.\"	$OpenBSD: sigaction.2,v 1.42 2005/09/06 22:13:19 jmc Exp $
.\"	$NetBSD: sigaction.2,v 1.7 1995/10/12 15:41:16 jtc Exp $
.\"
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.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\"	@(#)sigaction.2	8.2 (Berkeley) 4/3/94
.\"
.Dd April 3, 1994
.Dt SIGACTION 2
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm sigaction
.Nd software signal facilities
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Fd #include <signal.h>
.Pp
.Bd -literal
struct sigaction {
	union {		/* signal handler */
		void	(*__sa_handler)(int);
		void	(*__sa_sigaction)(int, siginfo_t *, void *);
	} __sigaction_u;
	sigset_t sa_mask;          /* signal mask to apply */
	int	 sa_flags;         /* see signal options below */
};
.Ed
.Pp
.Fd #define sa_handler	__sigaction_u.__sa_handler
.Fd #define sa_sigaction	__sigaction_u.__sa_sigaction
.Ft int
.Fn sigaction "int sig" "const struct sigaction *act" "struct sigaction *oact"
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The system defines a set of signals that may be delivered to a process.
Signal delivery resembles the occurrence of a hardware interrupt:
the signal is normally blocked from further occurrence, the current process
context is saved, and a new one is built.
A process may specify a
.Em handler
to which a signal is delivered, or specify that a signal is to be
.Em ignored .
A process may also specify that a default action is to be taken
by the system when a signal occurs.
A signal may also be
.Em blocked ,
in which case its delivery is postponed until it is
.Em unblocked .
The action to be taken on delivery is determined at the time
of delivery.
Normally, signal handlers execute on the current stack
of the process.
This may be changed, on a per-handler basis,
so that signals are taken on a special
.Em "signal stack" .
.Pp
Signal routines normally execute with the signal that caused their
invocation
.Em blocked ,
but other signals may yet occur.
A global
.Em "signal mask"
defines the set of signals currently blocked from delivery
to a process.
The signal mask for a process is initialized from that of its
parent (normally empty).
It may be changed with a
.Xr sigprocmask 2
call, or when a signal is delivered to the process.
.Pp
When a signal
condition arises for a process, the signal is added to a set of
signals pending for the process.
If the signal is not currently
.Em blocked
by the process then it is delivered to the process.
Signals may be delivered any time a process enters the operating system
(e.g., during a system call, page fault or trap, or clock interrupt).
If multiple signals are ready to be delivered at the same time,
any signals that could be caused by traps are delivered first.
Additional signals may be processed at the same time, with each
appearing to interrupt the handlers for the previous signals
before their first instructions.
The set of pending signals is returned by the
.Xr sigpending 2
function.
When a caught signal
is delivered, the current state of the process is saved,
a new signal mask is calculated (as described below),
and the signal handler is invoked.
The call to the handler is arranged so that if the signal handling routine
returns normally the process will resume execution in the context from
before the signal's delivery.
If the process wishes to resume in a different context, then it
must arrange to restore the previous context itself.
.Pp
When a signal is delivered to a process a new signal mask is
installed for the duration of the process' signal handler
(or until a
.Xr sigprocmask 2
call is made).
This mask is formed by taking the union of the current signal mask set,
the signal to be delivered, and the signal mask
.Em sa_mask
associated with the handler to be invoked.
.Pp
.Fn sigaction
assigns an action for a signal specified by
.Fa sig .
If
.Fa act
is non-zero, it
specifies an action
.Pf ( Dv SIG_DFL ,
.Dv SIG_IGN ,
or a handler routine) and mask
to be used when delivering the specified signal.
If
.Fa oact
is non-zero, the previous handling information for the signal
is returned to the user.
.Pp
Once a signal handler is installed, it normally remains installed
until another
.Fn sigaction
call is made, or an
.Xr execve 2
is performed.
The value of
.Fa sa_handler
(or, if the
.Dv SA_SIGINFO
flag is set, the value of
.Fa sa_sigaction
instead) indicates what action should be performed when a
signal arrives.
A signal-specific default action may be reset by
setting
.Fa sa_handler
to
.Dv SIG_DFL .
Alternately, if the
.Dv SA_RESETHAND
flag is set the default action will be reinstated when the signal
is first posted.
