.\"	$OpenBSD: select.2,v 1.30 2013/05/05 01:07:46 tedu Exp $
.\"	$NetBSD: select.2,v 1.5 1995/06/27 22:32:28 cgd Exp $
.\"
.\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1991, 1993
.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\"    without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\"     @(#)select.2	8.2 (Berkeley) 3/25/94
.\"
.Dd $Mdocdate: May 5 2013 $
.Dt SELECT 2
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm select ,
.Nm pselect
.Nd synchronous I/O multiplexing
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Fd #include <sys/types.h>
.Fd #include <sys/time.h>
.Fd #include <string.h>
.Fd #include <unistd.h>
.Ft int
.Fn select "int nfds" "fd_set *readfds" "fd_set *writefds" "fd_set *exceptfds" "struct timeval *timeout"
.Ft int
.Fn pselect "int nfds" "fd_set *readfds" "fd_set *writefds" "fd_set *exceptfds" "const struct timespec *timeout" "const sigset_t *mask"
.Fn FD_SET fd &fdset
.Fn FD_CLR fd &fdset
.Fn FD_ISSET fd &fdset
.Fn FD_ZERO &fdset
.Sh DESCRIPTION
.Fn select
examines the I/O descriptor sets whose addresses are passed in
.Fa readfds ,
.Fa writefds ,
and
.Fa exceptfds
to see if some of their descriptors
are ready for reading, are ready for writing, or have an exceptional
condition pending, respectively.
The first
.Fa nfds
descriptors are checked in each set;
i.e., the descriptors from 0 through
.Fa nfds Ns -1
in the descriptor sets are examined.
On return,
.Fn select
replaces the given descriptor sets
with subsets consisting of those descriptors that are ready
for the requested operation.
.Fn select
returns the total number of ready descriptors in all the sets.
.Pp
The descriptor sets are stored as bit fields in arrays of integers.
The following macros are provided for manipulating such descriptor sets:
.Fn FD_ZERO &fdset
initializes a descriptor set
.Fa fdset
to the null set.
.Fn FD_SET fd &fdset
includes a particular descriptor
.Fa fd
in
.Fa fdset .
.Fn FD_CLR fd &fdset
removes
.Fa fd
from
.Fa fdset .
.Fn FD_ISSET fd &fdset
is non-zero if
.Fa fd
is a member of
.Fa fdset ,
zero otherwise.
The behavior of these macros is undefined if
a descriptor value is less than zero or greater than or equal to
.Dv FD_SETSIZE ,
which is normally at least equal
to the maximum number of descriptors supported by the system.
.Pp
If
.Fa timeout
is a non-null pointer, it specifies a maximum interval to wait for the
selection to complete.
If
.Fa timeout
is a null pointer, the select blocks indefinitely.
To effect a poll, the
.Fa timeout
argument should be non-null, pointing to a zero-valued timeval structure.
.Fa timeout
is not changed by
.Fn select ,
and may be reused on subsequent calls; however, it is good style to
re-initialize it before each invocation of
.Fn select .
.Pp
Any of
.Fa readfds ,
.Fa writefds ,
and
.Fa exceptfds
may be given as null pointers if no descriptors are of interest.
.Pp
The
.Fn pselect
function is similar to
.Fn select
except that it specifies the timeout using a timespec structure.
Also, if
.Fa mask
is a non-null pointer,
.Fn pselect
atomically sets the calling thread's signal mask to the signal set
pointed to by
.Fa mask
for the duration of the function call.
In this case, the original signal mask will be restored before
.Fn pselect
returns.
.Sh RETURN VALUES
If successful,
.Fn select
and
.Fn pselect
return the number of ready descriptors that are contained in
the descriptor sets.
If a descriptor is included in multiple descriptor sets,
each inclusion is counted separately.
If the time limit expires before any descriptors become ready,
they return 0.
.Pp
Otherwise, if
.Fn select
or
.Fn pselect
return with an error, including one due to an interrupted call,
they return \-1,
and the descriptor sets will be unmodified.
.Sh ERRORS
An error return from
.Fn select
or
.Fn pselect
indicates:
.Bl -tag -width Er
.It Bq Er EFAULT
One or more of
.Fa readfds ,
.Fa writefds ,
or
.Fa exceptfds
points outside the process's allocated address space.
.It Bq Er EBADF
One of the descriptor sets specified an invalid descriptor.
.It Bq Er EINTR
A signal was delivered before the time limit expired and
before any of the selected descriptors became ready.
.It Bq Er EINVAL
The specified time limit is invalid.
One of its components is negative or too large.
.El
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr accept 2 ,
.Xr connect 2 ,
.Xr gettimeofday 2 ,
.Xr poll 2 ,
.Xr read 2 ,
.Xr recv 2 ,
.Xr send 2 ,
.Xr write 2 ,
.Xr getdtablesize 3
.Sh HISTORY
The
.Fn select
function appeared in
.Bx 4.2 .
The
.Fn pselect
function appeared in
.Ox 5.4 .
.Sh BUGS
Although the provision of
.Xr getdtablesize 3
was intended to allow user programs to be written independent
of the kernel limit on the number of open files, the dimension
of a sufficiently large bit field for select remains a problem.
The default bit size of
.Ft fd_set
is based on the symbol
.Dv FD_SETSIZE
(currently 1024),
but that is somewhat smaller than the current kernel limit
to the number of open files.
However, in order to accommodate programs which might potentially
use a larger number of open files with select, it is possible
to increase this size within a program by providing
a larger definition of
.Dv FD_SETSIZE
before the inclusion of
.Aq Pa sys/types.h .
The kernel will cope, and the userland libraries provided with the
system are also ready for large numbers of file descriptors.
.Pp
Alternatively, to be really safe, it is possible to allocate
.Ft fd_set
bit-arrays dynamically.
The idea is to permit a program to work properly even if it is
.Xr execve 2 Ns 'd
with 4000 file descriptors pre-allocated.
The following illustrates the technique which is used by
userland libraries:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
fd_set *fdsr;
int max = fd;

fdsr = calloc(howmany(max+1, NFDBITS), sizeof(fd_mask));
if (fdsr == NULL) {
	...
	return (-1);
}
FD_SET(fd, fdsr);
n = select(max+1, fdsr, NULL, NULL, &tv);
\&...
free(fdsr);
.Ed
.Pp
Alternatively, it is possible to use the
.Xr poll 2
interface.
.Xr poll 2
is more efficient when the size of
.Fn select Ns 's
.Ft fd_set
bit-arrays are very large, and for fixed numbers of
file descriptors one need not size and dynamically allocate a
memory object.
.Pp
.Fn select
should probably have been designed to return the time remaining from the
original timeout, if any, by modifying the time value in place.
Even though some systems stupidly act in this different way, it is
unlikely this semantic will ever be commonly implemented, as the
change causes massive source code compatibility problems.
Furthermore, recent new standards have dictated the current behaviour.
In general, due to the existence of those brain-damaged
non-conforming systems, it is unwise to assume that the timeout
value will be unmodified by the
.Fn select
call, and the caller should reinitialize it on each invocation.
Calculating the delta is easily done by calling
.Xr gettimeofday 2
before and after the call to
.Fn select ,
and using
.Fn timersub
(as described in
.Xr getitimer 2 ) .
.Pp
Internally to the kernel,
.Fn select
and
.Fn pselect
work poorly if multiple processes wait on the same file descriptor.
Given that, it is rather surprising to see that many daemons are
written that way (i.e.,
.Xr httpd 8 ) .