diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'usr.sbin/httpd/htdocs/manual/mod/mod_rewrite.html.html')
| -rw-r--r-- | usr.sbin/httpd/htdocs/manual/mod/mod_rewrite.html.html | 2107 |
1 files changed, 2107 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/usr.sbin/httpd/htdocs/manual/mod/mod_rewrite.html.html b/usr.sbin/httpd/htdocs/manual/mod/mod_rewrite.html.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..61903c9d942 --- /dev/null +++ b/usr.sbin/httpd/htdocs/manual/mod/mod_rewrite.html.html @@ -0,0 +1,2107 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<!--%hypertext --> +<!-- mod_rewrite.html --> +<!-- Documentation for the mod_rewrite Apache module --> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" /> + + <title>Apache module mod_rewrite</title> + </head> + <!-- Background white, links blue (unvisited), navy (visited), red (active) --> + + <body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" + vlink="#000080" alink="#FF0000"> + <blockquote> + <!-- page indentation --> + <div align="CENTER"> + <img src="../images/sub.gif" alt="[APACHE DOCUMENTATION]" /> + + <h3>Apache HTTP Server Version 1.3</h3> + </div> + + <br /> + + + <h1 align="CENTER">Module mod_rewrite<br /> + URL Rewriting Engine</h1> + + <p>This module provides a rule-based rewriting engine to + rewrite requested URLs on the fly.</p> + + <p><a href="module-dict.html#Status" + rel="Help"><strong>Status:</strong></a> Extension<br /> + <a href="module-dict.html#SourceFile" + rel="Help"><strong>Source File:</strong></a> + mod_rewrite.c<br /> + <a href="module-dict.html#ModuleIdentifier" + rel="Help"><strong>Module Identifier:</strong></a> + rewrite_module<br /> + <a href="module-dict.html#Compatibility" + rel="Help"><strong>Compatibility:</strong></a> Available in + Apache 1.2 and later.</p> + <hr noshade="noshade" size="1" /> + <br /> + + + <h2>Summary</h2> + + <blockquote> + <blockquote> + <blockquote> + <em>``The great thing about mod_rewrite is it gives you + all the configurability and flexibility of Sendmail. + The downside to mod_rewrite is that it gives you all + the configurability and flexibility of Sendmail.''</em> + + + <div align="RIGHT"> + -- Brian Behlendorf<br /> + Apache Group + </div> + </blockquote> + </blockquote> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote> + <blockquote> + <blockquote> + <em>`` Despite the tons of examples and docs, + mod_rewrite is voodoo. Damned cool voodoo, but still + voodoo. ''</em> + + <div align="RIGHT"> + -- Brian Moore<br /> + bem@news.cmc.net + </div> + </blockquote> + </blockquote> + </blockquote> + Welcome to mod_rewrite, the Swiss Army Knife of URL + manipulation! + + <p>This module uses a rule-based rewriting engine (based on a + regular-expression parser) to rewrite requested URLs on the + fly. It supports an unlimited number of rules and an + unlimited number of attached rule conditions for each rule to + provide a really flexible and powerful URL manipulation + mechanism. The URL manipulations can depend on various tests, + for instance server variables, environment variables, HTTP + headers, time stamps and even external database lookups in + various formats can be used to achieve a really granular URL + matching.</p> + + <p>This module operates on the full URLs (including the + path-info part) both in per-server context + (<code>httpd.conf</code>) and per-directory context + (<code>.htaccess</code>) and can even generate query-string + parts on result. The rewritten result can lead to internal + sub-processing, external request redirection or even to an + internal proxy throughput.</p> + + <p>But all this functionality and flexibility has its + drawback: complexity. So don't expect to understand this + entire module in just one day.</p> + + <p>This module was invented and originally written in April + 1996<br /> + and gifted exclusively to the The Apache Group in July 1997 + by</p> + + <blockquote> + <a href="http://www.engelschall.com/"><code>Ralf S. + Engelschall</code></a><br /> + <a + href="mailto:rse@engelschall.com"><code>rse@engelschall.com</code></a><br /> + <a + href="http://www.engelschall.com/"><code>www.engelschall.com</code></a> + </blockquote> + <hr noshade="noshade" size="1" /> + + <h2>Table Of Contents</h2> + + <p><strong>Internal Processing</strong></p> + + <ul> + <li><a href="#InternalAPI">API Phases</a></li> + + <li><a href="#InternalRuleset">Ruleset Processing</a></li> + + <li><a href="#InternalBackRefs">Regex Back-Reference + Availability</a></li> + </ul> + + <p><strong>Configuration Directives</strong></p> + + <ul> + <li><a href="#RewriteEngine">RewriteEngine</a></li> + + <li><a href="#RewriteOptions">RewriteOptions</a></li> + + <li><a href="#RewriteLog">RewriteLog</a></li> + + <li><a href="#RewriteLogLevel">RewriteLogLevel</a></li> + + <li><a href="#RewriteLock">RewriteLock</a></li> + + <li><a href="#RewriteMap">RewriteMap</a></li> + + <li><a href="#RewriteBase">RewriteBase</a></li> + + <li><a href="#RewriteCond">RewriteCond</a></li> + + <li><a href="#RewriteRule">RewriteRule</a></li> + </ul> + <strong>Miscellaneous</strong> + + <ul> + <li><a href="#EnvVar">Environment Variables</a></li> + + <li><a href="#Solutions">Practical Solutions</a></li> + </ul> + <hr noshade="noshade" size="1" /> + + <center> + <h1><a id="Internal" name="Internal">Internal + Processing</a></h1> + </center> + <hr noshade="noshade" size="1" /> + + <p>The internal processing of this module is very complex but + needs to be explained once even to the average user to avoid + common mistakes and to let you exploit its full + functionality.</p> + + <h2><a id="InternalAPI" name="InternalAPI">API + Phases</a></h2> + + <p>First you have to understand that when Apache processes a + HTTP request it does this in phases. A hook for each of these + phases is provided by the Apache API. Mod_rewrite uses two of + these hooks: the URL-to-filename translation hook which is + used after the HTTP request has been read but before any + authorization starts and the Fixup hook which is triggered + after the authorization phases and after the per-directory + config files (<code>.htaccess</code>) have been read, but + before the content handler is activated.</p> + + <p>So, after a request comes in and Apache has determined the + corresponding server (or virtual server) the rewriting engine + starts processing of all mod_rewrite directives from the + per-server configuration in the URL-to-filename phase. A few + steps later when the final data directories are found, the + per-directory configuration directives of mod_rewrite are + triggered in the Fixup phase. In both situations mod_rewrite + rewrites URLs either to new URLs or to filenames, although + there is no obvious distinction between them. This is a usage + of the API which was not intended to be this way when the API + was designed, but as of Apache 1.x this is the only way + mod_rewrite can operate. To make this point more clear + remember the following two points:</p> + + <ol> + <li>Although mod_rewrite rewrites URLs to URLs, URLs to + filenames and even filenames to filenames, the API + currently provides only a URL-to-filename hook. In Apache + 2.0 the two missing hooks will be added to make the + processing more clear. But this point has no drawbacks for + the user, it is just a fact which should be remembered: + Apache does more in the URL-to-filename hook than the API + intends for it.</li> + + <li> + Unbelievably mod_rewrite provides URL manipulations in + per-directory context, <em>i.e.</em>, within + <code>.htaccess</code> files, although these are reached + a very long time after the URLs have been translated to + filenames. It has to be this way because + <code>.htaccess</code> files live in the filesystem, so + processing has already reached this stage. In other + words: According to the API phases at this time it is too + late for any URL manipulations. To overcome this chicken + and egg problem mod_rewrite uses a trick: When you + manipulate a URL/filename in per-directory context + mod_rewrite first rewrites the filename back to its + corresponding URL (which is usually impossible, but see + the <code>RewriteBase</code> directive below for the + trick to achieve this) and then initiates a new internal + sub-request with the new URL. This restarts processing of + the API phases. + + <p>Again mod_rewrite tries hard to make this complicated + step totally transparent to the user, but you should + remember here: While URL manipulations in per-server + context are really fast and efficient, per-directory + rewrites are slow and inefficient due to this chicken and + egg problem. But on the other hand this is the only way + mod_rewrite can provide (locally restricted) URL + manipulations to the average user.</p> + </li> + </ol> + + <p>Don't forget these two points!</p> + + <h2><a id="InternalRuleset" name="InternalRuleset">Ruleset + Processing</a></h2> + Now when mod_rewrite is triggered in these two API phases, it + reads the configured rulesets from its configuration + structure (which itself was either created on startup for + per-server context or during the directory walk of the Apache + kernel for per-directory context). Then the URL rewriting + engine is started with the contained ruleset (one or more + rules together with their conditions). The operation of the + URL rewriting engine itself is exactly the same for both + configuration contexts. Only the final result processing is + different. + + <p>The order of rules in the ruleset is important because the + rewriting engine processes them in a special (and not very + obvious) order. The rule is this: The rewriting engine loops + through the ruleset rule by rule (<code>RewriteRule</code> + directives) and when a particular rule matches it optionally + loops through existing corresponding conditions + (<code>RewriteCond</code> directives). For historical reasons + the conditions are given first, and so the control flow is a + little bit long-winded. See Figure 1 for more details.