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+Section 26: Index to the rest of the tutorial
+
+The remainder of the tutorial can be perused at your leisure.  Simply find the
+topic of interest in the following list, and {/Section xx:/^M} to get to the
+appropriate section.  (Remember that ^M means the return key) 
+
+The material in the following sections is not necessarily in a bottom up
+order.  It should be fairly obvious that if a section mentions something with
+which you are not familiar, say, buffers, you might {/buffer/^M} followed by
+several {n} to do a keyword search of the file for more details on that item.
+Another point to remember is that commands are surrounded by curly-braces and
+can therefore be found rather easily.  To see where, say, the X command is
+used try {/{X}/^M}.  Subsequent {n} will show you other places the command was
+used.  We have tried to maintain the convention of placing the command letter
+surrounded by curly-braces on the section line where that command is
+mentioned.
+
+Finally, you should have enough 'savvy' at this point to be able to do your
+own experimentation with commands without too much hand-holding on the part of
+the tutorial.  Experimentation is the best way to learn the effects of the
+commands.
+
+ Section      Topic - description
+ -------      -------------------
+(Sections 1 through 25 are located in the file vi.beginner.)
+    1         introduction: {^F} {ZZ}
+    2         introduction (con't) and positioning: {^F} {^B}
+    3         introduction (con't) and positioning: {^F} {^B}
+    4         positioning: {^F} {^B} ^M (return key)
+    5         quitting: {:q!} ^M key
+    6         marking, cursor and screen positioning: {m} {G} {'} {z}
+    7         marking, cursor and screen positioning: {m} {G} {'} {z}
+    8         marking, cursor and screen positioning: {z} {m} {'}
+    9         marking and positioning: {m} {''}
+   10         line positioning: {^M} {-}
+   11         scrolling with {^M}
+   12         scrolling with {-} and screen adjustment {z}
+   13         notes on use of tutorial
+   14         other scrolling and postioning commands: {^E} {^Y} {^D} {^U}
+   15         searching: {/ .. /^M}
+   16         searching: {? .. ?^M} {n} (in search strings ^ $)
+   17         searching: \ and magic-characters in search strings
+   18         colon commands, exiting: {:} {ZZ}
+   19         screen positioning: {H} {M} {L}
+   20         character positioning: {w} {b} {0} {W} {B} {e} {E} {'} {`}
+   21         cursor positioning: {l} {k} {j} {h}
+   22         adding text: {i} {a} {I} {A} {o} {O} ^[ (escape key)
+   23         character manipulation: {f} {x} {X} {w} {l} {r} {R} {s} {S} {J}
+   24         undo: {u} {U}
+   25         review
+(The following sections are in this file.)
+   26         Index to the rest of the tutorial ******** YOU ARE HERE *******
+   27         discussion of repeat counts and the repeat command: {.}
+   28         more on low-level character motions: {t} {T} {|}
+   29         advanced correction operators: {d} {c}
+   30         updating the screen: {^R}
+   31         text buffers: {"}
+   32         rearranging and duplicating text: {p} {P} {y} {Y}
+   33         recovering lost lines
+   34         advanced file manipulation with vi
+   34.1          more than one file at a time: {:n}
+   34.2          reading files and command output: {:r}
+   34.3          invoking vi from within vi: {:e} {:vi}
+   34.4          escaping to a shell: {:sh} {:!}
+   34.5          writing parts of a file: {:w}
+   34.6          filtering portions of text: {!}
+   35         advanced searching: magic patterns 
+   36         advanced substitution: {:s} 
+   37         advanced line addressing: {:p} {:g} {:v}
+   38         higher level text objects and nroff: ( ) { } [[ ]]
+   39         more about inserting text
+   40         more on operators: {d} {c} {<} {>} {!} {=} {y}
+   41         abbreviations: {:ab}
+   42         vi's relationship with the ex editor: {:}
+   43         vi on hardcopy terminals and dumb terminals: open mode
+   44         options: {:set} {setenv EXINIT}
+   44.1          autoindent
+   44.2          autoprint
+   44.3          autowrite
+   44.4          beautify
+   44.5          directory
+   44.6          edcompatible
+   44.7          errorbells
+   44.8          hardtabs
+   44.9          ignorecase
+   44.10         lisp
+   44.11         list
+   44.12         magic
+   44.13         mesg                    
+   44.14         number
+   44.15         open
+   44.16         optimize
+   44.17         paragraphs
+   44.18         prompt
+   44.19         readonly
+   44.20         redraw
+   44.21         remap
+   44.22         report
+   44.23         scroll
+   44.24         sections
+   44.25         shell
+   44.26         shiftwidth
+   44.27         showmatch
+   44.28         slowopen
+   44.29         tabstop
+   44.30         tags
+   44.31         taglength
+   44.32         term
+   44.33         terse
+   44.34         timeout
+   44.35         ttytype
+   44.36         warn
+   44.37         window
+   44.38         wrapscan
+   44.39         wrapmargin
+   44.40         writeany
+   44.41         w300, w1200, w9600
+
+Section 27: repetition counts and the repeat command {.}
+
+Most vi commands will use a preceding count to affect their behavior in some
+way.  We have already seen how {3x} deletes three characters, and {22G} moves
+us to line 22 of the file.  For almost all of the commands, one can survive by
+thinking of these leading numbers as a 'repeat count' specifying that the
+command is to be repeated so many number of times.
+
+Other commands use the repeat count slightly differently, like the {G} command
+which use it as a line number.
+
+For example:
+
+{3^D} means scroll down in the file three lines.  Subsequent {^D} OR {^U} will
+scroll only three lines in their respective directions!
+
+{3z^M} says put line three of the file at the top of the screen, while {3z.}
+says put line three as close to the middle of the screen as possible.
+
+{50|} moves the cursor to column fifty in the current line.
+
+{3^F} says move forward 3 screenfulls.  This is a repetition count.  The
+documents advertise that {3^B} should move BACK three screenfulls, but I
+can't get it to work.
+
+Position the cursor on some text and try {3r.}.  This replaces three characters
+with '...'.  However, {3s.....^[} is the same as {3xi.....^[}.
+
+Try {10a+----^[}.
+
+A very useful instance of a repetition count is one given to the '.' command,
+which repeats the last 'change' command.  If you {dw} and then {3.}, you will
+delete first one and then three words.  You can then delete two more words with
+{2.}.  If you {3dw}, you will delete three words.  A subsequent {.} will delete
+three more words.  But a subsequent {2.} will delete only two words, not three
+times two words.
+
+Caveat: The author has noticed that any repetition count with {^B} will NOT
+work: indeed, if you are at the end of your file and try {3^B} sufficiently
+often, the editor will hang you in an infinite loop.  Please don't try it:
+take my word for it.
+
+Section 28: {t} {T} {|}
+
+Position the cursor on line 13 below:
+
+Line 13: Four score and seven years ago, our forefathers brought ...
+
+Note that {fv} moves the cursor on/over the 'v' in 'seven'.  Do a {0} to return
+to the beginning of the line and try a {tv}.  The cursor is now on/over the
+first 'e' in 'seven'.  The {f} command finds the next occurrence of the
+specified letter and moves the cursor to it.  The {t} command finds the
+specified letter and moves the cursor to the character immediately preceding
+it.  {T} searches backwards, as does {F}.
+
+Now try {60|}: the cursor is now on the 'o' in 'brought', which is the
+sixtieth character on the line.
+
+Section 29: {d} {c}
+
+Due to their complexity we have delayed discussion of two of the most powerful
+operators in vi until now.  Effective use of these operators requires more
+explanation than was deemed appropriate for the first half of the tutorial.
+
+{d} and {c} are called operators instead of commands because they consist of
+three parts: a count specification or a buffer specification (see section
+#BUFFERS), the {d} or {c}, and the object or range description.  We will not
+discuss buffers at this stage, but will limit ourselves to count
+specifications.  Examples speak louder than words: position the cursor at the
+beginning of line 14:
+
+Line 14: Euclid alone has looked on beauty bear.
+
+Obviously, there is something wrong with this quotation.  Type {2fb} to
+position the cursor on the 'b' of 'bear'.  Now, type {cwbare^[}
+and observe the results.  The {cw} specifies that the change command {c} is to
+operate on a word object.  More accurately, it specifies that the range of the
+change command includes the next word.
+
+Position the cursor on the period in Line 14. (one way is to use {f.})
+Now, type {cbbeast^[}.  This specifies the range of the change command to be the
+previous word (the 'b' reminiscent of the {b} command).  If we had wished to
+delete the word rather than change it, we would have used the {d} operator,
+rather than the {c} operator.
+
+Position the cursor at the beginning of the line with {0}.  Type
+{d/look/^M}.  The search string specified the range of the delete.
+Everything UP TO the word 'looking' was deleted from the line.
+
+In general, almost any command that would move the cursor will specify a range
+for these commands.  The most confusing exception to this rule is when {dd} or
+{cc} is entered: they refer to the whole line.  Following is a summary of the
+suffixes (suffices? suffici?) and the ranges they specify:
+
+    suffix        will delete{d}/change{c}
+    ------        ------------------------
+      ^[            cancels the command
+      w             the word to the right of the cursor
+      W             ditto, but ignoring punctuation
+      b             the word to the left of the cursor
+      B             ditto, but ignoring punctuation
+      e             see below.
+      E               ditto
+      (space)       a character
+      $             to the end of the line
+      ^             to the beginning of the line
+      / .. /        up to, but not including, the string
+      ? .. ?        back to and including the string
+      fc            up to and including the occurrence of c 
+      Fc            back to and including the occurrence of c
+      tc            up to but not including the occurrence of c
+      Tc            back to but not including the occurrence of c
+      ^M            TWO lines (that's right: two)
+      (number)^M    that many lines plus one
+      (number)G     up to and including line (number)
+      (             the previous sentence if you are at the beginning of
+                    the current sentence, or the current sentence up to where 
+                    you are if you are not at the beginning of the current 
+                    sentence.  Here, 'sentence' refers to the intuitive
+                    notion of an English sentence, ending with '!', '?',
+                    or '.' and followed by an end of line or two spaces.
+      )             the rest of the current sentence
+      {             analogous to '(', but in reference to paragraphs:
+                    sections of text surrounded by blank lines
+      }             analogous to ')', but in reference to paragraphs
+      [[            analogous to '(', but in reference to sections
+      ]]            analogous to ')', but in reference to sections
+      H             the first line on the screen
+      M             the middle line on the screen
+      L             the last line on the screen
+      3L            through the third line from the bottom of the screen
+      ^F            forward a screenful
+      ^B            backward a screenful
+      :
+      :  etc. etc. etc.
+
+This list is not exhaustive, but it should be sufficient to get the idea
+across: after the {c} or {d} operator, you can specify a range with another
+move-the-cursor command, and that is the region of text over which the command
+will be effective.
+
+Section 30: updating the screen {^R}
+
+Vi tries to be very intelligent about the type of terminal you are working on
+and tries to use the in-terminal computing power (if any) of your terminal.
+Also if the terminal is running at a low baud rate (say 1200 or below), vi sets
+various parameters to make things easier for you.  For example, if you were
+running on a 300 baud terminal (that's 30 characters per second transmission
+rate) not all 24 lines of the screen would be used by vi.  In addition, there
+is a large portion of the editor keeping track of what your screen currently
+looks like, and what it would look like after a command has been executed.  Vi
+then compares the two, and updates only those portions of the screen that have
+changed.
+
+Furthermore, some of you may have noticed (it depends on your terminal) that 
+deleting lines or changing large portions of text may leave some lines on the 
+screen looking like: 
+@ 
+meaning that this line of the screen does not correspond to any line in your
+file. It would cost more to update the line than to leave it blank for the
+moment.  If you would like to see your screen fully up-to-date with the
+contents of your file, type {^R}.
+
+To see it in action, delete several lines with {5dd}, type {^R}, and then type
+{u} to get the lines back.
+
+Here is as good a place as any to mention that if the editor is displaying the
+end of your file, there may be lines on the screen that look like: 
+~ 
+indicating that that screen line would not be affected by {^R}.  These lines
+simply indicate the end of the file.
