.\" $OpenBSD: getcap.3,v 1.34 2011/09/14 15:29:15 jmc Exp $ .\" .\" Copyright (c) 1992, 1993 .\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. .\" .\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by .\" Casey Leedom of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. .\" .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions .\" are met: .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. .\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software .\" without specific prior written permission. .\" .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE .\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF .\" SUCH DAMAGE. .\" .Dd $Mdocdate: September 14 2011 $ .Dt GETCAP 3 .Os .Sh NAME .Nm cgetent , .Nm cgetset , .Nm cgetmatch , .Nm cgetcap , .Nm cgetnum , .Nm cgetstr , .Nm cgetustr , .Nm cgetfirst , .Nm cgetnext , .Nm cgetclose , .Nm cgetusedb .Nd capability database access routines .Sh SYNOPSIS .Fd #include .Ft int .Fn cgetent "char **buf" "char **db_array" "const char *name" .Ft int .Fn cgetset "const char *ent" .Ft int .Fn cgetmatch "char *buf" "const char *name" .Ft char * .Fn cgetcap "char *buf" "const char *cap" "int type" .Ft int .Fn cgetnum "char *buf" "const char *cap" "long *num" .Ft int .Fn cgetstr "char *buf" "const char *cap" "char **str" .Ft int .Fn cgetustr "char *buf" "const char *cap" "char **str" .Ft int .Fn cgetfirst "char **buf" "char **db_array" .Ft int .Fn cgetnext "char **buf" "char **db_array" .Ft int .Fn cgetclose "void" .Ft int .Fn cgetusedb "int usedb" .Sh DESCRIPTION The .Fn cgetent function extracts the capability record .Fa name from the database specified by the null-terminated file array .Fa db_array and returns a pointer to a copy of it in .Fa buf . .Fn cgetent will first look for files ending in .Dq .db (see .Xr cap_mkdb 1 ) before accessing the .Tn ASCII version of the capability database. .Fa buf must be retained through all subsequent calls to .Fn cgetmatch , .Fn cgetcap , .Fn cgetnum , .Fn cgetstr , and .Fn cgetustr , but may then be .Xr free Ns \&'d. On success 0 is returned, 1 if the returned record contains an unresolved .Ic tc expansion, \-1 if the requested record couldn't be found, \-2 if a system error occurred (couldn't open or read a file, for example) also setting .Va errno , and \-3 if a potential reference loop is detected (see .Ic tc= comments below). .Pp .Fn cgetset enables the addition of a character buffer containing a single capability record entry to the capability database. Conceptually, the entry is added as the first .Dq file in the database, and is therefore searched first on the call to .Fn cgetent . The entry is passed in .Fa ent . If .Fa ent is .Dv NULL , the current entry is removed from the database. .Fn cgetset must precede the database traversal. It must be called before .Fn cgetent . If a sequential access is being performed (see below), it must be called before the first sequential access call .Pf ( Fn cgetfirst or .Fn cgetnext ) , or be directly preceded by a .Fn cgetclose call. On success 0 is returned and \-1 on failure. .Pp .Fn cgetmatch will return 0 if .Fa name is one of the names of the capability record .Fa buf , \-1 if not. .Pp .Fn cgetcap searches the capability record .Fa buf for the capability .Fa cap with type .Fa type . A .Fa type is specified using any single character. If a colon .Pq Sq \&: is used, an untyped capability will be searched for (see below for explanation of types). A pointer to the value of .Fa cap in .Fa buf is returned on success or .Dv NULL if the requested capability couldn't be found. The end of the capability value is signaled by a .Sq \&: or .Tn ASCII NUL (see below for capability database syntax). .Pp .Fn cgetnum retrieves the value of the numeric capability .Fa cap from the capability record pointed to by .Fa buf . The numeric value is returned in the .Ft long pointed to by .Fa num . On success 0 is returned, \-1 if the requested numeric capability couldn't be found. .Pp .Fn cgetstr retrieves the value of the string capability .Fa cap from the capability record pointed to by .Fa buf . A pointer to a decoded, NUL-terminated, .Xr malloc Ns \&'d copy of the string is returned in the .Ft char * pointed to by .Fa str . The number of characters in the decoded string (not including the trailing NUL) is returned on success, \-1 if the requested string capability couldn't be found, or \-2 if a system error was encountered (storage allocation failure). .Pp .Fn cgetustr is identical to .Fn cgetstr except that it does not expand special characters, but rather returns each character of the capability string literally. .Pp .Fn cgetfirst and .Fn cgetnext comprise a function group that provides for sequential access of the null-terminated array of file names, .Fa db_array . .Fn cgetfirst returns the first record in the