.\"	$OpenBSD: ps.1,v 1.64 2007/05/29 15:04:59 jmc Exp $
.\"	$NetBSD: ps.1,v 1.16 1996/03/21 01:36:28 jtc Exp $
.\"
.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994
.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
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.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\"    without specific prior written permission.
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.\"     @(#)ps.1	8.3 (Berkeley) 4/18/94
.\"
.Dd April 18, 1994
.Dt PS 1
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm ps
.Nd process status
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Nm ps
.Sm off
.Op Fl aCcehjkLlmrSTuvwx
.Sm on
.Op Fl M Ar core
.Op Fl N Ar system
.Op Fl O Ar fmt
.Op Fl o Ar fmt
.Op Fl p Ar pid
.Op Fl t Ar tty
.Op Fl U Ar username
.Op Fl W Ar swap
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The
.Nm
utility displays information about active processes.
When given no options,
.Nm
prints information about processes associated with the controlling terminal.
.Pp
The information displayed is selected based on a set of keywords (and for
even more control, see the
.Fl L ,
.Fl O ,
and
.Fl o
options).
The default output format includes, for each process, the process's ID,
controlling terminal, CPU time (including both user and system time),
state, and associated command.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl a
Display information about other users' processes as well as your own.
.It Fl C
Change the way the CPU percentage is calculated by using a
.Dq raw
CPU calculation that ignores
.Dq resident
time (this normally has
no effect).
.It Fl c
Do not display full command with arguments, but only the
executable name.
This may be somewhat confusing; for example, all
.Xr sh 1
scripts will show as
.Dq sh .
.It Fl e
Display the environment as well.
.It Fl h
Repeat the information header as often as necessary to guarantee one
header per page of information.
.It Fl j
Print information associated with the following keywords:
user, pid, ppid, pgid, sess, jobc, state, tt, time, and command.
.It Fl k
Also display information about kernel threads.
.It Fl L
List the set of available keywords.
This option should not be specified with other options.
.It Fl l
Display information associated with the following keywords:
uid, pid, ppid, cpu, pri, nice, vsz, rss, wchan, state, tt, time,
and command.
.It Fl M Ar core
Extract values associated with the name list from the specified core
instead of the running kernel.
.It Fl m
Sort by memory usage, instead of by start time ID.
.It Fl N Ar system
Extract the name list from the specified system instead of the running kernel.
.It Fl O Ar fmt
Add the information associated with the space or comma separated list
of keywords specified, after the process ID,
in the default information
display.
Keywords may be appended with an equals sign
.Pq Sq =
and a string.
This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of
the standard header.
.It Fl o Ar fmt
Display information associated with the space or comma separated list
of keywords specified.
Keywords may be appended with an equals sign
.Pq Sq =
and a string.
This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of
the standard header.
.It Fl p Ar pid
Display information associated with the specified process ID.
.It Fl r
Sort by current CPU usage, instead of by start time ID.
.It Fl S
Change the way the process time is calculated by summing all exited
children to their parent process.
.It Fl T
Display information about processes attached to the device associated
with the standard input.
.It Fl t Ar tty
Display information about processes attached to the specified terminal
device.
.It Fl U Ar username
Display the processes belonging to the specified
.Ar username .
.It Fl u
Display information associated with the following keywords:
user, pid, %cpu, %mem, vsz, rss, tt, state, start, time, and command.
The
.Fl u
option implies the
.Fl r
option.
.It Fl v
Display information associated with the following keywords:
pid, state, time, sl, re, pagein, vsz, rss, lim, tsiz,
%cpu, %mem, and command.
The
.Fl v
option implies the
.Fl m
option.
.It Fl W Ar swap
Extract swap information from the specified file instead of the
default
.Dq /dev/drum .
.It Fl w
Use 132 columns to display information, instead of the default, which
is the window size.
If the
.Fl w
option is specified more than once,
.Nm
will use as many columns as necessary without regard for window size.
.It Fl x
Display information about processes without controlling terminals.
.El
.Pp
.Ex -std ps
.Sh KEYWORDS
The following is a complete list of the available keywords
and their meanings.
Several of them have aliases,
which are also noted.
.Bl -tag -width "sigignoreXX" -offset 3n
.It Cm %cpu
Alias:
.Cm pcpu .
The CPU utilization of the process; this is a decaying average over up to
a minute of previous (real) time.
Since the time base over which this is computed varies (since processes may
be very young) it is possible for the sum of all
.Cm %cpu
fields to exceed 100%.
.It Cm %mem
Alias:
.Cm pmem .
The percentage of real memory used by this process.
.It Cm acflag
Alias:
.Cm acflg .
Accounting flag.
.It Cm command
Alias:
.Cm args .
Command and arguments.
.It Cm cpu
Short-term CPU usage factor (for scheduling).
.It Cm cpuid
CPU ID (zero on single processor systems).
.It Cm dsiz
Data size, in Kilobytes.
.It Cm emul
Name of system call emulation environment.