+
+Section 31: text buffers {"}
+
+Vi gives you the ability to store text away in "buffers".  This feature is very
+convenient for moving text around in your file.  There are a total of thirty-
+five buffers available in vi.  There is the "unnamed" buffer that is used by all
+commands that delete text, including the change operator {c}, the substitute
+and replace commands {s} and {r}, as well as the delete operator {d} and delete
+commands {x} and {X}.  This buffer is filled each time any of these commands
+are used. However, the undo command {u} has no effect on the unnamed buffer.
+
+There are twenty-six buffers named 'a' through 'z' which are available for the
+user.  If the name of the buffer is capitalized, then the buffer is not
+overwritten but appended to.  For example, the command {"qdd} will delete one
+line and store that line in the 'q' buffer, destroying the previous contents of
+the buffer.  However, {"Qdd} will delete one line of text and append that line
+to the current contents of the 'q' buffer.
+
+Finally, there are nine buffers named '1' through '9' in which the last nine
+deletes are stored.  Buffer 1 is the default buffer for the modify commands and
+is sometimes called the unnamed buffer.
+
+To reference a specific buffer, use the double-quote command {"} followed by
+the name of the buffer.  The next two sections show how buffers can be used to
+advantage.
+
+Section 32: rearranging and duplicating text: {y} {Y} {p} {P}
+
+Position yourself on line 15 below and {z^M}:
+
+Line 15: A tree as lovely as a poem ...
+Line 16: I think that I shall never see
+
+Type {dd}.  Line 15 has disappeared and been replaced with the empty line (one
+with the single character @ on it) or (again depending on your terminal) Line
+16 has moved up and taken its place.  We could recover Line 15 with an undo
+{u} but that would simply return it to its original location.  Obviously, the
+two lines are reversed, so we want to put line 15 AFTER line 16.  This is
+simply done with the put command {p}, which you should type now.  What has
+happened is that {dd} put Line 15 into the unnamed buffer, and the {p} command
+retrieved the line from the unnamed buffer.
+
+Now type {u} and observe that Line 15 disappears again (the put was undone
+without affecting the unnamed buffer).  Type {P} and see that the capital {P}
+puts the line BEFORE the cursor.
+
+To get Line 15 where it belongs again type {dd}{p}.
+
+Also in Line 15 note that the words 'tree' and 'poem' are reversed.  Using the
+unnamed buffer again: {ft}{dw}{ma}{fp}{P}{w}{dw}{`aP} will set things aright 
+(note the use of the reverse quote).
+
+The put commands {p} and {P} do not affect the contents of the buffer.
+Therefore, multiple {p} or {P} will put multiple copies of the unnamed buffer
+into your file.
+
+Experiment with {d} and {p} on words, paragraphs, etc.  Whatever {d}
+deletes, {p} can put.
+
+Position the cursor on Line 17 and {z^M}:
+
+Line 17: interest apple cat elephant boy dog girl hay farmer
+
+Our task is to alphabetize the words on line 17.  With the named buffers (and a
+contrived example) it is quite easy:
+
+{"idw}{"adw}{"cdw}{"edw}{"bdw}{"ddw}{"gdw}{"hdw}{"fdw}
+
+stores each of the words in the named buffer corresponding to the first letter
+of each of the words ('interest' goes in buffer "i, 'apple' goes in buffer "a,
+etc.).  Now to put the words in order type:
+
+{"ap$}{"bp$}{"cp$}{"dp$}{"ep$}{"fp$}{"gp$}{"hp$}{"ip$}
+
+Notice that, because 'farmer' was at the end of the line, {dw} did not include
+a space after it, and that, therefore, there is no space between 'farmer' and
+'girl'.  This is corrected with {Fg}{i ^[}.
+
+This example could have been done just as easily with lines as with
+words.
+
+You do not have to delete the text in order to put it into a buffer.  If all
+you wish to do is to copy the text somewhere else, don't use {d}, rather use
+the yank commands {y} or {Y}.  {y} is like {d} and {c} - an operator rather
+than a command.  It, too, takes a buffer specification and a range
+specification.  Therefore, instead of {dw}{P} to load the unnamed buffer with a
+word without deleting the word, use {yw} (yank a word).
+
+{Y} is designed yank lines, and not arbitrary ranges.  That is, {Y} is
+equivalent to {yy} (remember that operators doubled means the current line),
+and {3Y} is equivalent to {3yy}.
+
+If the text you yank or modify forms a part of a line, or is an object such as
+a sentence which partially spans more than one line, then when you put the text
+back, it will be placed after the cursor (or before if you use {P}).  If the
+yanked text forms whole lines, they will be put back as whole lines, without
+changing the current line.  In this case, the put acts much like the {o} or {O}
+command.
+
+The named buffers "a through "z are not affected by changing edit files.
+However, the unnamed buffer is lost when you change files, so to move text from
+one file to another you should use a named buffer.
+
+Section 33: recovering lost lines
+
+Vi also keeps track of the last nine deletes, whether you ask for it or not.
+This is very convenient if you would like to recover some text that was
+accidentally deleted or modified.  Position the cursor on line 18 following,
+and {z^M}.
+
+
+Line 18: line 1
+Line 19: line 2
+Line 20: line 3
+Line 21: line 4
+Line 22: line 5
+Line 23: line 6
+Line 24: line 7
+Line 25: line 8
+Line 26: line 9
+Type {dd} nine times: now don't cheat with {9dd}!  That is totally different.
+
+The command {"1p} will retrieve the last delete.  Furthermore, when the
+numbered buffers are used, the repeat-command command {.} will increment the
+buffer numbers before executing, so that subsequent {.} will recover all nine
+of the deleted lines, albeit in reverse order.  If you would like to review the
+last nine deletes without affecting the buffers or your file, do an undo {u}
+after each put {p} and {.}:
+
+{"1p}{u}{.}{u}{.}{u}{.}{u}{.}{u}{.}{u}{.}{u}{.}{u}{.}
+
+will show you all the buffers and leave them and your file intact.
+
+If you had cheated above and deleted the nine lines with {9dd}, all nine lines
+would have been stored in both the unnamed buffer and in buffer number 1. 
+(Obviously, buffer number 1 IS the unnamed buffer and is just the default
+buffer for the modify commands.)
+
+Section 34: advanced file manipulation: {:r} {:e} {:n} {:w} {!} {:!}
+
+We've already looked at writing out the file you are editing with the
+{:w} command.  Now let's look at some other vi commands to make editing
+more efficient.
+
+Section 34.1: more than one file at a time {:n} {:args}
+
+Many times you will want to edit more than one file in an editing session.
+Instead of entering vi and editing the first file, exiting, entering vi and
+editing the second, etc., vi will allow you to specify ALL files that you wish
+to edit on the invocation line.  Therefore, if you wanted to edit file1 and
+file2:
+
+% vi file1 file2
+
+will set up file1 for editing.  When you are done editing file one, write it
+out {:w^M} and then type {:n^M} to get the next file on the list.  On large
+programming projects with many source files, it is often convenient just to
+specify all source files with, say:
+
+% vi *.c
+
+If {:n^M} brings in a file that does not need any editing, another {:n^M}
+will bring in the next file.
+
+If you have made changes to the first file, but decide to discard these changes
+and proceed to the next file, {:n!^M} forces the editor to discard the current
+contents of the editor.
+
+You can specify a new list of files after {:n}; e.g., {:n f1 f2 f3^M}.  This
+will replace the current list of files (if any).
+
+You can see the current list of files being edited with {:args^M}.
+
+Section 34.2: reading files and command output: {:r}
+
+Typing {:r fname^M} will read the contents of file fname into the editor and
+put the contents AFTER the cursor line.
+
+Typing {:r !cmd^M} will read the output of the command cmd and place that
+output after the cursor line.
+
+Section 34.3: invoking vi from within vi: {:e} {:vi}
+
+To edit another file not mentioned on the invocation line, type {:e filename^M}
+or {:vi filename^M}.  If you wish to discard the changes to the current file,
+use the exclamation point after the command, e.g. {:e! filename^M}.
+
+Section 34.4: escaping to a shell: {:sh} {:!} {^Z}
+
+Occasionally, it is useful to interrupt the current editing session to perform
+a UNIX task.  However, there is no need to write the current file out, exit
+the editor, perform the task, and then reinvoke the editor on the same file.
+One thing to do is to spin off another process.  If there are several UNIX
+commands you will need to execute, simply create another shell with {:sh^M}.
+At this point, the editor is put to sleep and will be reawakened when you log
+out of the shell.
+
+If it is a single command that you want to execute, type {:!cmd^M}, where cmd
+is the command that you wish to run.  The output of the command will come to
+the terminal as normal, and will not be made part of your file.  The message
+"[Hit return to continue]" will be displayed by vi after the command is
+finished.  Hitting return will then repaint the screen.  Typing another
+{:!cmd^M} at this point is also acceptable.
+
+However, there is a quicker, easier way: type {^Z}.  Now this is a little
+tricky, but hang in there.  When you logged into UNIX, the first program you
+began communicating with was a program that is called a "shell" (i.e. it 'lays
+over' the operating system protecting you from it, sort of like a considerate
+porcupine).  When you got your first prompt on the terminal (probably a '%'
+character) this was the shell telling you to type your first command.  When
+you typed {vi filename} for some file, the shell did not go away, it just went
+to sleep.  The shell is now the parent of vi.  When you type {^Z} the editor
+goes to sleep, the shell wakes up and says "you rang?" in the form of another
+prompt (probably '%').  At this point you are talking to the shell again and
+you can do anything that you could before including edit another file!  (The
+only thing you can't do is log out: you will get the message "There are
+stopped jobs.")
+
+When your business with the shell is done, type {fg} for 'foreground' and the
+last process which you ^Z'd out of will be reawakened and the shell will go
+back to sleep.  I will refer you to the documentation for the Berkeley shell
+'csh' for more information on this useful capability.
+
+Section 34.5: writing parts of a file: {:w}
+
+The {:w} command will accept a range specifier that will then write only a
+selected range of lines to a file.  To write this section to a file, position
+the cursor on the section line (e.g. {/^Section 34.5:/^M}) and {z^M}.  Now type
+{^G} to find out the line number (it will be something like "line 513").  Now
+{/^Section 34.6:/-1^M} to find the last line of this section, and {^G} to find
+its line number (it will be something like 542).  To write out this section of
+text by itself to a separate file which we will call "sepfile", type
+{:510,542w sepfile^M}.  If sepfile already exists, you will have to use the
+exclamation point: {:1147,1168w! sepfile^M} or write to a different, non-
+existent file.
+
+{:!cat sepfile^M} will display the file just written, and it should be the
+contents of this section.
+
+There is an alternate method of determining the line numbers for the write.
+{:set number^M} will repaint the screen with each line numbered.  When the file
+is written and the numbers no longer needed, {:set nonumber^M} will remove the
+numbers, and {^R} will adjust the screen.
+
+Or, if you remember your earlier lessons about marking lines of text,
+mark the beginning and ending lines.  Suppose we had used {ma} to mark the
+first line of the section and {mb} to mark the last.  Then the command
+{:'a,'bw sepfile^M} will write the section into "sepfile".  In general,
+you can replace a line number with the 'name' of a marked line (a single-quote
+followed by the letter used to mark the line)
+
+
+Section 34.6: filtering portions of text: {!}
+
+{!} is an operator like {c} and {d}.  That is, it consists of a repetition
+count, {!}, and a range specifier.  Once the {!} operator is entered in its
+entirety, a prompt will be given at the bottom of the screen for a UNIX
+command.  The text specified by the {!} operator is then deleted and
+passed/filtered/piped to the UNIX command you type.  The output of the UNIX
+command is then placed in your file.  For example, place the cursor at the
+beginning of the following line and {z^M}:
+
+ls -l vi.tutorial
+********* marks the bottom of the output from the ls command **********
+
+Now type {!!csh^M}.  The line will be replaced with the output from the ls
+command.  The {u} command works on {!}, also.
+
+Here is an extended exercise to display some of these capabilities.  When this
+tutorial was prepared, certain auxiliary programs were created to aid in its
+development.  Of major concern was the formatting of sections of the tutorial
+to fit on a single screen, particularly the first few sections.  What was
+needed was a vi command that would 'format' a paragraph; that is, fill out
+lines with as many words as would fit in eighty columns.  There is no such vi
+command.  Therefore, another method had to be found.