</p> + + <div align="CENTER"> + <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0"> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><img + src="../images/mod_rewrite_fig1.gif" width="428" + height="385" + alt="[Needs graphics capability to display]" /></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="CENTER"><strong>Figure 1:</strong> The + control flow through the rewriting ruleset</td> + </tr> + </table> + </div> + + <p>As you can see, first the URL is matched against the + <em>Pattern</em> of each rule. When it fails mod_rewrite + immediately stops processing this rule and continues with the + next rule. If the <em>Pattern</em> matches, mod_rewrite looks + for corresponding rule conditions. If none are present, it + just substitutes the URL with a new value which is + constructed from the string <em>Substitution</em> and goes on + with its rule-looping. But if conditions exist, it starts an + inner loop for processing them in the order that they are + listed. For conditions the logic is different: we don't match + a pattern against the current URL. Instead we first create a + string <em>TestString</em> by expanding variables, + back-references, map lookups, <em>etc.</em> and then we try + to match <em>CondPattern</em> against it. If the pattern + doesn't match, the complete set of conditions and the + corresponding rule fails. If the pattern matches, then the + next condition is processed until no more conditions are + available. If all conditions match, processing is continued + with the substitution of the URL with + <em>Substitution</em>.</p> + + <h2><a id="quoting" name="quoting">Quoting Special + Characters</a></h2> + + <p>As of Apache 1.3.20, special characters in + <i>TestString</i> and <i>Substitution</i> strings can be + escaped (that is, treated as normal characters without their + usual special meaning) by prefixing them with a slosh ('\') + character. In other words, you can include an actual + dollar-sign character in a <i>Substitution</i> string by + using '<code>\$</code>'; this keeps mod_rewrite from trying + to treat it as a backreference.</p> + + <h2><a id="InternalBackRefs" name="InternalBackRefs">Regex + Back-Reference Availability</a></h2> + One important thing here has to be remembered: Whenever you + use parentheses in <em>Pattern</em> or in one of the + <em>CondPattern</em>, back-references are internally created + which can be used with the strings <code>$N</code> and + <code>%N</code> (see below). These are available for creating + the strings <em>Substitution</em> and <em>TestString</em>. + Figure 2 shows to which locations the back-references are + transfered for expansion. + + <div align="CENTER"> + <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0"> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><img + src="../images/mod_rewrite_fig2.gif" width="381" + height="179" + alt="[Needs graphics capability to display]" /></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="CENTER"><strong>Figure 2:</strong> The + back-reference flow through a rule</td> + </tr> + </table> + </div> + + <p>We know this was a crash course on mod_rewrite's internal + processing. But you will benefit from this knowledge when + reading the following documentation of the available + directives.</p> + <hr noshade="noshade" size="1" /> + + <center> + <h1><a id="Configuration" + name="Configuration">Configuration Directives</a></h1> + </center> + <hr noshade="noshade" size="1" /> + + <h3><a id="RewriteEngine" + name="RewriteEngine">RewriteEngine</a></h3> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax" + rel="Help"><strong>Syntax:</strong></a> RewriteEngine + on|off<br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Default" + rel="Help"><strong>Default:</strong></a> <code>RewriteEngine + off</code><br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Context" + rel="Help"><strong>Context:</strong></a> server config, + virtual host, directory, .htaccess<br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Override" + rel="Help"><strong>Override:</strong></a> FileInfo<br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Status" + rel="Help"><strong>Status:</strong></a> Extension<br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Module" + rel="Help"><strong>Module:</strong></a> mod_rewrite.c<br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Compatibility" + rel="Help"><strong>Compatibility:</strong></a> Apache + 1.2<br /> + + + <p>The <code>RewriteEngine</code> directive enables or + disables the runtime rewriting engine. If it is set to + <code>off</code> this module does no runtime processing at + all. It does not even update the <code>SCRIPT_URx</code> + environment variables.</p> + + <p>Use this directive to disable the module instead of + commenting out all the <code>RewriteRule</code> + directives!</p> + + <p>Note that, by default, rewrite configurations are not + inherited. This means that you need to have a + <code>RewriteEngine on</code> directive for each virtual host + in which you wish to use it.</p> + <hr noshade="noshade" size="1" /> + + <h3><a id="RewriteOptions" + name="RewriteOptions">RewriteOptions</a></h3> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax" + rel="Help"><strong>Syntax:</strong></a> RewriteOptions + <em>Option</em><br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Default" + rel="Help"><strong>Default:</strong></a> <code>RewriteOptions + MaxRedirects=10</code><br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Context" + rel="Help"><strong>Context:</strong></a> server config, + virtual host, directory, .htaccess<br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Override" + rel="Help"><strong>Override:</strong></a> FileInfo<br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Status" + rel="Help"><strong>Status:</strong></a> Extension<br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Module" + rel="Help"><strong>Module:</strong></a> mod_rewrite.c<br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Compatibility" + rel="Help"><strong>Compatibility:</strong></a> Apache + 1.2; <code>MaxRedirects</code> is available in Apache 1.3.28 and + later<br /> + + + <p>The <code>RewriteOptions</code> directive sets some + special options for the current per-server or per-directory + configuration. The <em>Option</em> strings can be one of the + following:</p> + + <dl> + <dt><code>inherit</code></dt> + <dd>This forces the current configuration to inherit the + configuration of the parent. In per-virtual-server context + this means that the maps, conditions and rules of the main + server are inherited. In per-directory context this means + that conditions and rules of the parent directory's + <code>.htaccess</code> configuration are inherited.</dd> + + <dt><code>MaxRedirects=<var>number</var></code></dt> + <dd>In order to prevent endless loops of internal redirects + issued by per-directory <code>RewriteRule</code>s, + <code>mod_rewrite</code> aborts the request after reaching a + maximum number of such redirects and responds with an 500 Internal + Server Error. If you really need more internal redirects than 10 + per request, you may increase the default to the desired value.</dd> + </dl> + <hr noshade="noshade" size="1" /> + + <h3><a id="RewriteLog" name="RewriteLog">RewriteLog</a></h3> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax" + rel="Help"><strong>Syntax:</strong></a> RewriteLog + <em>file-path</em><br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Default" + rel="Help"><strong>Default:</strong></a> <em>None</em><br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Context" + rel="Help"><strong>Context:</strong></a> server config, + virtual host<br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Override" + rel="Help"><strong>Override:</strong></a> <em>Not + applicable</em><br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Status" + rel="Help"><strong>Status:</strong></a> Extension<br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Module" + rel="Help"><strong>Module:</strong></a> mod_rewrite.c<br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Compatibility" + rel="Help"><strong>Compatibility:</strong></a> Apache + 1.2<br /> + + + <p>The <code>RewriteLog</code> directive sets the name of the + file to which the server logs any rewriting actions it + performs. If the name does not begin with a slash + ('<code>/</code>') then it is assumed to be relative to the + <em>Server Root</em>. The directive should occur only once + per server config.</p> + + <table width="70%" border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0F0" + cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> + <tr> + <td><strong>Note</strong>: To disable the logging of + rewriting actions it is not recommended to set + <em>file-path</em> to <code>/dev/null</code>, because + although the rewriting engine does not then output to a + logfile it still creates the logfile output internally. + <strong>This will slow down the server with no advantage + to the administrator!</strong> To disable logging either + remove or comment out the <code>RewriteLog</code> + directive or use <code>RewriteLogLevel 0</code>!