.\" $OpenBSD: routed.8,v 1.25 1999/07/03 02:11:07 aaron Exp $ .\" .\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1991, 1993 .\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. .\" .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions .\" are met: .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. .\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software .\" must display the following acknowledgement: .\" This product includes software developed by the University of .\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. .\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software .\" without specific prior written permission. .\" .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE .\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF .\" SUCH DAMAGE. .\" .\" @(#)routed.8 8.2 (Berkeley) 12/11/93 .\" .Dd June 1, 1996 .Dt ROUTED 8 .Os .Sh NAME .Nm routed .Nd network RIP and router discovery routing daemon .Sh SYNOPSIS .Nm routed .Op Fl sqdghmpAt .Op Fl T Ar tracefile .Oo .Fl F .Ar net Ns Op /mask Ns Op ,metric .Oc .Op Fl P Ar parms .Sh DESCRIPTION .Nm is a dameon invoked at boot time to manage the network routing tables. It uses Routing Information Protocol, RIPv1 (RFC\ 1058), RIPv2 (RFC\ 1723), and Internet Router Discovery Protocol (RFC 1256) to maintain the kernel routing table. The RIPv1 protocol is based on the reference .Bx 4.3 daemon. .Pp It listens on the .Xr udp 4 socket for the .Xr route 8 service (see .Xr services 5 ) for Routing Information Protocol packets. It also sends and receives multicast Router Discovery ICMP messages. If the host is a router, .Nm periodically supplies copies of its routing tables to any directly connected hosts and networks. It also advertises or solicits default routes using Router Discovery ICMP messages. .Pp When started (or when a network interface is later turned on), .Nm uses an AF_ROUTE address family facility to find those directly connected interfaces configured into the system and marked .Dq up . It adds necessary routes for the interfaces to the kernel routing table. Soon after being first started, and provided there is at least one interface on which RIP has not been disabled, .Nm deletes all pre-existing non-static routes in the kernel table. Static routes in the kernel table are preserved and included in RIP responses if they have a valid RIP metric (see .Xr route 8 ). .Pp If more than one interface is present (not counting the loopback interface), it is assumed that the host should forward packets among the connected networks. After transmitting a RIP .Em request and Router Discovery Advertisements or Solicitations on a new interface, the daemon enters a loop, listening for RIP request and response and Router Discover packets from other hosts. .Pp When a .Em request packet is received, .Nm formulates a reply based on the information maintained in its internal tables. The .Em response packet generated contains a list of known routes, each marked with a "hop count" metric (a count of 16 or greater is considered "infinite"). Advertised metrics reflect the metric associated with interface (see .Xr ifconfig 8 ), so setting the metric on an interface is an effective way to steer traffic. .Pp Responses do not contain routes with a first hop on the requesting network to implement in part .Em split-horizon . Requests from query programs such as .Xr rtquery 8 are answered with the complete table. .Pp The routing table maintained by the daemon includes space for several gateways for each destination to speed recovery from a failing router. RIP .Em response packets received are used to update the routing tables provided they are from one of the several currently recognized gateways or advertise a better metric than at least one of the existing gateways. .Pp When an update is applied, .Nm records the change in its own tables and updates the kernel routing table if the best route to the destination changes. The change in the kernel routing table is reflected in the next batch of .Em response packets sent. If the next response is not scheduled for a while, a .Em flash update response containing only recently changed routes is sent. .Pp In addition to processing incoming packets, .Nm also periodically checks the routing table entries. If an entry has not been updated for 3 minutes, the entry's metric is set to infinity and marked for deletion. Deletions are delayed until the route has been advertised