/* $OpenBSD: ping6.c,v 1.88 2014/01/10 21:57:44 florian Exp $ */ /* $KAME: ping6.c,v 1.163 2002/10/25 02:19:06 itojun Exp $ */ /* * Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998 WIDE Project. * All rights reserved. * * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions * are met: * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * 3. Neither the name of the project nor the names of its contributors * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software * without specific prior written permission. * * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE PROJECT AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE PROJECT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF * SUCH DAMAGE. */ /* BSDI ping.c,v 2.3 1996/01/21 17:56:50 jch Exp */ /* * Copyright (c) 1989, 1993 * The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. * * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by * Mike Muuss. * * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions * are met: * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software * without specific prior written permission. * * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF * SUCH DAMAGE. */ /* * Using the InterNet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) "ECHO" facility, * measure round-trip-delays and packet loss across network paths. * * Author - * Mike Muuss * U. S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory * December, 1983 * * Status - * Public Domain. Distribution Unlimited. * Bugs - * More statistics could always be gathered. * This program has to run SUID to ROOT to access the ICMP socket. */ #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include struct tv32 { u_int32_t tv32_sec; u_int32_t tv32_usec; }; #define MAXPACKETLEN 131072 #define IP6LEN 40 #define ICMP6ECHOLEN 8 /* icmp echo header len excluding time */ #define ICMP6ECHOTMLEN sizeof(struct tv32) #define ICMP6_NIQLEN (ICMP6ECHOLEN + 8) /* FQDN case, 64 bits of nonce + 32 bits ttl */ #define ICMP6_NIRLEN (ICMP6ECHOLEN + 12) #define EXTRA 256 /* for AH and various other headers. weird. */ #define DEFDATALEN ICMP6ECHOTMLEN #define MAXDATALEN MAXPACKETLEN - IP6LEN - ICMP6ECHOLEN #define NROUTES 9 /* number of record route slots */ #define A(bit) rcvd_tbl[(bit)>>3] /* identify byte in array */ #define B(bit) (1 << ((bit) & 0x07)) /* identify bit in byte */ #define SET(bit) (A(bit) |= B(bit)) #define CLR(bit) (A(bit) &= (~B(bit))) #define TST(bit) (A(bit) & B(bit)) #define F_FLOOD 0x0001 #define F_INTERVAL 0x0002 #define F_PINGFILLED 0x0008 #define F_QUIET 0x0010 #define F_RROUTE 0x0020 #define F_SO_DEBUG 0x0040 #define F_VERBOSE 0x0100 #define F_NODEADDR 0x0800 #define F_FQDN 0x1000 #define F_INTERFACE 0x2000 #define F_SRCADDR 0x4000 #ifdef IPV6_REACHCONF #define F_REACHCONF 0x8000 #endif #define F_HOSTNAME 0x10000 #define F_FQDNOLD 0x20000 #define F_NIGROUP 0x40000 #define F_SUPTYPES 0x80000 #define F_NOMINMTU 0x100000 #define F_AUD_RECV 0x200000 #define F_AUD_MISS 0x400000 #define F_NOUSERDATA (F_NODEADDR | F_FQDN | F_FQDNOLD | F_SUPTYPES) u_int options; #define IN6LEN sizeof(struct in6_addr) #define SA6LEN sizeof(struct sockaddr_in6) #define DUMMY_PORT 10101 #define SIN6(s) ((struct sockaddr_in6 *)(s)) /* * MAX_DUP_CHK is the number of bits in received table, i.e. the maximum * number of received sequence numbers we can keep track of. Change 128 * to 8192 for complete accuracy... */ #define MAX_DUP_CHK (8 * 8192) int mx_dup_ck = MAX_DUP_CHK; char rcvd_tbl[MAX_DUP_CHK / 8]; struct addrinfo *res; struct sockaddr_in6 dst; /* who to ping6 */ struct sockaddr_in6 src; /* src addr of this packet */ socklen_t srclen; int datalen = DEFDATALEN; int s; /* socket file descriptor */ u_char outpack[MAXPACKETLEN]; char BSPACE = '\b'; /* characters written for flood */ char DOT = '.'; char *hostname; int ident; /* process id to identify our packets */ u_int8_t nonce[8]; /* nonce field for node information */ int hoplimit = -1; /* hoplimit */ /* counters */ long npackets; /* max packets to transmit */ long nreceived; /* # of packets we got back */ long nrepeats; /* number of duplicates */ long ntransmitted; /* sequence # for outbound packets = #sent */ unsigned long nmissedmax = 1; /* max value of ntransmitted - nreceived - 1 */ struct timeval interval = {1, 0}; /* interval between packets */ /* timing */ int timing; /* flag to do timing */ double tmin = 999999999.0; /* minimum round trip time */ double tmax = 0.0; /* maximum round trip time */ double tsum = 0.0; /* sum of all times, for doing average */ double tsumsq = 0.0; /* sum of all times squared, for std. dev. */ /* for node addresses */ u_short naflags; /* for ancillary data(advanced API) */ struct msghdr smsghdr; struct iovec smsgiov; char *scmsg = 0; volatile sig_atomic_t seenalrm; volatile sig_atomic_t seenint; #ifdef SIGINFO volatile sig_atomic_t seeninfo; #endif int main(int, char *[]); void fill(char *, char *); int get_hoplim(struct msghdr *); int get_pathmtu(struct msghdr *); struct in6_pktinfo *get_rcvpktinfo(struct msghdr *); void onsignal(int); void retransmit(void); void onint(int); size_t pingerlen(void); int pinger(void); const char *pr_addr(struct sockaddr *, int); void pr_icmph(struct icmp6_hdr *, u_char *); void pr_iph(struct ip6_hdr *); void pr_suptypes(struct icmp6_nodeinfo *, size_t); void pr_nodeaddr(struct icmp6_nodeinfo *, int); int myechoreply(const struct icmp6_hdr *); int mynireply(const struct icmp6_nodeinfo *); char *dnsdecode(const u_char **, const u_char *, const u_char *, char *, size_t); void pr_pack(u_char *, int, struct msghdr *); void pr_exthdrs(struct msghdr *); void pr_ip6opt(void *); void pr_rthdr(void *); int pr_bitrange(u_int32_t, int, int); void pr_retip(struct ip6_hdr *, u_char *); void summary(int); void tvsub(struct timeval *, struct timeval *); char *nigroup(char *); void usage(void); int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { struct itimerval itimer; struct sockaddr_in6 from; int timeout; struct addrinfo hints; struct pollfd fdmaskp[1]; int cc, i; int ch, hold, packlen, preload, optval, ret_ga; u_char *datap, *packet; char *e, *target, *ifname = NULL, *gateway = NULL; const char *errstr; int ip6optlen = 0; struct cmsghdr *scmsgp = NULL; #if defined(SO_SNDBUF) && defined(SO_RCVBUF) u_long lsockbufsize; int sockbufsize = 0; #endif int usepktinfo = 0; struct in6_pktinfo *pktinfo = NULL; struct ip6_rthdr *rthdr = NULL; double intval; size_t rthlen; int mflag = 0; uid_t uid; u_int rtableid; if ((s = socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_ICMPV6)) < 0) err(1, "socket"); /* revoke root privilege */ uid = getuid(); if (setresuid(uid, uid, uid) == -1) err(1, "setresuid"); /* just to be sure */ memset(&smsghdr, 0, sizeof(smsghdr)); memset(&smsgiov, 0, sizeof(smsgiov)); preload = 0; datap = &outpack[ICMP6ECHOLEN + ICMP6ECHOTMLEN]; while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, "a:b:c:dEefHg:h:I:i:l:mnNp:qRS:s:tvV:wW")) != -1) { switch (ch) { case 'a': { char *cp; options &= ~F_NOUSERDATA; options |= F_NODEADDR; for (cp = optarg; *cp != '\0'; cp++) { switch (*cp) { case 'a': naflags |= NI_NODEADDR_FLAG_ALL; break; case 'c': case 'C': naflags |= NI_NODEADDR_FLAG_COMPAT; break; case 'l': case 'L': naflags |= NI_NODEADDR_FLAG_LINKLOCAL; break; case 's': case 'S': naflags |= NI_NODEADDR_FLAG_SITELOCAL; break; case 'g': case 'G': naflags |= NI_NODEADDR_FLAG_GLOBAL; break; case 'A': /* experimental. not in the spec */ #ifdef NI_NODEADDR_FLAG_ANYCAST naflags |= NI_NODEADDR_FLAG_ANYCAST; break; #else errx(1, "-a A is not supported on the platform"); /*NOTREACHED*/ #endif default: usage(); /*NOTREACHED*/ } } break; } case 'b': #if defined(SO_SNDBUF) && defined(SO_RCVBUF) errno = 0; e = NULL; lsockbufsize = strtoul(optarg, &e, 10); sockbufsize = lsockbufsize; if (errno || !