</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table width="70%" border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0F0" + cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> + <tr> + <td><strong>Security</strong>: See the <a + href="../misc/security_tips.html">Apache Security + Tips</a> document for details on why your security could + be compromised if the directory where logfiles are stored + is writable by anyone other than the user that starts the + server.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <p><strong>Example:</strong></p> + + <blockquote> +<pre> +RewriteLog "/usr/local/var/apache/logs/rewrite.log" +</pre> + </blockquote> + <hr noshade="noshade" size="1" /> + + <h3><a id="RewriteLogLevel" + name="RewriteLogLevel">RewriteLogLevel</a></h3> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax" + rel="Help"><strong>Syntax:</strong></a> RewriteLogLevel + <em>Level</em><br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Default" + rel="Help"><strong>Default:</strong></a> + <code>RewriteLogLevel 0</code><br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Context" + rel="Help"><strong>Context:</strong></a> server config, + virtual host<br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Override" + rel="Help"><strong>Override:</strong></a> <em>Not + applicable</em><br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Status" + rel="Help"><strong>Status:</strong></a> Extension<br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Module" + rel="Help"><strong>Module:</strong></a> mod_rewrite.c<br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Compatibility" + rel="Help"><strong>Compatibility:</strong></a> Apache + 1.2<br /> + + + <p>The <code>RewriteLogLevel</code> directive sets the + verbosity level of the rewriting logfile. The default level 0 + means no logging, while 9 or more means that practically all + actions are logged.</p> + + <p>To disable the logging of rewriting actions simply set + <em>Level</em> to 0. This disables all rewrite action + logs.</p> + + <table width="70%" border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0F0" + cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> + <tr> + <td><strong>Notice:</strong> Using a high value for + <em>Level</em> will slow down your Apache server + dramatically! Use the rewriting logfile at a + <em>Level</em> greater than 2 only for debugging!</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <p><strong>Example:</strong></p> + + <blockquote> +<pre> +RewriteLogLevel 3 +</pre> + </blockquote> + <hr noshade="noshade" size="1" /> + + <h3><a id="RewriteLock" + name="RewriteLock">RewriteLock</a></h3> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax" + rel="Help"><strong>Syntax:</strong></a> RewriteLock + <em>file-path</em><br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Default" + rel="Help"><strong>Default:</strong></a> <em>None</em><br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Context" + rel="Help"><strong>Context:</strong></a> server config<br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Override" + rel="Help"><strong>Override:</strong></a> <em>Not + applicable</em><br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Status" + rel="Help"><strong>Status:</strong></a> Extension<br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Module" + rel="Help"><strong>Module:</strong></a> mod_rewrite.c<br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Compatibility" + rel="Help"><strong>Compatibility:</strong></a> Apache + 1.3<br /> + + + <p>This directive sets the filename for a synchronization + lockfile which mod_rewrite needs to communicate with + <samp>RewriteMap</samp> <em>programs</em>. Set this lockfile + to a local path (not on a NFS-mounted device) when you want + to use a rewriting map-program. It is not required for other + types of rewriting maps.</p> + <hr noshade="noshade" size="1" /> + + <h3><a id="RewriteMap" name="RewriteMap">RewriteMap</a></h3> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax" + rel="Help"><strong>Syntax:</strong></a> RewriteMap + <em>MapName</em> <em>MapType</em>:<em>MapSource</em><br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Default" + rel="Help"><strong>Default:</strong></a> not used per + default<br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Context" + rel="Help"><strong>Context:</strong></a> server config, + virtual host<br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Override" + rel="Help"><strong>Override:</strong></a> <em>Not + applicable</em><br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Status" + rel="Help"><strong>Status:</strong></a> Extension<br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Module" + rel="Help"><strong>Module:</strong></a> mod_rewrite.c<br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Compatibility" + rel="Help"><strong>Compatibility:</strong></a> Apache 1.2 + (partially), Apache 1.3<br /> + + + <p>The <code>RewriteMap</code> directive defines a + <em>Rewriting Map</em> which can be used inside rule + substitution strings by the mapping-functions to + insert/substitute fields through a key lookup. The source of + this lookup can be of various types.</p> + + <p>The <a id="mapfunc" name="mapfunc"><em>MapName</em></a> is + the name of the map and will be used to specify a + mapping-function for the substitution strings of a rewriting + rule via one of the following constructs:</p> + + <blockquote> + <strong><code>${</code> <em>MapName</em> <code>:</code> + <em>LookupKey</em> <code>}</code><br /> + <code>${</code> <em>MapName</em> <code>:</code> + <em>LookupKey</em> <code>|</code> <em>DefaultValue</em> + <code>}</code></strong> + </blockquote> + When such a construct occurs the map <em>MapName</em> is + consulted and the key <em>LookupKey</em> is looked-up. If the + key is found, the map-function construct is substituted by + <em>SubstValue</em>. If the key is not found then it is + substituted by <em>DefaultValue</em> or by the empty string + if no <em>DefaultValue</em> was specified. + + <p>The following combinations for <em>MapType</em> and + <em>MapSource</em> can be used:</p> + + <ul> + <li> + <strong>Standard Plain Text</strong><br /> + MapType: <code>txt</code>, MapSource: Unix filesystem + path to valid regular file + + <p>This is the standard rewriting map feature where the + <em>MapSource</em> is a plain ASCII file containing + either blank lines, comment lines (starting with a '#' + character) or pairs like the following - one per + line.</p> + + <blockquote> + <strong><em>MatchingKey</em> + <em>SubstValue</em></strong> + </blockquote> + + <p>Example:</p> + + <table border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" + bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> + <tr> + <td> +<pre> +## +## map.txt -- rewriting map +## + +Ralf.S.Engelschall rse # Bastard Operator From Hell +Mr.Joe.Average joe # Mr. Average +</pre> + </td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" + bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> + <tr> + <td> +<pre> +RewriteMap real-to-user txt:/path/to/file/map.txt +</pre> + </td> + </tr> + </table> + </li> + + <li> + <strong>Randomized Plain Text</strong><br /> + MapType: <code>rnd</code>, MapSource: Unix filesystem + path to valid regular file + + <p>This is identical to the Standard Plain Text variant + above but with a special post-processing feature: After + looking up a value it is parsed according to contained + ``<code>|</code>'' characters which have the meaning of + ``or''. In other words they indicate a set of + alternatives from which the actual returned value is + chosen randomly. Although this sounds crazy and useless, + it was actually designed for load balancing in a reverse + proxy situation where the looked up values are server + names. Example:</p> + + <table border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" + bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> + <tr> + <td> +<pre> +## +## map.txt -- rewriting map +## + +static www1|www2|www3|www4 +dynamic www5|www6 +</pre> + </td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" + bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> + <tr> + <td> +<pre> +RewriteMap servers rnd:/path/to/file/map.txt +</pre> + </td> + </tr> + </table> + </li> + + <li> + <strong>Hash File</strong><br /> + MapType: <code>dbm</code>, MapSource: Unix filesystem + path to valid regular file + + <p>Here the source is a binary NDBM format file + containing the same contents as a <em>Plain Text</em> + format file, but in a special representation which is + optimized for really fast lookups. You can create such a + file with any NDBM tool or with the following Perl + script:</p> + + <table border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" + bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> + <tr> + <td> +<pre> +#!/path/to/bin/perl +## +## txt2dbm -- convert txt map to dbm format +## + +use NDBM_File; +use Fcntl; + +($txtmap, $dbmmap) = @ARGV; + +open(TXT, "<$txtmap") or die "Couldn't open $txtmap!\n"; +tie (%DB, 'NDBM_File', $dbmmap,O_RDWR|O_TRUNC|O_CREAT, 0644) or die "Couldn't create $dbmmap!\n"; + +while (<TXT>) { + next if (/^\s*#/ or /^\s*$/); + $DB{$1} = $2 if (/^\s*(\S+)\s+(\S+)/); +} + +untie %DB; +close(TXT); +</pre> + </td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" + bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> + <tr> + <td> +<pre> +$ txt2dbm map.txt map.db +</pre> + </td> + </tr> + </table> + </li> + + <li> + <strong>Internal Function</strong><br /> + MapType: <code>int</code>, MapSource: Internal Apache + function + + <p>Here the source is an internal Apache function. + Currently you cannot create your own, but the following + functions already exists:</p> + + <ul> + <li><strong>toupper</strong>:<br /> + Converts the looked up key to all upper case.