resolve conflicts

1 files changed, 407 insertions, 352 deletions

diff --git a/usr.sbin/bind/FAQ b/usr.sbin/bind/FAQ
index f6ed41e422c..9b806cbde53 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/bind/FAQ
+++ b/usr.sbin/bind/FAQ
@@ -1,470 +1,525 @@
-
-
-
 Frequently Asked Questions about BIND 9
 
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 Q: Why doesn't -u work on Linux 2.2.x when I build with --enable-threads?
 
 A: Linux threads do not fully implement the Posix threads (pthreads) standard.
-In particular, setuid() operates only on the current thread, not the full
-process.  Because of this limitation, BIND 9 cannot use setuid() on Linux as it
-can on all other supported platforms.  setuid() cannot be called before
-creating threads, since the server does not start listening on reserved ports
-until after threads have started.
+   In particular, setuid() operates only on the current thread, not the full
+   process. Because of this limitation, BIND 9 cannot use setuid() on Linux as
+   it can on all other supported platforms. setuid() cannot be called before
+   creating threads, since the server does not start listening on reserved
+   ports until after threads have started.
 
-  In the 2.2.18 or 2.3.99-pre3 and newer kernels, the ability to preserve
-capabilities across a setuid() call is present.  This allows BIND 9 to call
-setuid() early, while retaining the ability to bind reserved ports.  This is
-a Linux-specific hack.
+   In the 2.2.18 or 2.3.99-pre3 and newer kernels, the ability to preserve
+   capabilities across a setuid() call is present. This allows BIND 9 to call
+   setuid() early, while retaining the ability to bind reserved ports. This is
+   a Linux-specific hack.
 
-  On a 2.2 kernel, BIND 9 does drop many root privileges, so it should be less
-of a security risk than a root process that has not dropped privileges.
+   On a 2.2 kernel, BIND 9 does drop many root privileges, so it should be less
+   of a security risk than a root process that has not dropped privileges.
 
-  If Linux threads ever work correctly, this restriction will go away.
+   If Linux threads ever work correctly, this restriction will go away.
 
-  Configuring BIND9 with the --disable-threads option (the default) causes a
-non-threaded version to be built, which will allow -u to be used.
+   Configuring BIND9 with the --disable-threads option (the default) causes a
+   non-threaded version to be built, which will allow -u to be used.
 
+Q: Why does named log the warning message "no TTL specified - using SOA MINTTL
+   instead"?
 
-Q: Why does named log the warning message "no TTL specified - using SOA
-MINTTL instead"?
-
-A: Your zone file is illegal according to RFC1035.  It must either
-have a line like
+A: Your zone file is illegal according to RFC1035. It must either have a line
+   like:
 
    $TTL 86400
 
-at the beginning, or the first record in it must have a TTL field,
-like the "84600" in this example:
+   at the beginning, or the first record in it must have a TTL field, like the
+   "84600" in this example:
 
    example.com. 86400 IN SOA ns hostmaster ( 1 3600 1800 1814400 3600 )
 
 Q: Why do I see 5 (or more) copies of named on Linux?
 
-A: Linux threads each show up as a process under ps.  The approximate
-number of threads running is n+4, where n is the number of CPUs.  Note that
-the amount of memory used is not cumulative; if each process is using 10M of
-memory, only a total of 10M is used.
-
+A: Linux threads each show up as a process under ps. The approximate number of
+   threads running is n+4, where n is the number of CPUs. Note that the amount
+   of memory used is not cumulative; if each process is using 10M of memory,
+   only a total of 10M is used.
 
-Q: Why does BIND 9 log "permission denied" errors accessing its
-configuration files or zones on my Linux system even though it is running
-as root?
-
-A: On Linux, BIND 9 drops most of its root privileges on startup.
-This including the privilege to open files owned by other users.
-Therefore, if the server is running as root, the configuration files
-and zone files should also be owned by root.
+Q: Why does BIND 9 log "permission denied" errors accessing its configuration
+   files or zones on my Linux system even though it is running as root?
 
+A: On Linux, BIND 9 drops most of its root privileges on startup. This
+   including the privilege to open files owned by other users. Therefore, if
+   the server is running as root, the configuration files and zone files should
+   also be owned by root.
 
 Q: Why do I get errors like "dns_zone_load: zone foo/IN: loading master file
-bar: ran out of space"
-
-A: This is often caused by TXT records with missing close quotes.  Check that
-all TXT records containing quoted strings have both open and close quotes.
+   bar: ran out of space"?
 
