.\"	$OpenBSD: audio.4,v 1.68 2015/07/28 20:45:02 ratchov Exp $
.\"	$NetBSD: audio.4,v 1.20 1998/05/28 17:27:15 augustss Exp $
.\"
.\" Copyright (c) 1996 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
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.\" This code is derived from software contributed to The NetBSD Foundation
.\" by John T. Kohl.
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.Dd $Mdocdate: July 28 2015 $
.Dt AUDIO 4
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm audio ,
.Nm mixer
.Nd device-independent audio driver layer
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Cd "audio* at ..."
.Pp
.In sys/types.h
.In sys/ioctl.h
.In sys/audioio.h
.In string.h
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The
.Nm audio
driver provides support for various audio peripherals.
It provides a uniform programming interface layer above different
underlying audio hardware drivers.
The audio layer provides full-duplex operation if the
underlying hardware configuration supports it.
.Pp
There are four device files available for audio operation:
.Pa /dev/audio ,
.Pa /dev/sound ,
.Pa /dev/audioctl ,
and
.Pa /dev/mixer .
.Pa /dev/audio
and
.Pa /dev/sound
are used for recording or playback of digital samples.
.Pa /dev/mixer
is used to manipulate volume, recording source, or other audio mixer
functions.
.Pa /dev/audioctl
accepts the same
.Xr ioctl 2
operations as
.Pa /dev/sound ,
but no other operations.
In contrast to
.Pa /dev/sound ,
which has the exclusive open property,
.Pa /dev/audioctl
can be opened at any time and can be used to manipulate the
.Nm audio
device while it is in use.
.Sh SAMPLING DEVICES
When
.Pa /dev/audio
or
.Pa /dev/sound
is opened, it attempts to maintain the previous audio sample format and
record/playback mode.
In addition, if it is opened read-only
(write-only) the device is set to half-duplex record (play) mode with
recording (playing) unpaused.
In all respects
.Pa /dev/audio
and
.Pa /dev/sound
are identical.
.Pp
Only one process may hold open a sampling device at a given time
(although file descriptors may be shared between processes once the
first open completes).
.Pp
On a half-duplex device, either reads or writes are allowed,
but not both.
On a full-duplex device, reads and writes may operate
concurrently without interference.
.Pp
If a writing process does not call
.Xr write 2
frequently enough to provide samples at the pace the hardware
consumes them silence is inserted.
If a reading process does not call
.Xr read 2
frequently enough, it will simply miss samples.
.Pp
The
.Nm audio
device is accessed with
.Xr read 2
or
.Xr write 2 .
.Pp
The
.Nm audio
device, like most devices, can be used in
.Xr poll 2 ,
.Pp
The following
.Xr ioctl 2
commands are supported on the sample devices:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Ds -compact
.It Dv AUDIO_RERROR Fa "int *"
.It Dv AUDIO_PERROR Fa "int *"
Obsolete.
These commands fetch the count of dropped input or output samples into
the
.Vt int *
argument, respectively.
There is no information regarding when in the sample stream
they were dropped.
.Pp
.It Dv AUDIO_GETDEV Fa "audio_device_t *"
This command fetches the current hardware device information into the
.Vt audio_device_t *
argument.
.Bd -literal
typedef struct audio_device {
        char name[MAX_AUDIO_DEV_LEN];
        char version[MAX_AUDIO_DEV_LEN];
        char config[MAX_AUDIO_DEV_LEN];
} audio_device_t;
.Ed
.Pp
.It Dv AUDIO_GETFD Fa "int *"
This command returns 1 if in full-duplex mode, else 0.
.Pp
.It Dv AUDIO_GETENC Fa "audio_encoding_t *"
This command is used iteratively to fetch sample encoding
.Va name Ns s
and
.Va format_id Ns s
into the input/output
.Vt audio_encoding_t *
argument.
.Bd -literal
typedef struct audio_encoding {
	int index;      /* input: nth encoding */
	char name[MAX_AUDIO_DEV_LEN]; /* name of encoding */
	int encoding;   /* value for encoding parameter */
	int precision;  /* value for precision parameter */
	int bps;        /* value for bps parameter */
	int msb;        /* value for msb parameter */
} audio_encoding_t;
.Ed
.Pp
To query
all the supported encodings, start with an index field of 0 and
continue with successive encodings (1, 2, ...) until the command returns
an error.
