/* $OpenBSD: pfctl_parser.c,v 1.60 2002/01/09 11:30:53 dhartmei Exp $ */ /* * Copyright (c) 2001 Daniel Hartmeier * All rights reserved. * * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions * are met: * * - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above * copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following * disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided * with the distribution. * * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, * BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER * CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN * ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. * */ #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #define TCPSTATES #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include "pfctl_parser.h" int unmask (struct pf_addr *, u_int8_t); void print_addr (struct pf_addr *, struct pf_addr *, u_int8_t); void print_host (struct pf_state_host *, u_int8_t); void print_seq (struct pf_state_peer *); void print_port (u_int8_t, u_int16_t, u_int16_t, char *); void print_flags (u_int8_t); char *tcpflags = "FSRPAU"; struct icmptypeent icmp_type[] = { { "echoreq", ICMP_ECHO }, { "echorep", ICMP_ECHOREPLY }, { "unreach", ICMP_UNREACH }, { "squench", ICMP_SOURCEQUENCH }, { "redir", ICMP_REDIRECT }, { "althost", ICMP_ALTHOSTADDR }, { "routeradv", ICMP_ROUTERADVERT }, { "routersol", ICMP_ROUTERSOLICIT }, { "timex", ICMP_TIMXCEED }, { "paramprob", ICMP_PARAMPROB }, { "timereq", ICMP_TSTAMP }, { "timerep", ICMP_TSTAMPREPLY }, { "inforeq", ICMP_IREQ }, { "inforep", ICMP_IREQREPLY }, { "maskreq", ICMP_MASKREQ }, { "maskrep", ICMP_MASKREPLY }, { "trace", ICMP_TRACEROUTE }, { "dataconv", ICMP_DATACONVERR }, { "mobredir", ICMP_MOBILE_REDIRECT }, { "ipv6-where", ICMP_IPV6_WHEREAREYOU }, { "ipv6-here", ICMP_IPV6_IAMHERE }, { "mobregreq", ICMP_MOBILE_REGREQUEST }, { "mobregrep", ICMP_MOBILE_REGREPLY }, { "skip", ICMP_SKIP }, { "photuris", ICMP_PHOTURIS } }; struct icmptypeent icmp6_type[] = { { "unreach", ICMP6_DST_UNREACH }, { "toobig", ICMP6_PACKET_TOO_BIG }, { "timex", ICMP6_TIME_EXCEEDED }, { "paramprob", ICMP6_PARAM_PROB }, { "echoreq", ICMP6_ECHO_REQUEST }, { "echorep", ICMP6_ECHO_REPLY }, { "groupqry", ICMP6_MEMBERSHIP_QUERY }, { "listqry", MLD6_LISTENER_QUERY }, { "grouprep", ICMP6_MEMBERSHIP_REPORT }, { "listenrep", MLD6_LISTENER_REPORT }, { "groupterm", ICMP6_MEMBERSHIP_REDUCTION }, { "listendone", MLD6_LISTENER_DONE }, { "routersol", ND_ROUTER_SOLICIT }, { "routeradv", ND_ROUTER_ADVERT }, { "neighbrsol", ND_NEIGHBOR_SOLICIT }, { "neighbradv", ND_NEIGHBOR_ADVERT }, { "redir", ND_REDIRECT }, { "routrrenum", ICMP6_ROUTER_RENUMBERING }, { "wrureq", ICMP6_WRUREQUEST }, { "wrurep", ICMP6_WRUREPLY }, { "fqdnreq", ICMP6_FQDN_QUERY }, { "fqdnrep", ICMP6_FQDN_REPLY }, { "niqry", ICMP6_NI_QUERY }, { "nirep", ICMP6_NI_REPLY }, { "mtraceresp", MLD6_MTRACE_RESP }, { "mtrace", MLD6_MTRACE } }; struct icmpcodeent icmp_code[] = { { "net-unr", ICMP_UNREACH, ICMP_UNREACH_NET }, { "host-unr", ICMP_UNREACH, ICMP_UNREACH_HOST }, { "proto-unr", ICMP_UNREACH, ICMP_UNREACH_PROTOCOL }, { "port-unr", ICMP_UNREACH, ICMP_UNREACH_PORT }, { "needfrag", ICMP_UNREACH, ICMP_UNREACH_NEEDFRAG }, { "srcfail", ICMP_UNREACH, ICMP_UNREACH_SRCFAIL }, { "net-unk", ICMP_UNREACH, ICMP_UNREACH_NET_UNKNOWN }, { "host-unk", ICMP_UNREACH, ICMP_UNREACH_HOST_UNKNOWN }, { "isolate", ICMP_UNREACH, ICMP_UNREACH_ISOLATED }, { "net-prohib", ICMP_UNREACH, ICMP_UNREACH_NET_PROHIB }, { "host-prohib", ICMP_UNREACH, ICMP_UNREACH_HOST_PROHIB }, { "net-tos", ICMP_UNREACH, ICMP_UNREACH_TOSNET }, { "host-tos", ICMP_UNREACH, ICMP_UNREACH_TOSHOST }, { "filter-prohib", ICMP_UNREACH, ICMP_UNREACH_FILTER_PROHIB }, { "host-preced", ICMP_UNREACH, ICMP_UNREACH_HOST_PRECEDENCE }, { "cutoff-preced", ICMP_UNREACH, ICMP_UNREACH_PRECEDENCE_CUTOFF }, { "redir-net", ICMP_REDIRECT, ICMP_REDIRECT_NET }, { "redir-host", ICMP_REDIRECT, ICMP_REDIRECT_HOST }, { "redir-tos-net", ICMP_REDIRECT, ICMP_REDIRECT_TOSNET }, { "redir-tos-host", ICMP_REDIRECT, ICMP_REDIRECT_TOSHOST }, { "normal-adv", ICMP_ROUTERADVERT, ICMP_ROUTERADVERT_NORMAL }, { "common-adv", ICMP_ROUTERADVERT, ICMP_ROUTERADVERT_NOROUTE_COMMON }, { "transit", ICMP_TIMXCEED, ICMP_TIMXCEED_INTRANS }, { "reassemb", ICMP_TIMXCEED, ICMP_TIMXCEED_REASS }, { "badhead", ICMP_PARAMPROB, ICMP_PARAMPROB_ERRATPTR }, { "optmiss", ICMP_PARAMPROB, ICMP_PARAMPROB_OPTABSENT }, { "badlen", ICMP_PARAMPROB, ICMP_PARAMPROB_LENGTH }, { "unknown-ind", ICMP_PHOTURIS, ICMP_PHOTURIS_UNKNOWN_INDEX }, { "auth-fail", ICMP_PHOTURIS, ICMP_PHOTURIS_AUTH_FAILED }, { "decrypt-fail", ICMP_PHOTURIS, ICMP_PHOTURIS_DECRYPT_FAILED } }; struct icmpcodeent icmp6_code[] = { { "admin-unr", ICMP6_DST_UNREACH, ICMP6_DST_UNREACH_ADMIN }, { "noroute-unr", ICMP6_DST_UNREACH, ICMP6_DST_UNREACH_NOROUTE }, { "notnbr-unr", ICMP6_DST_UNREACH, ICMP6_DST_UNREACH_NOTNEIGHBOR }, { "beyond-unr", ICMP6_DST_UNREACH, ICMP6_DST_UNREACH_BEYONDSCOPE }, { "addr-unr", ICMP6_DST_UNREACH, ICMP6_DST_UNREACH_ADDR }, { "port-unr", ICMP6_DST_UNREACH, ICMP6_DST_UNREACH_NOPORT }, { "transit", ICMP6_TIME_EXCEEDED, ICMP6_TIME_EXCEED_TRANSIT }, { "reassemb", ICMP6_TIME_EXCEEDED, ICMP6_TIME_EXCEED_REASSEMBLY }, { "badhead", ICMP6_PARAM_PROB, ICMP6_PARAMPROB_HEADER }, { "nxthdr", ICMP6_PARAM_PROB, ICMP6_PARAMPROB_NEXTHEADER }, { "redironlink", ND_REDIRECT, ND_REDIRECT_ONLINK }, { "redirrouter", ND_REDIRECT, ND_REDIRECT_ROUTER } }; struct icmptypeent * geticmptypebynumber(u_int8_t type, u_int8_t af) { unsigned i; if (af != AF_INET6) { for(i=0; i < (sizeof (icmp_type) / sizeof(icmp_type[0])); i++) { if(type == icmp_type[i].type) return (&icmp_type[i]); } } else { for(i=0; i < (sizeof (icmp6_type) / sizeof(icmp6_type[0])); i++) { if(type == icmp6_type[i].type) return (&icmp6_type[i]); } } return (NULL); } struct icmptypeent * geticmptypebyname(char *w, u_int8_t af) { unsigned i; if (af != AF_INET6) { for(i=0; i < (sizeof (icmp_type) / sizeof(icmp_type[0])); i++) { if(!strcmp(w, icmp_type[i].name)) return (&icmp_type[i]); } } else { for(i=0; i < (sizeof (icmp6_type) / sizeof(icmp6_type[0])); i++) { if(!strcmp(w, icmp6_type[i].name)) return (&icmp6_type[i]); } } return (NULL); } struct icmpcodeent * geticmpcodebynumber(u_int8_t type, u_int8_t code, u_int8_t af) { unsigned i; if (af != AF_INET6) { for(i=0; i < (sizeof (icmp_code) / sizeof(icmp_code[0])); i++) { if (type == icmp_code[i].type && code == icmp_code[i].code) return (&icmp_code[i]); } } else { for(i=0; i < (sizeof (icmp6_code) / sizeof(icmp6_code[0])); i++) { if (type == icmp6_code[i].type && code == icmp6_code[i].code) return (&icmp6_code[i]); } } return (NULL); } struct icmpcodeent * geticmpcodebyname(u_long type, char *w, u_int8_t af) { unsigned i; if (af != AF_INET6) { for(i=0; i < (sizeof (icmp_code) / sizeof(icmp_code[0])); i++) { if (type == icmp_code[i].type && !strcmp(w, icmp_code[i].name)) return (&icmp_code[i]); } } else { for(i=0; i < (sizeof (icmp6_code) / sizeof(icmp6_code[0])); i++) { if (type == icmp6_code[i].type && !strcmp(w, icmp6_code[i].name)) return (&icmp6_code[i]); } } return (NULL); } int unmask(struct pf_addr *m, u_int8_t af) { int i = 31, j = 0, b = 0, msize; u_int32_t tmp; if (af == AF_INET) msize = 1; else msize = 4; while (j < msize && m->addr32[j] == 0xffffffff) { b += 32; j++; } if (j < msize) { tmp = ntohl(m->addr32[j]); for (i = 31; tmp & (1 << i); --i) b++; } return (b); } void print_addr(struct pf_addr *addr, struct pf_addr *mask, u_int8_t af) { char buf[48]; const char *bf; bf = inet_ntop(af, addr, buf, sizeof(buf)); printf("%s", bf); if (mask != NULL) { if (!PF_AZERO(mask, af)) printf("/%u", unmask(mask, af)); } } void print_host(struct pf_state_host *h, u_int8_t af) { u_int16_t p = ntohs(h->port); print_addr(&h->addr, NULL, af); if (p) { if (af == AF_INET) printf(":%u", p); else printf("[%u]", p); } } void print_seq(struct pf_state_peer *p) { if (p->seqdiff) printf("[%u + %u](+%u)", p->seqlo, p->seqhi - p->seqlo, p->seqdiff); else printf("[%u + %u]", p->seqlo, p->seqhi - p->seqlo); } void print_port(u_int8_t op, u_int16_t p1, u_int16_t p2, char *proto) { struct servent *s = getservbyport(p1, proto); p1 = ntohs(p1); p2 = ntohs(p2); printf("port "); if (op == PF_OP_IRG) printf("%u >< %u ", p1, p2); else if (op == PF_OP_XRG) printf("%u <> %u ", p1, p2); else if (op == PF_OP_EQ) { if (s != NULL) printf("= %s ", s->s_name); else printf("= %u ", p1); } else if (op == PF_OP_NE) { if (s != NULL) printf("!= %s ", s->s_name); else printf("!