	}
+}
diff --git a/sbin/fsck_ffs/preen.c b/sbin/fsck_ffs/preen.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d347cd3f1de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sbin/fsck_ffs/preen.c
@@ -0,0 +1,370 @@
+/*	$NetBSD: preen.c,v 1.11 1995/03/18 14:55:59 cgd Exp $	*/
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1990, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+ *    must display the following acknowledgement:
+ *	This product includes software developed by the University of
+ *	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef lint
+#if 0
+static char sccsid[] = "@(#)preen.c	8.3 (Berkeley) 12/6/94";
+#else
+static char rcsid[] = "$NetBSD: preen.c,v 1.11 1995/03/18 14:55:59 cgd Exp $";
+#endif
+#endif /* not lint */
+
+#include <sys/param.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <fstab.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+struct part {
+	struct	part *next;		/* forward link of partitions on disk */
+	char	*name;			/* device name */
+	char	*fsname;		/* mounted filesystem name */
+	long	auxdata;		/* auxillary data for application */
+} *badlist, **badnext = &badlist;
+
+struct disk {
+	char	*name;			/* disk base name */
+	struct	disk *next;		/* forward link for list of disks */
+	struct	part *part;		/* head of list of partitions on disk */
+	int	pid;			/* If != 0, pid of proc working on */
+} *disks;
+
+int	nrun, ndisks;
+char	hotroot;
+
+char	*rawname(), *unrawname(), *blockcheck();
+void addpart __P((char *, char *, long));
+int startdisk __P((struct disk *, int (*)() ));
+
+int
+checkfstab(preen, maxrun, docheck, chkit)
+	int preen, maxrun;
+	int (*docheck)(), (*chkit)();
+{
+	register struct fstab *fsp;
+	register struct disk *dk, *nextdisk;
+	register struct part *pt;
+	int ret, pid, retcode, passno, sumstatus, status;
+	long auxdata;
+	char *name;
+
+	sumstatus = 0;
+	for (passno = 1; passno <= 2; passno++) {
+		if (setfsent() == 0) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "Can't open checklist file: %s\n",
+			    _PATH_FSTAB);
+			return (8);
+		}
+		while ((fsp = getfsent()) != 0) {
+			if ((auxdata = (*docheck)(fsp)) == 0)
+				continue;
+			if (preen == 0 || passno == 1 && fsp->fs_passno == 1) {
+				if (name = blockcheck(fsp->fs_spec)) {
+					if (sumstatus = (*chkit)(name,
+					    fsp->fs_file, auxdata, 0))
+						return (sumstatus);
+				} else if (preen)
+					return (8);
+			} else if (passno == 2 && fsp->fs_passno > 1) {
+				if ((name = blockcheck(fsp->fs_spec)) == NULL) {
+					fprintf(stderr, "BAD DISK NAME %s\n",
+						fsp->fs_spec);
+					sumstatus |= 8;
+					continue;
+				}
+				addpart(name, fsp->fs_file, auxdata);
+			}
+		}
+		if (preen == 0)
+			return (0);
+	}
+	if (preen) {
+		if (maxrun == 0)
+			maxrun = ndisks;
+		if (maxrun > ndisks)
+			maxrun = ndisks;
+		nextdisk = disks;
+		for (passno = 0; passno < maxrun; ++passno) {
+			while (ret = startdisk(nextdisk, chkit) && nrun > 0)
+				sleep(10);
+			if (ret)
+				return (ret);
+			nextdisk = nextdisk->next;
+		}
+		while ((pid = wait(&status)) != -1) {
+			for (dk = disks; dk; dk = dk->next)
+				if (dk->pid == pid)
+					break;
+			if (dk == 0) {
+				printf("Unknown pid %d\n", pid);
+				continue;
+			}
+			if (WIFEXITED(status))
+				retcode = WEXITSTATUS(status);
+			else
+				retcode = 0;
+			if (WIFSIGNALED(status)) {
+				printf("%s (%s): EXITED WITH SIGNAL %d\n",
+					dk->part->name, dk->part->fsname,
+					WTERMSIG(status));
+				retcode = 8;
+			}
+			if (retcode != 0) {
+				sumstatus |= retcode;
+				*badnext = dk->part;
+				badnext = &dk->part->next;
+				dk->part = dk->part->next;
+				*badnext = NULL;
+			} else
+				dk->part = dk->part->next;
+			dk->pid = 0;
+			nrun--;
+			if (dk->part == NULL)
+				ndisks--;
+
+			if (nextdisk == NULL) {
+				if (dk->part) {
+					while (ret = startdisk(dk, chkit) &&
+					    nrun > 0)
+						sleep(10);
+					if (ret)
+						return (ret);
+				}
+			} else if (nrun < maxrun && nrun < ndisks) {
+				for ( ;; ) {
+					if ((nextdisk = nextdisk->next) == NULL)
+						nextdisk = disks;
+					if (nextdisk->part != NULL &&
+					    nextdisk->pid == 0)
+						break;
+				}
+				while (ret = startdisk(nextdisk, chkit) &&
+				    nrun > 0)
+					sleep(10);
+				if (ret)
+					return (ret);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if (sumstatus) {
+		if (badlist == 0)
+			return (sumstatus);
+		fprintf(stderr, "THE FOLLOWING FILE SYSTEM%s HAD AN %s\n\t",
+			badlist->next ? "S" : "", "UNEXPECTED INCONSISTENCY:");
+		for (pt = badlist; pt; pt = pt->next)
+			fprintf(stderr, "%s (%s)%s", pt->name, pt->fsname,
+			    pt->next ? ", " : "\n");
+		return (sumstatus);
+	}
+	(void)endfsent();
+	return (0);
+}
+
+struct disk *