+A: This is often caused by TXT records with missing close quotes. Check that
+   all TXT records containing quoted strings have both open and close quotes.
 
 Q: How do I produce a usable core file from a multithreaded named on Linux?
 
-A: If the Linux kernel is 2.4.7 or newer, multithreaded core dumps
-are usable (that is, the correct thread is dumped).  Otherwise, if using
-a 2.2 kernel, apply the kernel patch found in contrib/linux/coredump-patch
-and rebuild the kernel.  This patch will cause multithreaded programs to dump
-the correct thread.
-
+A: If the Linux kernel is 2.4.7 or newer, multithreaded core dumps are usable
+   (that is, the correct thread is dumped). Otherwise, if using a 2.2 kernel,
+   apply the kernel patch found in contrib/linux/coredump-patch and rebuild the
+   kernel. This patch will cause multithreaded programs to dump the correct
+   thread.
 
 Q: How do I restrict people from looking up the server version?
 
-A: Put a "version" option containing something other than the real
-version in the "options" section of named.conf.  Note doing this will
-not prevent attacks and may impede people trying to diagnose problems
-with your server.  Also it is possible to "fingerprint" nameservers to
-determine their version.
-
-
-Q: How do I restrict only remote users from looking up the server
-version?
+A: Put a "version" option containing something other than the real version in
+   the "options" section of named.conf. Note doing this will not prevent
+   attacks and may impede people trying to diagnose problems with your server.
+   Also it is possible to "fingerprint" nameservers to determine their version.
 
-A: The following view statement will intercept lookups as the internal
-view that holds the version information will be matched last.  The
-caveats of the previous answer still apply, of course.
+Q: How do I restrict only remote users from looking up the server version?
 
-  view "chaos" chaos {
-	  match-clients { <those to be refused>; };
-	  allow-query { none; };
-	  zone "." {
-		  type hint;
-		  file "/dev/null";  // or any empty file
-	  };
-  };
+A: The following view statement will intercept lookups as the internal view
+   that holds the version information will be matched last. The caveats of the
+   previous answer still apply, of course.
 
+   view "chaos" chaos {
+           match-clients { <those to be refused>; };
+           allow-query { none; };
+           zone "." {
+                   type hint;
+                   file "/dev/null";  // or any empty file
+           };
+   };
 
 Q: What do "no source of entropy found" or "could not open entropy source foo"
-mean?
+   mean?
 
 A: The server requires a source of entropy to perform certain operations,
-mostly DNSSEC related.  These messages indicate that you have no source
-of entropy.  On systems with /dev/random or an equivalent, it is used by
-default.  A source of entropy can also be defined using the random-device
-option in named.conf.
+   mostly DNSSEC related. These messages indicate that you have no source of
+   entropy. On systems with /dev/random or an equivalent, it is used by
+   default. A source of entropy can also be defined using the random-device
+   option in named.conf.
 
+Q: I installed BIND 9 and restarted named, but it's still BIND 8. Why?
 
-Q: I installed BIND 9 and restarted named, but it's still BIND 8.  Why?
+A: BIND 9 is installed under /usr/local by default. BIND 8 is often installed
+   under /usr. Check that the correct named is running.
 
-A: BIND 9 is installed under /usr/local by default.  BIND 8 is often
-installed under /usr.  Check that the correct named is running.
+Q: I'm trying to use TSIG to authenticate dynamic updates or zone transfers.
+   I'm sure I have the keys set up correctly, but the server is rejecting the
+   TSIG. Why?
 
+A: This may be a clock skew problem. Check that the the clocks on the client
+   and server are properly synchronised (e.g., using ntp).
 
-Q: I'm trying to use TSIG to authenticate dynamic updates or zone
-transfers.  I'm sure I have the keys set up correctly, but the server
-is rejecting the TSIG.  Why?
+Q: I'm trying to compile BIND 9, and "make" is failing due to files not being
+   found. Why?
 
-A: This may be a clock skew problem.  Check that the the clocks on
-the client and server are properly synchronized (e.g., using ntp).
+A: Using a parallel or distributed "make" to build BIND 9 is not supported, and
+   doesn't work. If you are using one of these, use normal make or gmake
+   instead.
 
+Q: I have a BIND 9 master and a BIND 8.2.3 slave, and the master is logging
+   error messages like "notify to 10.0.0.1#53 failed: unexpected end of input".
+   What's wrong?
 