+
+Of course, nroff was designed to do text formatting.  However, it produces a
+'page'; meaning that there may be many blank lines at the end of a formatted
+paragraph from nroff.  The awk program was used to strip these blank lines from
+the output from nroff.  Below are the two files used for this purpose: I refer
+you to documentation on nroff and awk for a full explanation of their function.
+Position the cursor on the next line and {z^M}.
+
+******** contents of file f **********
+#
+nroff -i form.mac | awk "length != 0 { print }"
+***** contents of file form.mac ******
+.na
+.nh
+.ll 79
+.ec 
+.c2 
+.cc 
+**************************************
+
+Determine the line numbers of the two lines of file f.  They should be
+something like 574 and 575, although you better double check: this file is
+under constant revision and the line numbers may change inadvertently.  Then
+{:574,575w f^M}.  Do the same for the lines of file form.mac.  They will be
+approximately 577 and 582.  Then {:577,582w form.mac^M}.  File f must have
+execute privileges as a shell file: {:!chmod 744 f^M}.
+
+Observe that this paragraph is
+rather ratty in appearance.  With our newly created files we can
+clean it up dramatically.  Position the cursor at the beginning
+of this paragraph and type the following sequence of
+characters 
+(note that we must abandon temporarily our convention
+of curly braces since the command itself contains a curly brace - we 
+will use square brackets for the nonce): [!}f^M].
+
+Here is a brief explanation of what has happened.  By typing [!}f^M] we
+specified that the paragraph (all text between the cursor and the first blank
+line) will be removed from the edit file and piped to a UNIX program called
+"f".  This is a shell command file that we have created.  This shell file runs
+nroff, pipes its output to awk to remove blank lines, and the output from awk
+is then read back into our file in the place of the old, ratty paragraph.  The
+file form.mac is a list of commands to nroff to get it to produce paragraphs
+to our taste (the right margin is not justified, the line is 79 characters
+long, words are not hyphenated, and three nroff characters are renamed to
+avoid conflict: note that in this file, the {^G} you see there is vi's display
+of the control-G character, and not the two separate characters ^ up-arrow and
+G upper-case g).
+
+This example was created before the existence of the fmt program.  I now type
+[!}fmt^M] to get the same effect much faster.  Actually, I don't type those
+six keys each time: I have an abbreviation (which see).
+
+Section 35: searching with magic patterns
+
+The documentation available for "magic patterns" (i.e. regular expressions) is
+very scanty.  The following should explain this possibly very confusing feature
+of the editor.  This section assumes that the magic option is on.  To make
+sure, you might want to type {:set magic^M}.
+
+By "magic pattern" we mean a general description of a piece of text that the
+editor attempts to find during a search.  Most search patterns consist of
+strings of characters that must be matched exactly, e.g.  {/card/^M} searches
+for a specific string of four characters.  Let us suppose that you have
+discovered that you consistently have mistyped this simple word as either ccrd
+or czrd (this is not so far-fetched for touch typists).  You could {/ccrd/^M}
+and {n} until there are no more of this spelling, followed by {/czrd/^M} and
+{n} until there are no more of these.  Or you could {/c.rd/^M} and catch all of
+them on the first pass.  Try typing {/c.rd/^M} followed by several {n} and
+observe the effect.
+
+Line 27: card cord curd ceard
+
+When '.' is used in a search string, it has the effect of matching any single
+character.
+
+The character '^' (up-arrow) used at the beginning of a search string means
+the beginning of the line.  {/^Line 27/^M} will find the example line above,
+while {/Line 27/^M} will find an occurrence of this string anywhere in the
+line.
+
+Similarly, {/ the$/^M} will find all occurrences of the word 'the' occurring
+at the end of a line.  There are several of them in this file.
+
+Note that {:set nomagic^M} will turn off the special meaning of these magic
+characters EXCEPT for '^' and '$' which retain their special meanings at the
+beginning and end of a search string.  Within the search string they hold no
+special meaning.  Try {/\/ the$\//^M} and note that the dollar-sign is not the
+last character in the search string.  Let the dollar-sign be the last
+character in the search string, as in {/\/ the$/^M} and observe the result.
+
+Observe the result of {/back.*file/^M}.  This command, followed by sufficient
+{n}, will show you all lines in the file that contain both the words 'back'
+and 'file' on the same line.  The '*' magic character specifies that the
+previous regular expression (the '.' in our example) is to be repeatedly
+matched zero or more times.  In our example we specified that the words 'back'
+and 'file' must appear on the same line (they may be parts of words such as
+'backwards' or 'workfile') separated by any number (including zero) of
+characters.
+
+We could have specified that 'back' and 'file' are to be words by themselves by
+using the magic sequences '\<' or '\>'.  E.g.  {/\<back\>.*\<file\>/^M}.  The
+sequence '\<' specifies that this point of the search string must match the
+beginning of a word, while '\>' specifies a match at the end of a word.  By
+surrounding a string with these characters we have specified that they must be
+words.
+
+To find all words that begin with an 'l' or a 'w', followed by an 'a' or an
+'e', and ending in 'ing', try {/\<[lw][ea][a-z]*ing\>/^M}.  This will match
+words like 'learning', 'warning', and 'leading'.  The '[..]' notation matches
+exactly ONE character.  The character matched will be one of the characters
+enclosed in the square brackets.  The characters may be specified individually
+as in [abcd] or a '-' may be used to specify a range of characters as in [a-d].
+That is, [az] will match the letter 'a' OR the letter 'z', while [a-z] will
+match any of the lower case letters from 'a' through 'z'.  If you would like to
+match either an 'a', a '-', or a 'z', then the '-' must be escaped: [a\-z] will
+match ONE of the three characters 'a', '-', or 'z'.
+
+If you wish to find all Capitalized words, try {/\<[A-Z][a-z]*\>/^M}.  The
+following will find all character sequences that do NOT begin with an
+uncapitalized letter by applying a special meaning to the '^' character in
+square brackets: {/\<[^a-z][a-z]*\>/^M}.  When '^' is the first character of a
+square-bracket expression, it specifies "all but these characters".  (No
+one claimed vi was consistent.)
+
+To find all variable names (the first character is alphabetic, the remaining
+characters are alphanumeric):  try {/\<[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9]*\>/^M}.
+
+In summary, here are the primitives for building regular expressions:
+
+     ^      at beginning of pattern, matches beginning of line
+     $      at end of pattern, matches end of line
+     .      matches any single character
+     \<     matches the beginning of a word
+     \>     matches the end of a word
+     [str]  matches any single character in str
+     [^str] matches any single character NOT in str
+     [x-y]  matches any character in the ASCII range between x and y
+     *      matches any number (including zero) of the preceding pattern
+
+Section 36: advanced substitution: {:s} 
+
+The straightforward colon-substitute command looks like the substitute
+command of most line-oriented editors.  Indeed, vi is nothing more than a
+superstructure on the line-oriented editor ex and the colon commands are
+simply a way of accessing commands within ex (see section #EX).  This gives us
+a lot of global file processing not usually found in visual oriented editors.
+
+The colon-substitute command looks like: {:s/ .. / .. /^M} and will find the
+pattern specified after the first slash (this is called the search pattern),
+and replace it with the pattern specified after the second slash (called,
+obviously enough, the replacement pattern).  E.g. position the cursor on line
+28 below and {:s/esample/example/^M}:
+
+Line 28: This is an esample.
+
+The {u} and {U} commands work for {:s}.  The first pattern (the search pattern)
+may be a regular expression just as for the search command (after all, it IS a
+search, albeit limited to the current line).  Do an {u} on the above line, and
+try the following substitute, which will do almost the same thing: 
+{:s/s[^ ]/x/^M}.  
+Better undo it with {u}.  The first pattern {s[^ ]} matches an 's'
+NOT followed by a blank: the search therefore ignores the 's'es in 'This' and
+'is'.  However, the character matched by {[^ ]} must appear in the replacement
+pattern.  But, in general, we do not know what that character is!  (In this
+particular example we obviously do, but more complicated examples will follow.)
+Therefore, vi (really ex) has a duplication mechanism to copy patterns matched
+in the search string into the replacement string.  Line 29 below is a copy of
+line 28 above so you can adjust your screen.
+
+Line 29: This is an esample.
+
+In general, you can nest parts of the search pattern in \( .. \) and refer to
+it in the replacement pattern as \n, where n is a digit.  The problem outlined
+in the previous paragraph is solved with {:s/s\([^ ]\)/x\1/^M}: try it.  Here
+\1 refers to the first pattern grouping \( .. \) in the search string.
+
+Obviously, for a single line, this is rather tedious.  Where it becomes
+powerful, if not necessary, is in colon-substitutes that cover a range of
+lines.  (See the next section for a particularly comprehensive example.)
+
+If the entire character sequence matched by the search pattern is needed in
+the replacement pattern, then the unescaped character '&' can be used.  On
+Line 29 above, try {:s/an e.ample/not &/^M}.  If another line is to have the
+word 'not' prepended to a pattern, then '~' can save you from re-typing the
+replacement pattern.  E.g. {:s/some pattern/~/^M} after the previous example
+would be equivalent to {:s/some pattern/not &/^M}.
+
+One other useful replacement pattern allows you to change the case of
+individual letters.  The sequences {\u} and {\l} cause the immediately
+following character in the replacement to be converted to upper- or lower-case,
+respectively, if this character is a letter.  The sequences {\U} and {\L} turn
+such conversion on, either until {\E} or {\e} is encountered, or until the end
+of the replacement pattern.
+
+For example, position the cursor on a line: pick a line, any line.  Type
+{:s/.*/\U&/^M} and observe the result.  You can undo it with {u}.
+
+The search pattern may actually match more than once on a single line.
+However, only the first pattern is substituted.  If you would like ALL
+patterns matched on the line to be substituted, append a 'g' after the
+replacement pattern: {:s/123/456/g^M} will substitute EVERY occurrence
+on the line of 123 with 456.
+
+Section 37: advanced line addressing: {:p} {:g} {:v}
+
+Ex (available through the colon command in vi) offers several methods for
+specifying the lines on which a set of commands will act.  For example, if you
+would like to see lines 50 through 100 of your file: {:50,100p^M} will display
+them, wait for you to [Hit return to continue], and leave you on line 100.
+Obviously, it would be easier just to do {100G} from within vi.  But
+what if you would like to make changes to just those lines?  Then the
+addressing is important and powerful.
+
+Line 30: This is a text.
+Line 31: Here is another text.
+Line 32: One more text line.
+
+The lines above contain a typing error that the author of this tutorial tends
+to make every time he attempts to type the word 'test'.  To change all of these
+'text's into 'test's, try the following:
+{:/^Line 30/,/^Line 32/s/text/test/^M}.  This finds the beginning and end of
+the portion of text to be changed, and limits the substitution to each of the
+lines in that range.  The {u} command applies to ALL of the substitutions as 
+a group.
+
+This provides a mechanism for powerful text manipulations.
+And very complicated examples.
+
+Line 33: This test is a.
+Line 34: Here test is another.
+Line 35: One line more test.
+
+The above three lines have the second word out of order.  The following command
+string will put things right.  Be very careful when typing this: it is very
+long, full of special characters, and easy to mess up.  You may want to
+consider reading the following section to understand it before trying the
+experiment.  Don't worry about messing up the rest of the file, though: the
+address range is specified.
+
+{:/^Line 33/,/^Line 35/s/\([^:]*\): \([^ ]*\) \([^ ]*\) \([^.]*\)/\1: \2 \4 \3/^M}
+
+There are several things to note about this command string.  First of all, the
+range of the substitute was limited by the address specification {/^Line
+33/,/^Line 35/^M}.  It might have been simpler to do {:set number^M} to see the
+line numbers directly, and then, in place of the two searches, typed
+the line numbers, e.g. {1396,1398}.  Or to mark the lines with {ma} and {mb}
+and use {'a,'b}.