.Pp
.It Dv AUDIO_SETFD Fa "int *"
Does nothing, left for compatibility; argument must point to a non-zero
integer if the device is opened in read-write mode.
.Pp
.It Dv AUDIO_GETPROPS Fa "int *"
This command gets a bit set of hardware properties.
If the hardware
has a certain property, the corresponding bit is set, otherwise it is not.
The properties can have the following values:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width AUDIO_PROP_INDEPENDENT -compact
.It Dv AUDIO_PROP_FULLDUPLEX
The device admits full-duplex operation.
.It Dv AUDIO_PROP_INDEPENDENT
The device can set playing and recording channel counts independently.
.El
.Pp
.It Dv AUDIO_GETIOFFS Fa "audio_offset_t *"
.It Dv AUDIO_GETOOFFS Fa "audio_offset_t *"
Obsolete.
These commands fetch the number of bytes played or recorded.
The information is returned in the
.Vt audio_offset
structure.
.Bd -literal
typedef struct audio_offset {
	u_int	samples;   /* Total number of bytes transferred */
} audio_offset_t;
.Ed
.Pp
.It Dv AUDIO_GETINFO Fa "audio_info_t *"
.It Dv AUDIO_SETINFO Fa "audio_info_t *"
Get or set audio information as encoded in the
.Vt audio_info
structure.
.Bd -literal
typedef struct audio_info {
	struct	audio_prinfo play;   /* info for play (output) side */
	struct	audio_prinfo record; /* info for record (input) side */
	u_int	hiwat;		/* blocks count in play buffer */
	u_int	mode;		/* current device mode */
#define AUMODE_PLAY	0x01
#define AUMODE_RECORD	0x02
} audio_info_t;
.Ed
.Pp
When setting the current state with
.Dv AUDIO_SETINFO ,
the
.Vt audio_info
structure should first be initialized with
.Pp
.Dl "AUDIO_INITINFO(&info);"
.Pp
and then the particular values to be changed should be set.
This allows the audio driver to only set those things that you wish
to change and eliminates the need to query the device with
.Dv AUDIO_GETINFO
first.
.Pp
The
.Va mode
field is read-only and set to
.Dv AUMODE_PLAY ,
.Dv AUMODE_RECORD ,
or a bitwise OR combination of the three.
Only full-duplex audio devices support
simultaneous record and playback.
.Pp
.Va hiwat
contains the number of blocks in the kernel play buffer.
Writes to the audio devices will queue blocks until the play buffer
is full, at which point any more write calls will block
until space for at least one byte is available.
.Bd -literal
struct audio_prinfo {
	u_int	sample_rate;	/* sample rate in bit/s */
	u_int	channels;	/* number of channels, usually 1 or 2 */
	u_int	precision;	/* number of bits/sample */
	u_int	bps;		/* number of bytes/sample */
	u_int	msb;		/* data alignment */
	u_int	encoding;	/* data encoding (AUDIO_ENCODING_* below) */
	u_int	block_size;     /* size a block */
	/* Current state of device: */
	u_char	pause;		/* non-zero if paused, zero to resume */
	u_char	active;		/* non-zero if I/O is currently active */
};
.Ed
.Pp
The
.Nm
driver requires identical playback and
recording sample rates, sample encodings, and block durations.
.Pp
The
.Va encoding
parameter can have the following values:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width AUDIO_ENCODING_SLINEAR_BE -compact
.It Dv AUDIO_ENCODING_ULAW
mu-law encoding, 8 bits/sample
.It Dv AUDIO_ENCODING_ALAW
A-law encoding, 8 bits/sample
.It Dv AUDIO_ENCODING_SLINEAR_LE
two's complement signed linear encoding with little endian byte order
.It Dv AUDIO_ENCODING_SLINEAR_BE
two's complement signed linear encoding with big endian byte order
.It Dv AUDIO_ENCODING_ULINEAR_LE
unsigned linear encoding with little endian byte order
.It Dv AUDIO_ENCODING_ULINEAR_BE
unsigned linear encoding with big endian byte order
.El
.Pp
The
.Va precision
parameter describes the number of bits of audio data per sample.