-Q: I'm trying to compile BIND 9, and "make" is failing due to files not
-being found.  Why?
+A: This error message is caused by a known bug in BIND 8.2.3 and is fixed in
+   BIND 8.2.4. It can be safely ignored - the notify has been acted on by the
+   slave despite the error message.
 
-A: Using a parallel or distributed "make" to build BIND 9 is not
-supported, and doesn't work.  If you are using one of these, use
-normal make or gmake instead.
+Q: I keep getting log messages like the following. Why?
 
+   Dec 4 23:47:59 client 10.0.0.1#1355: updating zone 'example.com/IN': update
+   failed: 'RRset exists (value dependent)' prerequisite not satisfied
+   (NXRRSET)
 
-Q: I have a BIND 9 master and a BIND 8.2.3 slave, and the master is
-logging error messages like "notify to 10.0.0.1#53 failed: unexpected
-end of input".  What's wrong?
+A: DNS updates allow the update request to test to see if certain conditions
+   are met prior to proceeding with the update. The message above is saying
+   that conditions were not met and the update is not proceeding. See doc/rfc/
+   rfc2136.txt for more details on prerequisites.
 
-A: This error message is caused by a known bug in BIND 8.2.3 and is fixed
-in BIND 8.2.4.  It can be safely ignored - the notify has been acted on by
-the slave despite the error message.
+Q: I keep getting log messages like the following. Why?
 
+   Jun 21 12:00:00.000 client 10.0.0.1#1234: update denied
 
-Q: I keep getting log messages like the following.  Why?
+A: Someone is trying to update your DNS data using the RFC2136 Dynamic Update
+   protocol. Windows 2000 machines have a habit of sending dynamic update
+   requests to DNS servers without being specifically configured to do so. If
+   the update requests are coming from a Windows 2000 machine, see http://
+   support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/q246/8/04.asp for information
+   about how to turn them off.
 
-   Dec  4 23:47:59 client 10.0.0.1#1355: updating zone 'example.com/IN':
-   update failed: 'RRset exists (value dependent)' prerequisite not
-   satisfied (NXRRSET)
+Q: I see a log message like the following. Why?
 
-A: DNS updates allow the update request to test to see if certain
-conditions are met prior to proceeding with the update.  The message
-above is saying that conditions were not met and the update is not
-proceeding.  See doc/rfc/rfc2136.txt for more details on prerequisites.
+   couldn't open pid file '/var/run/named.pid': Permission denied
 
+A: You are most likely running named as a non-root user, and that user does not
+   have permission to write in /var/run. The common ways of fixing this are to
+   create a /var/run/named directory owned by the named user and set pid-file
+   to "/var/run/named/named.pid", or set pid-file to "named.pid", which will
+   put the file in the directory specified by the directory option (which, in
+   this case, must be writable by the named user).
+
+Q: When I do a "dig . ns", many of the A records for the root servers are
+   missing. Why?
+
+A: This is normal and harmless. It is a somewhat confusing side effect of the
+   way BIND 9 does RFC2181 trust ranking and of the efforts BIND 9 makes to
+   avoid promoting glue into answers.
+
+   When BIND 9 first starts up and primes its cache, it receives the root
+   server addresses as additional data in an authoritative response from a root
+   server, and these records are eligible for inclusion as additional data in
+   responses. Subsequently it receives a subset of the root server addresses as
+   additional data in a non-authoritative (referral) response from a root
+   server. This causes the addresses to now be considered non-authoritative
+   (glue) data, which is not eligible for inclusion in responses.
+
+   The server does have a complete set of root server addresses cached at all
+   times, it just may not include all of them as additional data, depending on
+   whether they were last received as answers or as glue. You can always look
+   up the addresses with explicit queries like "dig a.root-servers.net A".
+
+Q: Zone transfers from my BIND 9 master to my Windows 2000 slave fail. Why?
+
+A: This may be caused by a bug in the Windows 2000 DNS server where DNS
+   messages larger than 16K are not handled properly. This can be worked around
+   by setting the option "transfer-format one-answer;". Also check whether your
+   zone contains domain names with embedded spaces or other special characters,
+   like "John\032Doe\213s\032Computer", since such names have been known to
+   cause Windows 2000 slaves to incorrectly reject the zone.
 
-Q: I keep getting log messages like the following.  Why?
+Q: Why don't my zones reload when I do an "rndc reload" or SIGHUP?
 
