.\"	$OpenBSD: ps.1,v 1.74 2011/04/18 21:44:55 guenther Exp $
.\"	$NetBSD: ps.1,v 1.16 1996/03/21 01:36:28 jtc Exp $
.\"
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.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\"     @(#)ps.1	8.3 (Berkeley) 4/18/94
.\"
.Dd $Mdocdate: April 18 2011 $
.Dt PS 1
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm ps
.Nd display process status
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Nm ps
.Sm off
.Op Fl aCcehjkLlmrSTuvwx
.Sm on
.Op Fl M Ar core
.Op Fl N Ar system
.Op Fl O Ar fmt
.Op Fl o Ar fmt
.Op Fl p Ar pid
.Op Fl t Ar tty
.Op Fl U Ar username
.Op Fl W Ar swap
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The
.Nm
utility displays information about active processes.
When given no options,
.Nm
prints information about processes of the current user that have a
controlling terminal.
.Pp
The information displayed is selected based on a set of keywords (and for
even more control, see the
.Fl L ,
.Fl O ,
and
.Fl o
options).
The default output format includes, for each process, the process's ID,
controlling terminal, CPU time (including both user and system time),
state, and associated command.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl a
Display information about other users' processes as well as your own.
.It Fl C
Change the way the CPU percentage is calculated by using a
.Dq raw
CPU calculation that ignores
.Dq resident
time (this normally has
no effect).
.It Fl c
Do not display full command with arguments, but only the
executable name.
This may be somewhat confusing; for example, all
.Xr sh 1
scripts will show as
.Dq sh .
.It Fl e
Display the environment as well.
.It Fl h
Repeat the information header as often as necessary to guarantee one
header per page of information.
.It Fl j
Print information associated with the following keywords:
user, pid, ppid, pgid, sess, jobc, state, tt, time, and command.
.It Fl k
Also display information about kernel threads.
.It Fl L
List the set of available keywords.
This option should not be specified with other options.
.It Fl l
Display information associated with the following keywords:
uid, pid, ppid, cpu, pri, nice, vsz, rss, wchan, state, tt, time,
and command.
.It Fl M Ar core
Extract values associated with the name list from the specified core
instead of the running kernel.
.It Fl m
Sort by memory usage, instead of by start time ID.
.It Fl N Ar system
Extract the name list from the specified system instead of the running kernel.
.It Fl O Ar fmt
Add the information associated with the space or comma separated list
of keywords specified, after the process ID,
in the default information
display.
Keywords may be appended with an equals sign
.Pq Sq =
and a string.
This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of
the standard header.
.It Fl o Ar fmt
Display information associated with the space or comma separated list
of keywords specified.
Keywords may be appended with an equals sign
.Pq Sq =
and a string.
This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of
the standard header.
.It Fl p Ar pid
Display information associated with the specified process ID.
.It Fl r
Sort by current CPU usage, instead of by start time ID.
.It Fl S
Change the way the process time is calculated by summing all exited
children to their parent process.
.It Fl T
Display information about processes attached to the device associated
with the standard input.
.It Fl t Ar tty
Display information about processes attached to the specified terminal
device.
.It Fl U Ar username
Display the processes belonging to the specified
.Ar username .
.It Fl u
Display information associated with the following keywords:
user, pid, %cpu, %mem, vsz, rss, tt, state, start, time, and command.
The
.Fl u
option implies the
.Fl r
option.
.It Fl v
Display information associated with the following keywords:
pid, state, time, sl, re, pagein, vsz, rss, lim, tsiz,
%cpu, %mem, and command.
The
.Fl v
option implies the
.Fl m
option.
.It Fl W Ar swap
When not using the running kernel,
extract swap information from the specified file.
.It Fl w
Use 132 columns to display information, instead of the default, which
is the window size.
If the
.Fl w
option is specified more than once,
.Nm
will use as many columns as necessary without regard for window size.
.It Fl x
Display information about processes without controlling terminals.
.El
.Sh KEYWORDS
The following is a complete list of the available keywords
and their meanings.
Several of them have aliases,
which are also noted.
.Bl -tag -width "sigignoreXX" -offset 3n
.It Cm %cpu
Alias:
.Cm pcpu .
The CPU utilization of the process; this is a decaying average over up to
a minute of previous (real) time.
Since the time base over which this is computed varies (since processes may
be very young) it is possible for the sum of all
.Cm %cpu
fields to exceed 100%.
.It Cm %mem
Alias:
.Cm pmem .
The percentage of real memory used by this process.
.It Cm acflag
Alias:
.Cm acflg .
Accounting flag.
.It Cm command
Alias:
.Cm args .
Command and arguments.
.It Cm cpu
Short-term CPU usage factor (for scheduling).
.It Cm cpuid
CPU ID (zero on single processor systems).
.It Cm dsiz
Data size, in Kilobytes.
.It Cm emul
Name of system call emulation environment.
.It Cm flags
Alias:
.Cm f .