</li> + + <li><strong>tolower</strong>:<br /> + Converts the looked up key to all lower case.</li> + + <li><strong>escape</strong>:<br /> + Translates special characters in the looked up key to + hex-encodings.</li> + + <li><strong>unescape</strong>:<br /> + Translates hex-encodings in the looked up key back to + special characters.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li> + <strong>External Rewriting Program</strong><br /> + MapType: <code>prg</code>, MapSource: Unix filesystem + path to valid regular file + + <p>Here the source is a program, not a map file. To + create it you can use the language of your choice, but + the result has to be a executable (<em>i.e.</em>, either + object-code or a script with the magic cookie trick + '<code>#!/path/to/interpreter</code>' as the first + line).</p> + + <p>This program is started once at startup of the Apache + servers and then communicates with the rewriting engine + over its <code>stdin</code> and <code>stdout</code> + file-handles. For each map-function lookup it will + receive the key to lookup as a newline-terminated string + on <code>stdin</code>. It then has to give back the + looked-up value as a newline-terminated string on + <code>stdout</code> or the four-character string + ``<code>NULL</code>'' if it fails (<em>i.e.</em>, there + is no corresponding value for the given key). A trivial + program which will implement a 1:1 map (<em>i.e.</em>, + key == value) could be:</p> + + <table border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" + bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> + <tr> + <td> +<pre> +#!/usr/bin/perl +$| = 1; +while (<STDIN>) { + # ...put here any transformations or lookups... + print $_; +} +</pre> + </td> + </tr> + </table> + + <p>But be very careful:<br /> + </p> + + <ol> + <li>``<em>Keep it simple, stupid</em>'' (KISS), because + if this program hangs it will hang the Apache server + when the rule occurs.</li> + + <li>Avoid one common mistake: never do buffered I/O on + <code>stdout</code>! This will cause a deadloop! Hence + the ``<code>$|=1</code>'' in the above example...</li> + + <li>Use the <samp>RewriteLock</samp> directive to + define a lockfile mod_rewrite can use to synchronize + the communication to the program. By default no such + synchronization takes place.</li> + </ol> + </li> + </ul> + The <code>RewriteMap</code> directive can occur more than + once. For each mapping-function use one + <code>RewriteMap</code> directive to declare its rewriting + mapfile. While you cannot <strong>declare</strong> a map in + per-directory context it is of course possible to + <strong>use</strong> this map in per-directory context. + + <table width="70%" border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0F0" + cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> + <tr> + <td><strong>Note:</strong> For plain text and DBM format + files the looked-up keys are cached in-core until the + <code>mtime</code> of the mapfile changes or the server + does a restart. This way you can have map-functions in + rules which are used for <strong>every</strong> request. + This is no problem, because the external lookup only + happens once!</td> + </tr> + </table> + <hr noshade="noshade" size="1" /> + + <h3><a id="RewriteBase" + name="RewriteBase">RewriteBase</a></h3> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax" + rel="Help"><strong>Syntax:</strong></a> RewriteBase + <em>URL-path</em><br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Default" + rel="Help"><strong>Default:</strong></a> <em>default is the + physical directory path</em><br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Context" + rel="Help"><strong>Context:</strong></a> directory, + .htaccess<br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Override" + rel="Help"><strong>Override:</strong></a> + <em>FileInfo</em><br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Status" + rel="Help"><strong>Status:</strong></a> Extension<br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Module" + rel="Help"><strong>Module:</strong></a> mod_rewrite.c<br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Compatibility" + rel="Help"><strong>Compatibility:</strong></a> Apache + 1.2<br /> + + + <p>The <code>RewriteBase</code> directive explicitly sets the + base URL for per-directory rewrites. As you will see below, + <code>RewriteRule</code> can be used in per-directory config + files (<code>.htaccess</code>). There it will act locally, + <em>i.e.</em>, the local directory prefix is stripped at this + stage of processing and your rewriting rules act only on the + remainder. At the end it is automatically added back to the + path.</p> + + <p>When a substitution occurs for a new URL, this module has + to re-inject the URL into the server processing. To be able + to do this it needs to know what the corresponding URL-prefix + or URL-base is. By default this prefix is the corresponding + filepath itself. <strong>But at most websites URLs are NOT + directly related to physical filename paths, so this + assumption will usually be wrong!</strong> There you have to + use the <code>RewriteBase</code> directive to specify the + correct URL-prefix.</p> + + <table width="70%" border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0F0" + cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> + <tr> + <td><strong>Notice:</strong> If your webserver's URLs are + <strong>not</strong> directly related to physical file + paths, you have to use <code>RewriteBase</code> in every + <code>.htaccess</code> files where you want to use + <code>RewriteRule</code> directives.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <p><strong>Example:</strong></p> + + <blockquote> + Assume the following per-directory config file: + + <table border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" + bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> + <tr> + <td> +<pre> +# +# /abc/def/.htaccess -- per-dir config file for directory /abc/def +# Remember: /abc/def is the physical path of /xyz, <em>i.e.</em>, the server +# has a 'Alias /xyz /abc/def' directive <em>e.g.</em> +# + +RewriteEngine On + +# let the server know that we were reached via /xyz and not +# via the physical path prefix /abc/def +RewriteBase /xyz + +# now the rewriting rules +RewriteRule ^oldstuff\.html$ newstuff.html +</pre> + </td> + </tr> + </table> + + <p>In the above example, a request to + <code>/xyz/oldstuff.html</code> gets correctly rewritten to + the physical file <code>/abc/def/newstuff.html</code>.</p> + + <table width="70%" border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0F0" + cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> + <tr> + <td> + <font size="-1"><strong>Note - For Apache + hackers:</strong><br /> + The following list gives detailed information about + the internal processing steps:</font> +<pre> +<font size="-1">Request: + /xyz/oldstuff.html + +Internal Processing: + /xyz/oldstuff.html -> /abc/def/oldstuff.html (per-server Alias) + /abc/def/oldstuff.html -> /abc/def/newstuff.html (per-dir RewriteRule) + /abc/def/newstuff.html -> /xyz/newstuff.html (per-dir RewriteBase) + /xyz/newstuff.html -> /abc/def/newstuff.html (per-server Alias) + +Result: + /abc/def/newstuff.html +</font> +</pre> + <font size="-1">This seems very complicated but is + the correct Apache internal processing, because the + per-directory rewriting comes too late in the + process. So, when it occurs the (rewritten) request + has to be re-injected into the Apache kernel! BUT: + While this seems like a serious overhead, it really + isn't, because this re-injection happens fully + internally to the Apache server and the same + procedure is used by many other operations inside + Apache. So, you can be sure the design and + implementation is correct.</font> + </td> + </tr> + </table> + </blockquote> + <hr noshade="noshade" size="1" /> + + <h3><a id="RewriteCond" + name="RewriteCond">RewriteCond</a></h3> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax" + rel="Help"><strong>Syntax:</strong></a> RewriteCond + <em>TestString</em> <em>CondPattern</em><br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Default" + rel="Help"><strong>Default:</strong></a> <em>None</em><br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Context" + rel="Help"><strong>Context:</strong></a> server config, + virtual host, directory, .htaccess<br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Override" + rel="Help"><strong>Override:</strong></a> + <em>FileInfo</em><br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Status" + rel="Help"><strong>Status:</strong></a> Extension<br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Module" + rel="Help"><strong>Module:</strong></a> mod_rewrite.c<br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Compatibility" + rel="Help"><strong>Compatibility:</strong></a> Apache 1.2 + (partially), Apache 1.3<br /> + + + <p>The <code>RewriteCond</code> directive defines a rule + condition. Precede a <code>RewriteRule</code> directive with + one or more <code>RewriteCond</code> directives. The + following rewriting rule is only used if its pattern matches + the current state of the URI <strong>and</strong> if these + additional conditions apply too.