/* $OpenBSD: newfs.c,v 1.47 2003/11/03 05:40:09 tedu Exp $ */ /* $NetBSD: newfs.c,v 1.20 1996/05/16 07:13:03 thorpej Exp $ */ /* * Copyright (c) 1983, 1989, 1993, 1994 * The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. * * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions * are met: * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software * without specific prior written permission. * * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF * SUCH DAMAGE. */ #ifndef lint static char copyright[] = "@(#) Copyright (c) 1983, 1989, 1993, 1994\n\ The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.\n"; #endif /* not lint */ #ifndef lint #if 0 static char sccsid[] = "@(#)newfs.c 8.8 (Berkeley) 4/18/94"; #else static char rcsid[] = "$OpenBSD: newfs.c,v 1.47 2003/11/03 05:40:09 tedu Exp $"; #endif #endif /* not lint */ /* * newfs: friendly front end to mkfs */ #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include "mntopts.h" #include "pathnames.h" struct mntopt mopts[] = { MOPT_STDOPTS, MOPT_ASYNC, MOPT_UPDATE, { NULL }, }; void fatal(const char *fmt, ...); void usage(void); void mkfs(struct partition *, char *, int, int); void rewritelabel(char *, int, struct disklabel *); u_short dkcksum(struct disklabel *); #define COMPAT /* allow non-labeled disks */ /* * The following two constants set the default block and fragment sizes. * Both constants must be a power of 2 and meet the following constraints: * MINBSIZE <= DESBLKSIZE <= MAXBSIZE * sectorsize <= DESFRAGSIZE <= DESBLKSIZE * DESBLKSIZE / DESFRAGSIZE <= 8 */ #define DFL_FRAGSIZE 2048 #define DFL_BLKSIZE 16384 /* * Cylinder groups may have up to many cylinders. The actual * number used depends upon how much information can be stored * on a single cylinder. The default is to use as many as * possible. */ #define DESCPG 65536 /* desired fs_cpg */ /* * ROTDELAY gives the minimum number of milliseconds to initiate * another disk transfer on the same cylinder. It is used in * determining the rotationally optimal layout for disk blocks * within a file; the default of fs_rotdelay is 0ms. */ #define ROTDELAY 0 /* * MAXBLKPG determines the maximum number of data blocks which are * placed in a single cylinder group. The default is one indirect * block worth of data blocks. */ #define MAXBLKPG(bsize) ((bsize) / sizeof(daddr_t)) /* * Each file system has a number of inodes statically allocated. * We allocate one inode slot per NFPI fragments, expecting this * to be far more than we will ever need. */ #define NFPI 4 /* * For each cylinder we keep track of the availability of blocks at different * rotational positions, so that we can lay out the data to be picked * up with minimum rotational latency. NRPOS is the default number of * rotational positions that we distinguish. With NRPOS of 8 the resolution * of our summary information is 2ms for a typical 3600 rpm drive. Caching * and zoning pretty much defeats rotational optimization, so we now use a * default of 1. */ #define NRPOS 1 /* number distinct rotational positions */ int mfs; /* run as the memory based filesystem */ int Nflag; /* run without writing file system */ int Oflag; /* format as an 4.3BSD file system */ int fssize; /* file system size */ int