*optarg || *e || sockbufsize != lsockbufsize) errx(1, "invalid socket buffer size"); #else errx(1, "-b option ignored: SO_SNDBUF/SO_RCVBUF socket options not supported"); #endif break; case 'c': npackets = (unsigned long)strtonum(optarg, 0, INT_MAX, &errstr); if (errstr) errx(1, "number of packets to transmit is %s: %s", errstr, optarg); break; case 'd': options |= F_SO_DEBUG; break; case 'E': options |= F_AUD_MISS; break; case 'e': options |= F_AUD_RECV; break; case 'f': if (getuid()) { errno = EPERM; errx(1, "Must be superuser to flood ping"); } options |= F_FLOOD; setbuf(stdout, (char *)NULL); break; case 'g': gateway = optarg; break; case 'H': options |= F_HOSTNAME; break; case 'h': /* hoplimit */ hoplimit = strtol(optarg, &e, 10); if (*optarg == '\0' || *e != '\0') errx(1, "illegal hoplimit %s", optarg); if (255 < hoplimit || hoplimit < -1) errx(1, "illegal hoplimit -- %s", optarg); break; case 'I': ifname = optarg; options |= F_INTERFACE; usepktinfo++; break; case 'i': /* wait between sending packets */ intval = strtod(optarg, &e); if (*optarg == '\0' || *e != '\0') errx(1, "illegal timing interval %s", optarg); if (intval < 1 && getuid()) { errx(1, "%s: only root may use interval < 1s", strerror(EPERM)); } interval.tv_sec = (time_t)intval; interval.tv_usec = (long)((intval - interval.tv_sec) * 1000000); if (interval.tv_sec < 0) errx(1, "illegal timing interval %s", optarg); /* less than 1/Hz does not make sense */ if (interval.tv_sec == 0 && interval.tv_usec < 10000) { warnx("too small interval, raised to 0.01"); interval.tv_usec = 10000; } options |= F_INTERVAL; break; case 'l': if (getuid()) { errno = EPERM; errx(1, "Must be superuser to preload"); } preload = strtol(optarg, &e, 10); if (preload < 0 || *optarg == '\0' || *e != '\0') errx(1, "illegal preload value -- %s", optarg); break; case 'm': mflag++; break; case 'n': options &= ~F_HOSTNAME; break; case 'N': options |= F_NIGROUP; break; case 'p': /* fill buffer with user pattern */ options |= F_PINGFILLED; fill((char *)datap, optarg); break; case 'q': options |= F_QUIET; break; case 'R': #ifdef IPV6_REACHCONF options |= F_REACHCONF; break; #else errx(1, "-R is not supported in this configuration"); #endif case 'S': memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(struct addrinfo)); hints.ai_flags = AI_NUMERICHOST; /* allow hostname? */ hints.ai_family = AF_INET6; hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_RAW; hints.ai_protocol = IPPROTO_ICMPV6; ret_ga = getaddrinfo(optarg, NULL, &hints, &res); if (ret_ga) { errx(1, "invalid source address: %s", gai_strerror(ret_ga)); } /* * res->ai_family must be AF_INET6 and res->ai_addrlen * must be sizeof(src). */ memcpy(&src, res->ai_addr, res->ai_addrlen); srclen = res->ai_addrlen; freeaddrinfo(res); options |= F_SRCADDR; break; case 's': /* size of packet to send */ datalen = strtol(optarg, &e, 10); if (datalen <= 0 || *optarg == '\0' || *e != '\0') errx(1, "illegal datalen value -- %s", optarg); if (datalen > MAXDATALEN) { errx(1, "datalen value too large, maximum is %d", MAXDATALEN); } break; case 't': options &= ~F_NOUSERDATA; options |= F_SUPTYPES; break; case 'v': options |= F_VERBOSE; break; case 'V': rtableid = (unsigned int)strtonum(optarg, 0, RT_TABLEID_MAX, &errstr); if (errstr) errx(1, "rtable value is %s: %s", errstr, optarg); if (setsockopt(s, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RTABLE, &rtableid, sizeof(rtableid)) == -1) err(1, "setsockopt SO_RTABLE"); break; case 'w': options &= ~F_NOUSERDATA; options |= F_FQDN; break; case 'W': options &= ~F_NOUSERDATA; options |= F_FQDNOLD; break; default: usage(); /*NOTREACHED*/ } } argc -= optind; argv += optind; if (argc < 1) { usage(); /*NOTREACHED*/ } if (argc > 1) { rthlen = inet6_rth_space(IPV6_RTHDR_TYPE_0, argc - 1); if (rthlen == 0) { errx(1, "too many intermediate hops"); /*NOTREACHED*/ } ip6optlen += CMSG_SPACE(rthlen); } if (options & F_NIGROUP) { target = nigroup(argv[argc - 1]); if (target == NULL) { usage(); /*NOTREACHED*/ } } else target = argv[argc - 1]; /* getaddrinfo */ memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(struct addrinfo)); hints.ai_flags = AI_CANONNAME; hints.ai_family = AF_INET6; hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_RAW; hints.ai_protocol = IPPROTO_ICMPV6; ret_ga = getaddrinfo(target, NULL, &hints, &res); if (ret_ga) errx(1, "%s", gai_strerror(ret_ga)); if (res->ai_canonname) hostname = res->ai_canonname; else hostname = target; if (!res->ai_addr) errx(1, "getaddrinfo failed"); memcpy(&dst, res->ai_addr, res->ai_addrlen); /* set the source address if specified. */ if ((options & F_SRCADDR) && bind(s, (struct sockaddr *)&src, srclen) != 0) { err(1, "bind"); } /* set the gateway (next hop) if specified */ if (gateway) { struct addrinfo ghints, *gres; int error; memset(&ghints, 0, sizeof(ghints)); ghints.ai_family = AF_INET6; ghints.ai_socktype = SOCK_RAW; ghints.ai_protocol = IPPROTO_ICMPV6; error = getaddrinfo(gateway, NULL, &ghints, &gres); if (error) { errx(1, "getaddrinfo for the gateway %s: %s", gateway, gai_strerror(error)); } if (gres->ai_next && (options & F_VERBOSE)) warnx("gateway resolves to multiple addresses"); if (setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_NEXTHOP, gres->ai_addr, gres->ai_addrlen)) { err(1, "setsockopt(IPV6_NEXTHOP)"); } freeaddrinfo(gres); } /* * let the kernel pass extension headers of incoming packets, * for privileged socket options */ if ((options & F_VERBOSE) != 0) { int opton = 1; if (setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_RECVHOPOPTS, &opton, (socklen_t)sizeof(opton))) err(1, "setsockopt(IPV6_RECVHOPOPTS)"); if (setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_RECVDSTOPTS, &opton, (socklen_t)sizeof(opton))) err(1, "setsockopt(IPV6_RECVDSTOPTS)"); } if ((options & F_FLOOD) && (options & F_INTERVAL)) errx(1, "-f and -i incompatible options"); if ((options & F_FLOOD) && (options & (F_AUD_RECV | F_AUD_MISS))) warnx("No audible output for flood pings"); if ((options & F_NOUSERDATA) == 0) { if (datalen >= sizeof(struct tv32)) { /* we can time transfer */ timing = 1; } else timing = 0; /* in F_VERBOSE case, we may get non-echoreply packets*/ if (options & F_VERBOSE) packlen = 2048 + IP6LEN + ICMP6ECHOLEN + EXTRA; else packlen = datalen + IP6LEN + ICMP6ECHOLEN + EXTRA; } else { /* suppress timing for node information query */ timing = 0; datalen = 2048; packlen = 2048 + IP6LEN + ICMP6ECHOLEN + EXTRA; } if (!