</p> + + <p><em>TestString</em> is a string which can contains the + following expanded constructs in addition to plain text:</p> + + <ul> + <li> + <strong>RewriteRule backreferences</strong>: These are + backreferences of the form + + <blockquote> + <strong><code>$N</code></strong> + </blockquote> + (0 <= N <= 9) which provide access to the grouped + parts (parenthesis!) of the pattern from the + corresponding <code>RewriteRule</code> directive (the one + following the current bunch of <code>RewriteCond</code> + directives). + </li> + + <li> + <strong>RewriteCond backreferences</strong>: These are + backreferences of the form + + <blockquote> + <strong><code>%N</code></strong> + </blockquote> + (1 <= N <= 9) which provide access to the grouped + parts (parentheses!) of the pattern from the last matched + <code>RewriteCond</code> directive in the current bunch + of conditions. + </li> + + <li> + <strong>RewriteMap expansions</strong>: These are + expansions of the form + + <blockquote> + <strong><code>${mapname:key|default}</code></strong> + </blockquote> + See <a href="#mapfunc">the documentation for + RewriteMap</a> for more details. + </li> + + <li> + <strong>Server-Variables</strong>: These are variables of + the form + + <blockquote> + <strong><code>%{</code> <em>NAME_OF_VARIABLE</em> + <code>}</code></strong> + </blockquote> + where <em>NAME_OF_VARIABLE</em> can be a string taken + from the following list: + + <table bgcolor="#F0F0F0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"> + <tr> + <td valign="TOP"> + <strong>HTTP headers:</strong> + + <p><font size="-1">HTTP_USER_AGENT<br /> + HTTP_REFERER<br /> + HTTP_COOKIE<br /> + HTTP_FORWARDED<br /> + HTTP_HOST<br /> + HTTP_PROXY_CONNECTION<br /> + HTTP_ACCEPT<br /> + </font></p> + </td> + + <td valign="TOP"> + <strong>connection & request:</strong> + + <p><font size="-1">REMOTE_ADDR<br /> + REMOTE_HOST<br /> + REMOTE_USER<br /> + REMOTE_IDENT<br /> + REQUEST_METHOD<br /> + SCRIPT_FILENAME<br /> + PATH_INFO<br /> + QUERY_STRING<br /> + AUTH_TYPE<br /> + </font></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td valign="TOP"> + <strong>server internals:</strong> + + <p><font size="-1">DOCUMENT_ROOT<br /> + SERVER_ADMIN<br /> + SERVER_NAME<br /> + SERVER_ADDR<br /> + SERVER_PORT<br /> + SERVER_PROTOCOL<br /> + SERVER_SOFTWARE<br /> + </font></p> + </td> + + <td valign="TOP"> + <strong>system stuff:</strong> + + <p><font size="-1">TIME_YEAR<br /> + TIME_MON<br /> + TIME_DAY<br /> + TIME_HOUR<br /> + TIME_MIN<br /> + TIME_SEC<br /> + TIME_WDAY<br /> + TIME<br /> + </font></p> + </td> + + <td valign="TOP"> + <strong>specials:</strong> + + <p><font size="-1">API_VERSION<br /> + THE_REQUEST<br /> + REQUEST_URI<br /> + REQUEST_FILENAME<br /> + IS_SUBREQ<br /> + </font></p> + </td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table width="70%" border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0F0" + cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> + <tr> + <td> + <p><strong>Notice:</strong> These variables all + correspond to the similarly named HTTP + MIME-headers, C variables of the Apache server or + <code>struct tm</code> fields of the Unix system. + Most are documented elsewhere in the Manual or in + the CGI specification. Those that are special to + mod_rewrite include:</p> + + <dl> + <dt><code>IS_SUBREQ</code></dt> + + <dd>Will contain the text "true" if the request + currently being processed is a sub-request, + "false" otherwise. Sub-requests may be generated + by modules that need to resolve additional files + or URIs in order to complete their tasks.</dd> + + <dt><code>API_VERSION</code></dt> + + <dd>This is the version of the Apache module API + (the internal interface between server and + module) in the current httpd build, as defined in + include/ap_mmn.h. The module API version + corresponds to the version of Apache in use (in + the release version of Apache 1.3.14, for + instance, it is 19990320:10), but is mainly of + interest to module authors.</dd> + + <dt><code>THE_REQUEST</code></dt> + + <dd>The full HTTP request line sent by the + browser to the server (e.g., "<code>GET + /index.html HTTP/1.1</code>"). This does not + include any additional headers sent by the + browser.</dd> + + <dt><code>REQUEST_URI</code></dt> + + <dd>The resource requested in the HTTP request + line. (In the example above, this would be + "/index.html".)</dd> + + <dt><code>REQUEST_FILENAME</code></dt> + + <dd>The full local filesystem path to the file or + script matching the request.</dd> + </dl> + </td> + </tr> + </table> + </li> + </ul> + + <p>Special Notes:</p> + + <ol> + <li>The variables SCRIPT_FILENAME and REQUEST_FILENAME + contain the same value, <em>i.e.</em>, the value of the + <code>filename</code> field of the internal + <code>request_rec</code> structure of the Apache server. + The first name is just the commonly known CGI variable name + while the second is the consistent counterpart to + REQUEST_URI (which contains the value of the + <code>uri</code> field of <code>request_rec</code>).</li> + + <li>There is the special format: + <code>%{ENV:variable}</code> where <em>variable</em> can be + any environment variable. This is looked-up via internal + Apache structures and (if not found there) via + <code>getenv()</code> from the Apache server process.</li> + + <li>There is the special format: + <code>%{HTTP:header}</code> where <em>header</em> can be + any HTTP MIME-header name. This is looked-up from the HTTP + request. Example: <code>%{HTTP:Proxy-Connection}</code> is + the value of the HTTP header + ``<code>Proxy-Connection:</code>''.</li> + + <li>There is the special format + <code>%{LA-U:variable}</code> for look-aheads which perform + an internal (URL-based) sub-request to determine the final + value of <em>variable</em>. Use this when you want to use a + variable for rewriting which is actually set later in an + API phase and thus is not available at the current stage. + For instance when you want to rewrite according to the + <code>REMOTE_USER</code> variable from within the + per-server context (<code>httpd.conf</code> file) you have + to use <code>%{LA-U:REMOTE_USER}</code> because this + variable is set by the authorization phases which come + <em>after</em> the URL translation phase where mod_rewrite + operates. On the other hand, because mod_rewrite implements + its per-directory context (<code>.htaccess</code> file) via + the Fixup phase of the API and because the authorization + phases come <em>before</em> this phase, you just can use + <code>%{REMOTE_USER}</code> there.</li> + + <li>There is the special format: + <code>%{LA-F:variable}</code> which performs an internal + (filename-based) sub-request to determine the final value + of <em>variable</em>. Most of the time this is the same as + LA-U above.</li> + </ol> + + <p><em>CondPattern</em> is the condition pattern, + <em>i.e.</em>, a regular expression which is applied to the + current instance of the <em>TestString</em>, <em>i.e.</em>, + <em>TestString</em> is evaluated and then matched against + <em>CondPattern</em>.</p> + + <p><strong>Remember:</strong> <em>CondPattern</em> is a + standard <em>Extended Regular Expression</em> with some + additions:</p> + + <ol> + <li>You can prefix the pattern string with a + '<code>!</code>' character (exclamation mark) to specify a + <strong>non</strong>-matching pattern.</li> + + <li> + There are some special variants of <em>CondPatterns</em>. + Instead of real regular expression strings you can also + use one of the following: + + <ul> + <li>'<strong><CondPattern</strong>' (is lexically + lower)<br /> + Treats the <em>CondPattern</em> as a plain string and + compares it lexically to <em>TestString</em>. True if + <em>TestString</em> is lexically lower than + <em>CondPattern</em>.</li> + + <li>'<strong>>CondPattern</strong>' (is lexically + greater)<br /> + Treats the <em>CondPattern</em> as a plain string and + compares it lexically to <em>TestString</em>. True if + <em>TestString</em> is lexically greater than + <em>CondPattern</em>.</li> + + <li>'<strong>=CondPattern</strong>' (is lexically + equal)<br /> + Treats the <em>CondPattern</em> as a plain string and + compares it lexically to <em>TestString</em>. True if + <em>TestString</em> is lexically equal to + <em>CondPattern</em>, i.e the two strings are exactly + equal (character by character). If <em>CondPattern</em> + is just <samp>""</samp> (two quotation marks) this + compares <em>TestString</em> to the empty string.</li> + + <li>'<strong>-d</strong>' (is + <strong>d</strong>irectory)<br /> + Treats the <em>TestString</em> as a pathname and tests + if it exists and is a directory.</li> + + <li>'<strong>-f</strong>' (is regular + <strong>f</strong>ile)<br /> + Treats the <em>TestString</em> as a pathname and tests + if it exists and is a regular file.</li> + + <li>'<strong>-s</strong>' (is regular file with + <strong>s</strong>ize)<br /> + Treats the <em>TestString</em> as a pathname and tests + if it exists and is a regular file with size greater + than zero.</li> + + <li>'<strong>-l</strong>' (is symbolic + <strong>l</strong>ink)<br /> + Treats the <em>TestString</em> as a pathname and tests + if it exists and is a symbolic link.</li> + + <li>'<strong>-F</strong>' (is existing file via + subrequest)<br /> + Checks if <em>TestString</em> is a valid file and + accessible via all the server's currently-configured + access controls for that path. This uses an internal + subrequest to determine the check, so use it with care + because it decreases your servers performance!</li> + + <li>'<strong>-U</strong>' (is existing URL via + subrequest)<br /> + Checks if <em>TestString</em> is a valid URL and + accessible via all the server's currently-configured + access controls for that path. This uses an internal + subrequest to determine the check, so use it with care + because it decreases your server's performance!</li> + </ul> + + <table width="70%" border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0F0" + cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> + <tr> + <td><strong>Notice:</strong> All of these tests can + also be prefixed by an exclamation mark ('!') to + negate their meaning.