The defaults are process termination, possibly with core dump;
no action; stopping the process; or continuing the process.
See the signal list below for each signal's default action.
If
.Fa sa_handler
is
.Dv SIG_DFL ,
the default action for the signal is to discard the signal,
and if a signal is pending,
the pending signal is discarded even if the signal is masked.
If
.Fa sa_handler
is set to
.Dv SIG_IGN ,
current and pending instances
of the signal are ignored and discarded.
If
.Fa sig
is
.Dv SIGCHLD
and
.Fa sa_handler
is set to
.Dv SIG_IGN ,
the
.Dv SA_NOCLDWAIT
flag (described below) is implied.
.Pp
Options may be specified by setting
.Em sa_flags .
The meaning of the various bits is as follows:
.Bl -tag -offset indent -width SA_RESETHANDXX
.It Dv SA_NOCLDSTOP
If this bit is set when installing a catching function
for the
.Dv SIGCHLD
signal,
the
.Dv SIGCHLD
signal will be generated only when a child process exits,
not when a child process stops.
.It Dv SA_NOCLDWAIT
If this bit is set when calling
.Fn sigaction
for the
.Dv SIGCHLD
signal, the system will not create zombie processes when children of
the calling process exit.
If the calling process subsequently issues a
.Xr wait 2
(or equivalent), it blocks until all of the calling process's child
processes terminate, and then returns a value of \-1 with
.Va errno
set to
.Er ECHILD .
.It Dv SA_ONSTACK
If this bit is set, the system will deliver the signal to the process
on a
.Em "signal stack" ,
specified with
.Xr sigaltstack 2 .
.It Dv SA_NODEFER
If this bit is set, further occurrences of the delivered signal are
not masked during the execution of the handler.
.It Dv SA_RESETHAND
If this bit is set, the handler is reset back to
.Dv SIG_DFL
at the moment the signal is delivered.
.It Dv SA_SIGINFO
If this bit is set, the 2nd argument of the handler is set to
be a pointer to a
.Em siginfo_t
structure as described in
.Aq Pa sys/siginfo.h .
The
.Em siginfo_t
structure is a part of
.St -p1003.1b .
It provides much more information about the causes and
attributes of the signal that is being delivered.
.It Dv SA_RESTART
If a signal is caught during the system calls listed below,
the call may be forced to terminate
with the error
.Er EINTR ,
the call may return with a data transfer shorter than requested,
or the call may be restarted.
Restarting of pending calls is requested
by setting the
.Dv SA_RESTART
bit in
.Ar sa_flags .
The affected system calls include
.Xr read 2 ,
.Xr write 2 ,
.Xr sendto 2 ,
.Xr recvfrom 2 ,
.Xr sendmsg 2
and
.Xr recvmsg 2
on a communications channel or a slow device (such as a terminal,
but not a regular file)
and during a
.Xr wait 2
or
.Xr ioctl 2 .
However, calls that have already committed are not restarted,
but instead return a partial success (for example, a short read count).
.El
.Pp
After a
.Xr fork 2
or
.Xr vfork 2 ,
all signals, the signal mask, the signal stack,
and the restart/interrupt flags are inherited by the child.
.Pp
.Xr execve 2
reinstates the default
action for all signals which were caught and
resets all signals to be caught on the user stack.
Ignored signals remain ignored;
the signal mask remains the same;
signals that restart pending system calls continue to do so.