(packet = malloc(packlen))) err(1, "Unable to allocate packet"); if (!(options & F_PINGFILLED)) for (i = ICMP6ECHOLEN; i < packlen; ++i) *datap++ = i; ident = getpid() & 0xFFFF; memset(nonce, 0, sizeof(nonce)); for (i = 0; i < sizeof(nonce); i += sizeof(u_int32_t)) *((u_int32_t *)&nonce[i]) = arc4random(); hold = 1; if (options & F_SO_DEBUG) (void)setsockopt(s, SOL_SOCKET, SO_DEBUG, &hold, (socklen_t)sizeof(hold)); optval = IPV6_DEFHLIM; if (IN6_IS_ADDR_MULTICAST(&dst.sin6_addr)) if (setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_MULTICAST_HOPS, &optval, (socklen_t)sizeof(optval)) == -1) err(1, "IPV6_MULTICAST_HOPS"); if (mflag != 1) { optval = mflag > 1 ? 0 : 1; if (setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_USE_MIN_MTU, &optval, (socklen_t)sizeof(optval)) == -1) err(1, "setsockopt(IPV6_USE_MIN_MTU)"); } else { optval = 1; if (setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_RECVPATHMTU, &optval, sizeof(optval)) == -1) err(1, "setsockopt(IPV6_RECVPATHMTU)"); } #ifdef ICMP6_FILTER { struct icmp6_filter filt; if (!(options & F_VERBOSE)) { ICMP6_FILTER_SETBLOCKALL(&filt); if ((options & F_FQDN) || (options & F_FQDNOLD) || (options & F_NODEADDR) || (options & F_SUPTYPES)) ICMP6_FILTER_SETPASS(ICMP6_NI_REPLY, &filt); else ICMP6_FILTER_SETPASS(ICMP6_ECHO_REPLY, &filt); } else { ICMP6_FILTER_SETPASSALL(&filt); } if (setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_ICMPV6, ICMP6_FILTER, &filt, (socklen_t)sizeof(filt)) < 0) err(1, "setsockopt(ICMP6_FILTER)"); } #endif /*ICMP6_FILTER*/ /* let the kernel pass extension headers of incoming packets */ if ((options & F_VERBOSE) != 0) { int opton = 1; if (setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_RECVRTHDR, &opton, sizeof(opton))) err(1, "setsockopt(IPV6_RECVRTHDR)"); } /* optval = 1; if (IN6_IS_ADDR_MULTICAST(&dst.sin6_addr)) if (setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_MULTICAST_LOOP, &optval, sizeof(optval)) == -1) err(1, "IPV6_MULTICAST_LOOP"); */ /* Specify the outgoing interface and/or the source address */ if (usepktinfo) ip6optlen += CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(struct in6_pktinfo)); if (hoplimit != -1) ip6optlen += CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(int)); #ifdef IPV6_REACHCONF if (options & F_REACHCONF) ip6optlen += CMSG_SPACE(0); #endif /* set IP6 packet options */ if (ip6optlen) { if ((scmsg = malloc(ip6optlen)) == 0) errx(1, "can't allocate enough memory"); smsghdr.msg_control = (caddr_t)scmsg; smsghdr.msg_controllen = ip6optlen; scmsgp = (struct cmsghdr *)scmsg; } if (usepktinfo) { pktinfo = (struct in6_pktinfo *)(CMSG_DATA(scmsgp)); memset(pktinfo, 0, sizeof(*pktinfo)); scmsgp->cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof(struct in6_pktinfo)); scmsgp->cmsg_level = IPPROTO_IPV6; scmsgp->cmsg_type = IPV6_PKTINFO; scmsgp = CMSG_NXTHDR(&smsghdr, scmsgp); } /* set the outgoing interface */ if (ifname) { /* pktinfo must have already been allocated */ if ((pktinfo->ipi6_ifindex = if_nametoindex(ifname)) == 0) errx(1, "%s: invalid interface name", ifname); } if (hoplimit != -1) { scmsgp->cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof(int)); scmsgp->cmsg_level = IPPROTO_IPV6; scmsgp->cmsg_type = IPV6_HOPLIMIT; *(int *)(CMSG_DATA(scmsgp)) = hoplimit; scmsgp = CMSG_NXTHDR(&smsghdr, scmsgp); } #ifdef IPV6_REACHCONF if (options & F_REACHCONF) { scmsgp->cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(0); scmsgp->cmsg_level = IPPROTO_IPV6; scmsgp->cmsg_type = IPV6_REACHCONF; scmsgp = CMSG_NXTHDR(&smsghdr, scmsgp); } #endif if (argc > 1) { /* some intermediate addrs are specified */ int hops, error; int rthdrlen; rthdrlen = inet6_rth_space(IPV6_RTHDR_TYPE_0, argc - 1); scmsgp->cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(rthdrlen); scmsgp->cmsg_level = IPPROTO_IPV6; scmsgp->cmsg_type = IPV6_RTHDR; rthdr = (struct ip6_rthdr *)CMSG_DATA(scmsgp); rthdr = inet6_rth_init((void *)rthdr, rthdrlen, IPV6_RTHDR_TYPE_0, argc - 1); if (rthdr == NULL) errx(1, "can't initialize rthdr"); for (hops = 0; hops < argc - 1; hops++) { struct addrinfo *iaip; if ((error = getaddrinfo(argv[hops], NULL, &hints, &iaip))) errx(1, "%s", gai_strerror(error)); if (SIN6(iaip->ai_addr)->sin6_family != AF_INET6) errx(1, "bad addr family of an intermediate addr"); if (inet6_rth_add(rthdr, &(SIN6(iaip->ai_addr))->sin6_addr)) errx(1, "can't add an intermediate node"); freeaddrinfo(iaip); } scmsgp = CMSG_NXTHDR(&smsghdr, scmsgp); } if (!(options & F_SRCADDR)) { /* * get the source address. XXX since we revoked the root * privilege, we cannot use a raw socket for this. */ int dummy; socklen_t len = sizeof(src); if ((dummy = socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM, 0)) < 0) err(1, "UDP socket"); src.sin6_family = AF_INET6; src.sin6_addr = dst.sin6_addr; src.sin6_port = ntohs(DUMMY_PORT); src.sin6_scope_id = dst.sin6_scope_id; if (pktinfo && setsockopt(dummy, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_PKTINFO, (void *)pktinfo, sizeof(*pktinfo))) err(1, "UDP setsockopt(IPV6_PKTINFO)"); if (hoplimit != -1 && setsockopt(dummy, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS, (void *)&hoplimit, sizeof(hoplimit))) err(1, "UDP setsockopt(IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS)"); if (hoplimit != -1 && setsockopt(dummy, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_MULTICAST_HOPS, (void *)&hoplimit, sizeof(hoplimit))) err(1, "UDP setsockopt(IPV6_MULTICAST_HOPS)"); if (rthdr && setsockopt(dummy, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_RTHDR, (void *)rthdr, (rthdr->ip6r_len + 1) << 3)) err(1, "UDP setsockopt(IPV6_RTHDR)"); if (connect(dummy, (struct sockaddr *)&src, len) < 0) err(1, "UDP connect"); if (getsockname(dummy, (struct sockaddr *)&src, &len) < 0) err(1, "getsockname"); close(dummy); } #if defined(SO_SNDBUF) && defined(SO_RCVBUF) if (sockbufsize) { if (datalen > sockbufsize) warnx("you need -b to increase socket buffer size"); if (setsockopt(s, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDBUF, &sockbufsize, (socklen_t)sizeof(sockbufsize)) < 0) err(1, "setsockopt(SO_SNDBUF)"); if (setsockopt(s, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVBUF, &sockbufsize, (socklen_t)sizeof(sockbufsize)) < 0) err(1, "setsockopt(SO_RCVBUF)"); } else { if (datalen > 8 * 1024) /*XXX*/ warnx("you need -b to increase socket buffer size"); /* * When pinging