with an infinite metric to insure the invalidation is propagated throughout the local internet. This is a form of .Em poison reverse . .Pp Routes in the kernel table that are added or changed as a result of ICMP Redirect messages are deleted after a while to minimize .Em black-holes . When a TCP connection suffers a timeout, the kernel tells .Nm routed , which deletes all redirected routes through the gateway involved, advances the age of all RIP routes through the gateway to allow an alternate to be chosen, and advances of the age of any relevant Router Discovery Protocol default routes. .Pp Hosts acting as internetwork routers gratuitously supply their routing tables every 30 seconds to all directly connected hosts and networks. These RIP responses are sent to the broadcast address on nets that support broadcasting, to the destination address on point-to-point links, and to the router's own address on other networks. If RIPv2 is enabled, multicast packets are sent on interfaces that support multicasting. .Pp If no response is received on a remote interface, if there are errors while sending responses, or if there are more errors than input or output (see .Xr netstat 1 ), then the cable or some other part of the interface is assumed to be disconnected or broken, and routes are adjusted appropriately. .Pp The .Em Internet Router Discovery Protocol is handled similarly. When the daemon is supplying RIP routes, it also listens for Router Discovery Solicitations and sends Advertisements. When it is quiet and only listening to other RIP routers, it sends Solicitations and listens for Advertisements. If it receives a good Advertisement, it stops listening for broadcast or multicast RIP responses. It tracks several advertising routers to speed recovery when the currently chosen router dies. If all discovered routers disappear, the daemon resumes listening to RIP responses. .Pp While using Router Discovery (which happens by default when the system has a single network interface and a Router Discover Advertisement is received), there is a single default route and a variable number of redirected host routes in the kernel table. .Pp The Router Discover standard requires that advertisements have a default "lifetime" of 30 minutes. That means should something happen, a client can be without a good route for 30 minutes. It is a good idea to reduce the default to 45 seconds using .Fl P Cm rdisc_interval=45 on the command line or .Cm rdisc_interval=45 in the .Pa /etc/gateways file. .Pp See the .Cm pm_rdisc facility described below to support "legacy" systems that can handle neither RIPv2 nor Router Discovery. .Pp By default, neither Router Discovery advertisements nor solicitations are sent over point to point links (e.g. PPP). .Pp Options supported by .Nm routed : .Bl -tag -width Ds .It Fl s Forces .Nm to supply routing information. This is the default if multiple network interfaces are present on which RIP or Router Discovery have not been disabled, and if the kernel switch ipforwarding=1. .It Fl q Opposite of the .Fl s option. .It Fl d Do not run in the background. This option is meant for interactive use. .It Fl g Used on internetwork routers to offer a route to the "default" destination. It is equivalent to .Fl F .Cm 0/0,1 and is present mostly for historical reasons. A better choice is .Fl P Cm pm_rdisc on the command line or .Cm pm_rdisc in the .Pa /etc/gateways file, since a larger metric will be used, reducing the spread of the potentially dangerous default route. This is typically used on a gateway to the Internet, or on a gateway that uses another routing protocol whose routes are not reported to other local routers. Notice that because a metric of 1 is used, this feature is dangerous. It is more commonly accidentally used to create chaos with a routing loop than to solve problems. .It Fl h Causes host or point-to-point routes to not be advertised, provided there is a network route going the same direction. That is a limited kind of aggregation. This option is useful on gateways to Ethernets that have other gateway machines connected with point-to-point links such as SLIP. .It Fl m Causes the machine to advertise a host or point-to-point route to its primary interface. It is useful on multi-homed machines such as NFS servers. This option should not be used except when the cost of the host routes it generates is justified by the popularity of the server. It is effective