.\"	$OpenBSD: printf.3,v 1.38 2002/07/24 22:58:39 millert Exp $
.\"
.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1991, 1993
.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
.\" Chris Torek and the American National Standards Committee X3,
.\" on Information Processing Systems.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\"    must display the following acknowledgement:
.\"	This product includes software developed by the University of
.\"	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\"    without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\"     @(#)printf.3	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/4/93
.\"
.Dd June 4, 1993
.Dt PRINTF 3
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm printf ,
.Nm fprintf ,
.Nm sprintf ,
.Nm snprintf ,
.Nm asprintf ,
.Nm vprintf ,
.Nm vfprintf ,
.Nm vsprintf ,
.Nm vsnprintf ,
.Nm vasprintf
.Nd formatted output conversion
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Fd #include <stdio.h>
.Ft int
.Fn printf "const char *format" ...
.Ft int
.Fn fprintf "FILE *stream" "const char *format" ...
.Ft int
.Fn sprintf "char *str" "const char *format" ...
.Ft int
.Fn snprintf "char *str" "size_t size" "const char *format" ...
.Ft int
.Fn asprintf "char **ret" "const char *format" ...
.Fd #include <stdarg.h>
.Ft int
.Fn vprintf "const char *format" "va_list ap"
.Ft int
.Fn vfprintf "FILE *stream" "const char *format" "va_list ap"
.Ft int
.Fn vsprintf "char *str" "const char *format" "va_list ap"
.Ft int
.Fn vsnprintf "char *str" "size_t size" "const char *format" "va_list ap"
.Ft int
.Fn vasprintf "char **ret" "const char *format" "va_list ap"
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The
.Fn printf
family of functions produce output according to the given
.Fa format
as described below.
This format may contain
.Dq conversion specifiers ;
the results of such conversions, if any, depend on the arguments
following the
.Fa format
string.
.Pp
The
.Fn printf
and
.Fn vprintf
functions write output to the standard output stream,
.Em stdout ;
.Fn fprintf
and
.Fn vfprintf
write output to the supplied stream pointer
.Fa stream ;
.Fn sprintf ,
.Fn snprintf ,
.Fn vsprintf ,
and
.Fn vsnprintf
write to the character string
.Fa str ;
.Fn asprintf
and
.Fn vasprintf
write to a dynamically allocated string that is stored in
.Fa ret .
.Pp
These functions write the output under the control of a
.Fa format
string that specifies how subsequent arguments
(or arguments accessed via the variable-length argument facilities of
.Xr stdarg 3 )
are converted for output.
.Pp
These functions return the number of characters printed
(not including the trailing
.Ql \e0
used to end output to strings),
except for
.Fn snprintf
and
.Fn vsnprintf ,
which return the number of characters that would have been printed if the
.Fa size
were unlimited
.Po
again, not including the final
.Ql \e0
.Pc .
If an output or encoding error occurs, a value of \-1 is returned instead.
.Pp
.Fn asprintf
and
.Fn vasprintf
return a pointer to a buffer sufficiently large to hold the string in the
.Fa ret
argument.
This pointer should be passed to
.Xr free 3
to release the allocated storage when it is no longer needed.
If sufficient space cannot be allocated, these functions
will return \-1 and set
.Fa ret
to be a null pointer.
.Pp
.Fn snprintf
and
.Fn vsnprintf
will write at most
.Fa size Ns \-1
of the characters printed into the output string
(the
.Fa size Ns 'th
character then gets the terminating
.Ql \e0 ) ;
if the return value is greater than or equal to the
.Fa size
argument, the string was too short
and some of the printed characters were discarded.
.Pp
.Fn sprintf
and
.Fn vsprintf
effectively assume an infinite
.Fa size .
.Pp
The format string is composed of zero or more directives:
ordinary
.\" multibyte
characters (not
.Cm % ) ,
which are copied unchanged to the output stream,
and conversion specifications, each of which results
in fetching zero or more subsequent arguments.