the broadcast address, you can get a lot of * answers. Doing something so evil is useful if you are trying * to stress the ethernet, or just want to fill the arp cache * to get some stuff for /etc/ethers. */ hold = 48 * 1024; setsockopt(s, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVBUF, &hold, (socklen_t)sizeof(hold)); } #endif optval = 1; if (setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_RECVPKTINFO, &optval, (socklen_t)sizeof(optval)) < 0) warn("setsockopt(IPV6_RECVPKTINFO)"); /* XXX err? */ if (setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_RECVHOPLIMIT, &optval, (socklen_t)sizeof(optval)) < 0) warn("setsockopt(IPV6_RECVHOPLIMIT)"); /* XXX err? */ printf("PING6(%lu=40+8+%lu bytes) ", (unsigned long)(40 + pingerlen()), (unsigned long)(pingerlen() - 8)); printf("%s --> ", pr_addr((struct sockaddr *)&src, sizeof(src))); printf("%s\n", pr_addr((struct sockaddr *)&dst, sizeof(dst))); while (preload--) /* Fire off them quickies. */ (void)pinger(); (void)signal(SIGINT, onsignal); #ifdef SIGINFO (void)signal(SIGINFO, onsignal); #endif if ((options & F_FLOOD) == 0) { (void)signal(SIGALRM, onsignal); itimer.it_interval = interval; itimer.it_value = interval; (void)setitimer(ITIMER_REAL, &itimer, NULL); if (ntransmitted == 0) retransmit(); } seenalrm = seenint = 0; #ifdef SIGINFO seeninfo = 0; #endif for (;;) { struct msghdr m; union { struct cmsghdr hdr; u_char buf[CMSG_SPACE(1024)]; } cmsgbuf; struct iovec iov[2]; /* signal handling */ if (seenalrm) { retransmit(); seenalrm = 0; continue; } if (seenint) { onint(SIGINT); seenint = 0; continue; } #ifdef SIGINFO if (seeninfo) { summary(0); seeninfo = 0; continue; } #endif if (options & F_FLOOD) { (void)pinger(); timeout = 10; } else timeout = INFTIM; fdmaskp[0].fd = s; fdmaskp[0].events = POLLIN; cc = poll(fdmaskp, 1, timeout); if (cc < 0) { if (errno != EINTR) { warn("poll"); sleep(1); } continue; } else if (cc == 0) continue; m.msg_name = &from; m.msg_namelen = sizeof(from); memset(&iov, 0, sizeof(iov)); iov[0].iov_base = (caddr_t)packet; iov[0].iov_len = packlen; m.msg_iov = iov; m.msg_iovlen = 1; m.msg_control = (caddr_t)&cmsgbuf.buf; m.msg_controllen = sizeof(cmsgbuf.buf); cc = recvmsg(s, &m, 0); if (cc < 0) { if (errno != EINTR) { warn("recvmsg"); sleep(1); } continue; } else if (cc == 0) { int mtu; /* * receive control messages only. Process the * exceptions (currently the only possibility is * a path MTU notification.) */ if ((mtu = get_pathmtu(&m)) > 0) { if ((options & F_VERBOSE) != 0) { printf("new path MTU (%d) is " "notified\n", mtu); } } continue; } else { /* * an ICMPv6 message (probably an echoreply) arrived. */ pr_pack(packet, cc, &m); } if (npackets && nreceived >= npackets) break; if (ntransmitted - nreceived - 1 > nmissedmax) { nmissedmax = ntransmitted - nreceived - 1; if (!(options & F_FLOOD) && (options & F_AUD_MISS)) (void)fputc('\a', stderr); } } summary(0); exit(nreceived == 0); } void onsignal(int sig) { switch (sig) { case SIGALRM: seenalrm++; break; case SIGINT: seenint++; break; #ifdef SIGINFO case SIGINFO: seeninfo++; break; #endif } } /* * retransmit -- * This routine transmits another ping6. */ void retransmit(void) { struct itimerval itimer; if (pinger() == 0) return; /* * If we're not transmitting any more packets, change the timer * to wait two round-trip times if we've received any packets or * ten seconds if we haven't. */ #define MAXWAIT 10 if (nreceived) { itimer.it_value.tv_sec = 2 * tmax / 1000; if (itimer.it_value.tv_sec == 0) itimer.it_value.tv_sec = 1; } else itimer.it_value.tv_sec = MAXWAIT; itimer.it_interval.tv_sec = 0; itimer.it_interval.tv_usec = 0; itimer.it_value.tv_usec = 0; (void)signal(SIGALRM, onint); (void)setitimer(ITIMER_REAL, &itimer, NULL); } /* * pinger -- * Compose and transmit an ICMP ECHO REQUEST packet. The IP packet * will be added on by the kernel. The ID field is our UNIX process ID, * and the sequence number is an ascending integer. The first 8 bytes * of the data portion are used to hold a UNIX "timeval" struct in VAX * byte-order, to compute the round-trip time. */ size_t pingerlen(void) { size_t l; if (options & F_FQDN) l = ICMP6_NIQLEN + sizeof(dst.sin6_addr); else if (options & F_FQDNOLD) l = ICMP6_NIQLEN; else if (options & F_NODEADDR) l = ICMP6_NIQLEN + sizeof(dst.sin6_addr); else if (options & F_SUPTYPES) l = ICMP6_NIQLEN; else l = ICMP6ECHOLEN + datalen; return l; } int pinger(void) { struct icmp6_hdr *icp; struct iovec iov[2]; int i, cc; struct icmp6_nodeinfo *nip; int seq; if (npackets && ntransmitted >= npackets) return(-1); /* no more transmission */ icp = (struct icmp6_hdr *)outpack; nip = (struct icmp6_nodeinfo *)outpack; memset(icp, 0, sizeof(*icp)); icp->icmp6_cksum = 0; seq = ntransmitted++; CLR(seq % mx_dup_ck); if (options & F_FQDN) { icp->icmp6_type = ICMP6_NI_QUERY; icp->icmp6_code = ICMP6_NI_SUBJ_IPV6; nip->ni_qtype = htons(NI_QTYPE_FQDN); nip->ni_flags = htons(0); memcpy(nip->icmp6_ni_nonce, nonce, sizeof(nip->icmp6_ni_nonce)); *(u_int16_t *)nip->icmp6_ni_nonce = ntohs(seq); memcpy(&outpack[ICMP6_NIQLEN], &dst.sin6_addr, sizeof(dst.sin6_addr)); cc = ICMP6_NIQLEN + sizeof(dst.sin6_addr); datalen = 0; } else if (options & F_FQDNOLD) { /* packet format in 03 draft - no Subject data on queries */ icp->icmp6_type = ICMP6_NI_QUERY; icp->icmp6_code = 0; /* code field is always 0 */ nip->ni_qtype = htons(NI_QTYPE_FQDN); nip->ni_flags = htons(0); memcpy(nip->icmp6_ni_nonce, nonce, sizeof(nip->icmp6_ni_nonce)); *(u_int16_t *)nip->icmp6_ni_nonce = ntohs(seq); cc = ICMP6_NIQLEN; datalen = 0; } else if (options & F_NODEADDR) { icp->icmp6_type = ICMP6_NI_QUERY; icp->icmp6_code = ICMP6_NI_SUBJ_IPV6; nip->ni_qtype = htons(NI_QTYPE_NODEADDR); nip->ni_flags = naflags; memcpy(nip->icmp6_ni_nonce, nonce, sizeof(nip->icmp6_ni_nonce)); *(u_int16_t *)nip->icmp6_ni_nonce = ntohs(seq); memcpy(&outpack[ICMP6_NIQLEN], &dst.sin6_addr, sizeof(dst.sin6_addr)); cc = ICMP6_NIQLEN + sizeof(dst.sin6_addr); datalen = 0; } else if (options & F_SUPTYPES) { icp->icmp6_type = ICMP6_NI_QUERY; icp->icmp6_code = ICMP6_NI_SUBJ_FQDN; /*empty*/ nip->ni_qtype = htons(NI_QTYPE_SUPTYPES); /* we support compressed bitmap */ nip->ni_flags = NI_SUPTYPE_FLAG_COMPRESS; memcpy(nip->icmp6_ni_nonce, nonce, sizeof(nip->icmp6_ni_nonce)); *(u_int16_t *)nip->icmp6_ni_nonce = ntohs(seq); cc = ICMP6_NIQLEN; datalen = 0; } else { icp->icmp6_type = ICMP6_ECHO_REQUEST; icp->icmp6_code = 0; icp->icmp6_id = htons(ident); icp->icmp6_seq = ntohs(seq); if (timing) { struct timeval tv; struct tv32 tv32; (void)gettimeofday(&tv, NULL); tv32.tv32_sec = htonl(tv.tv_sec); /* XXX 2038 */ tv32.tv32_usec = htonl(tv.tv_usec); bcopy(&tv32, &outpack[ICMP6ECHOLEN], sizeof(tv32)); } cc = ICMP6ECHOLEN + datalen; } #ifdef DIAGNOSTIC if (pingerlen() != cc) errx(1, "internal error; length mismatch"); #endif smsghdr.msg_name = &dst; smsghdr.msg_namelen = sizeof(dst); memset(&iov, 0, sizeof(iov)); iov[0].iov_base = (caddr_t)outpack; iov[0].iov_len = cc; smsghdr.msg_iov = iov; smsghdr.msg_iovlen = 1; i = sendmsg(s, &smsghdr, 0); if (i < 0 || i != cc) { if (i < 0) warn("sendmsg"); (void)printf("ping6: wrote %s %d chars, ret=%d\n", hostname, cc, i); } if (!