+finddisk(name)
+	char *name;
+{
+	register struct disk *dk, **dkp;
+	register char *p;
+	size_t len;
+
+	for (p = name + strlen(name) - 1; p >= name; --p)
+		if (isdigit(*p)) {
+			len = p - name + 1;
+			break;
+		}
+	if (p < name)
+		len = strlen(name);
+
+	for (dk = disks, dkp = &disks; dk; dkp = &dk->next, dk = dk->next) {
+		if (strncmp(dk->name, name, len) == 0 &&
+		    dk->name[len] == 0)
+			return (dk);
+	}
+	if ((*dkp = (struct disk *)malloc(sizeof(struct disk))) == NULL) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "out of memory");
+		exit (8);
+	}
+	dk = *dkp;
+	if ((dk->name = malloc(len + 1)) == NULL) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "out of memory");
+		exit (8);
+	}
+	(void)strncpy(dk->name, name, len);
+	dk->name[len] = '\0';
+	dk->part = NULL;
+	dk->next = NULL;
+	dk->pid = 0;
+	ndisks++;
+	return (dk);
+}
+
+void
+addpart(name, fsname, auxdata)
+	char *name, *fsname;
+	long auxdata;
+{
+	struct disk *dk = finddisk(name);
+	register struct part *pt, **ppt = &dk->part;
+
+	for (pt = dk->part; pt; ppt = &pt->next, pt = pt->next)
+		if (strcmp(pt->name, name) == 0) {
+			printf("%s in fstab more than once!\n", name);
+			return;
+		}
+	if ((*ppt = (struct part *)malloc(sizeof(struct part))) == NULL) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "out of memory");
+		exit (8);
+	}
+	pt = *ppt;
+	if ((pt->name = malloc(strlen(name) + 1)) == NULL) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "out of memory");
+		exit (8);
+	}
+	(void)strcpy(pt->name, name);
+	if ((pt->fsname = malloc(strlen(fsname) + 1)) == NULL) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "out of memory");
+		exit (8);
+	}
+	(void)strcpy(pt->fsname, fsname);
+	pt->next = NULL;
+	pt->auxdata = auxdata;
+}
+
+int
+startdisk(dk, checkit)
+	register struct disk *dk;
+	int (*checkit)();
+{
+	register struct part *pt = dk->part;
+
+	dk->pid = fork();
+	if (dk->pid < 0) {
+		perror("fork");
+		return (8);
+	}
+	if (dk->pid == 0)
+		exit((*checkit)(pt->name, pt->fsname, pt->auxdata, 1));
+	nrun++;
+	return (0);
+}
+
+char *
+blockcheck(origname)
+	char *origname;
+{
+	struct stat stslash, stblock, stchar;
+	char *newname, *raw;
+	int retried = 0;
+
+	hotroot = 0;
+	if (stat("/", &stslash) < 0) {
+		perror("/");
+		printf("Can't stat root\n");
+		return (origname);
+	}
+	newname = origname;
+retry:
+	if (stat(newname, &stblock) < 0) {
+		perror(newname);
+		printf("Can't stat %s\n", newname);
+		return (origname);
+	}
+	if (S_ISBLK(stblock.st_mode)) {
+		if (stslash.st_dev == stblock.st_rdev)
+			hotroot++;
+		raw = rawname(newname);
+		if (stat(raw, &stchar) < 0) {
+			perror(raw);
+			printf("Can't stat %s\n", raw);
+			return (origname);
+		}
+		if (S_ISCHR(stchar.st_mode)) {
+			return (raw);
+		} else {
+			printf("%s is not a character device\n", raw);
+			return (origname);
+		}
+	} else if (S_ISCHR(stblock.st_mode) && !retried) {
+		newname = unrawname(newname);
+		retried++;
+		goto retry;
+	}
+	/*
+	 * Not a block or character device, just return name and
+	 * let the user decide whether to use it.
+	 */
+	return (origname);
+}
+
+char *
+unrawname(name)
+	char *name;
+{
+	char *dp;
+	struct stat stb;
+
+	if ((dp = strrchr(name, '/')) == 0)
+		return (name);
+	if (stat(name, &stb) < 0)
+		return (name);
+	if (!S_ISCHR(stb.st_mode))
+		return (name);
+	if (dp[1] != 'r')
+		return (name);
+	(void)strcpy(&dp[1], &dp[2]);
+	return (name);
+}
+
+char *
+rawname(name)
+	char *name;
+{
+	static char rawbuf[32];
+	char *dp;
+
+	if ((dp = strrchr(name, '/')) == 0)
+		return (0);
+	*dp = 0;
+	(void)strcpy(rawbuf, name);
+	*dp = '/';
+	(void)strcat(rawbuf, "/r");
+	(void)strcat(rawbuf, &dp[1]);
+	return (rawbuf);
+}
diff --git a/sbin/fsck_ffs/setup.c b/sbin/fsck_ffs/setup.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..64bc542b990
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sbin/fsck_ffs/setup.c
@@ -0,0 +1,511 @@
+/*	$NetBSD: setup.c,v 1.22 1995/07/12 01:49:23 cgd Exp $	*/
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1980, 1986, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+ *    must display the following acknowledgement:
+ *	This product includes software developed by the University of
+ *	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef lint
+#if 0
+static char sccsid[] = "@(#)setup.c	8.5 (Berkeley) 11/23/94";
+#else
+static char rcsid[] = "$NetBSD: setup.c,v 1.22 1995/07/12 01:49:23 cgd Exp $";
+#endif
+#endif /* not lint */
+
+#define DKTYPENAMES
+#include <sys/param.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <ufs/ufs/dinode.h>
+#include <ufs/ffs/fs.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sys/disklabel.h>
+#include <sys/file.h>