Each conversion specification is introduced by the character
.Cm % .
The arguments must correspond properly (after type promotion)
with the conversion specifier.
After the
.Cm % ,
the following appear in sequence:
.Bl -bullet
.It
An optional field, consisting of a decimal digit string followed by a
.Cm $
specifying the next argument to access.
If this field is not provided, the argument following the last
argument accessed will be used.
Arguments are numbered starting at
.Cm 1 .
.It
Zero or more of the following flags:
.Bl -hyphen
.It
A hash
.Ql Cm #
character
specifying that the value should be converted to an ``alternate form''.
For
.Cm c ,
.Cm d ,
.Cm i ,
.Cm n ,
.Cm p ,
.Cm s ,
and
.Cm u ,
conversions, this option has no effect.
For
.Cm o
conversions, the precision of the number is increased to force the first
character of the output string to a zero (except if a zero value is printed
with an explicit precision of zero).
For
.Cm x
and
.Cm X
conversions, a non-zero result has the string
.Ql 0x
(or
.Ql 0X
for
.Cm X
conversions) prepended to it.
For
.Cm e ,
.Cm E ,
.Cm f ,
.Cm g ,
and
.Cm G ,
conversions, the result will always contain a decimal point, even if no
digits follow it (normally, a decimal point appears in the results of
those conversions only if a digit follows).
For
.Cm g
and
.Cm G
conversions, trailing zeros are not removed from the result as they
would otherwise be.
.It
A zero
.Sq Cm \&0
character specifying zero padding.
For all conversions except
.Cm n ,
the converted value is padded on the left with zeros rather than blanks.
If a precision is given with a numeric conversion
.Pf ( Cm d ,
.Cm i ,
.Cm o ,
.Cm u ,
.Cm x ,
and
.Cm X ) ,
the
.Sq Cm \&0
flag is ignored.
.It
A negative field width flag
.Sq Cm \-
indicates the converted value is to be left adjusted on the field boundary.
Except for
.Cm n
conversions, the converted value is padded on the right with blanks,
rather than on the left with blanks or zeros.
A
.Sq Cm \-
overrides a
.Sq Cm \&0
if both are given.
.It
A space, specifying that a blank should be left before a positive number
produced by a signed conversion
.Pf ( Cm d ,
.Cm e ,
.Cm E ,
.Cm f ,
.Cm g ,
.Cm G ,
or
.Cm i ) .
.It
A
.Sq Cm +
character specifying that a sign always be placed before a
number produced by a signed conversion.
A
.Sq Cm +
overrides a space if both are used.
.El
.It
An optional decimal digit string specifying a minimum field width.
If the converted value has fewer characters than the field width, it will
be padded with spaces on the left (or right, if the left-adjustment
flag has been given) to fill out
the field width.
.It
An optional precision, in the form of a period
.Sq Cm \&.
followed by an
optional digit string.
If the digit string is omitted, the precision is taken as zero.
This gives the minimum number of digits to appear for
.Cm d ,
.Cm i ,
.Cm o ,
.Cm u ,
.Cm x ,
and
.Cm X
conversions, the number of digits to appear after the decimal-point for
.Cm e ,
.Cm E ,
and
.Cm f
conversions, the maximum number of significant digits for
.Cm g
and
.Cm G
conversions, or the maximum number of characters to be printed from a
string for
.Cm s
conversions.
.It
The optional character
.Cm h ,
specifying that a following
.Cm d ,
.Cm i ,
.Cm o ,
.Cm u ,
.Cm x ,
or
.Cm X
conversion corresponds to a
.Li short int
or
.Li unsigned short int
argument, or that a following
.Cm n
conversion corresponds to a pointer to a
.Li short int
argument.
.It
The optional character
.Cm l
(ell) specifying that a following
.Cm d ,
.Cm i ,
.Cm o ,
.Cm u ,
.Cm x ,
or
.Cm X
conversion corresponds to a
.Li long int
or
.Li unsigned long int
argument, or that a following
.Cm n
conversion corresponds to a pointer to a
.Li long int
argument.