ntracks; /* # tracks/cylinder */ int nsectors; /* # sectors/track */ int nphyssectors; /* # sectors/track including spares */ int secpercyl; /* sectors per cylinder */ int trackspares = -1; /* spare sectors per track */ int cylspares = -1; /* spare sectors per cylinder */ int sectorsize; /* bytes/sector */ int realsectorsize; /* bytes/sector in hardware */ int rpm; /* revolutions/minute of drive */ int interleave; /* hardware sector interleave */ int trackskew = -1; /* sector 0 skew, per track */ int fsize = 0; /* fragment size */ int bsize = 0; /* block size */ int cpg; /* cylinders/cylinder group */ int cpgflg; /* cylinders/cylinder group flag was given */ int minfree = MINFREE; /* free space threshold */ int opt = DEFAULTOPT; /* optimization preference (space or time) */ int reqopt = -1; /* opt preference has not been specified */ int density; /* number of bytes per inode */ int maxcontig = 0; /* max contiguous blocks to allocate */ int rotdelay = ROTDELAY; /* rotational delay between blocks */ int maxbpg; /* maximum blocks per file in a cyl group */ int nrpos = NRPOS; /* # of distinguished rotational positions */ int avgfilesize = AVFILESIZ;/* expected average file size */ int avgfilesperdir = AFPDIR;/* expected number of files per directory */ int bbsize = BBSIZE; /* boot block size */ int sbsize = SBSIZE; /* superblock size */ int mntflags = MNT_ASYNC; /* flags to be passed to mount */ int quiet = 0; /* quiet flag */ u_long memleft; /* virtual memory available */ caddr_t membase; /* start address of memory based filesystem */ #ifdef COMPAT char *disktype; int unlabeled; #endif char device[MAXPATHLEN]; extern char *__progname; struct disklabel *getdisklabel(char *, int); int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int ch; struct partition *pp; struct disklabel *lp; struct disklabel mfsfakelabel; struct partition oldpartition; struct stat st; struct statfs *mp; struct rlimit rl; int fsi = -1, fso, len, n, ncyls, maxpartitions; char *cp, *s1, *s2, *special, *opstring; #ifdef MFS char mountfromname[BUFSIZ]; pid_t pid, res; struct statfs sf; int status; #endif char *fstype = NULL; char **saveargv = argv; int ffs = 1; if (strstr(__progname, "mfs")) mfs = Nflag = quiet = 1; maxpartitions = getmaxpartitions(); if (maxpartitions > 26) fatal("insane maxpartitions value %d", maxpartitions); opstring = mfs ? "T:a:b:c:d:e:f:i:m:o:s:" : "NOS:T:a:b:c:d:e:f:g:h:i:k:l:m:n:o:p:qr:s:t:u:x:z:"; while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, opstring)) != -1) { switch (ch) { case 'N': Nflag = 1; break; case 'O': Oflag = 1; break; case 'S': if ((sectorsize = atoi(optarg)) <= 0) fatal("%s: bad sector size", optarg); break; #ifdef COMPAT case 'T': disktype = optarg; break; #endif case 'a': if ((maxcontig = atoi(optarg)) <= 0) fatal("%s: bad maximum contiguous blocks\n", optarg); break; case 'b': if ((bsize = atoi(optarg)) < MINBSIZE) fatal("%s: bad block size", optarg); break; case 'c': if ((cpg = atoi(optarg)) <= 0) fatal("%s: bad cylinders/group", optarg); cpgflg++; break; case 'd': if ((rotdelay = atoi(optarg)) < 0) fatal("%s: bad rotational delay\n", optarg); break; case 'e': if ((maxbpg = atoi(optarg)) <= 0) fatal("%s: bad blocks per file in a cylinder group\n", optarg); break; case 