-   Jun 21 12:00:00.000 client 10.0.0.1#1234: update denied
+A: A zone can be updated either by editing zone files and reloading the server
+   or by dynamic update, but not both. If you have enabled dynamic update for a
+   zone using the "allow-update" option, you are not supposed to edit the zone
+   file by hand, and the server will not attempt to reload it.
+
+Q: I can query the nameserver from the nameserver but not from other machines.
+   Why?
+
+A: This is usually the result of the firewall configuration stopping the
+   queries and / or the replies.
+
+Q: How can I make a server a slave for both an internal and an external view at
+   the same time? When I tried, both views on the slave were transferred from
+   the same view on the master.
+
+A: You will need to give the master and slave multiple IP addresses and use
+   those to make sure you reach the correct view on the other machine.
+
+   Master: 10.0.1.1 (internal), 10.0.1.2 (external, IP alias)
+       internal:
+           match-clients { !10.0.1.2; !10.0.1.4; 10.0.1/24; };
+                   notify-source 10.0.1.1;
+                   transfer-source 10.0.1.1;
+                   query-source address 10.0.1.1;
+       external:
+           match-clients { any; };
+           recursion no;   // don't offer recursion to the world
+           notify-source 10.0.1.2;
+           transfer-source 10.0.1.2;
+           query-source address 10.0.1.2;
+
+   Slave: 10.0.1.3 (internal), 10.0.1.4 (external, IP alias)
+       internal:
+           match-clients { !10.0.1.2; !10.0.1.4; 10.0.1/24; };
+           notify-source 10.0.1.3;
+           transfer-source 10.0.1.3;
+           query-source address 10.0.1.3;
+      external:
+           match-clients { any; };
+           recursion no;   // don't offer recursion to the world
+           notify-source 10.0.1.4;
+           transfer-source 10.0.1.4;
+           query-source address 10.0.1.4;
+
+   You put the external address on the alias so that all the other dns clients
+   on these boxes see the internal view by default.
+
+A: BIND 9.3 and later: Use TSIG to select the appropriate view.
+
+   Master 10.0.1.1:
+           key "external" {
+                   algorithm hmac-md5;
+                   secret "xxxxxxxx";
+           };
+           view "internal" {
+                   match-clients { !key external; 10.0.1/24; };
+                   ...
+           };
+           view "external" {
+                   match-clients { key external; any; };
+                   server 10.0.0.2 { keys external; };
+                   recursion no;
+                   ...
+           };
+
+   Slave 10.0.1.2:
+           key "external" {
+                   algorithm hmac-md5;
+                   secret "xxxxxxxx";
+           };
+           view "internal" {
+                   match-clients { !key external; 10.0.1/24; };
+                   ...
+           };
+           view "external" {
+                   match-clients { key external; any; };
+                   server 10.0.0.1 { keys external; };
+                   recursion no;
+                   ...
+           };
+
+Q: I have FreeBSD 4.x and "rndc-confgen -a" just sits there.
+
+A: /dev/random is not configured. Use rndcontrol(8) to tell the kernel to use
+   certain interrupts as a source of random events. You can make this permanent
+   by setting rand_irqs in /etc/rc.conf.
+
+   /etc/rc.conf
+   rand_irqs="3 14 15"
+
+   See also http://people.freebsd.org/~dougb/randomness.html
 
-A: Someone is trying to update your DNS data using the RFC2136 Dynamic
-Update protocol.  Windows 2000 machines have a habit of sending dynamic
-update requests to DNS servers without being specifically configured to
-do so.  If the update requests are coming from a Windows 2000 machine,
-see <http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/q246/8/04.asp>
-for information about how to turn them off.
+Q: Why is named listening on UDP port other than 53?
 
+A: Named uses a system selected port to make queries of other nameservers. This
+   behaviour can be overridden by using query-source to lock down the port and/
+   or address. See also notify-source and transfer-source.
 
-Q: I see a log message like the following.  Why?
+Q: I get error messages like "multiple RRs of singleton type" and "CNAME and
+   other data" when transferring a zone. What does this mean?
 
-   couldn't open pid file '/var/run/named.pid': Permission denied
+A: These indicate a malformed master zone. You can identify the exact records
+   involved by transferring the zone using dig then running named-checkzone on
+   it.
 
-A: You are most likely running named as a non-root user, and that user
-does not have permission to write in /var/run.  The common ways of
-fixing this are to create a /var/run/named directory owned by the named
-user and set pid-file to "/var/run/named/named.pid", or set
-pid-file to "named.pid", which will put the file in the directory
-specified by the directory option (which, in this case, must be writable
-by the named user).
+   dig axfr example.com @master-server > tmp
+   named-checkzone example.com tmp
 
+   A CNAME record cannot exist with the same name as another record except for
+   the DNSSEC records which prove its existance (NSEC).
 