(options & F_QUIET) && options & F_FLOOD) (void)write(STDOUT_FILENO, &DOT, 1); return(0); } int myechoreply(const struct icmp6_hdr *icp) { if (ntohs(icp->icmp6_id) == ident) return 1; else return 0; } int mynireply(const struct icmp6_nodeinfo *nip) { if (memcmp(nip->icmp6_ni_nonce + sizeof(u_int16_t), nonce + sizeof(u_int16_t), sizeof(nonce) - sizeof(u_int16_t)) == 0) return 1; else return 0; } char * dnsdecode(const u_char **sp, const u_char *ep, const u_char *base, char *buf, size_t bufsiz) { int i; const u_char *cp; char cresult[MAXDNAME + 1]; const u_char *comp; int l; cp = *sp; *buf = '\0'; if (cp >= ep) return NULL; while (cp < ep) { i = *cp; if (i == 0 || cp != *sp) { if (strlcat((char *)buf, ".", bufsiz) >= bufsiz) return NULL; /*result overrun*/ } if (i == 0) break; cp++; if ((i & 0xc0) == 0xc0 && cp - base > (i & 0x3f)) { /* DNS compression */ if (!base) return NULL; comp = base + (i & 0x3f); if (dnsdecode(&comp, cp, base, cresult, sizeof(cresult)) == NULL) return NULL; if (strlcat(buf, cresult, bufsiz) >= bufsiz) return NULL; /*result overrun*/ break; } else if ((i & 0x3f) == i) { if (i > ep - cp) return NULL; /*source overrun*/ while (i-- > 0 && cp < ep) { l = snprintf(cresult, sizeof(cresult), isprint((unsigned char)*cp) ? "%c" : "\\%03o", *cp & 0xff); if (l >= sizeof(cresult) || l < 0) return NULL; if (strlcat(buf, cresult, bufsiz) >= bufsiz) return NULL; /*result overrun*/ cp++; } } else return NULL; /*invalid label*/ } if (i != 0) return NULL; /*not terminated*/ cp++; *sp = cp; return buf; } /* * pr_pack -- * Print out the packet, if it came from us. This logic is necessary * because ALL readers of the ICMP socket get a copy of ALL ICMP packets * which arrive ('tis only fair). This permits multiple copies of this * program to be run without having intermingled output (or statistics!). */ void pr_pack(u_char *buf, int cc, struct msghdr *mhdr) { #define safeputc(c) printf((isprint((c)) ? "%c" : "\\%03o"), c) struct icmp6_hdr *icp; struct icmp6_nodeinfo *ni; int i; int hoplim; struct sockaddr *from; int fromlen; u_char *cp = NULL, *dp, *end = buf + cc; struct in6_pktinfo *pktinfo = NULL; struct timeval tv, tp; struct tv32 tv32; double triptime = 0; int dupflag; size_t off; int oldfqdn; u_int16_t seq; char dnsname[MAXDNAME + 1]; (void)gettimeofday(&tv, NULL); if (!mhdr || !mhdr->msg_name || mhdr->msg_namelen != sizeof(struct sockaddr_in6) || ((struct sockaddr *)mhdr->msg_name)->sa_family != AF_INET6) { if (options & F_VERBOSE) warnx("invalid peername"); return; } from = (struct sockaddr *)mhdr->msg_name; fromlen = mhdr->msg_namelen; if (cc < sizeof(struct icmp6_hdr)) { if (options & F_VERBOSE) warnx("packet too short (%d bytes) from %s", cc, pr_addr(from, fromlen)); return; } icp = (struct icmp6_hdr *)buf; ni = (struct icmp6_nodeinfo *)buf; off = 0; if ((hoplim = get_hoplim(mhdr)) == -1) { warnx("failed to get receiving hop limit"); return; } if ((pktinfo = get_rcvpktinfo(mhdr)) == NULL) { warnx("failed to get receiving packet information"); return; } if (icp->icmp6_type == ICMP6_ECHO_REPLY && myechoreply(icp)) { seq = ntohs(icp->icmp6_seq); ++nreceived; if (timing) { bcopy(icp + 1, &tv32, sizeof(tv32)); tp.tv_sec = ntohl(tv32.tv32_sec); tp.tv_usec = ntohl(tv32.tv32_usec); tvsub(&tv, &tp); triptime = ((double)tv.tv_sec) * 1000.0 + ((double)tv.tv_usec) / 1000.0; tsum += triptime; tsumsq += triptime * triptime; if (triptime < tmin) tmin = triptime; if (triptime > tmax) tmax = triptime; } if (TST(seq % mx_dup_ck)) { ++nrepeats; --nreceived; dupflag = 1; } else { SET(seq % mx_dup_ck); dupflag = 0; } if (options & F_QUIET) return; if (options & F_FLOOD) (void)write(STDOUT_FILENO, &BSPACE, 1); else { (void)printf("%d bytes from %s, icmp_seq=%u", cc, pr_addr(from, fromlen), seq); (void)printf(" hlim=%d", hoplim); if ((options & F_VERBOSE) != 0) { struct sockaddr_in6 dstsa; memset(&dstsa, 0, sizeof(dstsa)); dstsa.sin6_family = AF_INET6; dstsa.sin6_len = sizeof(dstsa); dstsa.sin6_scope_id = pktinfo->ipi6_ifindex; dstsa.sin6_addr = pktinfo->ipi6_addr; (void)printf(" dst=%s", pr_addr((struct sockaddr *)&dstsa, sizeof(dstsa))); } if (timing) (void)printf(" time=%.3f ms", triptime); if (dupflag) (void)printf("(DUP!)"); if (options & F_AUD_RECV) (void)fputc('\a', stderr); /* check the data */ cp = buf + off + ICMP6ECHOLEN + ICMP6ECHOTMLEN; dp = outpack + ICMP6ECHOLEN + ICMP6ECHOTMLEN; if (cc != ICMP6ECHOLEN + datalen) { int delta = cc - (datalen + ICMP6ECHOLEN); (void)printf(" (%d bytes %s)", abs(delta), delta > 0 ? "extra" : "short"); end = buf + MIN(cc, ICMP6ECHOLEN + datalen); } for (i = 8; cp < end; ++i, ++cp, ++dp) { if (*cp != *dp) { (void)printf("\nwrong data byte #%d should be 0x%x but was 0x%x", i, *dp, *cp); break; } } } } else if (icp->icmp6_type == ICMP6_NI_REPLY && mynireply(ni)) { seq = ntohs(*(u_int16_t *)ni->icmp6_ni_nonce); ++nreceived; if (TST(seq % mx_dup_ck)) { ++nrepeats; --nreceived; dupflag = 1; } else { SET(seq % mx_dup_ck); dupflag = 0; } if (options & F_QUIET) return; (void)printf("%d bytes from %s: ", cc, pr_addr(from, fromlen)); switch (ntohs(ni->ni_code)) { case ICMP6_NI_SUCCESS: break; case ICMP6_NI_REFUSED: printf("refused, type 0x%x", ntohs(ni->ni_type)); goto fqdnend; case ICMP6_NI_UNKNOWN: printf("unknown, type 0x%x", ntohs(ni->ni_type)); goto fqdnend; default: printf("unknown code 0x%x, type 0x%x", ntohs(ni->ni_code), ntohs(ni->ni_type)); goto fqdnend; } switch (ntohs(ni->ni_qtype)) { case NI_QTYPE_NOOP: printf("NodeInfo NOOP"); break; case NI_QTYPE_SUPTYPES: pr_suptypes(ni, end - (u_char *)ni); break; case NI_QTYPE_NODEADDR: pr_nodeaddr(ni, end - (u_char *)ni); break; case NI_QTYPE_FQDN: default: /* XXX: for backward compatibility */ cp = (u_char *)ni + ICMP6_NIRLEN; if (buf[off + ICMP6_NIRLEN] == cc - off - ICMP6_NIRLEN - 1) oldfqdn = 1; else oldfqdn = 0; if (oldfqdn) { cp++; /* skip length */ while (cp < end) { safeputc(*cp & 0xff); cp++; } } else { i = 0; while (cp < end) { if (dnsdecode((const u_char **)&cp, end, (const u_char *)(ni + 1), dnsname, sizeof(dnsname)) == NULL) { printf("???"); break; } /* * name-lookup special handling for * truncated name */ if (cp + 1 <= end && !*cp && strlen(dnsname) > 0) { dnsname[strlen(dnsname) - 1] = '\0'; cp++; } printf("%s%s", i > 0 ? "," : "", dnsname); } } if (options & F_VERBOSE) { int32_t ttl; int comma = 0; (void)printf(" ("); /*)*/ switch (ni->ni_code) { case ICMP6_NI_REFUSED: (void)printf("refused"); comma++; break; case ICMP6_NI_UNKNOWN: (void)printf("unknown qtype"); comma++; break; } if ((end - (u_char *)ni) < ICMP6_NIRLEN) { /* case of refusion, unknown */ /*(*/ putchar(')'); goto fqdnend; } ttl = (int32_t)ntohl(*(u_long *) &buf[off+ICMP6ECHOLEN+8]); if (comma) printf(","); if (!