.\" $OpenBSD: fdisk.8,v 1.114 2022/05/12 14:10:05 krw Exp $ .\" .\" .\" Copyright (c) 1997 Tobias Weingartner .\" .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above .\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies. .\" .\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES .\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF .\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR .\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES .\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN .\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF .\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. .\" .Dd $Mdocdate: May 12 2022 $ .Dt FDISK 8 .Os .Sh NAME .Nm fdisk .Nd partition table maintenance program .Sh SYNOPSIS .Nm fdisk .Op Fl evy .Op Fl A | g | i | u .Op Fl b Ar blocks Ns Op @ Ns Ar offset Ns Op : Ns Ar type .Op Fl l Ar blocks | Fl c Ar cylinders Fl h Ar heads Fl s Ar sectors .Op Fl f Ar mbrfile .Ar disk .Sh DESCRIPTION .Nm fdisk makes changes to the MBR and GPT tables found on some disks. On such disks sector 0 contains a 4-entry MBR partition table that divides the space. The GPT partition table, when present, starts at sector 1. .Pp Each entry has a type. A type of .Ar 0xA6 indicates an .Ox MBR partition, which starts with its own 16-entry partition table known as a .Xr disklabel 5 . This can be edited using .Xr disklabel 8 . .Pp Caution is advised when editing these tables, since some platforms use tricks to boot and may rely on specific configurations created at install time. .Pp The options are as follows: .Bl -tag -width Ds .It Fl A Modifies existing GPT partitions to allocate all possible space to an .Ox partition and the optional .Fl b partition. The free space is maximized by deleting all existing partitions except the boot partitions .Sq APFS ISC , .Sq APFS , .Sq APFS Recovery , .Sq BIOS Boot , .Sq HiFive FSBL and .Sq HiFive BBL . .Pp If one of .Sq APFS ISC , .Sq APFS , or .Sq APFS Recovery is detected then any existing .Sq EFI system will also be preserved. If the preserved .Sq EFI system partition has fewer blocks than the number requested with .Fl b , the modification of the GPT is aborted. .It Fl b Ar blocks Ns Op @ Ns Ar offset Ns Op : Ns Ar type Configures a special boot partition of the specified number of blocks, offset and type. .Ar offset defaults to the first available block, and .Ar type defaults to .Sq EF . .Pp The .Ox partition will follow the boot partition and use the remaining available space. .Pp Can only be used when initializing .Ar disk with .Fl A , .Fl g , or .Fl i . If .Fl A or .Fl g is specified, only the .Ar blocks value is used. .It Xo .Fl c Ar cylinders .Fl h Ar heads .Fl s Ar sectors .Xc Specifies an alternate BIOS geometry for .Nm to use. By default, an automatic calculation of disk size will be built using heuristics. These figures are taken from the in-core disklabel (see .Xr disklabel 8 ) , or values that .Em /boot has passed to the kernel. .It Fl e Use the .Nm interactive editor to modify the partition table. See .Sx COMMAND MODE , below, for more information. .It Fl f Ar mbrfile Specifies an alternate MBR template file. The default file is .Pa /usr/mdec/mbr . .It Fl g A default GPT, including a protective MBR, will be written to .Ar disk . The default GPT has a single .Ox partition containing all available space not allocated by .Fl b . .It Fl i A default MBR will be written to .Ar disk . The default MBR will be read from the file specified by .Fl f , the default file .Pa /usr/mdec/mbr or the built-in default. Normally the default MBR has a single .Ox partition containing all available space not allocated by .Fl b . .It Fl l Ar blocks Treat .Ar disk as if it has the specified number of blocks. .It Fl u Update MBR bootcode, preserving existing MBR partition table. The MBR bootcode extends from offset 0x000 to the start of the MBR partition table at offset 0x1BE. This is useful for writing new MBR bootcode onto an existing drive, and is equivalent to the DOS command .Dq FDISK /MBR . Note that this option will overwrite the NT disk signature, if present. Not available when editing a GPT. .It Fl v Print the contents of the MBR, the Primary GPT and the Secondary GPT. Also print more detailed GPT header and partition entry information. .It Fl y Avoid asking yes/no