-Q: When I do a "dig . ns", many of the A records for the root
-servers are missing.  Why?
+   RFC 1034, Section 3.6.2: "If a CNAME RR is present at a node, no other data
+   should be present; this ensures that the data for a canonical name and its
+   aliases cannot be different. This rule also insures that a cached CNAME can
+   be used without checking with an authoritative server for other RR types."
 
-A: This is normal and harmless.  It is a somewhat confusing side effect
-of the way BIND 9 does RFC2181 trust ranking and of the efforts BIND 9
-makes to avoid promoting glue into answers.
+Q: I get error messages like "named.conf:99: unexpected end of input" where 99
+   is the last line of named.conf.
 
-When BIND 9 first starts up and primes its cache, it receives the root
-server addresses as additional data in an authoritative response from
-a root server, and these records are eligible for inclusion as
-additional data in responses.  Subsequently it receives a subset of
-the root server addresses as additional data in a non-authoritative
-(referral) response from a root server.  This causes the addresses to
-now be considered non-authoritative (glue) data, which is not eligible
-for inclusion in responses.
+A: Some text editors (notepad and wordpad) fail to put a line title indication
+   (e.g. CR/LF) on the last line of a text file. This can be fixed by "adding"
+   a blank line to the end of the file. Named expects to see EOF immediately
+   after EOL and treats text files where this is not met as truncated.
 
-The server does have a complete set of root server addresses cached
-at all times, it just may not include all of them as additional data,
-depending on whether they were last received as answers or as glue.
-You can always look up the addresses with explicit queries like
-"dig a.root-servers.net A".
+Q: I get warning messages like "zone example.com/IN: refresh: failure trying
+   master 1.2.3.4#53: timed out".
 
+A: Check that you can make UDP queries from the slave to the master
 
-Q: Zone transfers from my BIND 9 master to my Windows 2000 slave
-fail.  Why?
+   dig +norec example.com soa @1.2.3.4
 
-A: This may be caused by a bug in the Windows 2000 DNS server where
-DNS messages larger than 16K are not handled properly.  This can be
-worked around by setting the option "transfer-format one-answer;".
-Also check whether your zone contains domain names with embedded
-spaces or other special characters, like "John\032Doe\213s\032Computer",
-since such names have been known to cause Windows 2000 slaves to
-incorrectly reject the zone.
+   You could be generating queries faster than the slave can cope with. Lower
+   the serial query rate.
 
+   serial-query-rate 5; // default 20
 
-Q: Why don't my zones reload when I do an "rndc reload" or SIGHUP?
+Q: How do I share a dynamic zone between multiple views?
 