(ni->ni_flags & NI_FQDN_FLAG_VALIDTTL)) { (void)printf("TTL=%d:meaningless", (int)ttl); } else { if (ttl < 0) { (void)printf("TTL=%d:invalid", ttl); } else (void)printf("TTL=%d", ttl); } comma++; if (oldfqdn) { if (comma) printf(","); printf("03 draft"); comma++; } else { cp = (u_char *)ni + ICMP6_NIRLEN; if (cp == end) { if (comma) printf(","); printf("no name"); comma++; } } if (buf[off + ICMP6_NIRLEN] != cc - off - ICMP6_NIRLEN - 1 && oldfqdn) { if (comma) printf(","); (void)printf("invalid namelen:%d/%lu", buf[off + ICMP6_NIRLEN], (u_long)cc - off - ICMP6_NIRLEN - 1); comma++; } /*(*/ putchar(')'); } fqdnend: ; } } else { /* We've got something other than an ECHOREPLY */ if (!(options & F_VERBOSE)) return; (void)printf("%d bytes from %s: ", cc, pr_addr(from, fromlen)); pr_icmph(icp, end); } if (!(options & F_FLOOD)) { (void)putchar('\n'); if (options & F_VERBOSE) pr_exthdrs(mhdr); (void)fflush(stdout); } #undef safeputc } void pr_exthdrs(struct msghdr *mhdr) { struct cmsghdr *cm; for (cm = (struct cmsghdr *)CMSG_FIRSTHDR(mhdr); cm; cm = (struct cmsghdr *)CMSG_NXTHDR(mhdr, cm)) { if (cm->cmsg_level != IPPROTO_IPV6) continue; switch (cm->cmsg_type) { case IPV6_HOPOPTS: printf(" HbH Options: "); pr_ip6opt(CMSG_DATA(cm)); break; case IPV6_DSTOPTS: case IPV6_RTHDRDSTOPTS: printf(" Dst Options: "); pr_ip6opt(CMSG_DATA(cm)); break; case IPV6_RTHDR: printf(" Routing: "); pr_rthdr(CMSG_DATA(cm)); break; } } } void pr_ip6opt(void *extbuf) { struct ip6_hbh *ext; int currentlen; u_int8_t type; size_t extlen; socklen_t len; void *databuf; size_t offset; u_int16_t value2; u_int32_t value4; ext = (struct ip6_hbh *)extbuf; extlen = (ext->ip6h_len + 1) * 8; printf("nxt %u, len %u (%lu bytes)\n", ext->ip6h_nxt, (unsigned int)ext->ip6h_len, (unsigned long)extlen); currentlen = 0; while (1) { currentlen = inet6_opt_next(extbuf, extlen, currentlen, &type, &len, &databuf); if (currentlen == -1) break; switch (type) { /* * Note that inet6_opt_next automatically skips any padding * options. */ case IP6OPT_JUMBO: offset = 0; offset = inet6_opt_get_val(databuf, offset, &value4, sizeof(value4)); printf(" Jumbo Payload Opt: Length %u\n", (u_int32_t)ntohl(value4)); break; case IP6OPT_ROUTER_ALERT: offset = 0; offset = inet6_opt_get_val(databuf, offset, &value2, sizeof(value2)); printf(" Router Alert Opt: Type %u\n", ntohs(value2)); break; default: printf(" Received Opt %u len %lu\n", type, (unsigned long)len); break; } } return; } void pr_rthdr(void *extbuf) { struct in6_addr *in6; char ntopbuf[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN]; struct ip6_rthdr *rh = (struct ip6_rthdr *)extbuf; int i, segments; /* print fixed part of the header */ printf("nxt %u, len %u (%d bytes), type %u, ", rh->ip6r_nxt, rh->ip6r_len, (rh->ip6r_len + 1) << 3, rh->ip6r_type); if ((segments = inet6_rth_segments(extbuf)) >= 0) printf("%d segments, ", segments); else printf("segments unknown, "); printf("%d left\n", rh->ip6r_segleft); for (i = 0; i < segments; i++) { in6 = inet6_rth_getaddr(extbuf, i); if (in6 == NULL) printf(" [%d]\n", i); else { if (!inet_ntop(AF_INET6, in6, ntopbuf, sizeof(ntopbuf))) strncpy(ntopbuf, "?", sizeof(ntopbuf)); printf(" [%d]%s\n", i, ntopbuf); } } return; } int pr_bitrange(u_int32_t v, int soff, int ii) { int off; int i; off = 0; while (off < 32) { /* shift till we have 0x01 */ if ((v & 0x01) == 0) { if (ii > 1) printf("-%u", soff + off - 1); ii = 0; switch (v & 0x0f) { case 0x00: v >>= 4; off += 4; continue; case 0x08: v >>= 3; off += 3; continue; case 0x04: case 0x0c: v >>= 2; off += 2; continue; default: v >>= 1; off += 1; continue; } } /* we have 0x01 with us */ for (i = 0; i < 32 - off; i++) { if ((v & (0x01 << i)) == 0) break; } if (!ii) printf(" %u", soff + off); ii += i; v >>= i; off += i; } return ii; } /* ni->qtype must be SUPTYPES */ void pr_suptypes(struct icmp6_nodeinfo *ni, size_t nilen) { size_t clen; u_int32_t v; const u_char *cp, *end; u_int16_t cur; struct cbit { u_int16_t words; /*32bit count*/ u_int16_t skip; } cbit; #define MAXQTYPES (1 << 16) size_t off; int b; cp = (u_char *)(ni + 1); end = ((u_char *)ni) + nilen; cur = 0; b = 0; printf("NodeInfo Supported Qtypes"); if (options & F_VERBOSE) { if (ni->ni_flags & NI_SUPTYPE_FLAG_COMPRESS) printf(", compressed bitmap"); else printf(", raw bitmap"); } while (cp < end) { clen = (size_t)(end - cp); if ((ni->ni_flags & NI_SUPTYPE_FLAG_COMPRESS) == 0) { if (clen == 0 || clen > MAXQTYPES / 8 || clen % sizeof(v)) { printf("???"); return; } } else { if (clen < sizeof(cbit) || clen % sizeof(v)) return; memcpy(&cbit, cp, sizeof(cbit)); if (sizeof(cbit) + ntohs(cbit.words) * sizeof(v) > clen) return; cp += sizeof(cbit); clen = ntohs(cbit.words) * sizeof(v); if (cur + clen * 8 + (u_long)ntohs(cbit.skip) * 32 > MAXQTYPES) return; } for (off = 0; off < clen; off += sizeof(v)) { memcpy(&v, cp + off, sizeof(v)); v = (u_int32_t)ntohl(v); b = pr_bitrange(v, (int)(cur + off * 8), b); } /* flush the remaining bits */ b = pr_bitrange(0, (int)(cur + off * 8), b); cp += clen; cur += clen * 8; if ((ni->ni_flags & NI_SUPTYPE_FLAG_COMPRESS) != 0) cur += ntohs(cbit.skip) * 32; } } /* ni->qtype must be NODEADDR */ void pr_nodeaddr(struct icmp6_nodeinfo *ni, int nilen) { u_char *cp = (u_char *)(ni + 1); char ntop_buf[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN]; int withttl = 0; nilen -= sizeof(struct icmp6_nodeinfo); if (options & F_VERBOSE) { switch (ni->ni_code) { case ICMP6_NI_REFUSED: (void)printf("refused"); break; case ICMP6_NI_UNKNOWN: (void)printf("unknown qtype"); break; } if (ni->ni_flags & NI_NODEADDR_FLAG_TRUNCATE) (void)printf(" truncated"); } putchar('\n'); if (nilen <= 0) printf(" no address\n"); /* * In icmp-name-lookups 05 and later, TTL of each returned address * is contained in the response. We try to detect the version * by the length of the data, but note that the detection algorithm * is incomplete. We assume the latest draft by default. */ if (nilen % (sizeof(u_int32_t) + sizeof(struct in6_addr)) == 0) withttl = 1; while (nilen > 0) { u_int32_t ttl; if (withttl) { /* XXX: alignment? */ ttl = (u_int32_t)ntohl(*(u_int32_t *)cp); cp += sizeof(u_int32_t); nilen -= sizeof(u_int32_t); } if (inet_ntop(AF_INET6, cp, ntop_buf, sizeof(ntop_buf)) == NULL) strncpy(ntop_buf, "?", sizeof(ntop_buf)); printf(" %s", ntop_buf); if (withttl) { if (ttl == 0xffffffff) { /* * XXX: can this convention be applied to all * type of TTL (i.e. non-ND TTL)? */ printf("(TTL=infty)"); } else printf("(TTL=%u)", ttl); } putchar('\n'); nilen -= sizeof(struct in6_addr); cp += sizeof(struct in6_addr); } } int get_hoplim(struct msghdr *mhdr) { struct cmsghdr *cm; for (cm = (struct cmsghdr *)CMSG_FIRSTHDR(mhdr); cm; cm = (struct cmsghdr *)CMSG_NXTHDR(mhdr, cm)) { if (cm->cmsg_len == 0) return(-1); if (cm->cmsg_level == IPPROTO_IPV6 && cm->cmsg_type == IPV6_HOPLIMIT && cm->cmsg_len == CMSG_LEN(sizeof(int))) return(*(int *)CMSG_DATA(cm)); } return(-1); } struct in6_pktinfo * get_rcvpktinfo(struct msghdr *mhdr) { struct cmsghdr *cm; for (cm = (struct cmsghdr *)CMSG_FIRSTHDR(mhdr); cm; cm = (struct cmsghdr *)CMSG_NXTHDR(mhdr, cm)) { if (cm->cmsg_len == 0) return(NULL); if (cm->cmsg_level == IPPROTO_IPV6 && cm->cmsg_type == IPV6_PKTINFO && cm->cmsg_len == CMSG_LEN(sizeof(struct in6_pktinfo))) return((struct in6_pktinfo *)CMSG_DATA(cm)); } return(NULL); } int get_pathmtu(struct msghdr *mhdr) { struct cmsghdr *cm; struct ip6_mtuinfo *mtuctl = NULL; for (cm = (struct cmsghdr *)CMSG_FIRSTHDR(mhdr); cm; cm = (struct cmsghdr *)CMSG_NXTHDR(mhdr, cm)) { if (cm->cmsg_len == 0) return(0); if (cm->cmsg_level == IPPROTO_IPV6 && cm->cmsg_type == IPV6_PATHMTU && cm->cmsg_len == CMSG_LEN(sizeof(struct ip6_mtuinfo))) { mtuctl = (struct ip6_mtuinfo *)CMSG_DATA(cm); /* * If the notified destination is different from * the one we are pinging, just ignore the info. * We check the scope ID only when both notified value * and our own value have non-0 values, because we may * have used the default scope zone ID for sending, * in which case the scope ID value is 0. */ if (!IN6_ARE_ADDR_EQUAL(&mtuctl->ip6m_addr.sin6_addr, &dst.sin6_addr) || (mtuctl->ip6m_addr.sin6_scope_id && dst.sin6_scope_id && mtuctl->ip6m_addr.sin6_scope_id != dst.sin6_scope_id)) { if ((options & F_VERBOSE) != 0) { printf("path MTU for %s is notified. " "(ignored)\n", pr_addr((struct sockaddr *)&mtuctl->ip6m_addr, sizeof(mtuctl->ip6m_addr))); } return(0); } /* * Ignore an invalid MTU. XXX: can we just believe * the kernel check? */ if (mtuctl->ip6m_mtu < IPV6_MMTU) return(0); /* notification for our destination. return the MTU. */ return((int)mtuctl->ip6m_mtu); } } return(0); } /* * tvsub -- * Subtract 2 timeval structs: out = out - in. Out is assumed to * be >= in. */ void tvsub(struct timeval *out, struct timeval *in) { if ((out->tv_usec -= in->tv_usec) < 0) { --out->tv_sec; out->tv_usec += 1000000; } out->tv_sec -= in->tv_sec; } /* * onint -- * SIGINT handler. */ void onint(int signo) { summary(signo); (void)signal(SIGINT, SIG_DFL); (void)kill(getpid(), SIGINT); if (signo) _exit(nreceived ? 0 : 1); else exit(nreceived ? 0 : 1); } /* * summary -- * Print out statistics. */ void summary(int signo) { char buf[8192], buft[8192]; buf[0] = '\0'; snprintf(buft, sizeof(buft), "\n--- %s ping6 statistics ---\n", hostname); strlcat(buf, buft, sizeof(buf)); snprintf(buft, sizeof(buft), "%ld packets transmitted, ", ntransmitted); strlcat(buf, buft, sizeof(buf)); snprintf(buft, sizeof(buft), "%ld packets received, ", nreceived); strlcat(buf, buft, sizeof(buf)); if (nrepeats) { snprintf(buft, sizeof(buft), "+%ld duplicates, ", nrepeats); strlcat(buf, buft, sizeof(buf)); } if (ntransmitted) { if (nreceived > ntransmitted) snprintf(buft, sizeof(buft), "-- somebody's duplicating packets!"); else snprintf(buft, sizeof(buft), "%.1lf%% packet loss", ((((double)ntransmitted - nreceived) * 100) / ntransmitted)); strlcat(buf, buft, sizeof(buf)); } strlcat(buf, "\n", sizeof(buf)); if (nreceived && timing) { /* Only display average to microseconds */ double num = nreceived + nrepeats; double avg = tsum / num; double dev = sqrt(tsumsq / num - avg * avg); snprintf(buft, sizeof(buft), "round-trip min/avg/max/std-dev = %.3f/%.3f/%.3f/%.3f ms\n", tmin, avg, tmax, dev); strlcat(buf, buft, sizeof(buf)); } write(STDOUT_FILENO, buf, strlen(buf)); if (signo == 0) (void)fflush(stdout); } /*subject type*/ static const char *niqcode[] = { "IPv6 address", "DNS label", /*or empty*/ "IPv4 address", }; /*result code*/ static const char *nircode[] = { "Success", "Refused", "Unknown", }; /* * pr_icmph -- * Print a descriptive string about an ICMP header. */ void pr_icmph(struct icmp6_hdr *icp, u_char *end) { char ntop_buf[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN]; struct nd_redirect *red; struct icmp6_nodeinfo *ni; char dnsname[MAXDNAME + 1]; const u_char *cp; size_t l; switch (icp->icmp6_type) { case ICMP6_DST_UNREACH: switch (icp->icmp6_code) { case ICMP6_DST_UNREACH_NOROUTE: (void)printf("No Route to Destination\n"); break; case ICMP6_DST_UNREACH_ADMIN: (void)printf("Destination Administratively " "Unreachable\n"); break; case ICMP6_DST_UNREACH_BEYONDSCOPE: (void)printf("Destination Unreachable Beyond Scope\n"); break; case ICMP6_DST_UNREACH_ADDR: (void)printf("Destination Host Unreachable\n"); break; case ICMP6_DST_UNREACH_NOPORT: (void)printf("Destination Port Unreachable\n"); break; default: (void)printf("Destination Unreachable, Bad Code: %d\n", icp->icmp6_code); break; } /* Print returned IP header information */ pr_retip((struct ip6_hdr *)(icp + 1), end); break; case ICMP6_PACKET_TOO_BIG: (void)printf("Packet too big mtu = %d\n", (int)ntohl(icp->icmp6_mtu)); pr_retip((struct ip6_hdr *)(icp + 1), end); break; case ICMP6_TIME_EXCEEDED: switch (icp->icmp6_code) { case ICMP6_TIME_EXCEED_TRANSIT: (void)printf("Time to live exceeded\n"); break; case ICMP6_TIME_EXCEED_REASSEMBLY: (void)printf("Frag reassembly time exceeded\n"); break; default: (void)printf("Time exceeded, Bad Code: %d\n", icp->icmp6_code); break; } pr_retip((struct ip6_hdr *)(icp + 1), end); break; case ICMP6_PARAM_PROB: (void)printf("Parameter problem: "); switch (icp->icmp6_code) { case ICMP6_PARAMPROB_HEADER: (void)printf("Erroneous Header "); break; case ICMP6_PARAMPROB_NEXTHEADER: (void)printf("Unknown Nextheader "); break; case ICMP6_PARAMPROB_OPTION: (void)printf("Unrecognized Option "); break; default: (void)printf("Bad code(%d) ", icp->icmp6_code); break; } (void)printf("pointer = 0x%02x\n", (u_int32_t)ntohl(icp->icmp6_pptr)); pr_retip((struct ip6_hdr *)(icp + 1), end); break; case ICMP6_ECHO_REQUEST: (void)printf("Echo Request"); /* XXX ID + Seq + Data */ break; case ICMP6_ECHO_REPLY: (void)printf("Echo Reply"); /* XXX ID + Seq + Data */ break; case ICMP6_MEMBERSHIP_QUERY: (void)printf("Listener Query"); break; case ICMP6_MEMBERSHIP_REPORT: (void)printf("Listener Report"); break; case ICMP6_MEMBERSHIP_REDUCTION: (void)printf("Listener Done"); break; case ND_ROUTER_SOLICIT: (void)printf("Router Solicitation"); break; case ND_ROUTER_ADVERT: (void)printf("Router Advertisement"); break; case ND_NEIGHBOR_SOLICIT: (void)printf("Neighbor Solicitation"); break; case ND_NEIGHBOR_ADVERT: (void)printf("Neighbor Advertisement"); break; case ND_REDIRECT: red = (struct nd_redirect *)icp; (void)printf("Redirect\n"); if (!inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &red->nd_rd_dst, ntop_buf, sizeof(ntop_buf))) strncpy(ntop_buf, "?", sizeof(ntop_buf)); (void)printf("Destination: %s", ntop_buf); if (!inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &red->nd_rd_target, ntop_buf, sizeof(ntop_buf))) strncpy(ntop_buf, "?", sizeof(ntop_buf)); (void)printf(" New Target: %s", ntop_buf); break; case