database and resets the access to the first record. .Fn cgetnext returns the next record in the database with respect to the record returned by the previous .Fn cgetfirst or .Fn cgetnext call. If there is no such previous call, the first record in the database is returned. Each record is returned in a .Xr malloc Ns \&'d copy pointed to by .Fa buf . .Ic tc expansion is done (see .Ic tc= comments below). Upon completion of the database 0 is returned; 1 is returned upon successful return of a record with possibly more remaining (the end of the database has not been reached yet); 2 is returned if the record contains an unresolved .Ic tc expansion; \-1 is returned if an system error occurred; and \-2 is returned if a potential reference loop is detected (see .Ic tc= comments below). Upon completion of database (0 return), the database is closed. .Pp .Fn cgetclose closes the file descriptor and resets state used for sequential access. If neither the .Fn cgetfirst nor the .Fn cgetnext functions have been called, .Fn cgetclose has no effect. Note that it does not erase the buffer pushed by a call to .Fn cgetset , nor does it free the buffer allocated by .Fn cgetent . .Pp .Fn cgetusedb allows the user to specify whether to use or ignore database files ending in .Dq .db . If .Ar usedb is zero, files ending in .Dq .db will be ignored. If .Ar usedb is non-zero, files ending in .Dq .db will be used in preference to the text version. The default is to process .Dq .db files. .Fn cgetusedb returns the previous setting. .Ss Capability database syntax Capability databases are normally .Tn ASCII and may be edited with standard text editors. Blank lines and lines beginning with a .Sq \&# are comments and are ignored. Lines ending with a .Sq \|\e indicate that the next line is a continuation of the current line; the .Sq \|\e and following newline are ignored. Long lines are usually continued onto several physical lines by ending each line except the last with a .Sq \|\e . .Pp Capability databases consist of a series of records, one per logical line. Each record contains a variable number of colon-separated fields (capabilities). Empty fields consisting entirely of whitespace characters (spaces and tabs) are ignored. .Pp The first capability of each record specifies its names, separated by .Sq \&| characters. These names are used to reference records in the database. By convention, the last name is usually a comment and is not intended as a lookup tag. For example, the .Dq vt220 record from the .Nm termcap database begins with .Pp .Dl "vt220\||\|vt200\||\|dec vt220:" .Pp giving two names that can be used to access this record. .Pp The remaining non-empty capabilities describe a set of (name, value) bindings, consisting of a name optionally followed by a typed value: .Bl -column "nameTvalue" -offset indent .It name Ta "typeless [boolean] capability" .Em name No "is present [true]" .It name Ns Em \&T Ns value Ta capability .Pq Em name , \&T has value .Em value .It name@ Ta "no capability" Em name No exists .It name Ns Em T Ns \&@ Ta capability .Pq Em name , T does not exist .El .Pp Names consist of one or more characters. Names may contain any character except .Sq \&: , but it's usually best to restrict them to the printable characters and avoid use of graphics like .Sq \&# , .Sq \&= , .Sq \&% , .Sq \&@ , etc. Types are single characters used to separate capability names from their associated typed values. Types may be any character except a .Sq \&: . Typically, graphics like .Sq \&# , .Sq \&= , .Sq \&% , etc. are used. Values may be any number of characters and may contain any character except .Sq \&: . .Ss Capability database semantics Capability records describe a set of (name, value) bindings. Names may have multiple values bound to them. Different values for a name are distinguished by their .Fa types . .Fn cgetcap will return a pointer to a value of a name given the capability name and the type of the value. .Pp The types .Sq \&# and .Sq \&= are conventionally used to denote numeric and string typed values, but no restriction on those types is enforced. The functions .Fn cgetnum and .Fn cgetstr can be used to implement the traditional syntax and semantics of .Sq \&# and .Sq \&= . Typeless capabilities are typically used to denote boolean objects with presence or absence indicating truth and false values respectively. This interpretation is conveniently represented by: .Pp .Dl "(cgetcap(buf, name, ':') != NULL)" .Pp A special capability, .Ic tc= name , is used to indicate that the record specified by .Fa name should be substituted for the .Ic tc capability. .Ic tc capabilities may interpolate records which also contain .Ic tc capabilities and more than one .Ic tc capability may be used in a record. A .Ic tc expansion scope (i.e., where the argument is searched