.Pp
The following is a list of all signals
with names as in the include file
.Aq Pa signal.h :
.Bl -column SIGVTALARMXX "create core imagexxx"
.It Sy "  NAME  " "	Default Action  " "	Description"
.It Dv SIGHUP No "	terminate process" "	terminal line hangup"
.It Dv SIGINT No "	terminate process" "	interrupt program"
.It Dv SIGQUIT No "	create core image" "	quit program"
.It Dv SIGILL No "	create core image" "	illegal instruction"
.It Dv SIGTRAP No "	create core image" "	trace trap"
.It Dv SIGABRT No "	create core image" Xr 	abort 3
call (formerly
.Dv SIGIOT )
.It Dv SIGEMT No "	create core image" "	emulate instruction executed"
.It Dv SIGFPE No "	create core image" "	floating-point exception"
.It Dv SIGKILL No "	terminate process" "	kill program (cannot be caught or ignored)"
.It Dv SIGBUS No "	create core image" "	bus error"
.It Dv SIGSEGV No "	create core image" "	segmentation violation"
.It Dv SIGSYS No "	create core image" "	system call given invalid argument"
.It Dv SIGPIPE No "	terminate process" "	write on a pipe with no reader"
.It Dv SIGALRM No "	terminate process" "	real-time timer expired"
.It Dv SIGTERM No "	terminate process" "	software termination signal"
.It Dv SIGURG No "	discard signal" "	urgent condition present on socket"
.It Dv SIGSTOP No "	stop process" "	stop (cannot be caught or ignored)"
.It Dv SIGTSTP No "	stop process" "	stop signal generated from keyboard"
.It Dv SIGCONT No "	discard signal" "	continue after stop"
.It Dv SIGCHLD No "	discard signal" "	child status has changed"
.It Dv SIGTTIN No "	stop process" "	background read attempted from control terminal"
.It Dv SIGTTOU No "	stop process" "	background write attempted to control terminal"
.It Dv SIGIO No "	discard signal" Tn "	I/O"
is possible on a descriptor (see
.Xr fcntl 2 )
.It Dv SIGXCPU No "	terminate process" "	CPU time limit exceeded (see"
.Xr setrlimit 2 )
.It Dv SIGXFSZ No "	terminate process" "	file size limit exceeded (see"
.Xr setrlimit 2 )
.It Dv SIGVTALRM No "	terminate process" "	virtual time alarm (see"
.Xr setitimer 2 )
.It Dv SIGPROF No "	terminate process" "	profiling timer alarm (see"
.Xr setitimer 2 )
.It Dv SIGWINCH No "	discard signal" "	window size change"
.It Dv SIGINFO No "	discard signal" "	status request from keyboard"
.It Dv SIGUSR1 No "	terminate process" "	user defined signal 1"
.It Dv SIGUSR2 No "	terminate process" "	user defined signal 2"
.El
.Sh NOTE
The
.Fa sa_mask
field specified in
.Fa act
is not allowed to block
.Dv SIGKILL
or
.Dv SIGSTOP .
Any attempt to do so will be silently ignored.
.Pp
The following functions are either reentrant or not interruptible
by signals and are async-signal safe.
Therefore applications may invoke them, without restriction, from
signal-catching functions:
.Bd -ragged -offset indent
.Xr _exit 2 ,
.Xr access 2 ,
.Xr alarm 3 ,
.Xr cfgetispeed 3 ,
.Xr cfgetospeed 3 ,
.Xr cfsetispeed 3 ,
.Xr cfsetospeed 3 ,
.Xr chdir 2 ,
.Xr chmod 2 ,
.Xr chown 2 ,
.Xr close 2 ,
.Xr creat 3 ,
.Xr dup 2 ,
.Xr dup2 2 ,
.Xr execle 3 ,
.Xr execve 2 ,
.Xr fcntl 2 ,
.Xr fork 2 ,
.Xr fpathconf 2 ,
.Xr fstat 2 ,
.Xr fsync 2 ,
.Xr getegid 2 ,
.Xr geteuid 2 ,
.Xr getgid 2 ,
.Xr getgroups 2 ,
.Xr getpgrp 2 ,
.Xr getpid 2 ,
.Xr getppid 2 ,
.Xr getuid 2 ,
.Xr kill 2 ,
.Xr link 2 ,
.Xr lseek 2 ,
.Xr mkdir 2 ,
.Xr mkfifo 2 ,
.Xr open 2 ,
.Xr pathconf 2 ,
.Xr pause 3 ,
.Xr pipe 2 ,
.Xr raise 3 ,
.Xr read 2 ,
.Xr rename 2 ,
.Xr rmdir 2 ,
.Xr setgid 2 ,
.Xr setpgid 2 ,
.Xr setsid 2 ,
.Xr setuid 2 ,
.Xr sigaction 2 ,
.Xr sigaddset 3 ,
.Xr sigdelset 3 ,
.Xr sigemptyset 3 ,
.Xr sigfillset 3 ,
.Xr sigismember 3 ,
.Xr signal 3 ,
.Xr sigpause 3 ,
.Xr sigpending 2 ,
.Xr sigprocmask 2 ,
.Xr sigsuspend 2 ,
.Xr sleep 3 ,
.Xr stat 2 ,
.Xr sysconf 3 ,
.Xr tcdrain 3 ,
.Xr tcflow 3 ,
.Xr tcflush 3 ,
.Xr tcgetattr 3 ,
.Xr tcgetpgrp 3 ,
.Xr tcsendbreak 3 ,
.Xr tcsetattr 3 ,
.Xr tcsetpgrp 3 ,
.Xr time 3 ,
.Xr times 3 ,
.Xr umask 2 ,
.Xr uname 3 ,
.Xr unlink 2 ,
.Xr utime 3 ,
.Xr wait 2 ,
.Xr waitpid 2 ,
.Xr write 2 .