The
.Va bps
parameter describes the number of bytes of audio data per sample.
The
.Va msb
parameter describes the alignment of the data in the sample.
It is only meaningful when
.Va precision
/ NBBY <
.Va bps .
A value of 1 means the data is aligned to the most significant bit.
.Pp
.Va block_size
is the block size in bytes, which determines the frequency at which
blocking
.Xr read 2 ,
.Xr write 2 ,
or
.Xr poll 2 ,
wake up.
The generic
.Nm audio
driver layer and the hardware driver have the
opportunity to adjust this block size to get it within
implementation-required limits.
Normally the
.Va block_size
is recalculated
when other parameters changes.
.Pp
It is recommended to set
.Va block_size
at the same time as, or after, all other parameters have been set.
.Pp
.Va pause
returns the current pause/unpause state for recording or playback.
For
.Dv AUDIO_SETINFO ,
if the pause value is specified it will either pause
or unpause the particular direction.
In full-duplex the pause values for both directions must
be equal.
.Pp
.It Dv AUDIO_GETPOS Fa "struct audio_pos *"
Fetch an atomic snapshot of device timing information in the
.Vt audio_pos
structure.
.Bd -literal
struct audio_pos {
	unsigned int play_pos;	/* total bytes played */
	unsigned int play_xrun;	/* bytes of silence inserted */
	unsigned int rec_pos;	/* total bytes recorded */
	unsigned int rec_xrun;	/* bytes dropped */
};
.Ed
.Pp
The properties have the following meaning:
.Bl -tag -width "play_xrun"
.It Va play_pos
Total number of bytes played by the device since playback started
(a.k.a the device wall clock).
.It Va play_xrun
The number of bytes corresponding to silence played because
.Xr write 2
wasn't called fast enough.
.It Va rec_pos
Total number of bytes recorded by the device since recording started
(a.k.a the device wall clock).
.It Va rec_xrun
The number of bytes dropped because
.Xr read 2
wasn't called fast enough.
.El
.El
.Sh MIXER DEVICE
The
.Nm mixer
device,
.Pa /dev/mixer ,
may be manipulated with
.Xr ioctl 2
but does not support
.Xr read 2
or
.Xr write 2 .
It supports the following
.Xr ioctl 2
commands:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Ds -compact
.It Dv AUDIO_GETDEV Fa "audio_device_t *"
This command is the same as described above for the sampling devices.
.Pp
.It Dv AUDIO_MIXER_READ Fa "mixer_ctrl_t *"
.It Dv AUDIO_MIXER_WRITE Fa "mixer_ctrl_t *"
These commands read the current mixer state or set new mixer state for
the specified device
.Va dev .
.Va type
identifies which type of value is supplied in the
.Vt mixer_ctrl_t *
argument.
.Bd -literal
#define AUDIO_MIXER_CLASS  0
#define AUDIO_MIXER_ENUM   1
#define AUDIO_MIXER_SET    2
#define AUDIO_MIXER_VALUE  3
typedef struct mixer_ctrl {
	int dev;			/* input: nth device */
	int type;
	union {
		int ord;		/* enum */
		int mask;		/* set */
		mixer_level_t value;	/* value */
	} un;
} mixer_ctrl_t;

#define AUDIO_MIN_GAIN  0
#define AUDIO_MAX_GAIN  255
typedef struct mixer_level {
	int num_channels;
	u_char level[8];		/* [num_channels] */
} mixer_level_t;
#define AUDIO_MIXER_LEVEL_MONO	0
#define AUDIO_MIXER_LEVEL_LEFT	0
#define AUDIO_MIXER_LEVEL_RIGHT	1
.Ed
.Pp
For a mixer value, the
.Va value
field specifies both the number of channels and the values for each
channel.
If the channel count does not match the current channel count, the
attempt to change the setting may fail (depending on the hardware
device driver implementation).
For an enumeration value, the
.Va ord
field should be set to one of the possible values as returned by a prior
.Dv AUDIO_MIXER_DEVINFO
command.