for) contains the file in which the .Ic tc is declared and all subsequent files in the file array. .Pp When a database is searched for a capability record, the first matching record in the search is returned. When a record is scanned for a capability, the first matching capability is returned; the capability .Ic :nameT@: will hide any following definition of a value of type .Em T for .Fa name ; and the capability .Ic :name@: will prevent any following values of .Fa name from being seen. .Pp These features combined with .Ic tc capabilities can be used to generate variations of other databases and records by either adding new capabilities, overriding definitions with new definitions, or hiding following definitions via .Sq \&@ capabilities. .Ss cgetnum() and cgetstr() syntax and semantics Two types are predefined by .Fn cgetnum and .Fn cgetstr : .Bl -column "nameXnumber" -offset indent .It Em name Ns \&# Ns Em number Ta numeric capability .Em name has value .Em number .It Em name Ns = Ns Em string Ta "string capability" .Em name has value .Em string .It Em name Ns \&#@ Ta "the numeric capability" .Em name does not exist .It Em name Ns \&=@ Ta "the string capability" .Em name does not exist .El .Pp Numeric capability values may be given in one of three numeric bases. If the number starts with either .Ql 0x or .Ql 0X it is interpreted as a hexadecimal number (both upper and lower case a-f may be used to denote the extended hexadecimal digits). Otherwise, if the number starts with a .Ql 0 it is interpreted as an octal number. Otherwise the number is interpreted as a decimal number. .Pp String capability values may contain any character. Non-printable .Dv ASCII codes, new lines, and colons may be conveniently represented by the use of escape sequences: .Bl -column "\e\|X,X\e\|X" "(ASCII octal nnn)" -offset indent .It ^X ('\fIX\fP'\~&\~037) control-\fIX\fP .It \e\|b,\~\e\|B (ASCII\~010) backspace .It \e\|t,\~\e\|T (ASCII\~011) tab .It \e\|n,\~\e\|N (ASCII\~012) line\~feed\~(newline) .It \e\|f,\~\e\|F (ASCII\~014) form\~feed .It \e\|r,\~\e\|R (ASCII\~015) carriage\~return .It \e\|e,\~\e\|E (ASCII\~027) escape .It \e\|c,\~\e\|C (:) colon .It \e\|\e (\e\|) backslash .It \e\|^ (^) caret .It \e\|\fInnn\fP (ASCII\~octal\~\fInnn\fP) .El .Pp A .Sq \|\e followed by up to three octal digits directly specifies the numeric code for a character. The use of .Tn ASCII NULs, while easily encoded, causes all sorts of problems and must be used with care since NULs are typically used to denote the end of strings; many applications use .Sq \e\|200 to represent a NUL. .Sh EXAMPLES .Bd -unfilled -offset indent example\||\|an example of binding multiple values to names:\e :foo%bar:foo^blah:foo@:\e :abc%xyz:abc^frap:abc$@:\e :tc=more: .Ed .Pp The capability foo has two values bound to it (bar of type .Sq \&% and blah of type .Sq \&^ ) and any other value bindings are hidden. The capability abc also has two values bound but only a value of type .Sq \&$ is prevented from being defined in the capability record more. .Bd -unfilled -offset indent file1: new\||\|new_record\||\|a modification of "old":\e :fript=bar:who-cares@:tc=old:blah:tc=extensions: file2: old\||\|old_record\||\|an old database record:\e :fript=foo:who-cares:glork#200: .Ed .Pp The records are extracted by calling .Fn cgetent with file1 preceding file2. In the capability record new in file1, fript=bar overrides the definition of fript=foo interpolated from the capability record old in file2, who-cares@ prevents the definition of any who-cares definitions in old from being seen, glork#200 is inherited from old, and blah and anything defined by the record extensions is added to those definitions in old. Note that the position of the fript=bar and who-cares@ definitions before tc=old is important here. If they were after, the definitions in old would take precedence. .Sh DIAGNOSTICS .Fn cgetent , .Fn cgetset , .Fn cgetmatch , .Fn cgetnum , .Fn cgetstr , .Fn cgetustr , .Fn cgetfirst , and .Fn cgetnext return a value greater than or equal to 0 on success and a value less than 0 on failure. .Fn cgetcap returns a character pointer on success and a .Dv NULL on failure. .Pp .Fn cgetent and .Fn cgetset may fail and set .Va errno for any of the errors specified for the library functions .Xr fopen 3 , .Xr fclose 3 , .Xr open 2 , and .Xr close 2 . .Pp .Fn cgetent , .Fn cgetset , .Fn cgetstr , and .Fn cgetustr may fail and set .Va errno as follows: .Bl -tag -width Er .It Bq Er ENOMEM No memory to allocate. .El .Sh SEE ALSO .Xr cap_mkdb 1 , .Xr malloc 3 .Sh BUGS Colon .Pq Sq \&: characters cannot be used in names, types, or values. .Pp There are no checks for .Ic tc= name loops in .Fn cgetent . .Pp The buffer added to the database by a call to .Fn cgetset is not unique to the database but is rather prepended to any database used.