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include "fsck.h"
+#include "extern.h"
+
+struct bufarea asblk;
+#define altsblock (*asblk.b_un.b_fs)
+#define POWEROF2(num)	(((num) & ((num) - 1)) == 0)
+
+void badsb __P((int, char *));
+int calcsb __P((char *, int, struct fs *));
+struct disklabel *getdisklabel();
+int readsb __P((int));
+
+int
+setup(dev)
+	char *dev;
+{
+	long cg, size, asked, i, j;
+	long bmapsize;
+	struct disklabel *lp;
+	off_t sizepb;
+	struct stat statb;
+	struct fs proto;
+	int doskipclean;
+
+	havesb = 0;
+	fswritefd = -1;
+	doskipclean = skipclean;
+	if (stat(dev, &statb) < 0) {
+		printf("Can't stat %s: %s\n", dev, strerror(errno));
+		return (0);
+	}
+	if (!S_ISCHR(statb.st_mode)) {
+		pfatal("%s is not a character device", dev);
+		if (reply("CONTINUE") == 0)
+			return (0);
+	}
+	if ((fsreadfd = open(dev, O_RDONLY)) < 0) {
+		printf("Can't open %s: %s\n", dev, strerror(errno));
+		return (0);
+	}
+	if (preen == 0)
+		printf("** %s", dev);
+	if (nflag || (fswritefd = open(dev, O_WRONLY)) < 0) {
+		fswritefd = -1;
+		if (preen)
+			pfatal("NO WRITE ACCESS");
+		printf(" (NO WRITE)");
+	}
+	if (preen == 0)
+		printf("\n");
+	fsmodified = 0;
+	lfdir = 0;
+	initbarea(&sblk);
+	initbarea(&asblk);
+	sblk.b_un.b_buf = malloc(SBSIZE);
+	asblk.b_un.b_buf = malloc(SBSIZE);
+	if (sblk.b_un.b_buf == NULL || asblk.b_un.b_buf == NULL)
+		errexit("cannot allocate space for superblock\n");
+	if (lp = getdisklabel((char *)NULL, fsreadfd))
+		dev_bsize = secsize = lp->d_secsize;
+	else
+		dev_bsize = secsize = DEV_BSIZE;
+	/*
+	 * Read in the superblock, looking for alternates if necessary
+	 */
+	if (readsb(1) == 0) {
+		if (bflag || preen || calcsb(dev, fsreadfd, &proto) == 0)
+			return(0);
+		if (reply("LOOK FOR ALTERNATE SUPERBLOCKS") == 0)
+			return (0);
+		for (cg = 0; cg < proto.fs_ncg; cg++) {
+			bflag = fsbtodb(&proto, cgsblock(&proto, cg));
+			if (readsb(0) != 0)
+				break;
+		}
+		if (cg >= proto.fs_ncg) {
+			printf("%s %s\n%s %s\n%s %s\n",
+				"SEARCH FOR ALTERNATE SUPER-BLOCK",
+				"FAILED. YOU MUST USE THE",
+				"-b OPTION TO FSCK TO SPECIFY THE",
+				"LOCATION OF AN ALTERNATE",
+				"SUPER-BLOCK TO SUPPLY NEEDED",
+				"INFORMATION; SEE fsck(8).");
+			return(0);
+		}
+		doskipclean = 0;
+		pwarn("USING ALTERNATE SUPERBLOCK AT %d\n", bflag);
+	}
+	if (debug)
+		printf("clean = %d\n", sblock.fs_clean);
+	if (sblock.fs_clean & FS_ISCLEAN) {
+		if (doskipclean) {
+			pwarn("%sile system is clean; not checking\n",
+			    preen ? "f" : "** F");
+			return (-1);
+		}
+		if (!preen)
+			pwarn("** File system is already clean\n");
+	}
+	maxfsblock = sblock.fs_size;
+	maxino = sblock.fs_ncg * sblock.fs_ipg;
+	/*
+	 * Check and potentially fix certain fields in the super block.
+	 */
+	if (sblock.fs_optim != FS_OPTTIME && sblock.fs_optim != FS_OPTSPACE) {
+		pfatal("UNDEFINED OPTIMIZATION IN SUPERBLOCK");
+		if (reply("SET TO DEFAULT") == 1) {
+			sblock.fs_optim = FS_OPTTIME;
+			sbdirty();
+		}
+	}
+	if ((sblock.fs_minfree < 0 || sblock.fs_minfree > 99)) {
+		pfatal("IMPOSSIBLE MINFREE=%d IN SUPERBLOCK",
+			sblock.fs_minfree);
+		if (reply("SET TO DEFAULT") == 1) {
+			sblock.fs_minfree = 10;
+			sbdirty();
+		}
+	}
+	if (sblock.fs_interleave < 1 || 
+	    sblock.fs_interleave > sblock.fs_nsect) {
+		pwarn("IMPOSSIBLE INTERLEAVE=%d IN SUPERBLOCK",
+			sblock.fs_interleave);
+		sblock.fs_interleave = 1;
+		if (preen)
+			printf(" (FIXED)\n");
+		if (preen || reply("SET TO DEFAULT") == 1) {
+			sbdirty();
+			dirty(&asblk);
+		}
+	}
+	if (sblock.fs_npsect < sblock.fs_nsect || 
+	    sblock.fs_npsect > sblock.fs_nsect*2) {
+		pwarn("IMPOSSIBLE NPSECT=%d IN SUPERBLOCK",
+			sblock.fs_npsect);
+		sblock.fs_npsect = sblock.fs_nsect;
+		if (preen)
+			printf(" (FIXED)\n");
+		if (preen || reply("SET TO DEFAULT") == 1) {
+			sbdirty();
+			dirty(&asblk);
+		}
+	}
+	if (sblock.fs_inodefmt >= FS_44INODEFMT) {
+		newinofmt = 1;
+	} else {
+		sblock.fs_qbmask = ~sblock.fs_bmask;
+		sblock.fs_qfmask = ~sblock.fs_fmask;
+		newinofmt = 0;
+	}
+	/*
+	 * Convert to new inode format.
+	 */
+	if (cvtlevel >= 2 && sblock.fs_inodefmt < FS_44INODEFMT) {
+		if (preen)
+			pwarn("CONVERTING TO NEW INODE FORMAT\n");
+		else if (!reply("CONVERT TO NEW INODE FORMAT"))
+			return(0);
+		doinglevel2++;
+		sblock.fs_inodefmt = FS_44INODEFMT;
+		sizepb = sblock.fs_bsize;
+		sblock.fs_maxfilesize = sblock.fs_bsize * NDADDR - 1;
+		for (i = 0; i < NIADDR; i++) {
+			sizepb *= NINDIR(&sblock);
+			sblock.fs_maxfilesize += sizepb;
+		}
+		sblock.fs_maxsymlinklen = MAXSYMLINKLEN;
+		sblock.fs_qbmask = ~sblock.fs_bmask;
+		sblock.fs_qfmask = ~sblock.fs_fmask;
+		sbdirty();
+		dirty(&asblk);
+	}
+	/*
+	 * Convert to new cylinder group format.