.\" .Fn aio_error ,
.\" .Fn clock_gettime ,
.\" .Fn timer_getoverrun ,
.\" .Fn aio_return ,
.\" .Fn fdatasync ,
.\" .Fn sigqueue ,
.\" .Fn timer_gettime ,
.\" .Fn aio_suspend ,
.\" .Fn sem_post ,
.\" .Fn timer_settime .
.Ed
.Pp
Please see
.Xr signal 3
for a more detailed list.
.Pp
All functions not in the above list are considered to be unsafe
with respect to signals.
That is to say, the behaviour of such functions when called from
a signal handler is undefined.
In general though, signal handlers should do little more than set a
flag; most other actions are not safe.
.Pp
Additionally, it is advised that signal handlers guard against
modification of the external symbol
.Va errno
by the above functions, saving it at entry and restoring
it on return, thus:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
void
handler(sig)
{
	int save_errno = errno;

	...
	errno = save_errno;
}
.Ed
.Sh RETURN VALUES
A 0 value indicates that the call succeeded.
A \-1 return value indicates an error occurred and
.Va errno
is set to indicate the reason.
.Sh EXAMPLES
The handler routine can be declared:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
void
handler(sig)
	int sig;
.Pp
.Ed
If the
.Dv SA_SIGINFO
option is enabled, the canonical way to declare it is:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
void
handler(sig, sip, scp)
	int sig;
	siginfo_t *sip;
	struct sigcontext *scp;
.Ed
.Pp
Here
.Fa sig
is the signal number, into which the hardware faults and traps are mapped.
If the
.Dv SA_SIGINFO
option is set,
.Fa sip
is a pointer to a
.Dv siginfo_t
as described in
.Aq Pa sys/siginfo.h .
If
.Dv SA_SIGINFO
is not set, this pointer will be
.Dv NULL
instead.
The function specified in
.Fa sa_sigaction
will be called instead of the function specified by
.Fa sa_handler
(Note that in some implementations these are in fact the same).
.Fa scp
is a pointer to the
.Fa sigcontext
structure (defined in
.Aq Pa signal.h ) ,
used to restore the context from before the signal.
.Sh ERRORS
.Fn sigaction
will fail and no new signal handler will be installed if one
of the following occurs:
.Bl -tag -width Er
.It Bq Er EFAULT
Either
.Fa act
or
.Fa oact
points to memory that is not a valid part of the process
address space.
.It Bq Er EINVAL
.Fa sig
is not a valid signal number.
.It Bq Er EINVAL
An attempt is made to ignore or supply a handler for
.Dv SIGKILL
or
.Dv SIGSTOP .
.El
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr kill 1 ,
.Xr kill 2 ,
.Xr ptrace 2 ,
.Xr sigaltstack 2 ,
.Xr sigprocmask 2 ,
.Xr sigsuspend 2 ,
.Xr wait 2 ,
.Xr setjmp 3 ,
.Xr sigblock 3 ,
.Xr sigpause 3 ,
.Xr sigsetops 3 ,
.Xr sigvec 3 ,
.Xr tty 4
.Sh STANDARDS
The
.Fn sigaction
function conforms to
.St -p1003.1-90 .
The
.Dv SA_ONSTACK
and
.Dv SA_RESTART
flags are Berkeley extensions, as are the signals
.Dv SIGTRAP ,
.Dv SIGEMT ,
.Dv SIGBUS ,
.Dv SIGSYS ,
.Dv SIGURG ,
.Dv SIGIO ,
.Dv SIGXCPU ,
.Dv SIGXFSZ ,
.Dv SIGVTALRM ,
.Dv SIGPROF ,
.Dv SIGWINCH ,
and
.Dv SIGINFO .