.It
The optional character sequence
.Cm \&ll ,
specifying that a following
.Cm d ,
.Cm i ,
.Cm o ,
.Cm u ,
.Cm x ,
or
.Cm X
conversion corresponds to a
.Li quad int
or
.Li unsigned quad int
argument, or that a following
.Cm n
conversion corresponds to a pointer to a
.Li quad int
argument.
The use of
.Cm q
has been depreciated as conversion character.
.It
The character
.Cm L
specifying that a following
.Cm e ,
.Cm E ,
.Cm f ,
.Cm g ,
or
.Cm G
conversion corresponds to a
.Li long double
argument (but note that long double values are not currently supported
by the
.Tn VAX
compiler).
.It
A character that specifies the type of conversion to be applied.
.El
.Pp
A field width or precision, or both, may be indicated by
an asterisk
.Ql *
or an asterisk followed by one or more decimal digits and a
.Ql $
instead of a
digit string.
In this case, an
.Li int
argument supplies the field width or precision.
A negative field width is treated as a left adjustment flag followed by a
positive field width; a negative precision is treated as though it were
missing.
If a single format directive mixes positional (nn$) and
non-positional arguments, the results are undefined.
.Pp
The conversion specifiers and their meanings are:
.Bl -tag -width "diouxX"
.It Cm diouxX
The
.Li int
(or appropriate variant) argument is converted to signed decimal
.Pf ( Cm d
and
.Cm i ) ,
unsigned octal
.Pq Cm o ,
unsigned decimal
.Pq Cm u ,
or unsigned hexadecimal
.Pf ( Cm x
and
.Cm X )
notation.
The letters
.Cm abcdef
are used for
.Cm x
conversions; the letters
.Cm ABCDEF
are used for
.Cm X
conversions.
The precision, if any, gives the minimum number of digits that must
appear; if the converted value requires fewer digits, it is padded on
the left with zeros.
.It Cm DOU
The
.Li long int
argument is converted to signed decimal, unsigned octal, or unsigned
decimal, as if the format had been
.Cm ld ,
.Cm lo ,
or
.Cm lu
respectively.
These conversion characters are deprecated, and will eventually disappear.
.It Cm eE
The
.Li double
argument is rounded and converted in the style
.Sm off
.Pf [\-]d Cm \&. No ddd Cm e No \\*(Pmdd
.Sm on
where there is one digit before the
decimal-point character
and the number of digits after it is equal to the precision;
if the precision is missing,
it is taken as 6; if the precision is
zero, no decimal-point character appears.
An
.Cm E
conversion uses the letter
.Cm E
(rather than
.Cm e )
to introduce the exponent.
The exponent always contains at least two digits; if the value is zero,
the exponent is 00.
.It Cm f
The
.Li double
argument is rounded and converted to decimal notation in the style
.Sm off
.Pf [-]ddd Cm \&. No ddd ,
.Sm on
where the number of digits after the decimal-point character
is equal to the precision specification.
If the precision is missing, it is taken as 6; if the precision is
explicitly zero, no decimal-point character appears.
If a decimal point appears, at least one digit appears before it.
.It Cm gG
The
.Li double
argument is converted in style
.Cm f
or
.Cm e
(or
.Cm E
for
.Cm G
conversions).
The precision specifies the number of significant digits.
If the precision is missing, 6 digits are given; if the precision is zero,
it is treated as 1.
Style
.Cm e
is used if the exponent from its conversion is less than -4 or greater than
or equal to the precision.
Trailing zeros are removed from the fractional part of the result; a
decimal point appears only if it is followed by at least one digit.
.It Cm c
The
.Li int
argument is converted to an
.Li unsigned char ,
and the resulting character is written.
.It Cm s
The
.Li char *
argument is expected to be a pointer to an array of character type (pointer
to a string).