+	 */
+	if (cvtlevel >= 1 && sblock.fs_postblformat == FS_42POSTBLFMT) {
+		if (preen)
+			pwarn("CONVERTING TO NEW CYLINDER GROUP FORMAT\n");
+		else if (!reply("CONVERT TO NEW CYLINDER GROUP FORMAT"))
+			return(0);
+		doinglevel1++;
+		sblock.fs_postblformat = FS_DYNAMICPOSTBLFMT;
+		sblock.fs_nrpos = 8;
+		sblock.fs_postbloff =
+		    (char *)(&sblock.fs_opostbl[0][0]) -
+		    (char *)(&sblock.fs_firstfield);
+		sblock.fs_rotbloff = &sblock.fs_space[0] -
+		    (u_char *)(&sblock.fs_firstfield);
+		sblock.fs_cgsize =
+			fragroundup(&sblock, CGSIZE(&sblock));
+		sbdirty();
+		dirty(&asblk);
+	}
+	if (asblk.b_dirty && !bflag) {
+		memcpy(&altsblock, &sblock, (size_t)sblock.fs_sbsize);
+		flush(fswritefd, &asblk);
+	}
+	/*
+	 * read in the summary info.
+	 */
+	asked = 0;
+	for (i = 0, j = 0; i < sblock.fs_cssize; i += sblock.fs_bsize, j++) {
+		size = sblock.fs_cssize - i < sblock.fs_bsize ?
+		    sblock.fs_cssize - i : sblock.fs_bsize;
+		sblock.fs_csp[j] = (struct csum *)calloc(1, (unsigned)size);
+		if (bread(fsreadfd, (char *)sblock.fs_csp[j],
+		    fsbtodb(&sblock, sblock.fs_csaddr + j * sblock.fs_frag),
+		    size) != 0 && !asked) {
+			pfatal("BAD SUMMARY INFORMATION");
+			if (reply("CONTINUE") == 0)
+				errexit("");
+			asked++;
+		}
+	}
+	/*
+	 * allocate and initialize the necessary maps
+	 */
+	bmapsize = roundup(howmany(maxfsblock, NBBY), sizeof(int16_t));
+	blockmap = calloc((unsigned)bmapsize, sizeof (char));
+	if (blockmap == NULL) {
+		printf("cannot alloc %u bytes for blockmap\n",
+		    (unsigned)bmapsize);
+		goto badsblabel;
+	}
+	statemap = calloc((unsigned)(maxino + 1), sizeof(char));
+	if (statemap == NULL) {
+		printf("cannot alloc %u bytes for statemap\n",
+		    (unsigned)(maxino + 1));
+		goto badsblabel;
+	}
+	typemap = calloc((unsigned)(maxino + 1), sizeof(char));
+	if (typemap == NULL) {
+		printf("cannot alloc %u bytes for typemap\n",
+		    (unsigned)(maxino + 1));
+		goto badsblabel;
+	}
+	lncntp = (int16_t *)calloc((unsigned)(maxino + 1), sizeof(int16_t));
+	if (lncntp == NULL) {
+		printf("cannot alloc %u bytes for lncntp\n", 
+		    (unsigned)(maxino + 1) * sizeof(int16_t));
+		goto badsblabel;
+	}
+	numdirs = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_ndir;
+	inplast = 0;
+	listmax = numdirs + 10;
+	inpsort = (struct inoinfo **)calloc((unsigned)listmax,
+	    sizeof(struct inoinfo *));
+	inphead = (struct inoinfo **)calloc((unsigned)numdirs,
+	    sizeof(struct inoinfo *));
+	if (inpsort == NULL || inphead == NULL) {
+		printf("cannot alloc %u bytes for inphead\n", 
+		    (unsigned)numdirs * sizeof(struct inoinfo *));
+		goto badsblabel;
+	}
+	bufinit();
+	return (1);
+
+badsblabel:
+	ckfini(0);
+	return (0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Read in the super block and its summary info.
+ */
+int
+readsb(listerr)
+	int listerr;
+{
+	daddr_t super = bflag ? bflag : SBOFF / dev_bsize;
+
+	if (bread(fsreadfd, (char *)&sblock, super, (long)SBSIZE) != 0)
+		return (0);
+	sblk.b_bno = super;
+	sblk.b_size = SBSIZE;
+	/*
+	 * run a few consistency checks of the super block
+	 */
+	if (sblock.fs_magic != FS_MAGIC)
+		{ badsb(listerr, "MAGIC NUMBER WRONG"); return (0); }
+	if (sblock.fs_ncg < 1)
+		{ badsb(listerr, "NCG OUT OF RANGE"); return (0); }
+	if (sblock.fs_cpg < 1)
+		{ badsb(listerr, "CPG OUT OF RANGE"); return (0); }
+	if (sblock.fs_ncg * sblock.fs_cpg < sblock.fs_ncyl ||
+	    (sblock.fs_ncg - 1) * sblock.fs_cpg >= sblock.fs_ncyl)
+		{ badsb(listerr, "NCYL LESS THAN NCG*CPG"); return (0); }
+	if (sblock.fs_sbsize > SBSIZE)
+		{ badsb(listerr, "SIZE PREPOSTEROUSLY LARGE"); return (0); }
+	/*
+	 * Compute block size that the filesystem is based on,
+	 * according to fsbtodb, and adjust superblock block number
+	 * so we can tell if this is an alternate later.
+	 */
+	super *= dev_bsize;
+	dev_bsize = sblock.fs_fsize / fsbtodb(&sblock, 1);
+	sblk.b_bno = super / dev_bsize;
+	if (bflag) {
+		havesb = 1;
+		return (1);
+	}
+	/*
+	 * Set all possible fields that could differ, then do check
+	 * of whole super block against an alternate super block.