'f': if ((fsize = atoi(optarg)) <= 0) fatal("%s: bad fragment size", optarg); break; case 'g': if ((avgfilesize = atoi(optarg)) <= 0) fatal("%s: bad average file size", optarg); break; case 'h': if ((avgfilesperdir = atoi(optarg)) <= 0) fatal("%s: bad average files per dir", optarg); break; case 'i': if ((density = atoi(optarg)) <= 0) fatal("%s: bad bytes per inode\n", optarg); break; case 'k': if ((trackskew = atoi(optarg)) < 0) fatal("%s: bad track skew", optarg); break; case 'l': if ((interleave = atoi(optarg)) <= 0) fatal("%s: bad interleave", optarg); break; case 'm': if ((minfree = atoi(optarg)) < 0 || minfree > 99) fatal("%s: bad free space %%\n", optarg); break; case 'n': if ((nrpos = atoi(optarg)) <= 0) fatal("%s: bad rotational layout count\n", optarg); break; case 'o': if (mfs) getmntopts(optarg, mopts, &mntflags); else { if (strcmp(optarg, "space") == 0) reqopt = opt = FS_OPTSPACE; else if (strcmp(optarg, "time") == 0) reqopt = opt = FS_OPTTIME; else fatal("%s: unknown optimization " "preference: use `space' or `time'."); } break; case 'p': if ((trackspares = atoi(optarg)) < 0) fatal("%s: bad spare sectors per track", optarg); break; case 'q': quiet = 1; break; case 'r': if ((rpm = atoi(optarg)) <= 0) fatal("%s: bad revolutions/minute\n", optarg); break; case 's': if ((fssize = atoi(optarg)) <= 0) fatal("%s: bad file system size", optarg); break; case 'z': if ((ntracks = atoi(optarg)) <= 0) fatal("%s: bad total tracks", optarg); break; case 't': fstype = optarg; if (strcmp(fstype, "ffs")) ffs = 0; break; case 'u': if ((nsectors = atoi(optarg)) <= 0) fatal("%s: bad sectors/track", optarg); break; case 'x': if ((cylspares = atoi(optarg)) < 0) fatal("%s: bad spare sectors per cylinder", optarg); break; case '?': default: usage(); } if (!ffs) break; } argc -= optind; argv += optind; if (ffs && argc - mfs != 1) usage(); /* Increase our data size to the max */ if (getrlimit(RLIMIT_DATA, &rl) == 0) { rl.rlim_cur = rl.rlim_max; (void)setrlimit(RLIMIT_DATA, &rl); } special = argv[0]; if (!mfs) { char execname[MAXPATHLEN], name[MAXPATHLEN]; if (fstype == NULL) fstype = readlabelfs(special, 0); if (fstype != NULL && strcmp(fstype, "ffs")) { snprintf(name, sizeof name, "newfs_%s", fstype); saveargv[0] = name; snprintf(execname, sizeof execname, "%s/newfs_%s", _PATH_SBIN, fstype); (void)execv(execname, saveargv); snprintf(execname, sizeof execname, "%s/newfs_%s", _PATH_USRSBIN, fstype); (void)execv(execname, saveargv); err(1, "%s not found", name); } } if (mfs && !strcmp(special, "swap")) { /* * it's an MFS, mounted on "swap." fake up a label. * XXX XXX XXX */ fso = -1; /* XXX; normally done below. */ memset(&mfsfakelabel, 0, sizeof(mfsfakelabel)); mfsfakelabel.d_secsize = 512; mfsfakelabel.d_nsectors = 64; mfsfakelabel.d_ntracks = 16; mfsfakelabel.d_ncylinders = 16; mfsfakelabel.d_secpercyl = 1024; mfsfakelabel.d_secperunit = 16384; mfsfakelabel.d_rpm = 3600; mfsfakelabel.d_interleave = 1; mfsfakelabel.d_npartitions = 1; mfsfakelabel.d_partitions[0].p_size = 16384; mfsfakelabel.d_partitions[0].p_fsize = 1024; mfsfakelabel.d_partitions[0].p_frag = 8; mfsfakelabel.d_partitions[0].p_cpg = 16; lp = &mfsfakelabel; pp = &mfsfakelabel.d_partitions[0]; goto havelabel; } cp = strrchr(special, '/'); if (cp == NULL) { /* * No path prefix; try /dev/r%s then /dev/%s. */ (void)snprintf(device, sizeof(device), "%sr%s", _PATH_DEV, special); if (stat(device, &st) == -1) (void)snprintf(device, sizeof(device), "%s%s", _PATH_DEV, special); special = device; } if (Nflag) { fso = -1; } else { fso = open(special, O_WRONLY); if (fso < 0) fatal("%s: %s", special, strerror(errno)); /* Bail if target special is mounted */ n = getmntinfo(&mp, MNT_NOWAIT); if (n == 0) fatal("%s: getmntinfo: %s", special, strerror(errno)); len = sizeof(_PATH_DEV) - 1; s1 = special; if (strncmp(_PATH_DEV, s1, len) == 0) s1 += len; while (--n >= 0) { s2 = mp->f_mntfromname; if (strncmp(_PATH_DEV, s2, len) == 0) { s2 += len - 1; *s2 = 'r'; } if (strcmp(s1, s2) == 0 || strcmp(s1, &s2[1]) == 0) fatal("%s is mounted on %s", special, mp->f_mntonname); ++mp; } } #ifdef COMPAT if (mfs && disktype != NULL) { lp = (struct disklabel *)getdiskbyname(disktype); if (lp == NULL) fatal("%s: unknown disk type", disktype); pp = &lp->d_partitions[1]; } else #endif { fsi = open(special, O_RDONLY); if (fsi < 0) fatal("%s: %s", special, strerror(errno)); if (fstat(fsi, &st) < 0) fatal("%s: %s", special, strerror(errno)); if (!S_ISCHR(st.st_mode) && !mfs) printf("%s: %s: not a character-special device\n", __progname, special); cp = strchr(argv[0], '\0') - 1; if (cp == NULL || ((*cp < 'a' || *cp > ('a' + maxpartitions - 1)) && !isdigit(*cp))) fatal("%s: can't figure out file system partition", argv[0]); lp = getdisklabel(special, fsi); if (isdigit(*cp)) pp = &lp->d_partitions[0]; else pp = &lp->d_partitions[*cp - 'a']; if (pp->p_size == 0) fatal("%s: `%c' partition is unavailable", argv[0], *cp); if (pp->p_fstype == FS_BOOT) fatal("%s: `%c' partition overlaps boot program", argv[0], *cp); } havelabel: if (fssize == 0) fssize = pp->p_size; if (fssize > pp->p_size && !mfs) fatal("%s: maximum file system size on the `%c' partition is %d", argv[0], *cp, pp->p_size); if (rpm == 0) { rpm = lp->d_rpm; if (rpm <= 0) rpm = 3600; } if (ntracks == 0) { ntracks = lp->d_ntracks; if (ntracks <= 0) fatal("%s: no default #tracks", argv[0]); } if (nsectors == 0) { nsectors = lp->d_nsectors; if (nsectors <= 0) fatal("%s: no default #sectors/track", argv[0]); } if (sectorsize == 0) { sectorsize = lp->d_secsize; if (sectorsize <= 0) fatal("%s: no default sector size", argv[0]); } if (trackskew == -1) { trackskew = lp->d_trackskew; if (trackskew < 0) trackskew = 0; } if (interleave == 0) { interleave = lp->d_interleave; if (interleave <= 0) interleave = 1; } if (fsize == 0) { fsize = pp->p_fsize; if (fsize <= 0) fsize = MAX(DFL_FRAGSIZE, lp->d_secsize); } if (bsize == 0) { bsize = pp->p_frag * pp->p_fsize; if (bsize <= 0) bsize = MIN(DFL_BLKSIZE, 8 * fsize); } /* * Maxcontig sets the default for the maximum number of blocks * that may be allocated sequentially. With filesystem clustering * it is possible to allocate contiguous blocks up to the maximum * transfer size permitted by the controller or buffering. */ if (maxcontig == 0) maxcontig = MAX(1, MIN(MAXPHYS, MAXBSIZE) / bsize - 1); if (density == 0) density = NFPI * fsize; if (minfree < MINFREE && opt != FS_OPTSPACE && reqopt == -1) { fprintf(stderr, "Warning: changing optimization to