+
+Then follows the substitute pattern itself.  To make it easier to understand
+what the substitute is doing, the command is duplicated below with the various
+patterns named for easier reference:
+
+     s/\([^:]*\): \([^ ]*\) \([^ ]*\) \([^.]*\)/\1: \2 \4 \3/
+       |--\1---|  |--\2---| |--\3---| |--\4---|
+      |--------search pattern------------------|-replacement|
+                                               |--pattern---|
+
+In overview, the substitute looks for a particular pattern made up of 
+sub-patterns, which are named \1, \2, \3, and \4.  These patterns are specified
+by stating what they are NOT.  Pattern \1 is the sequence of characters that
+are NOT colons: in the search string, {[^:]} will match exactly one character
+that is not a colon, while appending the asterisk {[^:]*} specifies that the
+'not a colon' pattern is to be repeated until no longer satisfied, and
+{\([^:]*\)} then gives the pattern its name, in this case \1.  Outside of the
+specification of \1 comes {: }, specifying that the next two characters must be
+a colon followed by a blank.
+
+Patterns \2 and \3 are similar, specifying character sequences that are
+not blanks.  Pattern \4 matches up to the period at the end of the line.
+
+The replacement pattern then consists of specifying the new order of the
+patterns.
+
+This is a particularly complicated example, perhaps the most complicated
+in this tutorial/reference.  For our small examples, it is obviously
+tedious and error prone.  For large files, however, it may be the most
+efficient way to make the desired modifications.
+
+(The reader is advised to look at the documentation for awk.  This tool is very
+powerful and slightly simpler to use than vi for this kind of file
+manipulation.  But, it is another command language to learn.)
+
+Many times, you will not want to operate on every line in a certain
+range.  Rather you will want to make changes on lines that satisfy
+certain patterns; e.g. for every line that has the string 'NPS' on it,
+change 'NPS' to 'Naval Postgraduate School'.  The {:g} addressing
+command was designed for this purpose.  The example of this paragraph
+could be typed as {:g/NPS/s//Naval Postgraduate School/^M}.
+
+The general format of the command is {:g/(pattern)/cmds^M} and it
+works in the following way: all lines that match the pattern
+following the {:g} are 'tagged' in a special way.  Then each of these
+lines have the commands following the pattern executed over them.
+
+Line 36: ABC rhino george farmer Dick jester lest
+Line 37: george farmer rhino lest jester ABC
+Line 38: rhino lest george Dick farmer ABC jester 
+
+Type:
+
+{:g/^Line.*ABC/s/Dick/Harry Binswanger/|s/george farmer/gentleman george/p^M}
+
+There are several things of note here.  First, lines 36, 37, and 38 above are
+tagged by the {:g}.  Type {:g/^Line.*ABC/p^M} to verify this.  Second, there
+are two substitutes on the same line separated by '|'.  In general, any colon
+commands can be strung together with '|'.  Third, both substitutes operate on
+all three lines, even though the first stubstitute works on only two of the
+lines (36 and 38).  Fourth, the second substitute works on only two lines (36
+and 37) and those are the two lines printed by the trailing 'p'.
+
+The {:v} command works similarly to the {:g} command, except that the sense of
+the test for 'tagging' the lines is reversed: all lines NOT matching the search
+pattern are tagged and operated on by the commands.
+
+Using {^V} to quote carriage return (see section 39) can be used in global
+substitutions to split two lines.  For example, the command 
+{:g/\.  /s//.^V^M/g^M} will change your file so that each sentence is on a 
+separate line.  (Note that we have to 'escape' the '.', because '.' by itself
+matches any character.  Our command says to find any line which contains a 
+period followed by 2 spaces, and inserts a carriage return after the period.)
+
+Caveat:  In some of the documentation for ex and vi you may find the
+comment to the effect that {\^M} can be used between commands following
+{:g}.  The author of this tutorial has never gotten this to work and has
+crashed the editor trying.
+
+Section 38: higher level text objects and nroff: {(} {)} [{] [}] {[[} {]]}
+
+(Note: this section may be a little confusing because of our command
+notation.  Using curly braces to surround command strings works fine as
+long as the command string does not contain any curly braces itself.
+However, the curly braces are legitimate commands in vi.  Therefore, for
+any command sequence that contains curly braces, we will surround that
+sequence with SQUARE braces, as on the previous Section line.)
+
+In working with a document, particularly if using the text formatting
+programs nroff or troff, it is often advantageous to work in terms of
+sentences, paragraphs, and sections.  The operations {(} and {)} move to
+the beginning of the previous and next sentences, respectively.  Thus
+the command {d)} will delete the rest of the current sentence; likewise
+{d(} will delete the previous sentence if you are at the beginning of
+the current sentence, or, if you are not at the beginning of a sentence,
+it will delete the current sentence from the beginning 
+up to where you are.
+
+A sentence is defined to end at a '.', '!', or '?' which is followed
+by either the end of a line, or by two spaces.  Any number of closing
+')', ']', '"', and ''' characters may appear after the '.', '!', or '?'
+before the spaces or end of line.  Therefore, the {(} and {)} commands
+would recognize only one sentence in the following line, but two
+sentences on the second following line.
+
+Line 39: This is one sentence. Even though it looks like two.
+Line 40: This is two sentences.  Because it has two spaces after the '.'.
+
+The operations [{] and [}] move over paragraphs and the operations {[[}
+and {]]} move over sections.
+
+A paragraph begins after each empty line, and also at each of a set of nroff
+paragraph macros.  A section begins after each line with a form-feed ^L in the
+first column, and at each of a set of nroff section macros.  When preparing a
+text file as input to nroff, you will probably be using a set of nroff macros
+to make the formatting specifications easier, or more to your taste.  These
+macros are invoked by beginning a line with a period followed by the one or two
+letter macro name. Vi has been programmed to recognize these nroff macros, and
+if it doesn't recognize your particular macro you can use the {:set paragraphs}
+or {:set sections} commands so that it will.
+
+Section 39: more about inserting text
+
+There are a number of characters which you can use to make correnctions
+during input mode.  These are summarized in the following table.
+
+    ^H      deletes the last input character
+    ^W      deletes the last input word
+    (erase) same as ^H; each terminal can define its own erase character; 
+            for some it is ^H, for others it is the DELETE key, and for
+            others it is '@'.
+    (kill)  deletes the input on this line; each terminal can define its
+            own line-kill character; for some it is ^U, for others it is
+            '@'; you will need to experiment on your terminal to find
+            out what your line-kill and erase characters are.
+    \       escapes a following ^H, (kill), and (erase) characters: i.e.
+            this is how to put these characters in your file.
+    ^[      escape key; ends insertion mode
+    ^?      the delete key; interrupts an insertion, terminating it
+            abnormally.
+    ^M      the return key; starts a new line.
+    ^D      backtabs over the indentation set by the autoindent option
+    0^D     backtabs over all indentation back to the beginning of the line
+    ^^D     (up-arrow followed by control-d)same as 0^D, except the indentation 
+	    will be restored at the beginning of the next line.
+    ^V      quotes the next non-printing character into the file
+
+If you wish to type in your erase or kill character (say # or @ or ^U) then you
+must precede it with a \, just as you would do at the normal system command
+level.  A more general way of typing non-printing characters into the file is
+to precede them with a ^V.  The ^V echoes as a ^ character on which the cursor
+rests.  This indicates that the editor expects you to type a control character
+and it will be inserted into the file at that point.  There are a few
+exceptions to note.  The implementation of the editor does not allow the null
+character ^@ to appear in files.  Also the linefeed character ^J is used by the
+editor to separate lines in the file, so it cannot appear in the middle of a
+line.  (Trying to insert a ^M into a file, or putting it in the replacement 
+part of a substitution string will result in the matched line being split in 
+two.  This, in effect, is how to split lines by using a substitution.)  You can 
+insert any other character, however, if you wait for the editor to echo the ^ 
+before you type the character.  In fact, the editor will treat a following 
+letter as a request for the corresponding control character.  This is the only 
+way to type ^S or ^Q, since the system normally uses them to suspend and resume 
+output and never gives them to the editor to process.
+
+If you are using the autoindent option you can backtab over the indent which it
+supplies by typing a ^D.  This backs up to the boundary specified by the
+shiftwidth option.  This only works immediately after the supplied autoindent.
+
+When you are using the autoindent option you may wish to place a label at the
+left margin of a line.  The way to do this easily is to type ^ (up-arrow) and
+then ^D.  The editor will move the cursor to the left margin for one line, and
+restore the previous indent on the next.  You can also type a 0 followed
+immediately by a ^D if you wish to kill all indentation and not have it resume
+on the next line.
+
+Section 40: more on operators: {d} {c} {<} {>} {!} {=} {y}
+
+Below is a non-exhaustive list of commands that can follow the operators
+to affect the range over which the operators will work.  However, note
+that the operators {<}, {>}, {!}, and {=} do not operate on any object
+less than a line.  Try {!w} and you will get a beep.  To get the
+operator to work on just the current line, double it.  E.g. {<<}.
+
+    suffix        will operate on
+    ------        ------------------------
+      ^[            cancels the command
+      w             the word to the right of the cursor
+      W             ditto, but ignoring punctuation
+      b             the word to the left of the cursor
+      B             ditto, but ignoring punctuation
+      e             see below.
+      E               ditto
+      (space)       a character
+      $             to the end of the line
+      ^             to the beginning of the line
+      / .. /        up to, but not including, the string
+      ? .. ?        back to and including the string
+      fc            up to and including the occurrence of c 
+      Fc            back to and including the occurrence of c
+      tc            up to but not including the occurrence of c
+      Tc            back to but not including the occurrence of c
+      ^M            TWO lines (that's right: two)
+      (number)^M    that many lines plus one
+      (number)G     up to and including line (number)
+      (             the previous sentence if you are at the beginning of
+                    the current sentence, or the current sentence up to where 
+                    you are if you are not at the beginning of the current 
+                    sentence.  Here, 'sentence' refers to the intuitive
+                    notion of an English sentence, ending with '!', '?',
+                    or '.' and followed by an end of line or two spaces.
+      )             the rest of the current sentence
+      {             analogous to '(', but in reference to paragraphs:
+                    sections of text surrounded by blank lines
+      }             analogous to ')', but in reference to paragraphs
+      [[            analogous to '(', but in reference to sections
+      ]]            analogous to ')', but in reference to sections
+      H             the first line on the screen
+      M             the middle line on the screen
+      L             the last line on the screen
+      3L            through the third line from the bottom of the screen
+      ^F            forward a screenful
+      ^B            backward a screenful
+      :
+      :  etc. etc. etc.
+
+This list is not exhaustive, but it should be sufficient to get the idea
+across: after the operator, you can specify a range with a move-the-cursor
+command, and that is the region of text over which the operator will be
+effective.
+
+Section 41: abbreviations: {:ab}
+
+When typing large documents you may find yourself typing a large phrase
+over and over.  Vi gives you the ability to specify an abbreviation for
+a long string such that typing the abbreviation will automatically
+expand into the longer phrase.
+
+Type {:ab nps Naval Postgraduate School^M}.  Now type:
+
+{iThis is to show off the nps's UNIX editor.^M^[}
+
+Section 42: vi's relationship with the ex editor: {:}
+
+Vi is actually one mode of editing within the editor ex.  When you are
+running vi you can escape to the line oriented editor of ex by giving
+the command {Q}.  All of the colon-commands which were introduced above
+are available in ex.  Likewise, most ex commands can be invoked from vi
+using {:}.   
+
+In rare instances, an internal error may occur in vi.  In this case you
+will get a diagnostic and will be left in the command mode of ex.  You can
+then save your work and quit if you wish by giving the command {x} after
+the colon prompt of ex.  Or you can reenter vi (if you are brave) by
+giving ex the command {vi}.
+
+Section 43: vi on hardcopy terminals and dumb terminals: open mode
+
+(The author has not checked the following documentation for accuracy.  It is
+abstracted from the Introduction to Vi Editing document.)
+
+If you are on a hardcopy terminal or a terminal which does not have a cursor
+which can move off the bottom line, you can still use the command set of vi,
+but in a different mode.  When you give the vi command to UNIX, the editor will
+tell you that it is using open mode.  This name comes from the open command in
+ex, which is used to get into the same mode.
+
+The only difference between visual mode (normal vi) and open mode is the way in
+which the text is displayed.
+
+In open mode the editor uses a single line window into the file, and moving
+backward and forward in the file causes new lines to be displayed, always below
+the current line.  Two commands of vi work differently in open: {z} and {^R}.