+	 * When an alternate super-block is specified this check is skipped.
+	 */
+	getblk(&asblk, cgsblock(&sblock, sblock.fs_ncg - 1), sblock.fs_sbsize);
+	if (asblk.b_errs)
+		return (0);
+	altsblock.fs_firstfield = sblock.fs_firstfield;
+	altsblock.fs_fscktime = sblock.fs_fscktime;
+	altsblock.fs_time = sblock.fs_time;
+	altsblock.fs_cstotal = sblock.fs_cstotal;
+	altsblock.fs_cgrotor = sblock.fs_cgrotor;
+	altsblock.fs_fmod = sblock.fs_fmod;
+	altsblock.fs_clean = sblock.fs_clean;
+	altsblock.fs_ronly = sblock.fs_ronly;
+	altsblock.fs_flags = sblock.fs_flags;
+	altsblock.fs_maxcontig = sblock.fs_maxcontig;
+	altsblock.fs_minfree = sblock.fs_minfree;
+	altsblock.fs_optim = sblock.fs_optim;
+	altsblock.fs_rotdelay = sblock.fs_rotdelay;
+	altsblock.fs_maxbpg = sblock.fs_maxbpg;
+	memcpy(altsblock.fs_csp, sblock.fs_csp,
+		sizeof sblock.fs_csp);
+	altsblock.fs_maxcluster = sblock.fs_maxcluster;
+	memcpy(altsblock.fs_fsmnt, sblock.fs_fsmnt,
+		sizeof sblock.fs_fsmnt);
+	memcpy(altsblock.fs_sparecon, sblock.fs_sparecon,
+		sizeof sblock.fs_sparecon);
+	/*
+	 * The following should not have to be copied.
+	 */
+	altsblock.fs_fsbtodb = sblock.fs_fsbtodb;
+	altsblock.fs_interleave = sblock.fs_interleave;
+	altsblock.fs_npsect = sblock.fs_npsect;
+	altsblock.fs_nrpos = sblock.fs_nrpos;
+	altsblock.fs_state = sblock.fs_state;
+	altsblock.fs_qbmask = sblock.fs_qbmask;
+	altsblock.fs_qfmask = sblock.fs_qfmask;
+	altsblock.fs_state = sblock.fs_state;
+	altsblock.fs_maxfilesize = sblock.fs_maxfilesize;
+	if (memcmp(&sblock, &altsblock, (int)sblock.fs_sbsize)) {
+		if (debug) {
+			long *nlp, *olp, *endlp;
+
+			printf("superblock mismatches\n");
+			nlp = (long *)&altsblock;
+			olp = (long *)&sblock;
+			endlp = olp + (sblock.fs_sbsize / sizeof *olp);
+			for ( ; olp < endlp; olp++, nlp++) {
+				if (*olp == *nlp)
+					continue;
+				printf("offset %d, original %d, alternate %d\n",
+				    olp - (long *)&sblock, *olp, *nlp);
+			}
+		}
+		badsb(listerr,
+		"VALUES IN SUPER BLOCK DISAGREE WITH THOSE IN FIRST ALTERNATE");
+		return (0);
+	}
+	havesb = 1;
+	return (1);
+}
+
+void
+badsb(listerr, s)
+	int listerr;
+	char *s;
+{
+
+	if (!listerr)
+		return;
+	if (preen)
+		printf("%s: ", cdevname);
+	pfatal("BAD SUPER BLOCK: %s\n", s);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Calculate a prototype superblock based on information in the disk label.
+ * When done the cgsblock macro can be calculated and the fs_ncg field
+ * can be used. Do NOT attempt to use other macros without verifying that
+ * their needed information is available!
+ */
+int
+calcsb(dev, devfd, fs)
+	char *dev;
+	int devfd;
+	register struct fs *fs;
+{
+	register struct disklabel *lp;
+	register struct partition *pp;
+	register char *cp;
+	int i;
+
+	cp = strchr(dev, '\0') - 1;
+	if (cp == (char *)-1 || (*cp < 'a' || *cp > 'h') && !isdigit(*cp)) {
+		pfatal("%s: CANNOT FIGURE OUT FILE SYSTEM PARTITION\n", dev);
+		return (0);
+	}
+	lp = getdisklabel(dev, devfd);
+	if (isdigit(*cp))
+		pp = &lp->d_partitions[0];
+	else
+		pp = &lp->d_partitions[*cp - 'a'];
+	if (pp->p_fstype != FS_BSDFFS) {
+		pfatal("%s: NOT LABELED AS A BSD FILE SYSTEM (%s)\n",
+			dev, pp->p_fstype < FSMAXTYPES ?