-A: A zone can be updated either by editing zone files and reloading
-the server or by dynamic update, but not both.  If you have enabled
-dynamic update for a zone using the "allow-update" option, you are not
-supposed to edit the zone file by hand, and the server will not
-attempt to reload it.
-
-
-Q: I can query the nameserver from the nameserver but not from other
-machines.  Why?
-
-A: This is usually the result of the firewall configuration stopping
-the queries and / or the replies.
-
-
-Q: How can I make a server a slave for both an internal and
-an external view at the same time?  When I tried, both views
-on the slave were transferred from the same view on the master.
-
-A: You will need to give the master and slave multiple IP addresses and
-use those to make sure you reach the correct view on the other machine.
-
-	e.g.
-	Master: 10.0.1.1 (internal), 10.0.1.2 (external, IP alias)
-	    internal:
-		match-clients { !10.0.1.2; !10.0.1.4; 10.0.1/24; };
-		notify-source 10.0.1.1;
-		transfer-source 10.0.1.1;
-		query-source address 10.0.1.1;
-	    external:
-		match-clients { any; };
-		recursion no;	// don't offer recursion to the world
-		notify-source 10.0.1.2;
-		transfer-source 10.0.1.2;
-		query-source address 10.0.1.2;
-
-	Slave: 10.0.1.3 (internal), 10.0.1.4 (external, IP alias)
-	    internal:
-		match-clients { !10.0.1.2; !10.0.1.4; 10.0.1/24; };
-		notify-source 10.0.1.3;
-		transfer-source 10.0.1.3;
-		query-source address 10.0.1.3;
-	    external:
-		match-clients { any; };
-		recursion no;	// don't offer recursion to the world
-		notify-source 10.0.1.4;
-		transfer-source 10.0.1.4;
-		query-source address 10.0.1.4;
-
-	You put the external address on the alias so that all the other
-	dns clients on these boxes see the internal view by default.
-
-A: (BIND 9.3 and later) Use TSIG to select the appropriate view.
-
-	Master 10.0.1.1:
-	key "external" {
-		algorithm hmac-md5;
-		secret "xxxxxxxx";
-	};
-	view "internal" {
-		match-clients { !key external; 10.0.1/24; };
-		...
-	};
-	view "external" {
-		match-clients { key external; any; };
-		server 10.0.0.2 { keys external; };
-		recursion no;
-		...
-	};
-
-	Slave 10.0.1.2:
-	key "external" {
-		 algorithm hmac-md5;
-		 secret "xxxxxxxx";
-	};
-	view "internal" {
-		match-clients { !key external; 10.0.1/24; };
-	};
-	view "external" {
-		match-clients { key external; any; };
-		server 10.0.0.1 { keys external; };
-		recursion no;
-		...
-	};
-
-
-Q: I have Freebsd 4.x and "rndc-confgen -a" just sits there.
-
-A: /dev/random is not configured.  Use rndcontrol(8) to tell the kernel
-to use certain interrupts as a source of random events.  You can make this
-permanent by setting rand_irqs in /etc/rc.conf.
-
-e.g.
-	/etc/rc.conf
-	rand_irqs="3 14 15"
-
-See also http://people.freebsd.org/~dougb/randomness.html
+A: You choose one view to be master and the second a slave and transfer the
+   zone between views.
+
+   Master 10.0.1.1:
+           key "external" {
+                   algorithm hmac-md5;
+                   secret "xxxxxxxx";
+           };
+
+           key "mykey" {
+                   algorithm hmac-md5;
+                   secret "yyyyyyyy";
+           };
+
+           view "internal" {
+                   match-clients { !external; 10.0.1/24; };
+                   server 10.0.1.1 {
+                           /* Deliver notify messages to external view. */
+                           keys { external; };
+                   };
+                   zone "example.com" {
+                           type master;
+                           file "internal/example.db";
+                           allow-update { key mykey; };
+                           notify-also { 10.0.1.1; };
+                   };
+           };
+
+           view "external" {
+                   match-clients { external; any; };
+                   zone "example.com" {
+                           type slave;
+                           file "external/example.db";
+                           masters { 10.0.1.1; };
+                           transfer-source { 10.0.1.1; };
+                           // allow-update-forwarding { any; };
+                           // allow-notify { ... };
+                   };
+           };
 
+Q: I get a error message like "zone wireless.ietf56.ietf.org/IN: loading master
+   file primaries/wireless.ietf56.ietf.org: no owner".
 
-Q: Why is named listening on UDP port other than 53?
+A: This error is produced when a line in the master file contains leading white
+   space (tab/space) but the is no current record owner name to inherit the
+   name from. Usually this is the result of putting white space before a
+   comment. Forgeting the "@" for the SOA record or indenting the master file.
 
-A: Named uses a system selected port to make queries of other nameservers.
-This behaviour can be overridden by using query-source to lock down the
-port and/or address.  See also notify-source and transfer-source.
+Q: Why are my logs in GMT (UTC).
 
+A: You are running chrooted (-t) and have not supplied local timzone
+   information in the chroot area.
 
-Q: I get error messages like "multiple RRs of singleton type" and
-"CNAME and other data" when transferring a zone.  What does this mean?
+   FreeBSD: /etc/localtime
+   Solaris: /etc/TIMEZONE and /usr/share/lib/zoneinfo
+   OSF: /etc/zoneinfo/localtime
 
-A: These indicate a malformed master zone.  You can identify the
-exact records involved by transferring the zone using dig then
-running named-checkzone on it.
+   See also tzset(3) and zic(8).
 
-	e.g.
-		dig axfr example.com @master-server > tmp
-		named-checkzone example.com tmp
+Q: I get the error message "named: capset failed: Operation not permitted" when
+   starting named.
 
+A: The capability module, part of "Linux Security Modules/LSM", has not been
+   loaded into the kernel. See insmod(8).
 
-Q: I get error messages like "named.conf:99: unexpected end of input" where
-99 is the last line of named.conf.
+Q: I get "rndc: connect failed: connection refused" when I try to run rndc.
 