</td> + </tr> + </table> + </li> + </ol> + + <p>Additionally you can set special flags for + <em>CondPattern</em> by appending</p> + + <blockquote> + <strong><code>[</code><em>flags</em><code>]</code></strong> + </blockquote> + as the third argument to the <code>RewriteCond</code> + directive. <em>Flags</em> is a comma-separated list of the + following flags: + + <ul> + <li>'<strong><code>nocase|NC</code></strong>' + (<strong>n</strong>o <strong>c</strong>ase)<br /> + This makes the test case-insensitive, <em>i.e.</em>, there + is no difference between 'A-Z' and 'a-z' both in the + expanded <em>TestString</em> and the <em>CondPattern</em>. + This flag is effective only for comparisons between + <em>TestString</em> and <em>CondPattern</em>. It has no + effect on filesystem and subrequest checks.</li> + + <li> + '<strong><code>ornext|OR</code></strong>' + (<strong>or</strong> next condition)<br /> + Use this to combine rule conditions with a local OR + instead of the implicit AND. Typical example: + + <blockquote> +<pre> +RewriteCond %{REMOTE_HOST} ^host1.* [OR] +RewriteCond %{REMOTE_HOST} ^host2.* [OR] +RewriteCond %{REMOTE_HOST} ^host3.* +RewriteRule ...some special stuff for any of these hosts... +</pre> + </blockquote> + Without this flag you would have to write the cond/rule + three times. + </li> + </ul> + + <p><strong>Example:</strong></p> + + <blockquote> + To rewrite the Homepage of a site according to the + ``<code>User-Agent:</code>'' header of the request, you can + use the following: + + <blockquote> +<pre> +RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^Mozilla.* +RewriteRule ^/$ /homepage.max.html [L] + +RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^Lynx.* +RewriteRule ^/$ /homepage.min.html [L] + +RewriteRule ^/$ /homepage.std.html [L] +</pre> + </blockquote> + Interpretation: If you use Netscape Navigator as your + browser (which identifies itself as 'Mozilla'), then you + get the max homepage, which includes Frames, <em>etc.</em> + If you use the Lynx browser (which is Terminal-based), then + you get the min homepage, which contains no images, no + tables, <em>etc.</em> If you use any other browser you get + the standard homepage. + </blockquote> + <hr noshade="noshade" size="1" /> + + <h3><a id="RewriteRule" + name="RewriteRule">RewriteRule</a></h3> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax" + rel="Help"><strong>Syntax:</strong></a> RewriteRule + <em>Pattern</em> <em>Substitution</em><br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Default" + rel="Help"><strong>Default:</strong></a> <em>None</em><br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Context" + rel="Help"><strong>Context:</strong></a> server config, + virtual host, directory, .htaccess<br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Override" + rel="Help"><strong>Override:</strong></a> + <em>FileInfo</em><br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Status" + rel="Help"><strong>Status:</strong></a> Extension<br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Module" + rel="Help"><strong>Module:</strong></a> mod_rewrite.c<br /> + <a href="directive-dict.html#Compatibility" + rel="Help"><strong>Compatibility:</strong></a> Apache 1.2 + (partially), Apache 1.3<br /> + + + <p>The <code>RewriteRule</code> directive is the real + rewriting workhorse. The directive can occur more than once. + Each directive then defines one single rewriting rule. The + <strong>definition order</strong> of these rules is + <strong>important</strong>, because this order is used when + applying the rules at run-time.</p> + + <p><a id="patterns" name="patterns"><em>Pattern</em></a> can + be (for Apache 1.1.x a System V8 and for Apache 1.2.x and + later a POSIX) <a id="regexp" name="regexp">regular + expression</a> which gets applied to the current URL. Here + ``current'' means the value of the URL when this rule gets + applied. This may not be the originally requested URL, + because any number of rules may already + have matched and made alterations to it.</p> + + <p>Some hints about the syntax of regular expressions:</p> + + <table bgcolor="#F0F0F0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"> + <tr> + <td valign="TOP"> +<pre> +<strong>Text:</strong> + <strong><code>.</code></strong> Any single character + <strong><code>[</code></strong>chars<strong><code>]</code></strong> Character class: One of chars + <strong><code>[^</code></strong>chars<strong><code>]</code></strong> Character class: None of chars + text1<strong><code>|</code></strong>text2 Alternative: text1 or text2 + +<strong>Quantifiers:</strong> + <strong><code>?</code></strong> 0 or 1 of the preceding text + <strong><code>*</code></strong> 0 or N of the preceding text (N > 0) + <strong><code>+</code></strong> 1 or N of the preceding text (N > 1) + +<strong>Grouping:</strong> + <strong><code>(</code></strong>text<strong><code>)</code></strong> Grouping of text + (either to set the borders of an alternative or + for making backreferences where the <strong>N</strong>th group can + be used on the RHS of a RewriteRule with <code>$</code><strong>N</strong>) + +<strong>Anchors:</strong> + <strong><code>^</code></strong> Start of line anchor + <strong><code>$</code></strong> End of line anchor + +<strong>Escaping:</strong> + <strong><code>\</code></strong>char escape that particular char + (for instance to specify the chars "<code>.[]()</code>" <em>etc.</em>) +</pre> + </td> + </tr> + </table> + + <p>For more information about regular expressions either have + a look at your local regex(3) manpage or its + <code>src/regex/regex.3</code> copy in the Apache 1.3 + distribution. If you are interested in more detailed + information about regular expressions and their variants + (POSIX regex, Perl regex, <em>etc.</em>) have a look at the + following dedicated book on this topic:</p> + + <blockquote> + <em>Mastering Regular Expressions</em><br /> + Jeffrey E.F. Friedl<br /> + Nutshell Handbook Series<br /> + O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. 1997<br /> + ISBN 1-56592-257-3<br /> + </blockquote> + + <p>Additionally in mod_rewrite the NOT character + ('<code>!</code>') is a possible pattern prefix. This gives + you the ability to negate a pattern; to say, for instance: + ``<em>if the current URL does <strong>NOT</strong> match this + pattern</em>''. This can be used for exceptional cases, where + it is easier to match the negative pattern, or as a last + default rule.</p> + + <table width="70%" border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0F0" + cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> + <tr> + <td><strong>Notice:</strong> When using the NOT character + to negate a pattern you cannot have grouped wildcard + parts in the pattern. This is impossible because when the + pattern does NOT match, there are no contents for the + groups. In consequence, if negated patterns are used, you + cannot use <code>$N</code> in the substitution + string!</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <p><a id="rhs" name="rhs"><em>Substitution</em></a> of a + rewriting rule is the string which is substituted for (or + replaces) the original URL for which <em>Pattern</em> + matched. Beside plain text you can use</p> + + <ol> + <li>back-references <code>$N</code> to the RewriteRule + pattern</li> + + <li>back-references <code>%N</code> to the last matched + RewriteCond pattern</li> + + <li>server-variables as in rule condition test-strings + (<code>%{VARNAME}</code>)</li> + + <li><a href="#mapfunc">mapping-function</a> calls + (<code>${mapname:key|default}</code>)</li> + </ol> + Back-references are <code>$</code><strong>N</strong> + (<strong>N</strong>=0..9) identifiers which will be replaced + by the contents of the <strong>N</strong>th group of the + matched <em>Pattern</em>. The server-variables are the same + as for the <em>TestString</em> of a <code>RewriteCond</code> + directive. The mapping-functions come from the + <code>RewriteMap</code> directive and are explained there. + These three types of variables are expanded in the order of + the above list. + + <p>As already mentioned above, all the rewriting rules are + applied to the <em>Substitution</em> (in the order of + definition in the config file). The URL is <strong>completely + replaced</strong> by the <em>Substitution</em> and the + rewriting process goes on until there are no more rules + unless explicitly terminated by a + <code><strong>L</strong></code> flag - see below.</p> + + <p>There is a special substitution string named + '<code>-</code>' which means: <strong>NO + substitution</strong>! Sounds silly? No, it is useful to + provide rewriting rules which <strong>only</strong> match + some URLs but do no substitution, <em>e.g.</em>, in + conjunction with the <strong>C</strong> (chain) flag to be + able to have more than one pattern to be applied before a + substitution occurs.</p> + + <p>One more note: You can even create URLs in the + substitution string containing a query string part. Just use + a question mark inside the substitution string to indicate + that the following stuff should be re-injected into the + QUERY_STRING. When you want to erase an existing query + string, end the substitution string with just the question + mark.