+The {z} command does not take parameters, but rather draws a window of context
+around the current line and then returns you to the current line.
+
+If you are on a hardcopy terminal, the {^R} command will retype the current
+line.  On such terminals, the editor normally uses two lines to represent the
+current line.  The first line is a copy of the line as you started to edit it,
+and you work on the line below this line.  When you delete characters, the
+editor types a number of \'s to show you the characters which are deleted.  The
+editor also reprints the current line soon after such changes so that you can
+see what the line looks like again.
+
+It is sometimes useful to use this mode on very slow terminals which can
+support vi in the full screen mode.  You can do this by entering ex and using
+an {open} command.
+
+*********************************************************************
+Section 44: options: {:set} {setenv EXINIT}
+
+You will discover options as you need them.  Do not worry about them very much
+on the first pass through this document.  My advice is to glance through them,
+noting the ones that look interesting, ignoring the ones you don't understand,
+and try re-scanning them in a couple of weeks.
+
+If you decide that you have a favorite set of options and would like to change
+the default values for the editor, place a {setenv EXINIT} command in your
+.login file.  When you are given an account under UNIX your directory has
+placed in it a file that is executed each time you log in.  If one of the
+commands in this file sets the environment variable EXINIT to a string of vi
+commands, you can have many things done for you each time you invoke vi.  For
+example, if you decide that you don't like tabstops placed every eight columns
+but prefer every four columns, and that you wish the editor to insert linefeeds
+for you when your typing gets you close to column 72, and you want
+autoindentation, then include the following line in your .login file:
+
+setenv EXINIT='set tabstop=4 wrapmargin=8 autoindent'
+
+or equivalently
+
+setenv EXINIT='se ts=4 wm=8 ai'
+
+Each time you bring up vi, this command will be executed and the options set.
+
+There are forty options in the vi/ex editor that the user can set for his/her
+own convenience.  They are described in more detail in individual sections
+below.  The section line will show the full spelling of the option name, the
+abbreviation, and the default value of the option.  The text itself
+comes from the ex reference manual and is not the epitome of clarity.
+
+Section 44.1: {autoindent}, {ai} default: noai
+
+Can be used to ease the preparation of structured program text.  At the
+beginning of each append, change or insert command or when a new line is opened
+or created by an append, change, insert, or substitute operation within open or
+visual mode, ex looks at the line being appended after, the first line changed
+or the line inserted before and calculates the amount of white space at the
+start of the line.  It then aligns the cursor at the level of indentation so
+determined.
+
+If the user then types lines of text in, they will continue to be justified at
+the displayed indenting level.  If more white space is typed at the beginning
+of a line, the following line will start aligned with the first non-white
+character of the previous line.  To back the cursor up to the preceding tab
+stop one can hit {^D}.  The tab stops going backwards are defined at multiples
+of the shiftwidth option.  You cannot backspace over the indent, except by
+sending an end-of-file with a {^D}.  A line with no characters added to it
+turns into a completely blank line (the white space provided for the autoindent
+is discarded). Also specially processed in this mode are lines beginning with
+an up-arrow `^' and immediately followed by a {^D}.  This causes the input to
+be repositioned at the beginning of the line, but retaining the previous indent
+for the next line.  Similarly, a `0' followed by a {^D} repositions at the
+beginning but without retaining the previous indent.  Autoindent doesn't happen
+in global commands or when the input is not a terminal.
+
+Section 44.2: {autoprint}, {ap} default: ap
+
+Causes the current line to be printed after each delete, copy, join, move,
+substitute, t, undo or shift command.  This has the same effect as supplying a
+trailing `p' to each such command.  Autoprint is suppressed in globals, and
+only applies to the last of many commands on a line.
+
+Section 44.3: {autowrite}, {aw} default: noaw
+
+Causes the contents of the buffer to be written to the current file if you have
+modified it and give a next, rewind, stop, tag, or {!} command, or a control-
+up-arrow {^^} (switch files) or {^]} (tag goto) command in visual.  Note, that
+the edit and ex commands do not autowrite.  In each case, there is an
+equivalent way of switching when autowrite is set to avoid the autowrite
+({edit} for next, rewind!  for rewind, stop!  for stop, tag!  for tag, shell
+for {!}, and {:e #} and a {:ta!} command from within visual).
+
+Section 44.4: {beautify}, {bf} default: nobeautify
+
+Causes all control characters except tab ^I, newline ^M and form-feed ^L to be
+discarded from the input.  A complaint is registered the first time a backspace
+character is discarded.  Beautify does not apply to command input.
+
+Section 44.5: {directory}, {dir} default: dir=/tmp 
+
+Specifies the directory in which ex places its buffer file.  If this directory
+in not writable, then the editor will exit abruptly when it fails to be able to
+create its buffer there.
+
+Section 44.6: {edcompatible} default: noedcompatible
+
+Causes the presence or absence of g and c suffixes on substitute commands to be
+remembered, and to be toggled by repeating the suffices.  The suffix r makes
+the substitution be as in the {~} command, instead of like {&}.
+
+[Author's note: this should not concern users of vi.]
+
+Section 44.7: {errorbells}, {eb} default: noeb
+
+Error messages are preceded by a bell.  However, bell ringing in open and
+visual modes on errors is not suppressed by setting noeb.  If possible the
+editor always places the error message in a standout mode of the terminal (such
+as inverse video) instead of ringing the bell.
+
+Section 44.8: {hardtabs}, {ht} default: ht=8
+
+Gives the boundaries on which terminal hardware tabs are set (or on which the
+system expands tabs).
+
+Section 44.9: {ignorecase}, {ic} default: noic
+
+All upper case characters in the text are mapped to lower case in regular
+expression matching.  In addition, all upper case characters in regular
+expressions are mapped to lower case except in character class specifications
+(that is, character in square brackets).
+
+Section 44.10: {lisp} default: nolisp
+
+Autoindent indents appropriately for lisp code, and the {(}, {)}, [{], [}],
+{[[}, and {]]} commands in open and visual modes are modified in a
+striaghtforward, intuitive fashion to have meaning for lisp.
+
+[Author's note: but don't ask me to define them precisely.]
+
+Section 44.11: {list} default: nolist
+
+All printed lines will be displayed (more) unambiguously, showing tabs as ^I
+and end-of-lines with `$'.  This is the same as in the ex command {list}.
+
+Section 44.12: {magic} default: magic for {ex} and {vi}, nomagic for edit.
+
+If nomagic is set, the number of regular expression metacharacters is greatly
+reduced, with only up-arrow `^' and `$' having special effects.  In addition
+the metacharacters `~' and `&' of the replacement pattern are treated as normal
+characters.  All the normal metacharacters may be made magic when nomagic is
+set by preceding them with a `\'.
+
+[Author's note: In other words, if magic is set a back-slant turns the magic
+off for the following character, and if nomagic is set a back-slant turns the
+magic ON for the following character.  And, no, we are not playing Dungeons and
+Dragons, although I think the writers of these option notes must have played it
+all the time.]
+
+Section 44.13: {mesg} default: mesg
+
+Causes write permission to be turned off to the terminal while you are in
+visual mode, if nomesg is set.
+
+[Author's note: I don't know if anyone could have made any one sentence
+paragraph more confusing than this one.  What it says is: mesg allows people to
+write to you even if you are in visual or open mode; nomesg locks your terminal
+so they can't write to you and mess up your screen.]
+
+Section 44.14: {number, nu} default: nonumber
+
+Causes all output lines to be printed with their line numbers.  In addition
+each input line will be prompted with its line number.
+
+Section 44.15: {open} default: open
+
+If {noopen}, the commands open and visual are not permitted.  This is set for
+edit to prevent confusion resulting from accidental entry to open or visual
+mode.
+
+[Author's note: As you may have guessed by now, there are actually three
+editors available under Berkeley UNIX that are in reality the same
+program, ex, with different options set: ex itself, vi, and edit.]
+
+Section 44.16: {optimize, opt} default: optimize
+
+Throughput of text is expedited by setting the terminal to not do automatic
+carriage returns when printing more than one (logical) line of output, greatly
+speeding output on terminals without addressable cursors when text with leading
+white space is printed.
+
+[Author's note: I still don't know what this option does.]
+
+Section 44.17: {paragraphs, para} default: para=IPLPPPQPP LIbp
+
+Specifies the paragraphs for the [{] and [}] operations in open and visual.
+The pairs of characters in the option's value are the names of the nroff macros
+which start paragraphs.
+
+Section 44.18: {prompt} default: prompt
+
+Command mode input is prompted for with a `:'.
+
+[Author's note: Doesn't seem to have any effect on vi.]
+
+Section 44.19: {readonly}, {ro} default: noro, unless invoked with -R 
+                                         or insufficient privileges on file
+
+This option allows you to guarantee that you won't clobber your file by
+accident.  You can set the option and writes will fail unless you use an `!'
+after the write.  Commands such as {x}, {ZZ}, the autowrite option, and in
+general anything that writes is affected.  This option is turned on if you
+invoke the editor with the -R flag.
+
+Section 44.20: {redraw} default: noredraw
+
+The editor simulates (using great amounts of output), an intelligent terminal
+on a dumb terminal (e.g. during insertions in visual the characters to the
+right of the cursor position are refreshed as each input character is typed).
+Useful only at very high baud rates, and should be used only if the system is
+not heavily loaded: you will notice the performance degradation yourself.
+
+Section 44.21: {remap} default: remap
+
+If on, macros are repeatedly tried until they are unchanged.  For example, if o
+is mapped to O, and O is mapped to I, then if remap is set, o will map to I,
+but if noremap is set, it will map to O .
+
+Section 44.22: {report} default: report=5 for ex and vi, 2 for edit
+
+Specifies a threshold for feedback from commands.  Any command which modifies
+more than the specified number of lines will provide feedback as to the scope
+of its changes.  For commands such as global, open, undo, and visual which have
+potentially more far reaching scope, the net change in the number of lines in
+the buffer is presented at the end of the command, subject to this same
+threshold.  Thus notification is suppressed during a global command on the
+individual commands performed.
+
+Section 44.23: {scroll} default: scroll=1/2 window
+
+Determines the number of logical lines scrolled when a {^D} is received from a
+terminal in command mode, and determines the number of lines printed by a
+command mode z command (double the value of scroll).
+
+[Author's note: Doesn't seem to affect {^D} and {z} in visual (vi) mode.]
+
+Section 44.24: sections {sections} default: sections=SHNHH HU 
+
+Specifies the section macros from nroff for the {[[} and {]]} operations in
+open and visual.  The pairs of characters in the options's value are the names
+of the macros which start paragraphs.
+
+Section 44.25: {shell}, {sh} default: sh=/bin/sh 
+
+Gives the path name of the shell forked for the shell escape command `!', and
+by the shell command.  The default is taken from SHELL in the environment, if
+present.
+
+[Editor's note: I would suggest that you place the following line in
+your .login file:
+setenv SHELL '/bin/csh'
+]
+
+Section 44.26: {shiftwidth}, {sw} default: sw=8 
+
+Used in reverse tabbing with {^D} when using autoindent to append text, and
+used by the shift commands.  Should probably be the same value as the tabstop
+option.
+
+Section 44.27: {showmatch}, {sm} default: nosm 
+
+In open and visual mode, when a `)' or `}' is typed, if the matching `(' or `{'
+is on the screen, move the cursor to it for one second.  Extremely useful with
+complicated nested expressions, or with lisp.
+
+Section 44.28: {slowopen}, {slow} default: terminal dependent
+
+Affects the display algorithm used in visual mode, holding off display updating
+during input of new text to improve throughput when the terminal in use is both
+slow and unintelligent.  See "An Introduction to Display Editing with Vi" for
+more details.
+
+Section 44.29: {tabstop}, {ts} default: ts=8
+
+The editor expands tabs ^I to tabstop boundaries in the display.
+
+Section 44.30: {taglength}, {tl} default: tl=0
+
+Tags are not significant beyond this many characters.
+A value of zero (the default) means that all characters are significant.
+
+Section 44.31: {tags} default: tags=tags /usr/lib/tags
+
+A path of files to be used as tag files for the tag command.  A requested tag
+is searched for in the specified files, sequentially.  By default files called
+tags are searched for in the current directory and in /usr/lib (a master file
+for the entire system).