questions when not desirable. .It Ar disk Specify the .Ar disk to operate on. It can be specified either by its full pathname or an abbreviated disk form. In its abbreviated form, the path to the device and the .Sq r denoting .Qq raw device are omitted and the partition letter is optional. For example, the first IDE disk can be specified as either .Pa /dev/rwd0c , .Pa wd0c , or .Pa wd0 . .El .Sh TYPICAL LAYOUT When called with no special flags, .Nm prints the partition table of the .Ar disk . .Pp If .Ar disk does not contain a valid GPT, the contents of the MBR are displayed. For example: .Bd -literal -offset 1n # fdisk sd0 Disk: sd0 geometry: 121601/255/63 [1953525168 Sectors] Offset: 0 Signature: 0xAA55 Starting Ending LBA Info: #: id C H S - C H S [ start: size ] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 0: 0B 0 1 1 - 26108 0 63 [ 63: 419425020 ] FAT32 1: 00 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused 2: 00 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused *3: A6 26108 1 1 - 121600 254 63 [ 419425083: 1534094982 ] OpenBSD .Ed .Pp This 1953525168 sector (931GB) disk drive is divided into two MBR partitions that span the whole disk. The first MBR partition is a 200GB FAT32 partition; the second is a 731GB .Ox MBR partition using the remainder of the disk. The fields of the output are: .Bl -tag -width "start/size" .It Em "#" Number identifying each MBR partition table entry. There are a total of four slots. .Sq * denotes the MBR partition which is declared bootable. .It Em "id" MBR partition type identifier. .Ox reserves the magic number hexadecimal A6 (166 decimal). .It Em "C/H/S" These fields provide the starting and ending address of the MBR partition in BIOS geometry. .It Em "start/size" These fields provide the starting sector and size in sectors of the MBR partition in linear block addresses. .El .Pp .Em NOTE : The BIOS geometry sectors field (C/H/S) is .Dq 1 based , but the LBA "start" field is .Dq 0 based . .Pp The CHS values will need to be in the BIOS's geometry for the system to be able to boot and use the drive correctly. These values must be kept correctly synchronized or a variety of problems develop which are very difficult to diagnose. .Pp If .Ar disk contains a protective MBR and a valid GPT, the contents of the GPT are displayed. For example: .Bd -literal -offset 1n Disk: sd2 Usable LBA: 64 to 7765952 [7766016 Sectors] #: type [ start: size ] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1: EFI Sys [ 64: 960 ] 3: OpenBSD [ 1024: 7764929 ] .Ed .Pp This 7766016 sector disk drive is divided into two partitions that span the whole disk. The first partition is a 960 sector EFI Sys partition; the second is a 7764929 sector .Ox partition using the remaining space. The fields of the output are: .Bl -tag -width "type" .It Em "#" Number identifying each partition table entry. .It Em "type" The partition type identifier. If the type is recognized, the name of the type is displayed. Otherwise the type GUID is displayed. .It Em "start" The sector the partition starts on. .It Em "size" The number of sectors in the partition. .El .Pp If the .Fl v option is specified, the disk GUID and each partition's GUID and name are also displayed. .Pp In either the MBR or GPT case the .Ox partition shown above is subdivided further using the functionality provided by .Xr disklabel 8 , which provides .Ox partitions. .Bd -literal -offset 1n # /dev/rsd0c: type: SCSI disk: SCSI disk label: WDC WD10EADS-65L duid: 085ef8d68623f5b3 flags: bytes/sector: 512 sectors/track: 63 tracks/cylinder: 255 sectors/cylinder: 16065 cylinders: 121601 total sectors: 1953525168 boundstart: 419425083 boundend: 1953520065 drivedata: 0 16 partitions: # size offset fstype [fsize bsize cpg] a: 2097125 419425083 4.2BSD 2048 16384 1 b: 4715520 421522208 swap c: 1953525168 0 unused d: 8388608 426237728 4.2BSD 2048 16384 1 e: 16771072 434626336 4.2BSD 2048 16384 1 f: 4194304 451397408 4.2BSD 2048 16384 1 g: 2097152 455591712 4.2BSD 2048 16384 1 h: 20971520 457688864 4.2BSD 2048 16384 1 i: 419425020 63 MSDOS j: 4194304 478660384 4.2BSD 2048 16384 1 k: 4194304 482854688 4.2BSD 2048 16384 1 l: 629145536 487049024 4.2BSD 4096 32768 1 .Ed .Pp These .Ox partitions are then mounted as follows using .Pa /etc/fstab : .Bd -literal -offset indent /dev/sd0a / ffs