ICMP6_NI_QUERY: (void)printf("Node Information Query"); /* XXX ID + Seq + Data */ ni = (struct icmp6_nodeinfo *)icp; l = end - (u_char *)(ni + 1); printf(", "); switch (ntohs(ni->ni_qtype)) { case NI_QTYPE_NOOP: (void)printf("NOOP"); break; case NI_QTYPE_SUPTYPES: (void)printf("Supported qtypes"); break; case NI_QTYPE_FQDN: (void)printf("DNS name"); break; case NI_QTYPE_NODEADDR: (void)printf("nodeaddr"); break; case NI_QTYPE_IPV4ADDR: (void)printf("IPv4 nodeaddr"); break; default: (void)printf("unknown qtype"); break; } if (options & F_VERBOSE) { switch (ni->ni_code) { case ICMP6_NI_SUBJ_IPV6: if (l == sizeof(struct in6_addr) && inet_ntop(AF_INET6, ni + 1, ntop_buf, sizeof(ntop_buf)) != NULL) { (void)printf(", subject=%s(%s)", niqcode[ni->ni_code], ntop_buf); } else { #if 1 /* backward compat to -W */ (void)printf(", oldfqdn"); #else (void)printf(", invalid"); #endif } break; case ICMP6_NI_SUBJ_FQDN: if (end == (u_char *)(ni + 1)) { (void)printf(", no subject"); break; } printf(", subject=%s", niqcode[ni->ni_code]); cp = (const u_char *)(ni + 1); if (dnsdecode(&cp, end, NULL, dnsname, sizeof(dnsname)) != NULL) printf("(%s)", dnsname); else printf("(invalid)"); break; case ICMP6_NI_SUBJ_IPV4: if (l == sizeof(struct in_addr) && inet_ntop(AF_INET, ni + 1, ntop_buf, sizeof(ntop_buf)) != NULL) { (void)printf(", subject=%s(%s)", niqcode[ni->ni_code], ntop_buf); } else (void)printf(", invalid"); break; default: (void)printf(", invalid"); break; } } break; case ICMP6_NI_REPLY: (void)printf("Node Information Reply"); /* XXX ID + Seq + Data */ ni = (struct icmp6_nodeinfo *)icp; printf(", "); switch (ntohs(ni->ni_qtype)) { case NI_QTYPE_NOOP: (void)printf("NOOP"); break; case NI_QTYPE_SUPTYPES: (void)printf("Supported qtypes"); break; case NI_QTYPE_FQDN: (void)printf("DNS name"); break; case NI_QTYPE_NODEADDR: (void)printf("nodeaddr"); break; case NI_QTYPE_IPV4ADDR: (void)printf("IPv4 nodeaddr"); break; default: (void)printf("unknown qtype"); break; } if (options & F_VERBOSE) { if (ni->ni_code >= sizeof(nircode) / sizeof(nircode[0])) printf(", invalid"); else printf(", %s", nircode[ni->ni_code]); } break; default: (void)printf("Bad ICMP type: %d", icp->icmp6_type); } } /* * pr_iph -- * Print an IP6 header. */ void pr_iph(struct ip6_hdr *ip6) { u_int32_t flow = ip6->ip6_flow & IPV6_FLOWLABEL_MASK; u_int8_t tc; char ntop_buf[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN]; tc = *(&ip6->ip6_vfc + 1); /* XXX */ tc = (tc >> 4) & 0x0f; tc |= (ip6->ip6_vfc << 4); printf("Vr TC Flow Plen Nxt Hlim\n"); printf(" %1x %02x %05x %04x %02x %02x\n", (ip6->ip6_vfc & IPV6_VERSION_MASK) >> 4, tc, (u_int32_t)ntohl(flow), ntohs(ip6->ip6_plen), ip6->ip6_nxt, ip6->ip6_hlim); if (!inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &ip6->ip6_src, ntop_buf, sizeof(ntop_buf))) strncpy(ntop_buf, "?", sizeof(ntop_buf)); printf("%s->", ntop_buf); if (!inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &ip6->ip6_dst, ntop_buf, sizeof(ntop_buf))) strncpy(ntop_buf, "?", sizeof(ntop_buf)); printf("%s\n", ntop_buf); } /* * pr_addr -- * Return an ascii host address as a dotted quad and optionally with * a hostname. */ const char * pr_addr(struct sockaddr *addr, int addrlen) { static char buf[NI_MAXHOST]; int flag = 0; if ((options & F_HOSTNAME) == 0) flag |= NI_NUMERICHOST; if (getnameinfo(addr, addrlen, buf, sizeof(buf), NULL, 0, flag) == 0) return (buf); else return "?"; } /* * pr_retip -- * Dump some info on a returned (via ICMPv6) IPv6 packet. */ void pr_retip(struct ip6_hdr *ip6, u_char *end) { u_char *cp = (u_char *)ip6, nh; int hlen; if (end - (u_char *)ip6 < sizeof(*ip6)) { printf("IP6"); goto trunc; } pr_iph(ip6); hlen = sizeof(*ip6); nh = ip6->ip6_nxt; cp += hlen; while (end - cp >= 8) { switch (nh) { case IPPROTO_HOPOPTS: printf("HBH "); hlen = (((struct ip6_hbh *)cp)->ip6h_len+1) << 3; nh = ((struct ip6_hbh *)cp)->ip6h_nxt; break; case IPPROTO_DSTOPTS: printf("DSTOPT "); hlen = (((struct ip6_dest *)cp)->ip6d_len+1) << 3; nh = ((struct ip6_dest *)cp)->ip6d_nxt; break; case IPPROTO_FRAGMENT: printf("FRAG "); hlen = sizeof(struct ip6_frag); nh = ((struct ip6_frag *)cp)->ip6f_nxt; break; case IPPROTO_ROUTING: printf("RTHDR "); hlen = (((struct ip6_rthdr *)cp)->ip6r_len+1) << 3; nh = ((struct ip6_rthdr *)cp)->ip6r_nxt; break; case IPPROTO_AH: printf("AH "); hlen = (((struct ah *)cp)->ah_hl+2) << 2; nh = ((struct ah *)cp)->ah_nh; break; case IPPROTO_ICMPV6: printf("ICMP6: type = %d, code = %d\n", *cp, *(cp + 1)); return; case IPPROTO_ESP: printf("ESP\n"); return; case IPPROTO_TCP: printf("TCP: from port %u, to port %u (decimal)\n", (*cp * 256 + *(cp + 1)), (*(cp + 2) * 256 + *(cp + 3))); return; case IPPROTO_UDP: printf("UDP: from port %u, to port %u (decimal)\n", (*cp * 256 + *(cp + 1)), (*(cp + 2) * 256 + *(cp + 3))); return; default: printf("Unknown Header(%d)\n", nh); return; } if ((cp += hlen) >= end) goto trunc; } if (end - cp < 8) goto trunc; putchar('\n'); return; trunc: printf("...\n"); return; } void fill(char *bp, char *patp) { int ii, jj, kk; int pat[16]; char *cp; for (cp = patp; *cp; cp++) if (!isxdigit((unsigned char)*cp)) errx(1, "patterns must be specified as hex digits"); ii = sscanf(patp, "%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x", &pat[0], &pat[1], &pat[2], &pat[3], &pat[4], &pat[5], &pat[6], &pat[7], &pat[8], &pat[9], &pat[10], &pat[11], &pat[12], &pat[13], &pat[14], &pat[15]); /* xxx */ if (ii > 0) for (kk = 0; kk <= MAXDATALEN - (8 + sizeof(struct tv32) + ii); kk += ii) for (jj = 0; jj < ii; ++jj) bp[jj + kk] = pat[jj]; if (!(options & F_QUIET)) { (void)printf("PATTERN: 0x"); for (jj = 0; jj < ii; ++jj) (void)printf("%02x", bp[jj] & 0xFF); (void)printf("\n"); } } char * nigroup(char *name) { char *p; char *q; MD5_CTX ctxt; u_int8_t digest[16]; u_int8_t c; size_t l; char hbuf[NI_MAXHOST]; struct in6_addr in6; p = strchr(name, '.'); if (!p) p = name + strlen(name); l = p - name; if (l > 63 || l > sizeof(hbuf) - 1) return NULL; /*label too long*/ strncpy(hbuf, name, l); hbuf[(int)l] = '\0'; for (q = name; *q; q++) { if (isupper(*(unsigned char *)q)) *q = tolower(*(unsigned char *)q); } /* generate 8 bytes of pseudo-random value. */ memset(&ctxt, 0, sizeof(ctxt)); MD5Init(&ctxt); c = l & 0xff; MD5Update(&ctxt, &c, sizeof(c)); MD5Update(&ctxt, (unsigned char *)name, l); MD5Final(digest, &ctxt); if (inet_pton(AF_INET6, "ff02::2:0000:0000", &in6) != 1) return NULL; /*XXX*/ bcopy(digest, &in6.s6_addr[12], 4); if (inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &in6, hbuf, sizeof(hbuf)) == NULL) return NULL; return strdup(hbuf); } void usage(void) { (void)fprintf(stderr, "usage: ping6 [-dEefH" "m" "NnqtvWw" #ifdef IPV6_REACHCONF "R" #endif "] [-a addrtype] [-b bufsiz] [-c count] [-g gateway]\n\t" "[-h hoplimit] [-I interface] [-i wait] [-l preload] [-p pattern]" "\n\t[-S sourceaddr] [-s packetsize] [-V rtable] [hops ...]" " host\n"); exit(1); }