These signals are available on most
.Tn BSD Ns \-derived
systems.
The
.Dv SA_NODEFER
and
.Dv SA_RESETHAND
flags are intended for backwards compatibility with other operating
systems.
The
.Dv SA_NOCLDSTOP ,
.Dv SA_NOCLDWAIT ,
and
.Dv SA_SIGINFO
flags are options commonly found in other operating systems.
The following functions are either reentrant or not interruptible
by signals and are async-signal safe.
Therefore applications may
invoke them, without restriction, from signal-catching functions:
.Pp
Base Interfaces:
.Pp
.Fn _exit ,
.Fn access ,
.Fn alarm ,
.Fn cfgetispeed ,
.Fn cfgetospeed ,
.Fn cfsetispeed ,
.Fn cfsetospeed ,
.Fn chdir ,
.Fn chmod ,
.Fn chown ,
.Fn close ,
.Fn creat ,
.Fn dup ,
.Fn dup2 ,
.Fn execle ,
.Fn execve ,
.Fn fcntl ,
.Fn fork ,
.Fn fpathconf ,
.Fn fstat ,
.Fn fsync ,
.Fn getegid ,
.Fn geteuid ,
.Fn getgid ,
.Fn getgroups ,
.Fn getpgrp ,
.Fn getpid ,
.Fn getppid ,
.Fn getuid ,
.Fn kill ,
.Fn link ,
.Fn lseek ,
.Fn mkdir ,
.Fn mkfifo ,
.Fn open ,
.Fn pathconf ,
.Fn pause ,
.Fn pipe ,
.Fn raise ,
.Fn read ,
.Fn rename ,
.Fn rmdir ,
.Fn setgid ,
.Fn setpgid ,
.Fn setsid ,
.Fn setuid ,
.Fn sigaction ,
.Fn sigaddset ,
.Fn sigdelset ,
.Fn sigemptyset ,
.Fn sigfillset  ,
.Fn sigismember ,
.Fn signal ,
.Fn sigpending ,
.Fn sigprocmask ,
.Fn sigsuspend ,
.Fn sleep ,
.Fn stat ,
.Fn sysconf ,
.Fn tcdrain ,
.Fn tcflow ,
.Fn tcflush ,
.Fn tcgetattr ,
.Fn tcgetpgrp ,
.Fn tcsendbreak ,
.Fn tcsetattr ,
.Fn tcsetpgrp ,
.Fn time ,
.Fn times ,
.Fn umask ,
.Fn uname ,
.Fn unlink ,
.Fn utime ,
.Fn wait ,
.Fn waitpid ,
.Fn write .
.Pp
.\" Realtime Interfaces:
.\" .Pp
.\" .Fn aio_error ,
.\" .Fn aio_return ,
.\" .Fn aio_suspend ,
.\" .Fn clock_gettime ,
.\" .Fn fdatasync ,
.\" .Fn sem_post ,
.\" .Fn sigpause ,
.\" .Fn sigqueue ,
.\" .Fn sigset ,
.\" .Fn timer_getoverrun ,
.\" .Fn timer_gettime ,
.\" .Fn timer_settime .
.\" .Pp
ANSI C Interfaces:
.Pp
.Fn strcat ,
.Fn strcpy ,
.Fn strncat ,
.Fn strncpy ,
and perhaps some others.
.Pp
Extension Interfaces:
.Pp
.Fn strlcat ,
.Fn strlcpy .
.Pp
Most functions not in the above lists are considered to be unsafe
with respect to signals.
That is to say, the behaviour of such functions when called from
a signal handler is undefined.
.Pp
Additionally, inside the signal handler it is also considered safer to
make a copy of the global variable
.Va errno
and restore it before returning from the signal handler.
.Pp
A few other functions are signal race safe in
.Ox
but probably not on other systems:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -offset indent -compact -width foofoofoofoo
.It Fn snprintf
Safe.
.It Fn vsnprintf
Safe.
.It Fn syslog_r
Safe if the
.Va syslog_data
struct is initialized as a local variable.
.El