.It Cm flags
Alias:
.Cm f .
The flags (in hexadecimal) associated with the process as in
the include file
.Aq Pa sys/proc.h :
.Bd -literal
P_ADVLOCK 0x0000001  process may hold a POSIX advisory lock
P_CONTROLT 0x0000002  process has a controlling terminal
P_NOCLDSTOP 0x0000008 no SIGCHLD when children stop
P_PPWAIT 0x0000010    parent is waiting for child to
		      exec/exit
P_PROFIL 0x0000020    process has started profiling
P_SELECT 0x0000040    selecting; wakeup/waiting danger
P_SINTR 0x0000080     sleep is interruptible
P_SUGID 0x0000100     process had set ID privileges since
		      last exec
P_SYSTEM 0x0000200    system process: no sigs, stats, or
		      swapping
P_TIMEOUT 0x0000400   timing out during sleep
P_TRACED 0x0000800    process is being traced
P_WAITED 0x0001000   debugging process has waited for child
P_WEXIT 0x0002000     working on exiting
P_EXEC 0x0004000      process called exec(3)
P_OWEUPC 0x0008000    owe process an addupc() call at next
		      ast
.\" the routine addupc is not documented in the man pages
P_FSTRACE 0x0010000   tracing via file system
P_SSTEP 0x0020000     process needs single-step fixup
P_SUGIDEXEC 0x0040000 last exec(3) was set[ug]id
P_NOCLDWAIT 0x0080000 let pid 1 wait for my children
P_NOZOMBIE 0x0100000  pid 1 waits for me instead of dad
P_INEXEC 0x0200000    process is doing an exec right now
P_SYSTRACE 0x0400000  process system call tracing is active
.Ed
.It Cm gid
Effective group.
.It Cm group
Text name of effective group ID.
.It Cm inblk
Alias:
.Cm inblock .
Total blocks read.
.It Cm jobc
Job control count.
.It Cm ktrace
Tracing flags.
.It Cm ktracep
Tracing vnode.
.It Cm lim
The soft limit on memory used, specified via a call to
.Xr setrlimit 2 .
.It Cm logname
Alias:
.Cm login .
Login name of user who started the process.
.It Cm lstart
The exact time the command started, using the
.Dq %c
format described in
.Xr strftime 3 .
.It Cm majflt
Total page faults.
.It Cm minflt
Total page reclaims.
.It Cm msgrcv
Total messages received (reads from pipes/sockets).
.It Cm msgsnd
Total messages sent (writes on pipes/sockets).
.It Cm nice
Alias:
.Cm ni .
The process scheduling increment (see
.Xr setpriority 2 ) .
.It Cm nivcsw
Total involuntary context switches.
.It Cm nsigs
Alias:
.Cm nsignals .
Total signals taken.
.It Cm nswap
Total swaps in/out.
.It Cm nvcsw
Total voluntary context switches.
.It Cm nwchan
Wait channel (as an address).
.It Cm oublk
Alias:
.Cm oublock .
Total blocks written.
.It Cm p_ru
Resource usage (valid only for zombie processes).
.It Cm paddr
Swap address.
.It Cm pagein
Pageins (same as
.Cm majflt ) .
.It Cm pgid
Process group number.
.It Cm pid
Process ID.
.It Cm ppid
Parent process ID.
.It Cm pri
Scheduling priority.
.It Cm re
Core residency time (in seconds; 127 = infinity).
.It Cm rgid
Real group ID.
.It Cm rgroup
Text name of real group ID.
.It Cm rlink
Reverse link on run queue, or 0.
.It Cm rss
The real memory (resident set) size of the process (in 1024 byte units).
.It Cm rsz
Alias:
.Cm rssize .
Resident set size + (text size / text use count).
.It Cm ruid
Real user ID.
.It Cm ruser
User name (from
.Cm ruid ) .
.It Cm sess
Session pointer.
.It Cm sig
Alias:
.Cm pending .
Pending signals.
.It Cm sigcatch
Alias:
.Cm caught .
Caught signals.
.It Cm sigignore
Alias:
.Cm ignored .
Ignored signals.
.It Cm sigmask
Alias:
.Cm blocked .
Blocked signals.
.It Cm sl
Sleep time (in seconds; 127 = infinity).
.It Cm ssiz
Stack size, in Kilobytes.
.It Cm start
Alias:
.Cm etime .
The time the command started.
If the command started less than 24 hours ago, the start time is
displayed using the
.Dq %l:%M%p
format described in
.Xr strftime 3 .
If the command started less than 7 days ago, the start time is
displayed using the
.Dq %a%I%p
format.
Otherwise, the start time is displayed using the
.Dq %e%b%y
format.
.It Cm state
Alias:
.Cm stat .
The state is given by a sequence of letters, for example,
.Dq RWN .
The first letter indicates the run state of the process:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
.It D
Marks a process in disk (or other short term, uninterruptible) wait.