-A: Some text editors (notepad and wordpad) fail to put a line termination
-indication (e.g. CR/LF) on the last line of a text file.  This can be fixed
-by "adding" a blank line to the end of the file.  Named expects to see EOF
-immediately after EOL and treats text files where this is not met as truncated.
+A: This is usually a configuration error.
 
+   First ensure that named is running and no errors are being reported at
+   startup (/var/log/messages or equivalent). Running "named -g <usual
+   arguments>" from a title can help at this point.
 
-Q: I get warning messages like "zone example.com/IN: refresh: failure trying master
-1.2.3.4#53: timed out".
+   Secondly ensure that named is configured to use rndc either by "rndc-confgen
+   -a", rndc-confgen or manually. The Administrators Reference manual has
+   details on how to do this.
 
-A: Check that you can make UDP queries from the slave to the master
+   Old versions of rndc-confgen used localhost rather than 127.0.0.1 in /etc/
+   rndc.conf for the default server. Update /etc/rndc.conf if necessary so that
+   the default server listed in /etc/rndc.conf matches the addresses used in
+   named.conf. "localhost" has two address (127.0.0.1 and ::1).
 
-	dig +norec example.com soa @1.2.3.4
+   If you use "rndc-confgen -a" and named is running with -t or -u ensure that
+   /etc/rndc.conf has the correct ownership and that a copy is in the chroot
+   area. You can do this by re-running "rndc-confgen -a" with appropriate -t
+   and -u arguments.
 
-A: You could be generating queries faster than the slave can cope with.  Lower
-the serial query rate.
+Q: I don't get RRSIG's returned when I use "dig +dnssec".
 
-	serial-query-rate 5; // default 20
+A: You need to ensure DNSSEC is enabled (dnssec-enable yes;).
 
-Q: How do I share a dynamic zone between multiple views?
+Q: I get "Error 1067" when starting named under Windows.
 
-A: You choose one view to be master and the second a slave and transfer
-the zone between views.
-
-	Master 10.0.1.1:
-	key "external" {
-		algorithm hmac-md5;
-		secret "xxxxxxxx";
-	};
-
-	key "mykey" {
-		algorithm hmac-md5;
-		secret "yyyyyyyy";
-	};
-
-	view "internal" {
-		match-clients { !external; 10.0.1/24; };
-		server 10.0.1.1 {
-			/* Deliver notify messages to external view. */
-			keys { external; };
-		};
-		zone "example.com" {
-			type master;
-			file "internal/example.db";
-			allow-update { key mykey; };
-			notify-also { 10.0.1.1; };
-		};
-	};
-
-	view "external" {
-		match-clients { external; any; };
-		zone "example.com" {
-			type slave;
-			file "external/example.db";
-			masters { 10.0.1.1; };
-			transfer-source { 10.0.1.1; };
-			// allow-update-forwarding { any; };
-			// allow-notify { ... };
-		};
-	};
+A: This is the service manager saying that named exited. You need to examine
+   the Application log in the EventViewer to find out why.
 
-Q: I get a error message like "zone wireless.ietf56.ietf.org/IN: loading master
-file primaries/wireless.ietf56.ietf.org: no owner".
+   Common causes are that you failed to create "named.conf" (usually "C:\
+   windows\dns\etc\named.conf") or failed to specify the directory in
+   named.conf.
 
-A: This error is produced when a line in the master file contains leading
-white space (tab/space) but the is no current record owner name to inherit
-the name from.  Usually this is the result of putting white space before
-a comment.  Forgeting the "@" for the SOA record or indenting the master
-file.
+   options {
+           Directory "C:\windows\dns\etc";
+   };
 
+Q: I get "transfer of 'example.net/IN' from 192.168.4.12#53: failed while
+   receiving responses: permission denied" error messages.
 
-Q: Why are my logs in GMT (UTC).
+A: These indicate a filesystem permission error preventing named creating /
+   renaming the temporary file. These will usually also have other associated
+   error messages like
 
-A: You are running chrooted (-t) and have not supplied local timzone
-information in the chroot area.
+   "dumping master file: sl/tmp-XXXX5il3sQ: open: permission denied"
 
-	FreeBSD: /etc/localtime
-	Solaris: /etc/TIMEZONE and /usr/share/lib/zoneinfo
-	OSF: /etc/zoneinfo/localtime
+   Named needs write permission on the directory containing the file. Named
+   writes the new cache file to a temporary file then renames it to the name
+   specified in named.conf to ensure that the contents are always complete.
+   This is to prevent named loading a partial zone in the event of power
+   failure or similar interrupting the write of the master file.
 