The union of the flags (in hexadecimal) associated with the process
and the thread as in the include file
.Aq Pa sys/proc.h :
.Bd -literal
PS_CONTROLT       0x2 process has a controlling terminal
P_NOCLDSTOP       0x8 no SIGCHLD when children stop
PS_PPWAIT        0x10 parent is waiting for child to
		      exec/exit
P_PROFIL         0x20 process has started profiling
P_SELECT         0x40 selecting; wakeup/waiting danger
P_SINTR          0x80 sleep is interruptible
PS_SUGID        0x100 process had set ID privileges since
		      last exec
P_SYSTEM        0x200 system process: no sigs, stats, or
		      swapping
P_TIMEOUT       0x400 timing out during sleep
P_TRACED        0x800 process is being traced
P_WAITED       0x1000 debugging process has waited for
		      child
P_WEXIT        0x2000 working on exiting
P_EXEC         0x4000 process called exec(3)
P_OWEUPC       0x8000 owe process an addupc() call at next
		      ast
.\" the routine addupc is not documented in the man pages
PS_ISPWAIT    0x10000 is parent of PPWAIT child
P_SSTEP       0x20000 process needs single-step fixup
PS_SUGIDEXEC  0x40000 last exec(3) was set[ug]id
P_NOCLDWAIT   0x80000 let pid 1 wait for my children
P_NOZOMBIE   0x100000 pid 1 waits for me instead of dad
P_INEXEC     0x200000 process is doing an exec right now
P_SYSTRACE   0x400000 process system call tracing is active
P_BIGLOCK   0x2000000 process needs kernel "big lock" to
		      run
P_THREAD    0x4000000 only a thread, not a real process
P_IGNEXITRV 0x8000000 for thread kills
P_SOFTDEP  0x10000000 stuck processing softdep worklist
P_STOPPED  0x20000000 just stopped
P_CPUPEG   0x40000000 do not move to another cpu
.Ed
.It Cm gid
Effective group.
.It Cm group
Text name of effective group ID.
.It Cm inblk
Alias:
.Cm inblock .
Total blocks read.
.It Cm jobc
Job control count.
.It Cm ktrace
Tracing flags.
.It Cm ktracep
Tracing vnode.
.It Cm lim
The soft limit on memory used, specified via a call to
.Xr setrlimit 2 .
.It Cm logname
Alias:
.Cm login .
Login name of user who started the process.
.It Cm lstart
The exact time the command started, using the
.Dq %c
format described in
.Xr strftime 3 .
.It Cm majflt
Total page faults.
.It Cm minflt
Total page reclaims.
.It Cm msgrcv
Total messages received (reads from pipes/sockets).
.It Cm msgsnd
Total messages sent (writes on pipes/sockets).
.It Cm nice
Alias:
.Cm ni .
The process scheduling increment (see
.Xr setpriority 2 ) .
.It Cm nivcsw
Total involuntary context switches.
.It Cm nsigs
Alias:
.Cm nsignals .
Total signals taken.
.It Cm nswap
Total swaps in/out.
.It Cm nvcsw
Total voluntary context switches.
.It Cm nwchan
Wait channel (as an address).
.It Cm oublk
Alias:
.Cm oublock .
Total blocks written.
.It Cm p_ru
Resource usage (valid only for zombie processes).
.It Cm paddr
Swap address.
.It Cm pagein
Pageins (same as
.Cm majflt ) .
.It Cm pgid
Process group number.
.It Cm pid
Process ID.
.It Cm ppid
Parent process ID.
.It Cm pri
Scheduling priority.
.It Cm re
Core residency time (in seconds; 127 = infinity).
.It Cm rgid
Real group ID.
.It Cm rgroup
Text name of real group ID.
.It Cm rlink
Reverse link on run queue, or 0.
.It Cm rss
The real memory (resident set) size of the process (in 1024 byte units).
.It Cm rsz
Alias:
.Cm rssize .
Resident set size + (text size / text use count).
.It Cm ruid
Real user ID.
.It Cm ruser
User name (from
.Cm ruid ) .
.It Cm sess
Session pointer.
.It Cm sig
Alias:
.Cm pending .
Pending signals.
.It Cm sigcatch
Alias:
.Cm caught .
Caught signals.
.It Cm sigignore
Alias:
.Cm ignored .
Ignored signals.
.It Cm sigmask
Alias:
.Cm blocked .
Blocked signals.
.It Cm sl
Sleep time (in seconds; 127 = infinity).
.It Cm ssiz
Stack size, in Kilobytes.
.It Cm start
Alias:
.Cm etime .
The time the command started.
If the command started less than 24 hours ago, the start time is
displayed using the
.Dq %l:%M%p
format described in
.Xr strftime 3 .
If the command started less than 7 days ago, the start time is
displayed using the
.Dq %a%I%p
format.
Otherwise, the start time is displayed using the
.Dq %e%b%y
format.
.It Cm state
Alias:
.Cm stat .
The state is given by a sequence of letters, for example,
.Dq RWN .
The first letter indicates the run state of the process:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
.It D
Marks a process in disk (or other short term, uninterruptible) wait.
.It I
Marks a process that is idle (sleeping for longer than about 20 seconds).