The type
.Dv AUDIO_MIXER_CLASS
is only used for classifying particular
.Nm mixer
device types and is not used for
.Dv AUDIO_MIXER_READ
or
.Dv AUDIO_MIXER_WRITE .
.Pp
.It Dv AUDIO_MIXER_DEVINFO Fa "mixer_devinfo_t *"
This command is used iteratively to fetch audio
.Nm mixer
device information into the input/output
.Vt mixer_devinfo_t *
argument.
To query all the supported devices, start with an index field of
0 and continue with successive devices (1, 2, ...) until the
command returns an error.
.Bd -literal
typedef struct mixer_devinfo {
	int index;		/* input: nth mixer device */
	audio_mixer_name_t label;
	int type;
	int mixer_class;
	int next, prev;
#define AUDIO_MIXER_LAST	-1
	union {
		struct audio_mixer_enum {
			int num_mem;
			struct {
				audio_mixer_name_t label;
				int ord;
			} member[32];
		} e;
		struct audio_mixer_set {
			int num_mem;
			struct {
				audio_mixer_name_t label;
				int mask;
			} member[32];
		} s;
		struct audio_mixer_value {
			audio_mixer_name_t units;
			int num_channels;
			int delta;
		} v;
	} un;
} mixer_devinfo_t;
.Ed
.Pp
The
.Va label
field identifies the name of this particular mixer control.
The
.Va index
field may be used as the
.Va dev
field in
.Dv AUDIO_MIXER_READ
and
.Dv AUDIO_MIXER_WRITE
commands.
The
.Va type
field identifies the type of this mixer control.
Enumeration types are typically used for on/off style controls (e.g., a
mute control) or for input/output device selection (e.g., select
recording input source from CD, line in, or microphone).
Set types are similar to enumeration types but any combination
of the mask bits can be used.
.Pp
The
.Va mixer_class
field identifies what class of control this is.
This value is set to the index value used to query the class itself.
The
.Pq arbitrary
value set by the hardware driver may be determined by examining the
.Va mixer_class
field of the class itself,
a mixer of type
.Dv AUDIO_MIXER_CLASS .
For example, a mixer level controlling the input gain on the
.Dq line in
circuit would have a
.Va mixer_class
that matches an input class device with the name
.Dq inputs
.Dv ( AudioCinputs )
and would have a
.Va label
of
.Dq line
.Dv ( AudioNline ) .
Mixer controls which control audio circuitry for a particular audio
source (e.g., line-in, CD in, DAC output) are collected under the input class,
while those which control all audio sources (e.g., master volume,
equalization controls) are under the output class.
Hardware devices capable of recording typically also have a record class,
for controls that only affect recording,
and also a monitor class.
.Pp
The
.Va next
and
.Va prev
may be used by the hardware device driver to provide hints for the next
and previous devices in a related set (for example, the line in level
control would have the line in mute as its
.Dq next
value).
If there is no relevant next or previous value,
.Dv AUDIO_MIXER_LAST
is specified.
.Pp
For
.Dv AUDIO_MIXER_ENUM
mixer control types,
the enumeration values and their corresponding names are filled in.
For example, a mute control would return appropriate values paired with
.Dv AudioNon
and
.Dv AudioNoff .
For the
.Dv AUDIO_MIXER_VALUE
and
.Dv AUDIO_MIXER_SET
mixer control types, the channel count is
returned; the units name specifies what the level controls (typical
values are
.Dv AudioNvolume ,
.Dv AudioNtreble ,
and
.Dv AudioNbass ) .
.\" For AUDIO_MIXER_SET mixer control types, what is what?
.El
.Pp
By convention, all the mixer devices can be distinguished from other
mixer controls because they use a name from one of the
.Dv AudioC*
string values.
.Sh FILES
.Bl -tag -width /dev/audioctl -compact
.It Pa /dev/audio
.It Pa /dev/audioctl
.It Pa /dev/sound
.It Pa /dev/mixer
.El
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr aucat 1 ,
.Xr audioctl 1 ,
.Xr cdio 1 ,
.Xr mixerctl 1 ,
.Xr ioctl 2 ,
.Xr sio_open 3 ,
.Xr ac97 4 ,
.Xr uaudio 4 ,
.Xr audio 9
.\" .Sh BUGS