+			fstypenames[pp->p_fstype] : "unknown");
+		return (0);
+	}
+	memset(fs, 0, sizeof(struct fs));
+	fs->fs_fsize = pp->p_fsize;
+	fs->fs_frag = pp->p_frag;
+	fs->fs_cpg = pp->p_cpg;
+	fs->fs_size = pp->p_size;
+	fs->fs_ntrak = lp->d_ntracks;
+	fs->fs_nsect = lp->d_nsectors;
+	fs->fs_spc = lp->d_secpercyl;
+	fs->fs_nspf = fs->fs_fsize / lp->d_secsize;
+	fs->fs_sblkno = roundup(
+		howmany(lp->d_bbsize + lp->d_sbsize, fs->fs_fsize),
+		fs->fs_frag);
+	fs->fs_cgmask = 0xffffffff;
+	for (i = fs->fs_ntrak; i > 1; i >>= 1)
+		fs->fs_cgmask <<= 1;
+	if (!POWEROF2(fs->fs_ntrak))
+		fs->fs_cgmask <<= 1;
+	fs->fs_cgoffset = roundup(
+		howmany(fs->fs_nsect, NSPF(fs)), fs->fs_frag);
+	fs->fs_fpg = (fs->fs_cpg * fs->fs_spc) / NSPF(fs);
+	fs->fs_ncg = howmany(fs->fs_size / fs->fs_spc, fs->fs_cpg);
+	for (fs->fs_fsbtodb = 0, i = NSPF(fs); i > 1; i >>= 1)
+		fs->fs_fsbtodb++;
+	dev_bsize = lp->d_secsize;
+	return (1);
+}
+
+struct disklabel *
+getdisklabel(s, fd)
+	char *s;
+	int	fd;
+{
+	static struct disklabel lab;
+
+	if (ioctl(fd, DIOCGDINFO, (char *)&lab) < 0) {
+		if (s == NULL)
+			return ((struct disklabel *)NULL);
+		pwarn("ioctl (GCINFO): %s\n", strerror(errno));
+		errexit("%s: can't read disk label\n", s);
+	}
+	return (&lab);
+}
diff --git a/sbin/fsck_ffs/utilities.c b/sbin/fsck_ffs/utilities.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..74d2db5be1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sbin/fsck_ffs/utilities.c
@@ -0,0 +1,604 @@
+/*	$NetBSD: utilities.c,v 1.15 1995/04/23 10:33:09 cgd Exp $	*/
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1980, 1986, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+ *    must display the following acknowledgement:
+ *	This product includes software developed by the University of
+ *	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef lint
+#if 0
+static char sccsid[] = "@(#)utilities.c	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93";
+#else
+static char rcsid[] = "$NetBSD: utilities.c,v 1.15 1995/04/23 10:33:09 cgd Exp $";
+#endif
+#endif /* not lint */
+
+#include <sys/param.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <ufs/ufs/dinode.h>
+#include <ufs/ufs/dir.h>
+#include <ufs/ffs/fs.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "fsck.h"
+#include "extern.h"
+
+long	diskreads, totalreads;	/* Disk cache statistics */
+
+int
+ftypeok(dp)
+	struct dinode *dp;
+{
+	switch (dp->di_mode & IFMT) {
+
+	case IFDIR:
+	case IFREG:
+	case IFBLK:
+	case IFCHR:
+	case IFLNK:
+	case IFSOCK:
+	case IFIFO:
+		return (1);
+
+	default:
+		if (debug)
+			printf("bad file type 0%o\n", dp->di_mode);
+		return (0);
+	}
+}
+
+int
+reply(question)
+	char *question;
+{
+	int persevere;
+	char c;
+
+	if (preen)
+		pfatal("INTERNAL ERROR: GOT TO reply()");
+	persevere = !strcmp(question, "CONTINUE");
+	printf("\n");
+	if (!persevere && (nflag || fswritefd < 0)) {
+		printf("%s? no\n\n", question);
+		return (0);
+	}
+	if (yflag || (persevere && nflag)) {
+		printf("%s? yes\n\n", question);
+		return (1);
+	}
+	do	{
+		printf("%s? [yn] ", question);
+		(void) fflush(stdout);
+		c = getc(stdin);
+		while (c != '\n' && getc(stdin) != '\n')
+			if (feof(stdin))
+				return (0);
+	} while (c != 'y' && c != 'Y' && c != 'n' && c != 'N');
+	printf("\n");
+	if (c == 'y' || c == 'Y')
+		return (1);
+	return (0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Malloc buffers and set up cache.
+ */
+void
+bufinit()
+{
+	register struct bufarea *bp;
+	long bufcnt, i;
+	char *bufp;
+
+	pbp = pdirbp = (struct bufarea *)0;
+	bufp = malloc((unsigned int)sblock.fs_bsize);
+	if (bufp == 0)
+		errexit("cannot allocate buffer pool\n");
+	cgblk.b_un.b_buf = bufp;
+	initbarea(&cgblk);
+	bufhead.b_next = bufhead.b_prev = &bufhead;
+	bufcnt = MAXBUFSPACE / sblock.fs_bsize;
+	if (bufcnt < MINBUFS)
+		bufcnt = MINBUFS;
+	for (i = 0; i < bufcnt; i++) {
+		bp = (struct bufarea *)malloc(sizeof(struct bufarea));
+		bufp = malloc((unsigned int)sblock.fs_bsize);
+		if (bp == NULL || bufp == NULL) {
+			if (i >= MINBUFS)
+				break;
+			errexit("cannot allocate buffer pool\n");
+		}
+		bp->b_un.b_buf = bufp;
+		bp->b_prev = &bufhead;
+		bp->b_next = bufhead.b_next;
+		bufhead.b_next->b_prev = bp;
+		bufhead.b_next = bp;
+		initbarea(bp);
+	}
+	bufhead.b_size = i;	/* save number of buffers */
+}
+
+/*
+ * Manage a cache of directory blocks.
+ */
+struct bufarea *
+getdatablk(blkno, size)
+	daddr_t blkno;
+	long size;
+{
+	register struct bufarea *bp;
+
+	for (bp = bufhead.b_next; bp != &bufhead; bp = bp->b_next)
+		if (bp->b_bno == fsbtodb(&sblock, blkno))
+			goto foundit;
+	for (bp = bufhead.b_prev; bp != &bufhead; bp = bp->b_prev)
+		if ((bp->b_flags & B_INUSE) == 0)
+			break;
+	if (bp == &bufhead)
+		errexit("deadlocked buffer pool\n");
+	getblk(bp, blkno, size);
+	/* fall through */
+foundit:
+	totalreads++;
+	bp->b_prev->b_next = bp->b_next;
+	bp->b_next->b_prev = bp->b_prev;
+	bp->b_prev = &bufhead;
+	bp->b_next = bufhead.b_next;
+	bufhead.b_next->b_prev = bp;
+	bufhead.b_next = bp;
+	bp->b_flags |= B_INUSE;
+	return (bp);
+}
+
+void
+getblk(bp, blk, size)
+	register struct bufarea *bp;
+	daddr_t blk;
+	long size;
+{
+	daddr_t dblk;
+
+	dblk = fsbtodb(&sblock, blk);
+	if (bp->b_bno != dblk) {
+		flush(fswritefd, bp);
+		diskreads++;
+		bp->b_errs = bread(fsreadfd, bp->b_un.b_buf, dblk, size);
+		bp->b_bno = dblk;
+		bp->b_size = size;
+	}
+}
+
+void
+flush(fd, bp)
+	int fd;
+	register struct bufarea *bp;
+{
+	register int i, j;
+
+	if (!bp->b_dirty)
+		return;
+	if (bp->b_errs != 0)
+		pfatal("WRITING %sZERO'ED BLOCK %d TO DISK\n",
+		    (bp->b_errs == bp->b_size / dev_bsize) ? "" : "PARTIALLY ",
+		    bp->b_bno);
+	bp->b_dirty = 0;
+	bp->b_errs = 0;
+	bwrite(fd, bp->b_un.b_buf, bp->b_bno, (long)bp->b_size);
+	if (bp != &sblk)
+		return;
+	for (i = 0, j = 0; i < sblock.fs_cssize; i += sblock.fs_bsize, j++) {
+		bwrite(fswritefd, (char *)sblock.fs_csp[j],
+		    fsbtodb(&sblock, sblock.fs_csaddr + j * sblock.fs_frag),
+		    sblock.fs_cssize - i < sblock.fs_bsize ?