rw,softdep 1 1 /dev/sd0d /tmp ffs rw,softdep,nodev,nosuid 1 2 /dev/sd0e /var ffs rw,softdep,nodev,nosuid 1 2 /dev/sd0f /usr ffs rw,softdep,nodev 1 2 /dev/sd0g /usr/X11R6 ffs rw,softdep,nodev 1 2 /dev/sd0h /usr/local ffs rw,softdep,nodev 1 2 /dev/sd0i /mnt/example msdos rw,nodev,nosuid 1 2 /dev/sd0j /usr/src ffs rw,softdep,nodev,nosuid 1 2 /dev/sd0k /usr/obj ffs rw,softdep,nodev,nosuid 1 2 /dev/sd0l /home ffs rw,softdep,nodev,nosuid 1 2 .Ed .Sh COMMAND MODE The .Fl e flag causes .Nm to enter an interactive command mode. The prompt contains information about the state of the edit process. .Pp .Dl Ar disk Ns *:1> .Pp Where .Ar disk is the name of the disk being edited, .Sq * means that the in-memory copy of the partition table has been modified, but not yet written to disk and 1 is the number of the boot block being edited. This number will be 2 when editing an extended MBR partition, 3 when editing an extended MBR partition within an extended MBR partition, and so on. .Pp The list of commands and their explanations are given below. Commands may be abbreviated provided enough characters are given to ensure unambiguity. .Bl -tag -width Ds .It Cm ?\& A synonym for .Cm help . .It Cm help Display a list of commands that .Nm understands in the interactive edit mode. .It Cm manual Display this manual page. .It Cm reinit Op Cm gpt | Cm mbr Initialize the currently selected, in-memory copy of the boot block. .Pp By default an MBR is initialized. If .Cm gpt is specified, a protective MBR and a GPT are initialized. .It Cm edit Ar # Edit a given table entry in the memory copy of the current boot block. Sizes may be adjusted in BIOS geometry mode (MBR only) or using sector offsets and sizes. A unit .Sq b , .Sq k , .Sq m , .Sq g , or .Sq t may be appended to indicate bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, or terabytes. The special size value .Sq * will cause the partition to be sized to use the remainder of the disk. .It Cm flag Ar # Op Ar value Make the given MBR partition table entry bootable and mark all others as not bootable (only one entry can be marked bootable). The bootable partition is denoted with .Sq * . .\" If you wish to boot from an extended .\" MBR partition, you will need to mark the MBR partition table entry for the .\" extended MBR partition as bootable. If a .Ar value of 0 is given, the MBR partition is marked as not bootable, but no other MBR partitions are touched. .It Cm update Update the machine MBR bootcode and 0xAA55 signature in the memory copy of the currently selected MBR. Note that this option will overwrite an NT disk signature, if present. Not available when editing a GPT. .It Cm select Ar # Select and load into memory the MBR pointed to by the extended MBR partition table entry in the current boot block. Not available when editing a GPT. .It Cm setpid Ar # Change the partition identifier of the given partition table entry. This command is particularly useful for reassigning an existing partition to .Ox . .It Cm swap Ar # Ar # Swap two partition entries. .It Cm print Op Ar unit Print the currently selected in-memory copy of the partition table to the terminal. A .Ar unit .Sq b , .Sq k , .Sq m , .Sq g , or .Sq t may be appended to indicate bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, or terabytes. Otherwise the number of sectors is printed. .It Cm write Write the in-memory copy of the partition table to disk. .It Cm exit Exit the current level of .Nm fdisk , either returning to the previously selected in-memory copy of a MBR, or exiting the program if there is none. .It Cm quit Exit the current level of .Nm fdisk , either returning to the previously selected in-memory copy of a MBR, or exiting the program if there is none. Unlike .Em exit it does write the modified block out. .It Cm abort Quit program without saving current changes. .El .Sh FILES .Bl -tag -width /usr/mdec/mbr -compact .It Pa /usr/mdec/mbr default MBR template .El .Sh SEE ALSO .Xr fstab 5 , .Xr boot_amd64 8 , .Xr boot_i386 8 , .Xr boot_macppc 8 , .Xr disklabel 8 .Sh CAVEATS Hand crafted disk layouts are highly error prone. It is common practice, though by no means required, that MBR partitions start on a cylinder boundary (generally head 0, sector 1, but head 1, sector 1 for track 0), and that MBR partitions also end at cylinder boundaries.