.\"	$OpenBSD: fdisk.8,v 1.74 2010/12/03 08:14:56 jmc Exp $
.\"
.\" Copyright (c) 1997 Tobias Weingartner
.\" All rights reserved.
.\"
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
.\" IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
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.Dd $Mdocdate: December 3 2010 $
.Dt FDISK 8
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm fdisk
.Nd MBR partition maintenance program
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Nm fdisk
.Op Fl eiuy
.Oo
.Fl c Ar cylinders
.Fl h Ar heads
.Fl s Ar sectors
.Oc
.Op Fl f Ar mbrfile
.Ar disk
.Sh DESCRIPTION
On the i386 and other architectures, sector 0 of a bootable hard disk
must contain MBR bootcode, the MBR partition table containing 4 slots,
and a specific magic number (0xAA55).
The 4 slots in the MBR partition table allow a disk drive to be
divided into chunks known as MBR partitions.
.Pp
On the i386, the BIOS loads sector 0 of the boot disk into memory,
verifies the magic number, and begins executing the MBR bootcode
at the first byte.
The MBR bootcode then searches the MBR partition table for an
.Dq active
MBR partition (indicated by a
.Ql \&*
in the first column), and if one
is found, the boot block from that MBR partition is loaded and executed in
place of the original (MBR) boot block.
.Pp
Some other architectures (like the zaurus), consider sector 0 of the disk
to contain the MBR partition table, but do not use the MBR bootcode at all.
.Pp
Upon first access to a disk, the partition information is retrieved,
typically in
.Xr disklabel 5
format.
The location of the disklabel can vary from architecture to architecture,
but if one is not found the existence of an MBR partition table will create
a spoofed prototypical disklabel which can be viewed using
.Xr disklabel 8 .
This spoofing mechanism is useful for permitting partition access for
devices which would not normally have a
.Xr disklabel 5
sector.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Xo
.Fl c Ar cylinders
.Fl h Ar heads
.Fl s Ar sectors
.Xc
Specifies an alternate BIOS geometry for
.Nm
to use.
By default, an automatic calculation of disk size will be built
using heuristics.
These figures are taken from the in-core disklabel
(see
.Xr disklabel 8 ) ,
or values that
.Em /boot
has passed to the kernel.
.It Fl e
Use the
.Nm
interactive editor to modify an MBR partition table.
The editor permits configuration of the MBR partition, as well as
extended MBR partitions.
See
.Sx COMMAND MODE ,
below, for more information.
.It Fl f Ar mbrfile
Specifies an alternate MBR template file.
The default file is
.Pa /usr/mdec/mbr .
.It Fl i
Requests that the MBR partition data be re-initialized.
In this mode,
.Nm
will completely overwrite the primary MBR bootcode and MBR partition table
using the default MBR template
.Pa /usr/mdec/mbr
(or the one optionally specified by the
.Fl f
flag).
In the default template, MBR partition number 3 will be configured as an
.Ox
MBR partition spanning the entire disk, except for a zone left at the start
for booting.
This mode is designed to initialize the MBR the very first time.
.It Fl u
Update MBR bootcode, preserving existing MBR partition table.
The MBR bootcode extends from offset 0x000 to the start of the MBR partition table
at offset 0x1BE.
It is similar to the
.Fl i
flag, except the existing MBR partition table is preserved.
This is useful for writing new MBR bootcode onto an existing drive, and is
equivalent to the DOS command
.Dq FDISK /MBR .
Note that this option will overwrite the NT disk signature, if present.
.It Fl y
Avoid asking yes/no questions when not desirable.
.It Ar disk
Specify the
.Ar disk
to operate on.
It can be specified either by its full pathname or an abbreviated disk form.
In its abbreviated form, the path to the device, the
.Sq r
denoting
.Qq raw device ,
and the partition letter, can all be omitted.
For example, the first IDE disk can be specified as either
.Pa /dev/rwd0c ,
.Pa /dev/wd0c ,
or
.Ar wd0 .