+
+[Author's note: The author of this tutorial has never used this option, nor
+seen it used.  I'm not even sure I know what they are talking about.]
+
+Section 44.32: {term} default: from environment variable TERM
+
+The terminal type of the output device.
+
+Section 44.33: {terse} default: noterse
+
+Shorter error diagnostics are produced for the experienced user.
+
+Section 44.34: {timeout} default: timeout
+
+Causes macros to time out after one second.  Turn it off and they will
+wait forever.  This is useful if you want multi-character macros, but if
+your terminal sends escape sequences for arrow keys, it will be
+necessary to hit escape twice to get a beep.
+
+[Editor's note: Another paragraph which requires a cryptographer.]
+
+Section 44.35: ttytype
+
+[Editor's note: I have found no documentation for this option at all.]
+
+Section 44.36: {warn} default: warn
+
+Warn if there has been `[No write since last change]' before a `!' command
+escape.
+
+Section 44.37: {window} default: window=speed dependent
+
+The number of lines in a text window in the visual command.  The default is 8
+at slow speeds (600 baud or less), 16 at medium speed (1200 baud), and the full
+screen (minus one line) at higher speeds.
+
+Section 44.38: {wrapscan}, {ws} default: ws
+
+Searches using the regular expressions in addressing will wrap around past the
+end of the file.
+
+Section 44.39: {wrapmargin}, {wm} default: wm=0
+
+Defines a margin for automatic wrapover of text during input in open and visual
+modes.  The numeric value is the number of columns from the right edge of the
+screen around which vi looks for a convenient place to insert a new-line
+character (wm=0 is OFF).  This is very convenient for touch typists.
+Wrapmargin behaves much like fill/nojustify mode does in nroff.
+
+Section 44.40: {writeany}, {wa} default: nowa
+
+Inhibit the checks normally made before write commands, allowing a write to any
+file which the system protection mechanism will allow.
+
+Section 44.41: {w300}, {w1200}, {w9600} defaults: w300=8
+                                                 w1200=16
+                                                 w9600=full screen minus one
+
+These are not true options but set the default size of the window for when the
+speed is slow (300), medium (1200), or high (9600), respectively.  They are
+suitable for an EXINIT and make it easy to change the 8/16/full screen rule.
+
+Section 45: Limitations
+
+Here are some editor limits that the user is likely to encounter:
+       1024   characters per line
+       256    characters per global command list
+       128    characters per file name
+       128    characters in the previous inserted and deleted text in open or 
+              visual
+       100    characters in a shell escape command
+       63     characters in a string valued option
+       30     characters in a tag name
+       250000 lines in the file (this is silently enforced).
+
+The visual implementation limits the number of macros defined with map to 32,
+and the total number of characters in macros to be less than 512.
+
+[Editor's note: these limits may not apply to versions after 4.1BSD.]
diff --git a/usr.bin/vi/docs/tutorial/vi.beginner b/usr.bin/vi/docs/tutorial/vi.beginner
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3bf35ac939f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/usr.bin/vi/docs/tutorial/vi.beginner
@@ -0,0 +1,741 @@
+Section 1: {^F} {ZZ}
+
+To get out of this tutorial, type: ZZ (two capital Z's).
+
+Learning a new computer system implies learning a new text editor.  These
+tutorial lessons were created by Dain Samples to help you come to grips with
+UC Berkeley's screen oriented editor called vi (for VIsual). This tutorial
+uses the vi editor itself as the means of presentation. 
+
+For best use of this tutorial, read all of a screen before performing any of
+the indicated actions.  This tutorial (or, at least, the first half of it) has
+been designed to systematically present the vi commands IF THE INSTRUCTIONS
+ARE FOLLOWED!  If you are too adventuresome, you may find yourself lost.  If
+you ever find yourself stuck, remember the first line of this section.
+
+OK, now find the control key on your keyboard; it usually has CTL or CTRL
+written on its upper surface.  Your first assignment is to hold the control
+key down while you press the 'F' key on your keyboard.  Please do so now.
+
+
+
+Section 2: {^F} {^B}
+Many of vi's commands use the control key and some other key in combination,
+as with the control and the 'F' key above.  This is abbreviated CTL-F, or ^F.
+
+As you have probably guessed by now, ^F (CTL-F) moves you forward a fixed
+number of lines in the file.  Throughout the remainder of the tutorial when
+you are ready to advance to the next section of text, hit ^F.
+
+The opposite command is ^B.  Just for fun, you might want to try a ^B to see
+the previous section again.  Be sure to do a ^F to return you here.
+
+Determine what the cursor looks like on your screen.  Whatever it is (a box,
+an underscore, blinking, flashing, inverse, etc.) it should now be positioned
+in the upper left-hand corner of your screen under or on the S of Section.
+Become familiar with your cursor: to use vi correctly it is important to
+always know where the cursor is.
+
+Did you notice that when you do a ^F the cursor is left at the top of the
+screen, and a ^B leaves the cursor near the bottom of the screen?  Try the two
+commands ^B^F again.  And now do another ^F to see the next section.
+
+Section 3: {^F} {^B}
+You now have two basic commands for examining a file, both forwards (^F) and
+backwards (^B).
+
+Note that these are vi text editing commands: they are not commands for the
+tutorial.  Indeed, this tutorial is nothing but a text file which you are now
+editing.  Everything you do and learn in this tutorial will be applicable to
+editing text files.
+
+Therefore, when you are editing a file and are ready to see more of the text,
+entering ^F will get you to the next section of the file.  Entering ^B will
+show you the previous section.
+
+Time for you to do another ^F.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Section 4: {^F} {^B} {^M} (return key)
+We will adopt the notation of putting commands in curly braces so we can write
+them unambiguously.  For example, if you are to type the command sequence
+"control B control F" (as we asked you to do above) it would appear as {^B^F}.
+This allows clear delineation of the command strings from the text. Remember
+that the curly braces are NOT part of the command string you are to type. Do
+NOT type the curly braces.  
+
+Sometimes, the command string in the curly braces will be rather long, and may
+be such that the first couple of characters of the command will erase from
+the screen the string you are trying to read and type.  It is suggested that
+you write down the longer commands BEFORE you type them so you won't forget
+them once they disappear.
+
+Now locate the return key on your keyboard: it is usually marked 'RETURN',
+indicate hitting the return key.  In fact, the control-M key sequence is
+exactly the same as if you hit the return key, and vice versa.
+
+Now type {^F}.
+
+
+Section 5: {:q!} {ZZ} {^M} (return key)
+Recognize that this tutorial is nothing more than a text file that you
+are editing.  This means that if you do something wrong, it is possible
+for you to destroy the information in this file.  Don't worry.  If this
+happens, type {ZZ} (two capital Z's) or {:q!^M} to leave the tutorial.
+Restart the tutorial.  Once in the tutorial, you can then page forward
+with {^F} until you are back to where you want to be.  (There are
+easier ways to do this, some of which will be discussed later, but this
+is the most straightforward.)
+
+You may want to write these commands down in a convenient place for quick
+reference: {:q!^M} and {ZZ}
+
+We will assume that you now know to do a {^F} to advance the file
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Section 6: {m} {G} {'} {z}
+Now that you know how to get around in the file via ^F and ^B let's look at
+other ways of examining a text file.  Sometimes it is necessary, in the midst
+of editing a file, to examine another part of the file.  You are then faced
+with the problem of remembering your place in the file, looking at the other
+text, and then getting back to your original location.  Vi has a 'mark'
+command, m. Type {mp}.  You have just 'marked' your current location in the
+file and given it the name 'p'.  The command string below will do three
+things: position you at the beginning of the file (line 1), then return you to
+the location 'p' that you just marked with the 'm' command, and, since the
+screen will not look exactly the same as it does right now, the 'z' command
+will reposition the screen. (You may want to write the string down before
+typing it: once you type {1G} it will no longer be on the screen.)
+
+So now type {1G'pz^M} - a one followed by a capital G, followed by the quote
+mark, followed by a lower case 'p', then a lower case 'z', then a return
+(which is the same as a ^M).  The {1G} moves you to line 1, i.e. the beginning
+of the file.  The {'p} moves you to the location you marked with {mp}.  The
+{z^M} command will repaint the screen putting the cursor at the top of the
+screen. (Now {^F}.)
+
+Section 7: {m} {G} {'} {z}
+Let's look at some variations on those commands.  If you wanted to look at
+line 22 in the file and return to this location you could type {mp22G'p}.  Do
+so now, observing that {22G} puts your cursor at the beginning of section 2 in
+the middle of the screen.
+
+Also note that, without the {z^M} command, the line with 'Section 7' on it is
+now in the MIDDLE of the screen, and not at the top.  Our cursor is on the
+correct line (where we did the {mp} command) but the line is not where we
+might like it to be on the screen.  That is the function of the {z^M} command.
+(Remember, ^M is the same as the 'return' key on your keyboard.)  Type {z^M}
+now and observe the effect.
+
+As you can see, the 'Section 7' line is now at the top of the screen with the
+cursor happily under the capital S.  If you would like the cursor line (i.e.
+the line which the cursor is on) in the middle of the screen again, you would
+type {z.}.  If you wanted the cursor line to be at the BOTTOM of the screen,
+type {z-}.  Try typing {z-z.z^M} and watch what happens.
+
+{^F}
+
+Section 8: {z} {m} {'}
+
+Note that the z command does not change the position of our cursor in the file
+itself, it simply moves the cursor around on the screen by moving the contents
+of the file around on the screen.  The cursor stays on the same line of the
+file when using the z command.
+
+This brings up an important point.  There are two questions that the users of
+vi continually need to know the answer to: "Where am I in the file?" and
+"Where am I on the screen?"  The cursor on your terminal shows the answer to
+both questions.  Some commands will move you around in the file, usually
+changing the location of the cursor on the screen as well.  Other commands
+move the cursor around on the screen without changing your location in the
+file.
+
+Now type {ma}.  Your location in the file has been given the name 'a'. If you
+type {'p'a} you will see the previous location we marked in section 7, and
+then will be returned to the current location.  (You will want to do a {z^M}
+to repaint the screen afterwards.)  Try it.  
+{^F}
+
+Section 9: {m} {''}
+Now we can move about in our file pretty freely.  By using the {m} command we
+can give the current cursor position a lower-case-character name, like 'p',
+'a', 'e', 'm', or 'b'.  Using the {G} command preceded by a line number we can
+look at any line in the file we like.  Using the single quote command {'}
+followed by a character used in an {m} command, we can return to any location
+in the file we have marked.
+
+However, try {m3}, or {mM}.  You should hear a beep, or bell.  Only lower-case
+letters are acceptable to the {m} and {'} commands: numbers, upper-case
+letters, and special characters are not acceptable.
+
+If you type the {'} command with a character that is lower-case alphabetic but
+that has not been used in an {m} command, or for which the 'marked' text has
+been deleted, you will also get a beep.  Try {'i}.  You should get a beep
+because the command {mi} has never been issued.  (Unless you've been
+experimenting.)
+
+The command {''} attempts to return you to the location at which you last
+modified some part of your file.  However, my experience has been that it is
+difficult to predict exactly where you will end up.  
+Section 10: {^M} {-}
+Now do {ma}, marking your position at the top of the screen.  Now hit {^M} (or
+return) until the cursor is right ... 
+* <- here, over/under the asterisk.  Now
+type {mb'a'b} and watch the cursor move from the asterisk to the top of the
+screen and back again.
+
+The {^M} command moves the cursor to the beginning of the next line.  Now type
+{^M} until the cursor is right ...
+* <- here.  The command to move the cursor to the beginning of the
+previous line is {-}.  Practice moving the cursor around on the screen by using
+{^M} and {-}.  BE CAREFUL to not move the cursor OFF the screen just yet.  If
+you do, type {'az^M}.
+
+Now we can move to any line within the screen.  Practice moving around in the
+file using the {^F}, {^B}, {-}, {^M}, {z}, and {'} commands.  When you are
+fairly confident that you can get to where you need to be in the file, and
+position the cursor on the screen where you want it type {'az^M^F} (which, of
+course, moves you back to the beginning of this section, repositions the
+cursor at the top of the screen, and advances you to the next section).