Characters from the array are written up to (but not including)
a terminating
.Tn NUL
character;
if a precision is specified, no more than the number specified are
written.
If a precision is given, no null character
need be present; if the precision is not specified, or is greater than
the size of the array, the array must contain a terminating
.Tn NUL
character.
.It Cm p
The
.Li void *
pointer argument is printed in hexadecimal (as if by
.Ql %#x
or
.Ql %#lx ) .
.It Cm n
The number of characters written so far is stored into the
integer indicated by the
.Li int *
(or variant) pointer argument.
No argument is converted.
.It Cm %
A
.Ql %
is written.
No argument is converted.
The complete conversion specification is
.Ql %% .
.El
.Pp
In no case does a non-existent or small field width cause truncation of
a field; if the result of a conversion is wider than the field width, the
field is expanded to contain the conversion result.
.Sh EXAMPLES
To print a date and time in the form `Sunday, July 3, 10:02',
where
.Va weekday
and
.Va month
are pointers to strings:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
#include <stdio.h>

fprintf(stdout, "%s, %s %d, %.2d:%.2d\en",
    weekday, month, day, hour, min);
.Ed
.Pp
To print \*(Pi
to five decimal places:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>

fprintf(stdout, "pi = %.5f\en", 4 * atan(1.0));
.Ed
.Pp
To allocate a 128 byte string and print into it:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdarg.h>

char *
newfmt(const char *fmt, ...)
{
	char *p;
	va_list ap;

	if ((p = malloc(128)) == NULL)
		return (NULL);
	va_start(ap, fmt);
	(void) vsnprintf(p, 128, fmt, ap);
	va_end(ap);
	return (p);
}
.Ed
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr printf 1 ,
.Xr scanf 3
.Sh STANDARDS
The
.Fn fprintf ,
.Fn printf ,
.Fn sprintf ,
.Fn vprintf ,
.Fn vfprintf ,
and
.Fn vsprintf
functions conform to
.St -ansiC .
.Sh HISTORY
The functions
.Fn snprintf
and
.Fn vsnprintf
first appeared in
.Bx 4.4 .
.Pp
The functions
.Fn asprintf
and
.Fn vasprintf
first appeared in the GNU C library.
This implementation first appeared in
.Ox 2.3 .
.Sh CAVEATS
The conversion formats
.Cm \&%D ,
.Cm \&%O ,
and
.Cm %U
are not standard and
are provided only for backward compatibility.
The effect of padding the
.Cm %p
format with zeros (either by the
.Sq Cm 0
flag or by specifying a precision), and the benign effect (i.e., none)
of the
.Sq Cm #
flag on
.Cm %n
and
.Cm %p
conversions, as well as other
nonsensical combinations such as
.Cm %Ld ,
are not standard; such combinations
should be avoided.
.Pp
Because
.Fn sprintf
and
.Fn vsprintf
assume an infinitely long string,
callers must be careful not to overflow the actual space;
this is often impossible to assure.
For safety, programmers should use the
.Fn snprintf
and
.Fn asprintf
family of interfaces instead.
Unfortunately, the
.Fn snprintf
interface is not available on older
systems and the
.Fn asprintf
interface is not portable.
.Pp
It is important never to pass a string with user-supplied data as a
format without using
.Ql %s .
An attacker can put format specifiers in the string to mangle your stack,
leading to a possible security hole.
This holds true even if you have built the string
.Dq by hand
using a function like
.Fn snprintf ,
as the resulting string may still contain user-supplied conversion specifiers
for later interpolation by
.Fn printf .
.Pp
Be sure to use the proper secure idiom:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "%s", string);
.Ed
.Pp
There is no way for printf to know the size of each argument passed.
If you use positional arguments you must ensure that all parameters, up to the
last positionally specified parameter, are used in the format string.
This allows for the format string to be parsed for this information.
Failure to do this will mean your code is non-portable and liable to fail.