.El
.Sh TYPICAL LAYOUT
When called with no special flags,
.Nm
prints the MBR partition table of the specified disk:
.Bd -literal -offset 1n
# fdisk sd0
Disk: sd0       geometry: 121601/255/63 [1953525168 Sectors]
Offset: 0       Signature: 0xAA55
          Starting     Ending    LBA Info:
 #: id     C H S -      C   H  S [     start:       size ]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 0: 0B     0 1 1 -  26108   0 63 [        63:  419425020 ] Win95 FAT-32
 1: 00     0 0 0 -      0   0  0 [         0:          0 ] unused
 2: 00     0 0 0 -      0   0  0 [         0:          0 ] unused
*3: A6 26108 1 1 - 121600 254 63 [ 419425083: 1534094982 ] OpenBSD
.Ed
.Pp
This 1953525168 sector (931GB) disk drive is divided into two MBR
partitions that span the whole disk.
The first MBR partition is a 200GB FAT-32 partition,
the second is a 731GB
.Ox
MBR partition using the remainder of the disk.
The fields of the output are:
.Bl -tag -width "start/size"
.It Em "#"
Number identifying each MBR partition table entry.
There are a total of four slots.
.Sq *
denotes the MBR partition which is declared bootable.
.It Em "id"
MBR partition type identifier.
.Ox
reserves the
magic number hexadecimal A6 (166 decimal).
.It Em "C/H/S"
These fields provide the starting and ending address of the MBR partition
in BIOS geometry.
.It Em "start/size"
These fields provide the starting sector and size in sectors of the
MBR partition in linear block addresses.
.El
.Pp
.Em NOTE :
The BIOS geometry sectors field (C/H/S) is
.Dq 1 based ,
but the LBA "start" field is
.Dq 0 based .
.Pp
The CHS values will need to be in the BIOS's geometry
for the system to be able to boot and use the drive correctly.
These values must be kept correctly synchronized or a variety of
problems develop which are very difficult to diagnose.
.Pp
The
.Ox
MBR partition shown above is subdivided further using the
functionality provided by
.Xr disklabel 8 ,
which provides
.Ox
partitions.
.Bd -literal -offset 1n
# /dev/rsd0c:
type: SCSI
disk: SCSI disk
label: WDC WD10EADS-65L
duid: 085ef8d68623f5b3
flags:
bytes/sector: 512
sectors/track: 63
tracks/cylinder: 255
sectors/cylinder: 16065
cylinders: 121601
total sectors: 1953525168
boundstart: 419425083
boundend: 1953520065
drivedata: 0

16 partitions:
#                size           offset  fstype [fsize bsize  cpg]
  a:          2097125        419425083  4.2BSD   2048 16384    1
  b:          4715520        421522208    swap
  c:       1953525168                0  unused
  d:          8388608        426237728  4.2BSD   2048 16384    1
  e:         16771072        434626336  4.2BSD   2048 16384    1
  f:          4194304        451397408  4.2BSD   2048 16384    1
  g:          2097152        455591712  4.2BSD   2048 16384    1
  h:         20971520        457688864  4.2BSD   2048 16384    1
  i:        419425020               63   MSDOS
  j:          4194304        478660384  4.2BSD   2048 16384    1
  k:          4194304        482854688  4.2BSD   2048 16384    1
  l:        629145536        487049024  4.2BSD   4096 32768    1
.Ed
.Pp
These
.Ox
partitions are then mounted as follows using
.Pa /etc/fstab :
.Bd -literal -offset indent
/dev/sd0a / ffs rw,softdep 1 1
/dev/sd0d /tmp ffs rw,softdep,nodev,nosuid 1 2
/dev/sd0e /var ffs rw,softdep,nodev,nosuid 1 2
/dev/sd0f /usr ffs rw,softdep,nodev 1 2
/dev/sd0g /usr/X11R6 ffs rw,softdep,nodev 1 2
/dev/sd0h /usr/local ffs rw,softdep,nodev 1 2
/dev/sd0i /mnt/example msdos rw,nodev,nosuid 1 2
/dev/sd0j /usr/src ffs rw,softdep,nodev,nosuid 1 2
/dev/sd0k /usr/obj ffs rw,softdep,nodev,nosuid 1 2
/dev/sd0l /home ffs rw,softdep,nodev,nosuid 1 2
.Ed
.Sh COMMAND MODE
The
.Fl e
flag causes
.Nm
to enter an interactive command mode.