.It I
Marks a process that is idle (sleeping for longer than about 20 seconds).
.It R
Marks a runnable process.
.It S
Marks a process that is sleeping for less than about 20 seconds.
.It T
Marks a stopped process.
.It Z
Marks a dead process (a
.Dq zombie ) .
.El
.Pp
Additional characters after these, if any, indicate additional state
information:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
.It +
The process is in the foreground process group of its control terminal.
.It \*(Lt
The process has a raised CPU
scheduling priority (see
.Xr setpriority 2 ) .
.It \*(Gt
The process has specified a soft limit on memory requirements and is
currently exceeding that limit; such a process is (necessarily) not
swapped.
.\" .It A
.\" the process has asked for random page replacement
.\" .Pf ( Dv MADV_RANDOM ,
.\" from
.\" .Xr madvise 2 ,
.\" for example,
.\" .Xr lisp 1
.\" in a garbage collect).
.It E
The process is trying to exit.
.It K
The process is a kernel thread.
.It N
The process has a reduced CPU
scheduling priority.
.\" .It S
.\" The process has asked for FIFO
.\" page replacement
.\" .Pf ( Dv MADV_SEQUENTIAL ,
.\" from
.\" .Xr madvise 2 ,
.\" for example, a large image processing program using virtual memory to
.\" sequentially address voluminous data).
.It s
The process is a session leader.
.It V
The process is suspended during a
.Xr vfork 2 .
.It X
The process is being traced or debugged.
.It x
The process is being monitored by
.Xr systrace 1 .
.It / Ns Ar n
On multiprocessor machines, specifies processor number
.Ar n .
.El
.It Cm svgid
Saved GID from a setgid executable.
.It Cm svuid
Saved UID from a setuid executable.
.It Cm tdev
Control terminal device number.
.It Cm time
Alias:
.Cm cputime .
Accumulated CPU time, user + system.
.It Cm tpgid
Control terminal process group ID.
.\".It trss
.\"Text resident set size, in Kilobytes.
.It Cm tsess
Control terminal session pointer.
.It Cm tsiz
Text size, in Kilobytes.
.It Cm tt
An abbreviation for the pathname of the controlling terminal, if any.
The abbreviation consists of the two letters following
.Dq /dev/tty ,
or, for the console,
.Dq co .
This is followed by a
.Sq -
if the process can no longer reach that
controlling terminal (i.e. it has been revoked).
.It Cm tty
Full name of control terminal.
.It Cm ucomm
Alias:
.Cm comm .
Name to be used for accounting.
.It Cm uid
Effective user ID.
.It Cm upr
Alias:
.Cm usrpri .
Scheduling priority on return from system call.
.It Cm user
User name (from
.Cm uid ) .
.It Cm vsz
Alias:
.Cm vsize .
Virtual size, in Kilobytes.
.It Cm wchan
The event (an address in the system) on which a process waits.
When printed numerically, the initial part of the address is
trimmed off and the result is printed in hex; for example, 0x80324000 prints
as 324000.
.It Cm xstat
Exit or stop status (valid only for stopped or zombie process).
.El
.Sh FILES
.Bl -tag -width "/var/db/kvm_bsd.dbXXX" -compact
.It Pa /dev
special files and device names
.It Pa /dev/drum
default swap device
.It Pa /var/db/kvm_bsd.db
system namelist database
.It Pa /var/run/dev.db
.Pa /dev
name database
.El
.Sh EXAMPLES
Display information on all system processes:
.Pp
.Dl $ ps -auxw
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr fstat 1 ,
.Xr kill 1 ,
.Xr netstat 1 ,
.Xr pgrep 1 ,
.Xr pkill 1 ,
.Xr procmap 1 ,
.Xr systat 1 ,
.Xr top 1 ,
.Xr w 1 ,
.Xr kvm 3 ,
.Xr strftime 3 ,
.Xr dev_mkdb 8 ,
.Xr iostat 8 ,
.Xr pstat 8 ,
.Xr vmstat 8
.Sh STANDARDS
The
.Nm
utility is compliant with the
.St -p1003.1-2004
specification.
.Pp
The flags
.Op Fl CchjkLMmNOrST
are extensions to that specification.
.Sh HISTORY
A
.Nm
command appeared in
.At v3
in section 8 of the manual.
.Sh CAVEATS
When printing using the
.Cm command
keyword, a process that has exited and
has a parent that has not yet waited for the process (in other words, a zombie)
is listed as
.Dq Aq defunct ,
and a process which is blocked while trying
to exit is listed as
.Dq Aq exiting .
.Nm
makes an educated guess as to the file name and arguments given when the
process was created by examining memory or the swap area.
The method is inherently somewhat unreliable and in any event a process
is entitled to destroy this information, so the names cannot be depended
on too much.
The
.Cm ucomm
(accounting) keyword can, however, be depended on.
.Sh BUGS
Since
.Nm
cannot run faster than the system and is run as any other scheduled
process, the information it displays can never be exact.