.It R
Marks a runnable process.
.It S
Marks a process that is sleeping for less than about 20 seconds.
.It T
Marks a stopped process.
.It Z
Marks a dead process (a
.Dq zombie ) .
.El
.Pp
Additional characters after these, if any, indicate additional state
information:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
.It +
The process is in the foreground process group of its control terminal.
.It \*(Lt
The process has a raised CPU
scheduling priority (see
.Xr setpriority 2 ) .
.It \*(Gt
The process has specified a soft limit on memory requirements and is
currently exceeding that limit; such a process is (necessarily) not
swapped.
.\" .It A
.\" the process has asked for random page replacement
.\" .Pf ( Dv MADV_RANDOM ,
.\" from
.\" .Xr madvise 2 ,
.\" for example,
.\" .Xr lisp 1
.\" in a garbage collect).
.It E
The process is trying to exit.
.It K
The process is a kernel thread.
.It N
The process has a reduced CPU
scheduling priority.
.\" .It S
.\" The process has asked for FIFO
.\" page replacement
.\" .Pf ( Dv MADV_SEQUENTIAL ,
.\" from
.\" .Xr madvise 2 ,
.\" for example, a large image processing program using virtual memory to
.\" sequentially address voluminous data).
.It s
The process is a session leader.
.It V
The process is suspended during a
.Xr vfork 2 .
.It X
The process is being traced or debugged.
.It x
The process is being monitored by
.Xr systrace 1 .
.It / Ns Ar n
On multiprocessor machines, specifies processor number
.Ar n .
.El
.It Cm svgid
Saved GID from a setgid executable.
.It Cm svuid
Saved UID from a setuid executable.
.It Cm tdev
Control terminal device number.
.It Cm time
Alias:
.Cm cputime .
Accumulated CPU time, user + system.
.It Cm tpgid
Control terminal process group ID.
.\".It trss
.\"Text resident set size, in Kilobytes.
.It Cm tsess
Control terminal session pointer.
.It Cm tsiz
Text size, in Kilobytes.
.It Cm tt
An abbreviation for the pathname of the controlling terminal, if any.
The abbreviation consists of the two letters following
.Dq /dev/tty ,
or, for the console,
.Dq co .
This is followed by a
.Sq -
if the process can no longer reach that
controlling terminal (i.e. it has been revoked).
.It Cm tty
Full name of control terminal.
.It Cm ucomm
Alias:
.Cm comm .
Name to be used for accounting.
.It Cm uid
Effective user ID.
.It Cm upr
Alias:
.Cm usrpri .
Scheduling priority on return from system call.
.It Cm user
User name (from
.Cm uid ) .
.It Cm vsz
Alias:
.Cm vsize .
Virtual size, in Kilobytes.
.It Cm wchan
The event (an address in the system) on which a process waits.
When printed numerically, the initial part of the address is
trimmed off and the result is printed in hex; for example, 0x80324000 prints
as 324000.
.It Cm xstat
Exit or stop status (valid only for stopped or zombie process).
.El
.Sh FILES
.Bl -tag -width "/var/db/kvm_bsd.dbXXX" -compact
.It Pa /dev
special files and device names
.It Pa /var/db/kvm_bsd.db
system namelist database
.It Pa /var/run/dev.db
.Pa /dev
name database
.El
.Sh EXIT STATUS
.Ex -std ps
.Sh EXAMPLES
Display information on all system processes:
.Pp
.Dl $ ps -auxw
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr fstat 1 ,
.Xr kill 1 ,
.Xr netstat 1 ,
.Xr pgrep 1 ,
.Xr pkill 1 ,
.Xr procmap 1 ,
.Xr systat 1 ,
.Xr top 1 ,
.Xr w 1 ,
.Xr kvm 3 ,
.Xr strftime 3 ,
.Xr dev_mkdb 8 ,
.Xr iostat 8 ,
.Xr pstat 8 ,
.Xr vmstat 8
.Sh STANDARDS
The
.Nm
utility is compliant with the
.St -p1003.1-2008
specification.
.Pp
The flags
.Op Fl CchjkLMmNOrST
are extensions to that specification.
.Pp
Behaviour for the
.Fl e
flag differs between this implementation and
.St -p1003.1-2008 .
.Sh HISTORY
A
.Nm
command appeared in
.At v3
in section 8 of the manual.
.Sh CAVEATS
When printing using the
.Cm command
keyword, a process that has exited and
has a parent that has not yet waited for the process (in other words, a zombie)
is listed as
.Dq Aq defunct ,
and a process which is blocked while trying
to exit is listed as
.Dq Aq exiting .
.Nm
makes an educated guess as to the file name and arguments given when the
process was created by examining memory or the swap area.
The method is inherently somewhat unreliable and in any event a process
is entitled to destroy this information, so the names cannot be depended
on too much.
The
.Cm ucomm
(accounting) keyword can, however, be depended on.
.Sh BUGS
Since
.Nm
cannot run faster than the system and is run as any other scheduled
process, the information it displays can never be exact.