</p> + + <table width="70%" border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0F0" + cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> + <tr> + <td><strong>Note</strong>: There is a special feature: + When you prefix a substitution field with + <code>http://</code><em>thishost</em>[<em>:thisport</em>] + then <strong>mod_rewrite</strong> automatically strips it + out. This auto-reduction on implicit external redirect + URLs is a useful and important feature when used in + combination with a mapping-function which generates the + hostname part. Have a look at the first example in the + example section below to understand this.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table width="70%" border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0F0" + cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> + <tr> + <td><strong>Remember:</strong> An unconditional external + redirect to your own server will not work with the prefix + <code>http://thishost</code> because of this feature. To + achieve such a self-redirect, you have to use the + <strong>R</strong>-flag (see below).</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <p>Additionally you can set special flags for + <em>Substitution</em> by appending</p> + + <blockquote> + <strong><code>[</code><em>flags</em><code>]</code></strong> + </blockquote> + as the third argument to the <code>RewriteRule</code> + directive. <em>Flags</em> is a comma-separated list of the + following flags: + + <ul> + <li> + '<strong><code>redirect|R</code> + [=<em>code</em>]</strong>' (force <a id="redirect" + name="redirect"><strong>r</strong>edirect</a>)<br /> + Prefix <em>Substitution</em> with + <code>http://thishost[:thisport]/</code> (which makes the + new URL a URI) to force a external redirection. If no + <em>code</em> is given a HTTP response of 302 (MOVED + TEMPORARILY) is used. If you want to use other response + codes in the range 300-400 just specify them as a number + or use one of the following symbolic names: + <code>temp</code> (default), <code>permanent</code>, + <code>seeother</code>. Use it for rules which should + canonicalize the URL and give it back to the client, + <em>e.g.</em>, translate ``<code>/~</code>'' into + ``<code>/u/</code>'' or always append a slash to + <code>/u/</code><em>user</em>, etc.<br /> + + + <p><strong>Note:</strong> When you use this flag, make + sure that the substitution field is a valid URL! If not, + you are redirecting to an invalid location! And remember + that this flag itself only prefixes the URL with + <code>http://thishost[:thisport]/</code>, rewriting + continues. Usually you also want to stop and do the + redirection immediately. To stop the rewriting you also + have to provide the 'L' flag.</p> + </li> + + <li>'<strong><code>forbidden|F</code></strong>' (force URL + to be <strong>f</strong>orbidden)<br /> + This forces the current URL to be forbidden, + <em>i.e.</em>, it immediately sends back a HTTP response of + 403 (FORBIDDEN). Use this flag in conjunction with + appropriate RewriteConds to conditionally block some + URLs.</li> + + <li>'<strong><code>gone|G</code></strong>' (force URL to be + <strong>g</strong>one)<br /> + This forces the current URL to be gone, <em>i.e.</em>, it + immediately sends back a HTTP response of 410 (GONE). Use + this flag to mark pages which no longer exist as gone.</li> + + <li> + '<strong><code>proxy|P</code></strong>' (force + <strong>p</strong>roxy)<br /> + This flag forces the substitution part to be internally + forced as a proxy request and immediately (<em>i.e.</em>, + rewriting rule processing stops here) put through the <a + href="mod_proxy.html">proxy module</a>. You have to make + sure that the substitution string is a valid URI + (<em>e.g.</em>, typically starting with + <code>http://</code><em>hostname</em>) which can be + handled by the Apache proxy module. If not you get an + error from the proxy module. Use this flag to achieve a + more powerful implementation of the <a + href="mod_proxy.html#proxypass">ProxyPass</a> directive, + to map some remote stuff into the namespace of the local + server. + + <p>Notice: To use this functionality make sure you have + the proxy module compiled into your Apache server + program. If you don't know please check whether + <code>mod_proxy.c</code> is part of the ``<code>httpd + -l</code>'' output. If yes, this functionality is + available to mod_rewrite. If not, then you first have to + rebuild the ``<code>httpd</code>'' program with mod_proxy + enabled.</p> + </li> + + <li>'<strong><code>last|L</code></strong>' + (<strong>l</strong>ast rule)<br /> + Stop the rewriting process here and don't apply any more + rewriting rules. This corresponds to the Perl + <code>last</code> command or the <code>break</code> command + from the C language. Use this flag to prevent the currently + rewritten URL from being rewritten further by following + rules. For example, use it to rewrite the root-path URL + ('<code>/</code>') to a real one, <em>e.g.</em>, + '<code>/e/www/</code>'.</li> + + <li>'<strong><code>next|N</code></strong>' + (<strong>n</strong>ext round)<br /> + Re-run the rewriting process (starting again with the + first rewriting rule). Here the URL to match is again not + the original URL but the URL from the last rewriting rule. + This corresponds to the Perl <code>next</code> command or + the <code>continue</code> command from the C language. Use + this flag to restart the rewriting process, <em>i.e.</em>, + to immediately go to the top of the loop.<br /> + <strong>But be careful not to create an infinite + loop!</strong></li> + + <li>'<strong><code>chain|C</code></strong>' + (<strong>c</strong>hained with next rule)<br /> + This flag chains the current rule with the next rule + (which itself can be chained with the following rule, + <em>etc.</em>). This has the following effect: if a rule + matches, then processing continues as usual, <em>i.e.</em>, + the flag has no effect. If the rule does + <strong>not</strong> match, then all following chained + rules are skipped. For instance, use it to remove the + ``<code>.www</code>'' part inside a per-directory rule set + when you let an external redirect happen (where the + ``<code>.www</code>'' part should not to occur!).</li> + + <li> + '<strong><code>type|T</code></strong>=<em>MIME-type</em>' + (force MIME <strong>t</strong>ype)<br /> + Force the MIME-type of the target file to be + <em>MIME-type</em>. For instance, this can be used to + simulate the <code>mod_alias</code> directive + <code>ScriptAlias</code> which internally forces all files + inside the mapped directory to have a MIME type of + ``<code>application/x-httpd-cgi</code>''.</li> + + <li> + '<strong><code>nosubreq|NS</code></strong>' (used only if + <strong>n</strong>o internal + <strong>s</strong>ub-request)<br /> + This flag forces the rewriting engine to skip a + rewriting rule if the current request is an internal + sub-request. For instance, sub-requests occur internally + in Apache when <code>mod_include</code> tries to find out + information about possible directory default files + (<code>index.xxx</code>). On sub-requests it is not + always useful and even sometimes causes a failure to if + the complete set of rules are applied. Use this flag to + exclude some rules.<br /> + + + <p>Use the following rule for your decision: whenever you + prefix some URLs with CGI-scripts to force them to be + processed by the CGI-script, the chance is high that you + will run into problems (or even overhead) on + sub-requests. In these cases, use this flag.</p> + </li> + + <li>'<strong><code>nocase|NC</code></strong>' + (<strong>n</strong>o <strong>c</strong>ase)<br /> + This makes the <em>Pattern</em> case-insensitive, + <em>i.e.</em>, there is no difference between 'A-Z' and + 'a-z' when <em>Pattern</em> is matched against the current + URL.</li> + + <li>'<strong><code>qsappend|QSA</code></strong>' + (<strong>q</strong>uery <strong>s</strong>tring + <strong>a</strong>ppend)<br /> + This flag forces the rewriting engine to append a query + string part in the substitution string to the existing one + instead of replacing it. Use this when you want to add more + data to the query string via a rewrite rule.</li> + + <li> + '<strong><code>noescape|NE</code></strong>' + (<strong>n</strong>o URI <strong>e</strong>scaping of + output)<br /> + This flag keeps mod_rewrite from applying the usual URI + escaping rules to the result of a rewrite. Ordinarily, + special characters (such as '%', '$', ';', and so on) + will be escaped into their hexcode equivalents ('%25', + '%24', and '%3B', respectively); this flag prevents this + from being done. This allows percent symbols to appear in + the output, as in +<pre> + RewriteRule /foo/(.*) /bar?arg=P1\%3d$1 [R,NE] + +</pre> + which would turn '<code>/foo/zed</code>' into a safe + request for '<code>/bar?arg=P1=zed</code>'. + + <table width="70%" border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0F0" + cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> + <tr> + <td><strong>Notice:</strong> The + <code>noescape</code> flag is only available with + Apache 1.3.20 and later versions.</td> + </tr> + </table> + </li> + + <li> + '<strong><code>passthrough|PT</code></strong>' + (<strong>p</strong>ass <strong>t</strong>hrough to next + handler)<br /> + This flag forces the rewriting engine to set the + <code>uri</code> field of the internal + <code>request_rec</code> structure to the value of the + <code>filename</code> field. This flag is just a hack to + be able to post-process the output of + <code>RewriteRule</code> directives by + <code>Alias</code>, <code>ScriptAlias</code>, + <code>Redirect</code>, <em>etc.</em> directives from + other URI-to-filename translators. A trivial example to + show the semantics: If you want to rewrite + <code>/abc</code> to <code>/def</code> via the rewriting + engine of <code>mod_rewrite</code> and then + <code>/def</code> to <code>/ghi</code> with + <code>mod_alias</code>: +<pre> + RewriteRule ^/abc(.