+
+Section 11: scrolling: {^M}
+The cursor should now be on the S of 'Section 11', and this should be on the
+first line of the screen.  If it is not, do {^M} or {-} as appropriate to put
+the cursor on the section line, and type {z^M}.
+
+Type {mc} to mark your place.
+
+Now type {^M} until the cursor is on the last line of this screen.  Now do one
+more {^M} and observe the result.  This is called scrolling.  When you
+attempted to move to a line not displayed on the screen, the line at the top of
+the screen was 'scrolled off', and a line at the bottom of the screen was
+'scrolled on'.  The top line with 'Section 11' should no longer be visible.
+
+Now type {'cz^M} to reset the screen and type {^F} for the next section.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Section 12: {-} {z}
+
+The {-} command moves the cursor to the previous line in the file.  Now type
+{-}, which attempts to move the cursor to the previous line in this file.
+However, that line is not on the screen.  The resulting action will depend on
+your terminal.  (Do a {^Mz^M} to reposition the file).  On intelligent
+terminals (e.g. VT100s, Z19s, Concept 100s), a top line is 'scrolled on' and
+the bottom line is 'scrolled off'.  Other terminals, however, may not have
+this 'reverse scrolling' feature.  They will simply repaint the screen with
+the cursor line in the middle of the screen.  On such terminals it is
+necessary to type {z^M} to get the cursor line back to the top of the screen.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Section 13:
+Up until this point, the tutorial has always tried to make sure that the first
+line of each screen has on it the section number and a list of the commands
+covered in that section.  This will no longer be strictly maintained.  If you
+want the section line at the top of the screen, you now know enough commands to
+do it easily: do {^M} or {-} until the cursor is on the section line and
+then {z^M}.  Also, from this point on, it may not be the case that a {^F} will
+put you at the beginning of the next section.  Therefore, be aware of where you
+are in the file as we look at other commands.  You may have to find your way
+back to a particular section without any help from the tutorial.  If you do not
+feel comfortable with this, then it is suggested that you practice moving from
+section 1 to section 13, back and forth, using {^M}, {-}, {^F}, and {^B}
+commands for a while.
+
+Also make liberal use of the mark command {m}: if, for example, you make a
+habit of using {mz} to mark your current location in the file, then you will
+always be able to return to that location with {'z} if the editor does
+something strange and you have no idea where you are or what happened.
+
+And finally, the proscription against experimentation is hereby lifted: play
+with the editor.  Feel free to try out variations on the commands and move
+around in the file.  By this time you should be able to recover from any gross
+errors.
+
+Section 14: {^E} {^Y} {^D} {^U}
+Let us now look at a few other commands for moving around in the file, and
+moving the file around on the screen.  Note that the commands we have already
+looked at are sufficient: you really don't need any more commands for looking
+in a file.  The following commands are not absolutely necessary.  However,
+they can make editing more convenient, and you should take note of their
+existence.  But it would be perfectly valid to decide to ignore them on this
+first pass: you can learn them later when you see a need for them, if you ever
+do.
+
+First, let's clear up some potentially confusing language.  In at least one
+place in the official document ('An Introduction to Display Editing with Vi'
+by William Joy, and Mark Horton, September 1980), the expression "to scroll
+down text" means that the cursor is moved down in your file.  However, note
+that this may result in the text on the screen moving UP.  This use of the
+word 'scroll' refers to the action of the cursor within the file.  However,
+another legitimate use of the word refers to the action of the text on the
+screen.  That is, if the lines on your screen move up toward the top of the
+screen, this would be 'scrolling the screen up'.  If the lines move down
+toward the bottom of the screen, this would be refered to as scrolling down.
+
+I have tried to maintain the following jargon: 'scrolling' refers to what the
+text does on the screen, not to what the cursor does within the file.  For the
+latter I will refer to the cursor 'moving', or to 'moving the cursor'.  I
+realize that this is not necessarily consistent with Joy and Horton, but they
+were wrong.
+
+{^E} scrolls the whole screen up one line, keeping the cursor on the same line,
+if possible.  However, if the cursor line is the first line on the screen, then
+the cursor is moved to the next line in the file.  Try typing {^E}.
+
+{^Y} scrolls the screen down one line, keeping the cursor on the same line, if
+possible.  However, if the cursor line is the last line on the screen, then the
+cursor is moved to the previous line in the file.  Try it.
+
+{^D} moves the cursor down into the file, scrolling the screen up.
+
+{^U} moves the cursor up into the file, also scrolling the screen if the
+terminal you are on has the reverse scroll capability.  Otherwise the
+screen is repainted.
+
+Note that {^E} and {^Y} move the cursor on the screen while trying to keep the
+cursor at the same place in the file (if possible: however, the cursor can
+never move off screen), while {^D} and {^U} keep the cursor at the same place
+on the screen while moving the cursor within the file.
+
+Section 15: {/ .. /^M}
+
+Another way to position yourself in the file is by giving the editor a string
+to search for.  Type the following: {/Here 1/^M} and the cursor should end up
+right ...........................here ^.  Now type {/Section 15:/^M} and the
+cursor will end up over/on .....................here ^.  Now type {//^M} and
+observe that the cursor is now over the capital S five lines above this line.
+Typing {//^M} several more times will bounce the cursor back and forth between
+the two occurrences of the string.  In other words, when you type a string
+between the two slashes, it is searched for.  Typing the slashes with nothing
+between them acts as if you had typed the previous string again.
+
+Observe that the string you type between the two slashes is entered on the
+bottom line of the screen.  Now type {/Search for x /^M} except replace the 'x'
+in the string with some other character, say 'b'.  The message "Pattern not
+found" should appear on the bottom of the screen.  If you hadn't replaced the
+'x', then you would have found the string.  Try it.
+
+Section 16: {? .. ?^M} {n} (search strings: ^ $)
+
+When you surround the sought-for string with slashes as in {/Search/}, the
+file is searched beginning from your current position in the file.  If the
+string is not found by the end of the file, searching is restarted at the
+beginning of the file.  However, if you do want the search to find the
+PREVIOUS rather than the NEXT occurrence of the string, surround the string
+with question marks instead of slash marks.
+
+Below are several occurrences of the same string.  
+Here 2            Here 2 Here 2
+ Here 2             Here 2.
+Observe the effect of the following search commands (try them in the
+sequence shown):
+{/Here 2/^M}  {//^M}  {??^M}
+{/^Here 2/^M}  {//^M}  {??^M}
+{/Here 2$/^M}  {//^M}  {??^M}
+
+The first command looks for the next occurrence of the string 'Here 2'.
+However the second line of commands looks for an occurrence of 'Here 2' that
+is at the beginning of the line.  When the up-arrow is the first character of
+a search string it stands for the beginning of the line.  When the dollar-sign
+is the last character of the search string it stands for the end of the line.
+Therefore, the third line of commands searches for the string only when it is
+at the end of the line.  Since there is only one place the string begins a
+line, and only one place the string ends the line, subsequent {//^M} and
+{??^M} will find those same strings over and over.
+
+The {n} command will find the next occurrence of the / or ? search
+string.  Try {/Here 2/^M} followed by several {n} and observe the
+effect.  Then try {??^M} followed by several {n}.  The {n} command
+remembers the direction of the last search.  It is just a way to save a
+few keystrokes.
+
+Section 17: \ and magic-characters in search strings
+
+Now type {/Here 3$/^M}.  You might expect the cursor to end up
+right......^ here.  However, you will get "Pattern not found" at the bottom of
+the screen.  Remember that the dollar-sign stands for the end of the line.
+Somehow, you must tell vi that you do not want the end of the line, but a
+dollar-sign.  In other words, you must take away the special meaning that the
+dollar-sign has for the search mechanism.  You do this (for any special
+character, including the up-arrow ^) by putting a back-slash ('\', not '/') in
+front of the character.
+
+Now try {/Here 3\$/^M} and you should end up nine lines above this one.  Try
+{//^M} and note that it returns you to the same place, and not to the first
+line of this paragraph: the back-slash character is not part of the search
+string and will not be found.  To find the string in the first line of this
+paragraph, type {/Here 3\\\$/^M}.  There are three back-slashes: the first takes
+away the special meaning from the second, and the third takes away the special
+meaning from the dollar-sign.
+
+Following is a list of the characters that have special meanings in search
+strings.  If you wish to find a string containing one of these characters, you
+will have to be precede the character with a backslash.  These characters are
+called magic characters because of the fun and games you can have with them
+and they can have with you, if you aren't aware of what they do.  
+
+  ^ - (up-arrow)       beginning of a line
+  $ - (dollar-sign)    end of a line
+  . - (period)         matches any character
+  \ - (backslant)      the escape character itself
+  [ - (square bracket) for finding patterns (see section #SEARCH)
+  ] - (square bracket) ditto
+  * - (asterisk)       ditto
+
+Without trying to explain it here, note that {:set nomagic^M} turns off the
+special meanings of all but the ^ up-arrow, $ dollar-sign, and backslash
+characters.
+
+Section 18: {: (colon commands)} {ZZ}
+
+In this section we will discuss getting into and out of the editor in more
+detail.  If you are editing a file and wish to save the results the command
+sequence {:w^M} writes the current contents of the file out to disk, using the
+file name you used when you invoked the editor.  That is, if you are at the
+command level in Unix, and you invoke vi with {vi foo} where foo is the name
+of the file you wish to edit, then foo is the name of the file used by the
+{:w^M} command.
+
+If you are done, the write and quit commands can be combined into a single
+command {:wq^M}.  An even simpler way is the command {ZZ} (two capital Z's).
+
+If, for some reason, you wish to exit without saving any changes you have made,
+{:q!^M} does the trick.  If you have not made any changes, the exclamation
+point is not necessary: {:q^M}.  Vi is pretty good about not letting you
+get out without warning you that you haven't saved your file.
+
+We have mentioned before that you are currently in the vi editor, editing a
+file.  If you wish to start the tutorial over from the very beginning, you
+could {ZZ}, and then type {vi.tut beginner} in response to the Unix prompt.
+This will create a fresh copy of this file for you, which might be necessary 
+if you accidentally destroyed the copy you were working with.  Just do a 
+search for the last section you were in: e.g.  {/Section 18:/^Mz^M}.
+
+Section 19: {H} {M} {L}
+
+Here are a few more commands that will move you around on the screen.  Again,
+they are not absolutely necessary, but they can make screen positioning easier:
+
+{H} - puts the cursor at the top of the screen (the 'home' position)
+
+{M} - puts the cursor in the middle of the screen
+
+{L} - puts the cursor at the bottom of the screen.
+
+Try typing {HML} and watch the cursor.
+
+Try typing {5HM5L} and note that 5H puts you five lines from the top of the
+screen, and 5L puts you five lines from the bottom of the screen.
+
+Section 20: {w} {b} {0} {W} {B} {e} {E} {'} {`}
+
+Up to this point we have concentrated on positioning in the file, and
+positioning on the screen.  Now let's look at positioning in a line.  Put the
+cursor at the beginning of the following line and type {z^M}:
+
+This is a test line: your cursor should initially be at its beginning.
+
+The test line should now be at the top of your screen. Type {w} several times.
+Note that it moves you forward to the beginning of the next word.  Now type
+{b} (back to the beginning of the word) several times till you are at the
+beginning of the line.  (If you accidentally type too many {b}, type {w} until
+you are on the beginning of the line again.) Type {wwwww} (five w's) and note
+that the cursor is now on the colon in the sentence.  The lower-case w command
+moves you forward one word, paying attention to certain characters such as
+colon and period as delimiters and counting them as words themselves.  Now
+type {0} (zero, not o 'oh'): this moves you to the beginning of the current
+line.  Now type {5w} and notice that this has the effect of repeating {w} five
+times and that you are now back on the colon.  Type {0} (zero) again.  To
+ignore the delimiters and to move to the beginning of the next word using only
+blanks, tabs and carriage-returns (these are called white-space characters) to
+delimit the words, use the {W} command: upper-case W.  {B} takes you back a
+word using white-space characters as word delimiters.
+
+Note that the commands {wbWB} do not stop at the beginning or end of a line:
+they will continue to the next word on the next line in the direction specified
+(a blank line counts as a word).
+
+If you are interested in the END of the word, and not the BEGINNING, then use
+the {e} and {E} commands.  These commands only move forward and there are no
+corresponding 'reverse search' commands for the end of a word.