-	See also tzset(3) and zic(8).
+   Note file names are relative to the directory specified in options and any
+   chroot directory ([<chroot dir>/][<options dir>]).
 
+   If named is invoked as "named -t /chroot/DNS" with the following named.conf
+   then "/chroot/DNS/var/named/sl" needs to be writable by the user named is
+   running as.
 
-Q: I get the error message "named: capset failed: Operation not permitted"
-when starting named.
+   options {
+           directory "/var/named";
+   };
 
-A: The capset module has not been loaded into the kernel.  See insmod(8).
+   zone "example.net" {
+           type slave;
+           file "sl/example.net";
+           masters { 192.168.4.12; };
+   };
 
+Q: How do I intergrate BIND 9 and Solaris SMF
 
-Q: I get "rndc: connect failed: connection refused" when I try to run
-   rndc.
+A: Sun has a blog entry describing how to do this.
 
-A: This is usually a configuration error.
+   http://blogs.sun.com/roller/page/anay/Weblog?catname=%2FSolaris
 
-   First ensure that named is running and no errors are being
-   reported at startup (/var/log/messages or equivalent).  Running
-   "named -g <usual arguements>" from a terminal can help at this
-   point.
+Q: Can a NS record refer to a CNAME.
 
-   Secondly ensure that named is configured to use rndc either by
-   "rndc-confgen -a", rndc-confgen or manually.  The Administators
-   Reference manual has details on how to do this.
+A: No. The rules for glue (copies of the *address* records in the parent zones)
+   and additional section processing do not allow it to work.
 
-   Old versions of rndc-confgen used localhost rather than 127.0.0.1
-   in /etc/rndc.conf for the default server.  Update /etc/rndc.conf
-   if necessary so that the default server listed in /etc/rndc.conf
-   matches the addresses used in named.conf.  "localhost" has two
-   address (127.0.0.1 and ::1).
+   You would have to add both the CNAME and address records (A/AAAA) as glue to
+   the parent zone and have CNAMEs be followed when doing additional section
+   processing to make it work. No namesever implementation supports either of
+   these requirements.
 
-   If you use "rndc-confgen -a" and named is running with -t or -u
-   ensure that /etc/rndc.conf has the correct ownership and that
-   a copy is in the chroot area.  You can do this by re-running
-   "rndc-confgen -a" with appropriate -t and -u arguements.
+Q: What does "RFC 1918 response from Internet for 0.0.0.10.IN-ADDR.ARPA" mean?
 
+A: If the IN-ADDR.ARPA name covered refers to a internal address space you are
+   using then you have failed to follow RFC 1918 usage rules and are leaking
+   queries to the Internet. You should establish your own zones for these
+   addresses to prevent you quering the Internet's name servers for these
+   addresses. Please see http://as112.net/ for details of the problems you are
+   causing and the counter measures that have had to be deployed.
 
-Q: I don't get RRSIG's returned when I use "dig +dnssec".
+   If you are not using these private addresses then a client has queried for
+   them. You can just ignore the messages, get the offending client to stop
+   sending you these messages as they are most probably leaking them or setup
+   your own zones empty zones to serve answers to these queries.
 
-A: You need to ensure DNSSEC is enabled (dnssec-enable yes;).
+   zone "10.IN-ADDR.ARPA" {
+           type master;
+           file "empty";
+   };
 
+   zone "16.172.IN-ADDR.ARPA" {
+           type master;
+           file "empty";
+   };
 
-Q: I get "Error 1067" when starting named under Windows.
+   ...
+
+   zone "31.172.IN-ADDR.ARPA" {
+           type master;
+           file "empty";
+   };
 
-A: This is the service manager saying that named exited.   You need to
-   examine the Application log in the EventViewer to find out why.
+   zone "168.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA" {
+           type master;
+           file "empty";
+   };
 
-   Common causes are that you failed to create "named.conf" (usually 
-   "C:\windows\dns\etc\named.conf") or failed to specify the directory
-   in named.conf.
+   empty:
+   @ 10800 IN SOA <name-of-server>. <contact-email>. (
+                  1 3600 1200 604800 10800 )
+   @ 10800 IN NS <name-of-server>.
 
-        options {
-                Directory "C:\windows\dns\etc";
-        };
+   Note
 
+   Future versions of named are likely to do this automatically.