+		    sblock.fs_cssize - i : sblock.fs_bsize);
+	}
+}
+
+void
+rwerror(mesg, blk)
+	char *mesg;
+	daddr_t blk;
+{
+
+	if (preen == 0)
+		printf("\n");
+	pfatal("CANNOT %s: BLK %ld", mesg, blk);
+	if (reply("CONTINUE") == 0)
+		errexit("Program terminated\n");
+}
+
+void
+ckfini(markclean)
+	int markclean;
+{
+	register struct bufarea *bp, *nbp;
+	int cnt = 0;
+
+	if (fswritefd < 0) {
+		(void)close(fsreadfd);
+		return;
+	}
+	flush(fswritefd, &sblk);
+	if (havesb && sblk.b_bno != SBOFF / dev_bsize &&
+	    !preen && reply("UPDATE STANDARD SUPERBLOCK")) {
+		sblk.b_bno = SBOFF / dev_bsize;
+		sbdirty();
+		flush(fswritefd, &sblk);
+	}
+	flush(fswritefd, &cgblk);
+	free(cgblk.b_un.b_buf);
+	for (bp = bufhead.b_prev; bp && bp != &bufhead; bp = nbp) {
+		cnt++;
+		flush(fswritefd, bp);
+		nbp = bp->b_prev;
+		free(bp->b_un.b_buf);
+		free((char *)bp);
+	}
+	if (bufhead.b_size != cnt)
+		errexit("Panic: lost %d buffers\n", bufhead.b_size - cnt);
+	pbp = pdirbp = (struct bufarea *)0;
+	if (markclean && (sblock.fs_clean & FS_ISCLEAN) == 0) {
+		/*
+		 * Mark the file system as clean, and sync the superblock.
+		 */
+		if (preen)
+			pwarn("MARKING FILE SYSTEM CLEAN\n");
+		else if (!reply("MARK FILE SYSTEM CLEAN"))
+			markclean = 0;
+		if (markclean) {
+			sblock.fs_clean = FS_ISCLEAN;
+			sbdirty();
+			flush(fswritefd, &sblk);
+		}
+	}
+	if (debug)
+		printf("cache missed %ld of %ld (%d%%)\n", diskreads,
+		    totalreads, (int)(diskreads * 100 / totalreads));
+	(void)close(fsreadfd);
+	(void)close(fswritefd);
+}
+
+int
+bread(fd, buf, blk, size)
+	int fd;
+	char *buf;
+	daddr_t blk;
+	long size;
+{
+	char *cp;
+	int i, errs;
+	off_t offset;
+
+	offset = blk;
+	offset *= dev_bsize;
+	if (lseek(fd, offset, 0) < 0)
+		rwerror("SEEK", blk);
+	else if (read(fd, buf, (int)size) == size)
+		return (0);
+	rwerror("READ", blk);
+	if (lseek(fd, offset, 0) < 0)
+		rwerror("SEEK", blk);
+	errs = 0;
+	memset(buf, 0, (size_t)size);
+	printf("THE FOLLOWING DISK SECTORS COULD NOT BE READ:");
+	for (cp = buf, i = 0; i < size; i += secsize, cp += secsize) {
+		if (read(fd, cp, (int)secsize) != secsize) {
+			(void)lseek(fd, offset + i + secsize, 0);
+			if (secsize != dev_bsize && dev_bsize != 1)
+				printf(" %ld (%ld),",
+				    (blk * dev_bsize + i) / secsize,
+				    blk + i / dev_bsize);
+			else
+				printf(" %ld,", blk + i / dev_bsize);
+			errs++;
+		}
+	}
+	printf("\n");
+	return (errs);
+}
+
+void
+bwrite(fd, buf, blk, size)
+	int fd;
+	char *buf;
+	daddr_t blk;
+	long size;
+{
+	int i;
+	char *cp;
+	off_t offset;
+
+	if (fd < 0)
+		return;
+	offset = blk;
+	offset *= dev_bsize;
+	if (lseek(fd, offset, 0) < 0)
+		rwerror("SEEK", blk);
+	else if (write(fd, buf, (int)size) == size) {
+		fsmodified = 1;
+		return;
+	}
+	rwerror("WRITE", blk);
+	if (lseek(fd, offset, 0) < 0)
+		rwerror("SEEK", blk);
+	printf("THE FOLLOWING SECTORS COULD NOT BE WRITTEN:");
+	for (cp = buf, i = 0; i < size; i += dev_bsize, cp += dev_bsize)
+		if (write(fd, cp, (int)dev_bsize) != dev_bsize) {
+			(void)lseek(fd, offset + i + dev_bsize, 0);
+			printf(" %ld,", blk + i / dev_bsize);
+		}
+	printf("\n");
+	return;
+}
+
+/*
+ * allocate a data block with the specified number of fragments
+ */
+int
+allocblk(frags)
+	long frags;
+{
+	register int i, j, k;
+
+	if (frags <= 0 || frags > sblock.fs_frag)
+		return (0);
+	for (i = 0; i < maxfsblock - sblock.fs_frag; i += sblock.fs_frag) {
+		for (j = 0; j <= sblock.fs_frag - frags; j++) {
+			if (testbmap(i + j))
+				continue;
+			for (k = 1; k < frags; k++)
+				if (testbmap(i + j + k))
+					break;
+			if (k < frags) {
+				j += k;
+				continue;
+			}
+			for (k = 0; k < frags; k++)
+				setbmap(i + j + k);
+			n_blks += frags;
+			return (i + j);
+		}
+	}
+	return (0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Free a previously allocated block
+ */
+void
+freeblk(blkno, frags)
+	daddr_t blkno;
+	long frags;
+{