= %u ", p1); } else if (op == PF_OP_LT) printf("< %u ", p1); else if (op == PF_OP_LE) printf("<= %u ", p1); else if (op == PF_OP_GT) printf("> %u ", p1); else if (op == PF_OP_GE) printf(">= %u ", p1); } void print_flags(u_int8_t f) { int i; for (i = 0; i < 6; ++i) if (f & (1 << i)) printf("%c", tcpflags[i]); } void print_nat(struct pf_nat *n) { if (n->no) printf("no "); printf("nat "); if (n->ifname[0]) { printf("on "); if (n->ifnot) printf("! "); printf("%s ", n->ifname); } if (n->proto) { struct protoent *p = getprotobynumber(n->proto); if (p != NULL) printf("proto %s ", p->p_name); else printf("proto %u ", n->proto); } printf("from "); if (!PF_AZERO(&n->saddr, n->af) || !PF_AZERO(&n->smask, n->af)) { if (n->snot) printf("! "); print_addr(&n->saddr, &n->smask, n->af); printf(" "); } else printf("any "); printf("to "); if (!PF_AZERO(&n->daddr, n->af) || !PF_AZERO(&n->dmask, n->af)) { if (n->dnot) printf("! "); print_addr(&n->daddr, &n->dmask, n->af); printf(" "); } else printf("any "); if (!n->no) { printf("-> "); print_addr(&n->raddr, NULL, n->af); } printf("\n"); } void print_binat(struct pf_binat *b) { if (b->no) printf("no "); printf("binat "); if (b->ifname[0]) { printf("on "); printf("%s ", b->ifname); } if (b->proto) { struct protoent *p = getprotobynumber(b->proto); if (p != NULL) printf("proto %s ", p->p_name); else printf("proto %u ", b->proto); } printf("from "); print_addr(&b->saddr, NULL, b->af); printf(" "); printf("to "); if (!PF_AZERO(&b->daddr, b->af) || !PF_AZERO(&b->dmask, b->af)) { if (b->dnot) printf("! "); print_addr(&b->daddr, &b->dmask, b->af); printf(" "); } else printf("any "); if (!b->no) { printf("-> "); print_addr(&b->raddr, NULL, b->af); } printf("\n"); } void print_rdr(struct pf_rdr *r) { if (r->no) printf("no "); printf("rdr "); if (r->ifname[0]) { printf("on "); if (r->ifnot) printf("! "); printf("%s ", r->ifname); } if (r->proto) { struct protoent *p = getprotobynumber(r->proto); if (p != NULL) printf("proto %s ", p->p_name); else printf("proto %u ", r->proto); } printf("from "); if (!PF_AZERO(&r->saddr, r->af) || !PF_AZERO(&r->smask, r->af)) { if (r->snot) printf("! "); print_addr(&r->saddr, &r->smask, r->af); printf(" "); } else printf("any "); printf("to "); if (!PF_AZERO(&r->daddr, r->af) || !PF_AZERO(&r->dmask, r->af)) { if (r->dnot) printf("! "); print_addr(&r->daddr, &r->dmask, r->af); printf(" "); } else printf("any "); if (r->dport) { printf("port %u", ntohs(r->dport)); if (r->opts & PF_DPORT_RANGE) printf(":%u", ntohs(r->dport2)); } if (!r->no) { printf(" -> "); print_addr(&r->raddr, NULL, r->af); printf(" "); if (r->rport) { printf("port %u", ntohs(r->rport)); if (r->opts & PF_RPORT_RANGE) printf(":*"); } } printf("\n"); } char *pf_reasons[PFRES_MAX+1] = PFRES_NAMES; char *pf_fcounters[FCNT_MAX+1] = FCNT_NAMES; void print_status(struct pf_status *s) { time_t t = time(NULL); int i; printf("Status: %s Time: %u Since: %u Debug: ", s->running ? "Enabled" : "Disabled", t, s->since); switch (s->debug) { case 0: printf("None"); break; case 1: printf("Urgent"); break; case 2: printf("Misc"); break; } printf("\nBytes In IPv4: %-10llu Bytes Out: %-10llu\n", s->bcounters[0][PF_IN], s->bcounters[0][PF_OUT]); printf(" IPv6: %-10llu Bytes Out: %-10llu\n", s->bcounters[1][PF_IN], s->bcounters[1][PF_OUT]); printf("Inbound Packets IPv4: Passed: %-10llu Dropped: %-10llu\n", s->pcounters[0][PF_IN][PF_PASS], s->pcounters[0][PF_IN][PF_DROP]); printf(" IPv6: Passed: %-10llu Dropped: %-10llu\n", s->pcounters[1][PF_IN][PF_PASS], s->pcounters[1][PF_IN][PF_DROP]); printf("Outbound Packets IPv4: Passed: %-10llu Dropped: %-10llu\n", s->pcounters[0][PF_OUT][PF_PASS], s->pcounters[0][PF_OUT][PF_DROP]); printf(" IPv6: Passed: %-10llu Dropped: %-10llu\n", s->pcounters[1][PF_OUT][PF_PASS], s->pcounters[1][PF_OUT][PF_DROP]); printf("States: %u\n", s->states); printf("pf Counters\n"); for (i = 0; i < FCNT_MAX; i++) printf("%-25s %-8lld\n", pf_fcounters[i], s->fcounters[i]); printf("Counters\n"); for (i = 0; i < PFRES_MAX; i++) printf("%-25s %-8lld\n", pf_reasons[i], s->counters[i]); } void print_state(struct pf_state *s, int opts) { struct pf_state_peer *src, *dst; struct protoent *p; u_int8_t hrs, min, sec; if (s->direction == PF_OUT) { src = &s->src; dst = &s->dst; } else { src = &s->dst; dst = &s->src; } if ((p = getprotobynumber(s->proto)) != NULL) printf("%s ", p->p_name); else printf("%u ", s->proto); if (PF_ANEQ(&s->lan.addr, &s->gwy.addr, s->af) || (s->lan.port != s->gwy.port)) { print_host(&s->lan, s->af); if (s->direction == PF_OUT) printf(" -> "); else printf(" <- "); } print_host(&s->gwy, s->af); if (s->direction == PF_OUT) printf(" -> "); else printf(" <- "); print_host(&s->ext, s->af); printf(" "); if (s->proto == IPPROTO_TCP) { if (src->state <= TCPS_TIME_WAIT && dst->state <= TCPS_TIME_WAIT) { printf(" %s:%s\n", tcpstates[src->state], tcpstates[dst->state]); } else { printf(" \n"); } if (opts & PF_OPT_VERBOSE) { printf(" "); print_seq(src); printf(" "); print_seq(dst); printf("\n"); } } else { printf(" %u:%u\n", src->state, dst->state); } if (opts & PF_OPT_VERBOSE) { sec = s->creation % 60; s->creation /= 60; min = s->creation % 60; s->creation /= 60; hrs = s->creation; printf(" age %.2u:%.2u:%.2u", hrs, min, sec); sec = s->expire % 60; s->expire /= 60; min = s->expire % 60; s->expire /= 60; hrs = s->expire; printf(", expires in %.2u:%.2u:%.2u", hrs, min, sec); printf(", %u pkts, %u bytes\n", s->packets, s->bytes); } } void print_rule(struct pf_rule *r) { printf("@%d ", r->nr); if (r->action == PF_PASS) printf("pass "); else if (r->action == PF_DROP) { printf("block "); if (r->rule_flag & PFRULE_RETURNRST) printf("return-rst "); else if (r->return_icmp) { struct icmpcodeent *ic; if (r->af != AF_INET6) printf("return-icmp"); else printf("return-icmp6"); ic = geticmpcodebynumber(r->return_icmp >> 8, r->return_icmp & 255, r->af); if (ic == NULL) printf("(%u) ", r->return_icmp & 