space "); fprintf(stderr, "because minfree is less than %d%%\n", MINFREE); opt = FS_OPTSPACE; } if (trackspares == -1) { trackspares = lp->d_sparespertrack; if (trackspares < 0) trackspares = 0; } nphyssectors = nsectors + trackspares; if (cylspares == -1) { cylspares = lp->d_sparespercyl; if (cylspares < 0) cylspares = 0; } secpercyl = nsectors * ntracks - cylspares; if (secpercyl != lp->d_secpercyl) fprintf(stderr, "%s (%d) %s (%lu)\n", "Warning: calculated sectors per cylinder", secpercyl, "disagrees with disk label", (unsigned long)lp->d_secpercyl); if (maxbpg == 0) maxbpg = MAXBLKPG(bsize); #ifdef notdef /* label may be 0 if faked up by kernel */ bbsize = lp->d_bbsize; sbsize = lp->d_sbsize; #endif oldpartition = *pp; realsectorsize = sectorsize; if (sectorsize < DEV_BSIZE) { int secperblk = DEV_BSIZE / sectorsize; sectorsize = DEV_BSIZE; nsectors /= secperblk; nphyssectors /= secperblk; secpercyl /= secperblk; fssize /= secperblk; pp->p_size /= secperblk; } else if (sectorsize > DEV_BSIZE) { int blkpersec = sectorsize / DEV_BSIZE; sectorsize = DEV_BSIZE; nsectors *= blkpersec; nphyssectors *= blkpersec; secpercyl *= blkpersec; fssize *= blkpersec; pp->p_size *= blkpersec; } ncyls = fssize / secpercyl; if (ncyls < 2) ncyls = 2; if (cpg == 0) cpg = DESCPG < ncyls ? DESCPG : ncyls; else if (cpg > ncyls) { cpg = ncyls; printf("Number of cylinders restricts cylinders per group " "to %d.\n", cpg); } mkfs(pp, special, fsi, fso); if (realsectorsize < DEV_BSIZE) pp->p_size *= DEV_BSIZE / realsectorsize; else if (realsectorsize > DEV_BSIZE) pp->p_size /= realsectorsize / DEV_BSIZE; if (!Nflag && memcmp(pp, &oldpartition, sizeof(oldpartition))) rewritelabel(special, fso, lp); if (!Nflag) close(fso); close(fsi); #ifdef MFS if (mfs) { struct mfs_args args; switch (pid = fork()) { case -1: err(10, "mfs"); case 0: snprintf(mountfromname, sizeof(mountfromname), "mfs:%d", getpid()); break; default: snprintf(mountfromname, sizeof(mountfromname), "mfs:%d", pid); for (;;) { /* * spin until the mount succeeds * or the child exits */ usleep(1); /* * XXX Here is a race condition: another process * can mount a filesystem which hides our * ramdisk before we see the success. */ if (statfs(argv[1], &sf) < 0) err(88, "statfs %s", argv[1]); if (!strcmp(sf.f_mntfromname, mountfromname) && !strncmp(sf.f_mntonname, argv[1], MNAMELEN) && !strcmp(sf.f_fstypename, "mfs")) exit(0); res = waitpid(pid, &status, WNOHANG); if (res == -1) err(11, "waitpid"); if (res != pid) continue; if (WIFEXITED(status)) { if (WEXITSTATUS(status) == 0) exit(0); errx(1, "%s: mount: %s", argv[1], strerror(WEXITSTATUS(status))); } else errx(11, "abnormal termination"); } /* NOTREACHED */ } (void) setsid(); (void) close(0); (void) close(1); (void) close(2); (void) chdir("/"); args.fspec = mountfromname; args.export_info.ex_root = -2; if (mntflags & MNT_RDONLY) args.export_info.ex_flags = MNT_EXRDONLY; else args.export_info.ex_flags = 0; args.base = membase; args.size = fssize * sectorsize; if (mount(MOUNT_MFS, argv[1], mntflags, &args) < 0) exit(errno); /* parent prints message */ } #endif exit(0); } #ifdef COMPAT char lmsg[] = "%s: can't read disk label; disk type must be specified"; #else char lmsg[] = "%s: can't read disk label"; #endif