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+.\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1993
+.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+.\"    must display the following acknowledgement:
+.\"	This product includes software developed by the University of
+.\"	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"	@(#)1.0.t	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/8/93
+.\"
+.ds ss 1
+.sh "Kernel primitives
+.PP
+The facilities available to a UNIX user process are logically
+divided into two parts: kernel facilities directly implemented by
+UNIX code running in the operating system, and system facilities
+implemented either by the system, or in cooperation with a
+\fIserver process\fP.  These kernel facilities are described in
+this section 1.
+.PP
+The facilities implemented in the kernel are those which define the
+\fIUNIX virtual machine\fP in which each process runs.
+Like many real machines, this virtual machine has memory management hardware,
+an interrupt facility, timers and counters.  The UNIX
+virtual machine also allows access to files and other objects through a set of
+\fIdescriptors\fP.  Each descriptor resembles a device controller,
+and supports a set of operations.  Like devices on real machines, some
+of which are internal to the machine and some of which are external,
+parts of the descriptor machinery are built-in to the operating system, while
+other parts are often implemented in server processes on other machines.
+The facilities provided through the descriptor machinery are described in
+section 2.
+.ds ss 2