+	struct inodesc idesc;
+
+	idesc.id_blkno = blkno;
+	idesc.id_numfrags = frags;
+	(void)pass4check(&idesc);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Find a pathname
+ */
+void
+getpathname(namebuf, curdir, ino)
+	char *namebuf;
+	ino_t curdir, ino;
+{
+	int len;
+	register char *cp;
+	struct inodesc idesc;
+	static int busy = 0;
+
+	if (curdir == ino && ino == ROOTINO) {
+		(void)strcpy(namebuf, "/");
+		return;
+	}
+	if (busy ||
+	    (statemap[curdir] != DSTATE && statemap[curdir] != DFOUND)) {
+		(void)strcpy(namebuf, "?");
+		return;
+	}
+	busy = 1;
+	memset(&idesc, 0, sizeof(struct inodesc));
+	idesc.id_type = DATA;
+	idesc.id_fix = IGNORE;
+	cp = &namebuf[MAXPATHLEN - 1];
+	*cp = '\0';
+	if (curdir != ino) {
+		idesc.id_parent = curdir;
+		goto namelookup;
+	}
+	while (ino != ROOTINO) {
+		idesc.id_number = ino;
+		idesc.id_func = findino;
+		idesc.id_name = "..";
+		if ((ckinode(ginode(ino), &idesc) & FOUND) == 0)
+			break;
+	namelookup:
+		idesc.id_number = idesc.id_parent;
+		idesc.id_parent = ino;
+		idesc.id_func = findname;
+		idesc.id_name = namebuf;
+		if ((ckinode(ginode(idesc.id_number), &idesc)&FOUND) == 0)
+			break;
+		len = strlen(namebuf);
+		cp -= len;
+		memcpy(cp, namebuf, (size_t)len);
+		*--cp = '/';
+		if (cp < &namebuf[MAXNAMLEN])
+			break;
+		ino = idesc.id_number;
+	}
+	busy = 0;
+	if (ino != ROOTINO)
+		*--cp = '?';
+	memcpy(namebuf, cp, (size_t)(&namebuf[MAXPATHLEN] - cp));
+}
+
+void
+catch()
+{
+	if (!doinglevel2)
+		ckfini(0);
+	exit(12);
+}
+
+/*
+ * When preening, allow a single quit to signal
+ * a special exit after filesystem checks complete
+ * so that reboot sequence may be interrupted.
+ */
+void
+catchquit()
+{
+	extern returntosingle;
+
+	printf("returning to single-user after filesystem check\n");
+	returntosingle = 1;
+	(void)signal(SIGQUIT, SIG_DFL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Ignore a single quit signal; wait and flush just in case.
+ * Used by child processes in preen.
+ */
+void
+voidquit()
+{
+
+	sleep(1);
+	(void)signal(SIGQUIT, SIG_IGN);
+	(void)signal(SIGQUIT, SIG_DFL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * determine whether an inode should be fixed.
+ */
+int
+dofix(idesc, msg)
+	register struct inodesc *idesc;
+	char *msg;
+{
+
+	switch (idesc->id_fix) {
+
+	case DONTKNOW:
+		if (idesc->id_type == DATA)
+			direrror(idesc->id_number, msg);
+		else
+			pwarn(msg);
+		if (preen) {
+			printf(" (SALVAGED)\n");
+			idesc->id_fix = FIX;
+			return (ALTERED);
+		}
+		if (reply("SALVAGE") == 0) {
+			idesc->id_fix = NOFIX;
+			return (0);
+		}
+		idesc->id_fix = FIX;
+		return (ALTERED);
+
+	case FIX:
+		return (ALTERED);
+
+	case NOFIX:
+	case IGNORE:
+		return (0);
+
+	default:
+		errexit("UNKNOWN INODESC FIX MODE %d\n", idesc->id_fix);
+	}
+	/* NOTREACHED */
+}
+
+/* VARARGS1 */
+errexit(s1, s2, s3, s4)
+	char *s1;
+	long s2, s3, s4;
+{
+	printf(s1, s2, s3, s4);
+	exit(8);
+}
+
+/*
+ * An unexpected inconsistency occured.
+ * Die if preening, otherwise just print message and continue.
+ */
+/* VARARGS1 */
+pfatal(s, a1, a2, a3)
+	char *s;
+	long a1, a2, a3;
+{
+
+	if (preen) {
+		printf("%s: ", cdevname);
+		printf(s, a1, a2, a3);
+		printf("\n");
+		printf("%s: UNEXPECTED INCONSISTENCY; RUN fsck MANUALLY.\n",
+			cdevname);
+		exit(8);
+	}
+	printf(s, a1, a2, a3);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Pwarn just prints a message when not preening,
+ * or a warning (preceded by filename) when preening.
+ */
+/* VARARGS1 */
+pwarn(s, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6)
+	char *s;
+	long a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6;
+{
+
+	if (preen)
+		printf("%s: ", cdevname);
+	printf(s, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6);
+}
+
+#ifndef lint
+/*
+ * Stub for routines from kernel.
+ */
+panic(s)
+	char *s;
+{
+
+	pfatal("INTERNAL INCONSISTENCY:");
+	errexit(s);
+}
+#endif