struct disklabel * getdisklabel(char *s, int fd) { static struct disklabel lab; if (ioctl(fd, DIOCGDINFO, (char *)&lab) < 0) { #ifdef COMPAT if (disktype) { struct disklabel *lp; unlabeled++; lp = getdiskbyname(disktype); if (lp == NULL) fatal("%s: unknown disk type", disktype); return (lp); } #endif warn("ioctl (GDINFO)"); fatal(lmsg, s); } return (&lab); } void rewritelabel(char *s, int fd, struct disklabel *lp) { #ifdef COMPAT if (unlabeled) return; #endif lp->d_checksum = 0; lp->d_checksum = dkcksum(lp); if (ioctl(fd, DIOCWDINFO, (char *)lp) < 0) { warn("ioctl (WDINFO)"); fatal("%s: can't rewrite disk label", s); } #ifdef __vax__ if (lp->d_type == DTYPE_SMD && lp->d_flags & D_BADSECT) { int i; int cfd; daddr_t alt; char specname[64]; char blk[1024]; char *cp; /* * Make name for 'c' partition. */ strncpy(specname, s, sizeof(specname) - 1); specname[sizeof(specname) - 1] = '\0'; cp = specname + strlen(specname) - 1; if (!isdigit(*cp)) *cp = 'c'; cfd = open(specname, O_WRONLY); if (cfd < 0) fatal("%s: %s", specname, strerror(errno)); memset(blk, 0, sizeof(blk)); *(struct disklabel *)(blk + LABELOFFSET) = *lp; alt = lp->d_ncylinders * lp->d_secpercyl - lp->d_nsectors; for (i = 1; i < 11 && i < lp->d_nsectors; i += 2) { off_t offset; offset = alt + i; offset *= lp->d_secsize; if (lseek(cfd, offset, SEEK_SET) == -1) fatal("lseek to badsector area: %s", strerror(errno)); if (write(cfd, blk, lp->d_secsize) < lp->d_secsize) warn("alternate label %d write", i/2); } close(cfd); } #endif /*__vax__*/ } /*VARARGS*/ void fatal(const char *fmt, ...) { va_list ap; va_start(ap, fmt); if (fcntl(STDERR_FILENO, F_GETFL) < 0) { openlog(__progname, LOG_CONS, LOG_DAEMON); vsyslog(LOG_ERR, fmt, ap); closelog(); } else { vwarnx(fmt, ap); } va_end(ap); exit(1); /*NOTREACHED*/ } struct fsoptions { char *str; int mfs_too; } fsopts[] = { { "-N do not create file system, just print out parameters", 0 }, { "-O create a 4.3BSD format filesystem", 0 }, { "-S sector size", 0 }, #ifdef COMPAT { "-T disktype", 0 }, #endif { "-a maximum contiguous blocks", 1 }, { "-b block size", 1 }, { "-c cylinders/group", 1 }, { "-d rotational delay between contiguous blocks", 1 }, { "-e maximum blocks per file in a cylinder group", 1 }, { "-f frag size", 1 }, { "-g average file size", 0 }, { "-h average files per directory", 0 }, { "-i number of bytes per inode", 1 }, { "-k sector 0 skew, per track", 0 }, { "-l hardware sector interleave", 0 }, { "-m minimum free space %%", 1 }, { "-n number of distinguished rotational positions", 0 }, { "-o optimization preference (`space' or `time')", 1 }, { "-p spare sectors per track", 0 }, { "-r revolutions/minute", 0 }, { "-s file system size (sectors)", 1 }, { "-t file system type", 0 }, { "-u sectors/track", 0 }, { "-x spare sectors per cylinder", 0 }, { "-z tracks/cylinder", 0 }, { NULL, NULL } }; void usage(void) { struct fsoptions *fsopt; if (mfs) { fprintf(stderr, "usage: %s [ -fsoptions ] special-device mount-point\n", __progname); } else { fprintf(stderr, "usage: %s [ -fsoptions ] special-device\n", __progname); } fprintf(stderr, "where fsoptions are:\n"); for (fsopt = fsopts; fsopt->str; fsopt++) { if (!mfs || fsopt->mfs_too) fprintf(stderr, "\t%s\n", fsopt->str); } exit(1); }