+
+Also, we have been using the {'} command to move the cursor to a position that
+we have previously marked with the {m} command.  However, position the cursor
+in the middle of a line (any line, just pick one) and type {mk}, marking that
+position with the letter k.  Now type a few returns {^M} and type {'k}.
+Observe that the cursor is now at the beginning of the line that you marked.
+Now try {`k}: note that this is the reverse apostrophe, or back-quote, or grave
+accent, or whatever you want to call it.  Also note that it moves you to the
+character that was marked, not just to the line that was marked.
+
+In addition, the {``} command works just like the {''} command except that you
+are taken to the exact character, not just to the line.  (I'm still not
+sure which exact character, just as I'm still not sure which line.)
+
+Section 21: {l} {k} {j} {h}
+
+There are several commands to move around on the screen on a character by
+character basis:
+
+l - moves the cursor one character to the RIGHT
+k - moves the cursor UP one line
+j - moves the cursor DOWN one line
+h - moves the cursor one character to the LEFT
+
+Section 22: {i} {a} {I} {A} {o} {O} ^[ (escape key)
+
+For this and following sections you will need to use the ESCAPE key on your
+terminal.  It is usually marked ESC.  Since the escape key is the same as
+typing {^[} we will use ^[ for the escape key.
+
+Probably the most often used command in an editor is the insert command.  Below
+are two lines of text, the first correct, the second incorrect.  Position your
+cursor at the beginning of Line 1 and type {z^M}.
+
+Line 1: This is an example of the insert command.
+Line 2: This is an of the insert command.
+
+To make line 2 look like line 1, we are going to insert the characters
+'example ' before the word 'of'.  So, now move the cursor so that it is
+positioned on the 'o' of 'of'.  (You can do this by typing {^M} to move
+to the beginning of line 2, followed by {6w} or {wwwwww} to position the cursor
+on the word 'of'.)
+
+Now carefully type the following string and observe the effects:
+  {iexample ^[}  (remember: ^[ is the escape key)}
+The {i} begins the insert mode, and 'example ' is inserted into the line: 
+be sure to notice the blank in 'example '.  The ^[ ends insertion mode, 
+and the line is updated to include the new string.  Line 1 should look exactly 
+like Line 2.
+
+Move the cursor to the beginning of Line 3 below and type {z^M}:
+
+Line 3: These lines are examples for the 'a' command.
+Line 4: These line are examples for the '
+
+We will change line four to look like line three by using the append command.
+We need to append an 's' to the word 'line'.  Position the cursor on the 'e'
+of 'line'.  You can do this in several ways, one way is the following:
+First, type {/line /^M}.  This puts us on the word 'line' in Line 4
+(the blank in the search string is important!).  Next, type {e}.  The 'e' puts
+us at the end of the word.  Now, type {as^[  (^[ is the escape character)}.  
+The 'a' puts us in insert mode, AFTER the current character.  We appended the 
+'s', and the escape ^[ ended the insert mode.
+
+The difference between {i} (insert) and {a} (append) is that {i} begins
+inserting text BEFORE the cursor, and {a} begins inserting AFTER the cursor.
+
+Now type {Aa' command.^[}.  The cursor is moved to the end of the line and the
+string following {A} is inserted into the text.  Line 4 should now look like
+line 3.
+
+Just as {A} moves you to the end of the line to begin inserting, {I} would
+begin inserting at the FRONT of the line.
+
+To begin the insertion of a line after the cursor line, type {o}.  To insert a
+line before the cursor line, type {O}.  In other words {o123^[} is equivalent
+to {A^M123^[}, and {O123^[} is equivalent to {I123^M^[}.  The text after the
+{o} or {O} is ended with an escape ^[.
+
+This paragraph contains information that is terminal dependent: you will just
+have to experiment to discover what your terminal does.  Once in the insert
+mode, if you make a mistake in the typing, ^H will delete the previous
+character up to the beginning of the current insertion.  ^W will delete the
+previous word, and one of ^U, @, or ^X will delete the current line (up to the
+beginning of the current insertion).  You will need to experiment with ^U, @,
+and ^X to determine which works for your terminal.
+
+Section 23: {f} {x} {X} {w} {l} {r} {R} {s} {S} {J}
+
+Position the cursor at the beginning of line 5 and {z^M}:
+
+Line 5: The line as it should be.
+Line 6: The line as it shouldn't be.
+
+To make Line 6 like Line 5, we have to delete the 'n', the apostrophe, and the
+'t'.  There are several ways to position ourselves at the 'n'.  Choose
+whichever one suits your fancy:
+
+{/n't/^M}
+{^M7w6l}  or  {^M7w6 } (note the space)
+{^M3fn}  (finds the 3rd 'n' on the line)
+
+Now {xxx} will delete the three characters, as will {3x}.
+
+Note that {X} deletes the character just BEFORE the cursor, as opposed
+to the character AT the cursor.
+
+Position the cursor at line 7 and {z^M}:
+
+Line 7: The line as it would be.
+Line 8: The line as it could be.
+
+To change line 8 into line 7 we need to change the 'c' in 'could' into a 'w'.
+The 'r' (replace) command was designed for this.  Typing {rc} is the same as
+typing {xic^[} (i.e.  delete the 'bad' character and insert the correct
+new character).  Therefore, assuming that you have positioned the cursor on the
+'c' of 'could', the easiest way to change 'could' into 'would' is {rw}.
+
+If you would like to now change the 'would' into 'should', use the substitute
+command, 's': {ssh^[}.  The difference between 'r' and 's' is that 'r'
+(replace) replaces the current character with another character, while 's'
+(substitute) substitutes the current character with a string, ended with an
+escape.
+
+The capital letter version of replace {R} replaces each character by a
+character one at a time until you type an escape, ^[.  The 'S' command
+substitutes the whole line.
+
+Position your cursor at the beginning of line 9 and {z^M}.
+
+Line  9: Love is a many splendored thing.
+Line 10: Love is a most splendored thing.
+
+To change line 10 into line 9, position the cursor at the beginning of 'most',
+and type {Rmany^[}.
+
+You may have noticed that, when inserting text, a new line is formed by typing
+{^M}.  When changing, replacing, or substituting text you can make a new line
+by typing {^M}.  However, neither {x} nor {X} will remove ^M to make two lines 
+into one line.  To do this, position the cursor on the first of the two lines 
+you wish to make into a single line and type {J} (uppercase J for 'Join').
+
+Section 24: {u} {U}
+
+Finally, before we review, let's look at the undo command.  Position
+your cursor on line 11 below and {z^M}.
+
+Line 11: The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy hound dog.
+Line 12: the qwick black dog dumped over the laxy poune fox.
+
+Type the following set of commands, and observe carefully the effect of each 
+of the commands:
+
+{/^Line 12:/^M} {ft} {rT} {fw} {ru} {w} {Rbrown fox^[} {w} {rj} 
+{fx} {rz} {w} {Rhound dog^[}
+
+Line 12 now matches line 11.  Now type {U} - capital 'U'.  And line 12 now
+looks like it did before you typed in the command strings.  Now type:
+
+{ft} {rT} {fw} {ru} {^M} {^M}
+
+and then type {u}:  the cursor jumps back to the line containing the second
+change you made and 'undoes' it.  That is, {U} 'undoes' all the changes on the
+line, and {u} 'undoes' only the last change.  Type {u} several times and
+observe what happens: {u} can undo a previous {u}!
+
+Caveat: {U} only works as long as the cursor is still on the line.  Move the
+cursor off the line and {U} will have no effect, except to possibly beep at
+you.  However, {u} will undo the last change, no matter where it occurred.
+
+Section 25: review
+
+At this point, you have all the commands you need in order to make use of vi.
+The remainder of this tutorial will discuss variations on these commands as
+well as introduce new commands that make the job of editing more efficient.
+Here is a brief review of the basic commands we have covered.  They are listed
+in the order of increasing complexity and/or decreasing necessity (to say that
+a command is less necessary is not to say that it is less useful!).  These
+commands allow you to comfortably edit any text file.  There are other
+commands that will make life easier but will require extra time to learn,
+obviously.  You may want to consider setting this tutorial aside for several
+weeks and returning to it later after gaining experience with vi and getting
+comfortable with it.  The convenience of some of the more exotic commands may
+then be apparent and worth the extra investment of time and effort
+required to master them.
+
+to get into the editor from Unix:           {vi filename}
+to exit the editor
+      saving all changes                    {ZZ} or {:wq^M}
+      throwing away all changes             {:q!^M}
+      when no changes have been made        {:q^M}
+save a file without exiting the editor      {:w^M}
+write the file into another file            {:w filename^M}
+insert text 
+      before the cursor                     {i ...text... ^[}
+      at the beginning of the line          {I ...text... ^[}
+      after the cursor (append)             {a ...text... ^[}
+      at the end of the line                {A ...text... ^[}
+      after the current line                {o ...text... ^[}
+      before the current line               {O ...text... ^[}
+delete the character  ...
+      under the cursor                      {x}
+      to the left of the cursor             {X}
+delete n characters                         {nx} or {nX}  (for n a number)
+make two lines into one line (Join)         {J}
+find a string in the file ...
+      searching forward                     {/ ...string... /^M}
+      searching backwards                   {? ...string... ?^M}
+repeat the last search command              {n}
+repeat the last search command in the
+  opposite direction                        {N}
+find the character c on this line ...
+      searching forward                     {fc}
+      searching backward                    {Fc}
+repeat the last 'find character' command    {;}
+replace a character with character x        {rx}
+substitute a single character with text     {s ...text... ^[}
+substitute n characters with text           {ns ...text... ^[}
+replace characters one-by-one with text     {R ...text... ^[}
+undo all changes to the current line        {U}
+undo the last single change                 {u}
+move forward in the file a "screenful"      {^F}
+move back in the file a "screenful"         {^B}
+move forward in the file one line           {^M} or {+}
+move backward in the file one line          {-}
+move to the beginning of the line           {0}
+move to the end of the line                 {$}
+move forward one word                       {w}
+move forward one word, ignoring punctuation {W}
+move forward to the end of the next word    {e}
+to the end of the word, ignoring punctuation{E}
+move backward one word                      {b}
+move back one word, ignoring punctuation    {B}
+return to the last line modified            {''}
+scroll a line onto the top of the screen    {^Y}
+scroll a line onto the bottom of the screen {^E}
+move "up" in the file a half-screen         {^U}
+move "down" in the file a half-screen       {^D}
+move the cursor to the top screen line      {H}
+move the cursor to the bottom screen line   {L}
+move the cursor to the middle line          {M}
+move LEFT one character position            {h} or {^H}
+move RIGHT one character position           {l} or { }
+move UP in the same column                  {k} or {^P}
+move DOWN in the same column                {j} or {^N}
+mark the current position, name it x        {mx}
+move to the line marked/named x             {'x}
+move to the character position named x      {`x}
+move to the beginning of the file           {1G}
+move to the end of the file                 {G}
+move to line 23 in the file                 {23G}
+repaint the screen with the cursor line
+       at the top of the screen             {z^M}
+       in the middle of the screen          {z.}
+       at the bottom of the screen          {z-}
+
+More information on vi can be found in the file vi.advanced, which you can
+peruse at your leisure.  From UNIX, type {vi.tut advanced^M}.  
diff --git a/usr.bin/vi/docs/tutorial/vi.tut.csh b/usr.bin/vi/docs/tutorial/vi.tut.csh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..01554bc4e5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/usr.bin/vi/docs/tutorial/vi.tut.csh
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#!/bin/csh -f
+#
+# This makes the user's EXINIT variable set to the 'correct' things.
+# I don't know what will happen if they also have a .exrc file!
+#
+# XXX
+# Make sure that user is using a 24 line window!!!
+#
+if ($1 != "beginner" && $1 != "advanced") then
+	echo Usage: $0 beginner or $0 advanced
+	exit
+endif
+
+if ($?EXINIT) then
+	set oexinit="$EXINIT"
+	setenv EXINIT 'se ts=4 wm=8 sw=4'
+endif
+
+vi vi.{$1}
+
+onintr:
+	if ($?oexinit) then
+		setenv EXINIT "$oexinit"
+endif