255); else if ((r->af != AF_INET6 && ic->code != ICMP_UNREACH_PORT) || (r->af == AF_INET6 && ic->code != ICMP6_DST_UNREACH_NOPORT)) printf("(%s) ", ic->name); else printf(" "); } } else printf("scrub "); if (r->direction == 0) printf("in "); else printf("out "); if (r->log == 1) printf("log "); else if (r->log == 2) printf("log-all "); if (r->quick) printf("quick "); if (r->ifname[0]) printf("on %s ", r->ifname); if (r->rt) { if (r->rt == PF_ROUTETO) printf("route-to "); else if (r->rt == PF_DUPTO) printf("dup-to "); else if (r->rt == PF_FASTROUTE) printf("fastroute"); if (r->rt_ifname[0]) printf("%s", r->rt_ifname); if (r->af && !PF_AZERO(&r->rt_addr, r->af)) { printf(":"); print_addr(&r->rt_addr, NULL, r->af); } printf(" "); } if (r->af) { if (r->af == AF_INET) printf("inet "); else printf("inet6 "); } if (r->proto) { struct protoent *p = getprotobynumber(r->proto); if (p != NULL) printf("proto %s ", p->p_name); else printf("proto %u ", r->proto); } if (PF_AZERO(&r->src.addr, AF_INET6) && PF_AZERO(&r->src.mask, AF_INET6) && !r->src.port_op && PF_AZERO(&r->dst.addr, AF_INET6) && PF_AZERO(&r->dst.mask, AF_INET6) && !r->dst.port_op) printf("all "); else { printf("from "); if (PF_AZERO(&r->src.addr, AF_INET6) && PF_AZERO(&r->src.mask, AF_INET6)) printf("any "); else { if (r->src.not) printf("! "); print_addr(&r->src.addr, &r->src.mask, r->af); printf(" "); } if (r->src.port_op) print_port(r->src.port_op, r->src.port[0], r->src.port[1], r->proto == IPPROTO_TCP ? "tcp" : "udp"); printf("to "); if (PF_AZERO(&r->dst.addr, AF_INET6) && PF_AZERO(&r->dst.mask, AF_INET6)) printf("any "); else { if (r->dst.not) printf("! "); print_addr(&r->dst.addr, &r->dst.mask, r->af); printf(" "); } if (r->dst.port_op) print_port(r->dst.port_op, r->dst.port[0], r->dst.port[1], r->proto == IPPROTO_TCP ? "tcp" : "udp"); } if (r->flags || r->flagset) { printf("flags "); print_flags(r->flags); printf("/"); print_flags(r->flagset); printf(" "); } if (r->type) { struct icmptypeent *p; p = geticmptypebynumber(r->type-1, r->af); if (r->af != AF_INET6) printf("icmp-type"); else printf("ipv6-icmp-type"); if (p != NULL) printf(" %s ", p->name); else printf(" %u ", r->type-1); if (r->code) { struct icmpcodeent *p; p = geticmpcodebynumber(r->type-1, r->code-1, r->af); if (p != NULL) printf("code %s ", p->name); else printf("code %u ", r->code-1); } } if (r->keep_state == PF_STATE_NORMAL) printf("keep state "); else if (r->keep_state == PF_STATE_MODULATE) printf("modulate state "); if (r->rule_flag & PFRULE_NODF) printf("no-df "); if (r->min_ttl) printf("min-ttl %d ", r->min_ttl); if (r->allow_opts) printf("allow-opts "); if (r->label[0]) printf("label %s", r->label); printf("\n"); } int parse_flags(char *s) { char *p, *q; u_int8_t f = 0; for (p = s; *p; p++) { if ((q = strchr(tcpflags, *p)) == NULL) return -1; else f |= 1 << (q - tcpflags); } return (f ? f : 63); }