only when the machine is supplying routing information, because there is more than one interface. The .Fl m option overrides the .Fl q option to the limited extent of advertising the host route. .It Fl A Do not ignore RIPv2 authentication if we do not care about RIPv2 authentication. This option is required for conformance with RFC 1723. However, it makes no sense and breaks using RIP as a discovery protocol to ignore all RIPv2 packets that carry authentication when this machine does not care about authentication. .It Fl T Ar tracefile Increases the debugging level to at least 1 and causes debugging information to be appended to the trace file. Note that because of security concerns, it is wisest to not run .Nm routinely with tracing directed to a file. .It Fl t Increases the debugging level, which causes more information to be logged on the tracefile specified with .Fl T or standard out. The debugging level can be increased or decreased with the .Dv SIGUSR1 or .Dv SIGUSR2 signals or with the .Xr rtquery command. .It Fl F Ar net[/mask][,metric] Minimize routes in transmissions via interfaces with addresses that match .Em net/mask , and synthesizes a default route to this machine with the .Em metric . The intent is to reduce RIP traffic on slow, point-to-point links such as PPP links by replacing many large UDP packets of RIP information with a single, small packet containing a "fake" default route. If .Em metric is absent, a value of 14 is assumed to limit the spread of the "fake" default route. This is a dangerous feature that when used carelessly can cause routing loops. Notice also that more than one interface can match the specified network number and mask. See also .Fl g . .It Fl P Ar parms Equivalent to adding the parameter line .Em parms to the .Pa /etc/gateways file. .El .Pp Any other argument supplied is interpreted as the name of a file in which the actions of .Nm should be logged. It is better to use .Fl T instead of appending the name of the trace file to the command. .Pp .Nm also supports the notion of "distant" .Em passive or .Em active gateways. When .Nm is started, it reads the file .Pa /etc/gateways to find such distant gateways which may not be located using only information from a routing socket, to discover if some of the local gateways are .Em passive , and to obtain other parameters. Gateways specified in this manner should be marked .Em passive if they are not expected to exchange routing information, while gateways marked .Em active should be willing to exchange RIP packets. Routes through .Em passive gateways are installed in the kernel's routing tables once upon startup and are not included in transmitted RIP responses. .Pp Distant .Em active gateways are treated like network interfaces. RIP responses are sent to the distant .Em active gateway. If no responses are received, the associated route is deleted from the kernel table and RIP responses advertised via other interfaces. If the distant gateway resumes sending RIP responses, the associated route is restored. .Pp Such gateways can be useful on media that do not support broadcasts or multicasts but otherwise act like classic shared media like Ethernets such as some ATM networks. One can list all RIP routers reachable on the ATM network in .Pa /etc/gateways with a series of "host" lines. .Pp Gateways marked .Em external are also passive, but are not placed in the kernel routing table nor are they included in routing updates. The function of external entries is to indicate that another routing process will install such a route if necessary, and that alternate routes to that destination should not be installed by .Nm routed . Such entries are only required when both routers may learn of routes to the same destination. .Pp The .Pa /etc/gateways file is comprised of a series of lines, each in one of the following formats or consist of parameters described below: .Pp .Bd -ragged .Cm net .Ar Nname[/mask] .Cm gateway .Ar Gname .Cm metric .Ar value .Pf < Cm passive No \&| .Cm active No \&| .Cm extern Ns > .Ed .Bd -ragged .Cm host .Ar Hname .Cm gateway .Ar Gname .Cm metric .Ar value .Pf < Cm passive No \&| .Cm active No \&| .Cm extern Ns > .Ed .Pp .Ar Nname or .Ar Hname is the name of the destination network or host. It may be a symbolic network name or an Internet address specified in "dot" notation (see .Xr inet 3 ). (If it is a name, then it must either be defined in .Pa /etc/networks or .Pa /etc/hosts , or .Xr named 8 must have been started before .Nm routed Ns .) .Pp .Ar mask is an optional number between 1 and 32 indicating the netmask associated with .Ar Nname . .Pp .Ar Gname is the name or address of the gateway to which RIP responses should be forwarded. .Pp .Ar value is the hop count to the destination host or network. .Ar " host hname " is equivalent to .Ar " net nname/32 ". .Pp One of the keywords .Cm passive , .Cm active or .Cm external must be present to indicate whether the gateway should be treated as .Cm passive or .Cm active (as described above), or whether the gateway is .Cm external to the scope of the RIP protocol. .Pp Lines that start with neither "net" nor "host" must consist of one or more of the following parameter settings, separated by commas or blanks: .Bl -tag -width Ds .It Cm if Ns \&= Ns Ar ifname Indicates that the other parameters on the line apply to the interface name .Ar ifname . .It Cm subnet Ns \&= Ns Ar nname[/mask][,metric] Advertises a route to network .Ar nname with mask .Ar mask and the supplied metric (default 1). This is useful for filling "holes" in CIDR allocations. This parameter must appear by itself on a line. .Pp Do not use this feature unless necessary. It is dangerous. .It Cm passwd Ns \&= Ns Ar XXX Specifies a RIPv2 password that will be included on all RIPv2 responses sent and checked on all RIPv2 responses received. The password must not contain any blanks, tab characters, commas or .Sq # characters. .It Cm no_ag Turns off aggregation of subnets in RIPv1 and RIPv2 responses. .It Cm no_super_ag Turns off aggregation of networks into supernets in RIPv2 responses. .It Cm passive Equivalent to .Cm no_rip Cm no_rdisc . .It Cm no_rip Disables all RIP processing on the specified interface. If no interfaces are allowed to process RIP packets, .Nm acts purely as a router discovery daemon. .Cm No_rip is equivalent to .Cm no_ripv1_in no_ripv2_in no_ripv1_out no_ripv2_out . Note that turning off RIP without explicitly turning on router discovery advertisements with .Cm rdisc_adv or .Fl s Causes .Nm to act as a client router discovery daemon, not advertising. .It Cm no_ripv1_in Causes RIPv1 received responses to be ignored. .It Cm no_ripv2_in Causes RIPv2 received responses to be ignored. .It Cm ripv2_out Turns off RIPv1 output and causes RIPv2 advertisements to be multicast when possible. .It Cm no_rdisc Disables the Internet Router Discovery Protocol. .It Cm no_solicit Disables the tranmission of Router Discovery Solicitations. .It Cm send_solicit Specifies that Router Discovery solicitations should be sent, even on point-to-point links, which by default only listen to Router Discovery messages. .It Cm no_rdisc_adv Disables the transmission of Router Discovery Advertisements. .It Cm rdisc_adv Specifies that Router Discovery advertisements should be sent, even on point-to-point links, which by default only listen to Router Discovery messages. .It Cm bcast_rdisc Specifies that Router Discovery packets should be broadcast instead of multicast. .It Cm rdisc_pref Ns \&= Ns Ar N Sets the preference in Router Discovery Advertisements to the integer .Ar N . .It Cm rdisc_interval Ns \&= Ns Ar N Sets the nominal interval with which Router Discovery Advertisements are transmitted to N seconds and their lifetime to 3*N. .It Cm fake_default Ns \&= Ns Ar metric Has an identical effect to .Fl F Ar net[/mask][,metric] with the network and mask coming from the specified interface. .It Cm pm_rdisc Similar to .Cm fake_default . When RIPv2 routes are multicast, so that RIPv1 listeners cannot receive them, this feature causes a RIPv1 default route to be broadcast to RIPv1 listeners. Unless modified with .Cm fake_default , the default route is broadcast with a metric of 14. That serves as a "poor man's router discovery" protocol. .El .Pp Note that the netmask associated with point-to-point links (such as SLIP or PPP, with the IFF_POINTOPOINT flag) is used by .Nm to infer the netmask used by the remote system when RIPv1 is used. .Sh FILES .Bl -tag -width /etc/gateways -compact .It Pa /etc/gateways for distant gateways .El .Sh SEE ALSO .Xr icmp 4 , .Xr udp 4 , .Xr gated 8 , .Xr rtquery 8 .Rs .%T Internet Transport Protocols .%R XSIS 028112 .%Q Xerox System Integration Standard .Re .Sh BUGS It does not always detect unidirectional failures in network interfaces (e.g., when the output side fails). .Sh HISTORY The .Nm command appeared in .Bx 4.2 .