*) /def$1 [PT] + Alias /def /ghi + +</pre> + If you omit the <code>PT</code> flag then + <code>mod_rewrite</code> will do its job fine, + <em>i.e.</em>, it rewrites <code>uri=/abc/...</code> to + <code>filename=/def/...</code> as a full API-compliant + URI-to-filename translator should do. Then + <code>mod_alias</code> comes and tries to do a + URI-to-filename transition which will not work. + + <p>Note: <strong>You have to use this flag if you want to + intermix directives of different modules which contain + URL-to-filename translators</strong>. The typical example + is the use of <code>mod_alias</code> and + <code>mod_rewrite</code>..</p> + </li> + + <li>'<strong><code>skip|S</code></strong>=<em>num</em>' + (<strong>s</strong>kip next rule(s))<br /> + This flag forces the rewriting engine to skip the next + <em>num</em> rules in sequence when the current rule + matches. Use this to make pseudo if-then-else constructs: + The last rule of the then-clause becomes + <code>skip=N</code> where N is the number of rules in the + else-clause. (This is <strong>not</strong> the same as the + 'chain|C' flag!)</li> + + <li> + '<strong><code>env|E=</code></strong><em>VAR</em>:<em>VAL</em>' + (set <strong>e</strong>nvironment variable)<br /> + This forces an environment variable named <em>VAR</em> to + be set to the value <em>VAL</em>, where <em>VAL</em> can + contain regexp backreferences <code>$N</code> and + <code>%N</code> which will be expanded. You can use this + flag more than once to set more than one variable. The + variables can be later dereferenced in many situations, but + usually from within XSSI (via <code><!--#echo + var="VAR"--></code>) or CGI (<em>e.g.</em> + <code>$ENV{'VAR'}</code>). Additionally you can dereference + it in a following RewriteCond pattern via + <code>%{ENV:VAR}</code>. Use this to strip but remember + information from URLs.</li> + </ul> + + <table width="70%" border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0F0" + cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> + <tr> + <td> + <strong>Note:</strong> Never forget that + <em>Pattern</em> is applied to a complete URL in + per-server configuration files. <strong>But in + per-directory configuration files, the per-directory + prefix (which always is the same for a specific + directory!) is automatically <em>removed</em> for the + pattern matching and automatically <em>added</em> after + the substitution has been done.</strong> This feature + is essential for many sorts of rewriting, because + without this prefix stripping you have to match the + parent directory which is not always possible. + + <p>There is one exception: If a substitution string + starts with ``<code>http://</code>'' then the directory + prefix will <strong>not</strong> be added and an + external redirect or proxy throughput (if flag + <strong>P</strong> is used!) is forced!</p> + </td> + </tr> + </table> + + <table width="70%" border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0F0" + cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> + <tr> + <td><strong>Note:</strong> To enable the rewriting engine + for per-directory configuration files you need to set + ``<code>RewriteEngine On</code>'' in these files + <strong>and</strong> ``<code>Options + FollowSymLinks</code>'' must be enabled. If your + administrator has disabled override of + <code>FollowSymLinks</code> for a user's directory, then + you cannot use the rewriting engine. This restriction is + needed for security reasons.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <p>Here are all possible substitution combinations and their + meanings:</p> + + <p><strong>Inside per-server configuration + (<code>httpd.conf</code>)<br /> + for request ``<code>GET + /somepath/pathinfo</code>'':</strong><br /> + </p> + + <table bgcolor="#F0F0F0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"> + <tr> + <td> +<pre> +<strong>Given Rule</strong> <strong>Resulting Substitution</strong> +---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- +^/somepath(.*) otherpath$1 not supported, because invalid! + +^/somepath(.*) otherpath$1 [R] not supported, because invalid! + +^/somepath(.*) otherpath$1 [P] not supported, because invalid! +---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- +^/somepath(.*) /otherpath$1 /otherpath/pathinfo + +^/somepath(.*) /otherpath$1 [R] http://thishost/otherpath/pathinfo + via external redirection + +^/somepath(.*) /otherpath$1 [P] not supported, because silly! +---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- +^/somepath(.*) http://thishost/otherpath$1 /otherpath/pathinfo + +^/somepath(.*) http://thishost/otherpath$1 [R] http://thishost/otherpath/pathinfo + via external redirection + +^/somepath(.*) http://thishost/otherpath$1 [P] not supported, because silly! +---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- +^/somepath(.*) http://otherhost/otherpath$1 http://otherhost/otherpath/pathinfo + via external redirection + +^/somepath(.*) http://otherhost/otherpath$1 [R] http://otherhost/otherpath/pathinfo + via external redirection + (the [R] flag is redundant) + +^/somepath(.*) http://otherhost/otherpath$1 [P] http://otherhost/otherpath/pathinfo + via internal proxy +</pre> + </td> + </tr> + </table> + + <p><strong>Inside per-directory configuration for + <code>/somepath</code><br /> + (<em>i.e.</em>, file <code>.htaccess</code> in dir + <code>/physical/path/to/somepath</code> containing + <code>RewriteBase /somepath</code>)<br /> + for request ``<code>GET + /somepath/localpath/pathinfo</code>'':</strong><br /> + </p> + + <table bgcolor="#F0F0F0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"> + <tr> + <td> +<pre> +<strong>Given Rule</strong> <strong>Resulting Substitution</strong> +---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- +^localpath(.*) otherpath$1 /somepath/otherpath/pathinfo + +^localpath(.*) otherpath$1 [R] http://thishost/somepath/otherpath/pathinfo + via external redirection + +^localpath(.*) otherpath$1 [P] not supported, because silly! +---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- +^localpath(.*) /otherpath$1 /otherpath/pathinfo + +^localpath(.*) /otherpath$1 [R] http://thishost/otherpath/pathinfo + via external redirection + +^localpath(.*) /otherpath$1 [P] not supported, because silly! +---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- +^localpath(.*) http://thishost/otherpath$1 /otherpath/pathinfo + +^localpath(.*) http://thishost/otherpath$1 [R] http://thishost/otherpath/pathinfo + via external redirection + +^localpath(.*) http://thishost/otherpath$1 [P] not supported, because silly! +---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- +^localpath(.*) http://otherhost/otherpath$1 http://otherhost/otherpath/pathinfo + via external redirection + +^localpath(.*) http://otherhost/otherpath$1 [R] http://otherhost/otherpath/pathinfo + via external redirection + (the [R] flag is redundant) + +^localpath(.*) http://otherhost/otherpath$1 [P] http://otherhost/otherpath/pathinfo + via internal proxy +</pre> + </td> + </tr> + </table> + + <p><strong>Example:</strong></p> + + <blockquote> + We want to rewrite URLs of the form + + <blockquote> + <code>/</code> <em>Language</em> <code>/~</code> + <em>Realname</em> <code>/.../</code> <em>File</em> + </blockquote> + into + + <blockquote> + <code>/u/</code> <em>Username</em> <code>/.../</code> + <em>File</em> <code>.</code> <em>Language</em> + </blockquote> + + <p>We take the rewrite mapfile from above and save it under + <code>/path/to/file/map.txt</code>. Then we only have to + add the following lines to the Apache server configuration + file:</p> + + <blockquote> +<pre> +RewriteLog /path/to/file/rewrite.log +RewriteMap real-to-user txt:/path/to/file/map.txt +RewriteRule ^/([^/]+)/~([^/]+)/(.*)$ /u/${real-to-user:$2|nobody}/$3.$1 +</pre> + </blockquote> + </blockquote> + <hr noshade="noshade" size="1" /> + + <center> + <h1><a id="Miscelleneous" + name="Miscelleneous">Miscellaneous</a></h1> + </center> + <hr noshade="noshade" size="1" /> + + <h2><a id="EnvVar" name="EnvVar">Environment + Variables</a></h2> + This module keeps track of two additional (non-standard) + CGI/SSI environment variables named <code>SCRIPT_URL</code> + and <code>SCRIPT_URI</code>. These contain the + <em>logical</em> Web-view to the current resource, while the + standard CGI/SSI variables <code>SCRIPT_NAME</code> and + <code>SCRIPT_FILENAME</code> contain the <em>physical</em> + System-view. + + <p>Notice: These variables hold the URI/URL <em>as they were + initially requested</em>, <em>i.e.</em>, <em>before</em> any + rewriting. This is important because the rewriting process is + primarily used to rewrite logical URLs to physical + pathnames.</p> + + <p><strong>Example:</strong></p> + + <blockquote> +<pre> +SCRIPT_NAME=/sw/lib/w3s/tree/global/u/rse/.www/index.html +SCRIPT_FILENAME=/u/rse/.www/index.html +SCRIPT_URL=/u/rse/ +SCRIPT_URI=http://en1.engelschall.com/u/rse/ +</pre> + </blockquote> + <hr noshade="noshade" size="1" /> + + <h2><a id="Solutions" name="Solutions">Practical + Solutions</a></h2> + We also have an <a href="../misc/rewriteguide.html">URL + Rewriting Guide</a> available, which provides a collection of + practical solutions for URL-based problems. There you can + find real-life rulesets and additional information about + mod_rewrite. + </blockquote> + <hr /> + + <h3 align="CENTER">Apache HTTP Server Version 1.3</h3> + <a href="./"><img src="../images/index.gif" alt="Index" /></a> + <a href="../"><img src="../images/home.gif" alt="Home" /></a> + + <!-- page indentation --> + <!--/%hypertext --> + </body> +</html> + + + |