The prompt contains information about the state of the edit
process.
.Pp
.Dl fdisk:*1\*(Gt
.Pp
.Sq *
means that the in-memory copy of the boot block has been modified, but
not yet written to disk.
.Pp
1 is the disk offset of the currently selected boot block being edited.
This number will be 2 when editing an extended MBR partition,
3 when editing an extended MBR partition within an extended MBR partition,
and so on.
.Pp
The list of commands and their explanations are given below.
Commands may be abbreviated provided enough characters are given to ensure
unambiguity.
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Cm ?\&
A synonym for
.Cm help .
.It Cm help
Display a list of commands that
.Nm
understands in the interactive edit mode.
.It Cm manual
Display this manual page.
.It Cm reinit
Initialize the currently selected, in-memory copy of the
boot block.
.It Cm disk
Display the current drive geometry that
.Nm
probed using kernel provided information and various heuristics.
The disk geometry may be changed at this point.
.It Cm edit Ar #
Edit a given table entry in the memory copy of
the current boot block.
Sizes may be adjusted in BIOS geometry mode or using sector offsets and sizes.
A unit
.Sq b ,
.Sq k ,
.Sq m ,
or
.Sq g
may be appended to indicate bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, or gigabytes.
The special size value
.Sq *
will cause the partition to be sized to use the remainder of the disk.
.It Cm flag Ar # Op Ar value
Make the given MBR partition table entry bootable
and mark all others as not bootable
(only one entry can be marked bootable).
.\" If you wish to boot from an extended
.\" MBR partition, you will need to mark the MBR partition table entry for the
.\" extended MBR partition as bootable.
If a
.Ar value
of 0 is given,
the MBR partition is marked as not bootable,
but no other MBR partitions are touched.
.It Cm update
Update the machine MBR bootcode and 0xAA55 signature in the memory copy
of the currently selected boot block.
Note that this option will overwrite an NT disk
signature, if present.
.It Cm select Ar #
Select and load into memory the boot block pointed
to by the extended MBR partition table entry in the current boot block.
.It Cm setpid Ar #
Change the MBR partition
identifier of the given MBR partition table entry.
This command is particularly useful for reassigning
an existing MBR partition to
.Ox .
.It Cm swap Ar # Ar #
Swap two MBR entries.
.It Cm print Op Ar unit
Print the currently selected in-memory copy of the boot
block and its MBR table to the terminal.
A
.Ar unit
.Sq b ,
.Sq k ,
.Sq m ,
or
.Sq g
may be appended to indicate bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, or gigabytes.
Otherwise the number of sectors is printed.
.It Cm write
Write the in-memory copy of the boot block to disk.
.It Cm exit
Exit the current level of
.Nm fdisk ,
either returning to the
previously selected in-memory copy of a boot block, or exiting the
program if there is none.
.It Cm quit
Exit the current level of
.Nm fdisk ,
either returning to the
previously selected in-memory copy of a boot block, or exiting the
program if there is none.
Unlike
.Em exit
it does write the modified block out.
.It Cm abort
Quit program without saving current changes.
.El
.Sh FILES
.Bl -tag -width /usr/mdec/mbr -compact
.It Pa /usr/mdec/mbr
default MBR template
.El
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr fstab 5 ,
.Xr boot_amd64 8 ,
.Xr boot_armish 8 ,
.Xr boot_i386 8 ,
.Xr boot_landisk 8 ,
.Xr boot_macppc 8 ,
.Xr boot_zaurus 8 ,
.Xr disklabel 8
.Sh CAVEATS
Hand crafted disk layouts are highly error prone.
It is common practice,
though by no means required,
that MBR partitions start on a cylinder boundary
(generally head 0, sector 1, but head 1, sector 1 for track 0),
and that MBR partitions also end at cylinder boundaries.