.\" $OpenBSD: afterboot.8,v 1.103 2005/02/18 08:58:56 jmc Exp $ .\" .\" Copyright (c) 1997 Marshall M. Midden .\" All rights reserved. .\" .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions .\" are met: .\" .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. .\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software .\" must display the following acknowledgement: .\" This product includes software developed by Marshall M. Midden. .\" 4. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products .\" derived from this software without specific prior written permission. .\" .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES .\" OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. .\" IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, .\" INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT .\" NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, .\" DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY .\" THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT .\" (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF .\" THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. .\" .Dd October 20, 1997 .Dt AFTERBOOT 8 \!\" Originally created by Marshall M. Midden -- 1997-10-20, m4@umn.edu .Os .Sh NAME .Nm afterboot .Nd things to check after the first complete boot .Sh DESCRIPTION .Ss Starting Out This document attempts to list items for the system administrator to check and set up after the installation and first complete boot of the system. The idea is to create a list of items that can be checked off so that you have a warm fuzzy feeling that something obvious has not been missed. A basic knowledge of .Ux is assumed, otherwise type .Pp .Dl # help .Pp Complete instructions for correcting and fixing items is not provided. There are manual pages and other methodologies available for doing that. For example, to view the man page for the .Xr ls 1 command, type: .Pp .Dl # man 1 ls .Pp Administrators will rapidly become more familiar with .Ox if they get used to using the high quality manual pages. .Ss Errata By the time that you have installed your system, it is quite likely that bugs in the release have been found. All significant and easily fixed problems will be reported at .Pa http://www.openbsd.org/errata.html . The web page will mention if a problem is security related. It is recommended that you check this page regularly. .Ss Login Login as .Dq Ic root . You can do so on the console, or over the network using .Xr ssh 1 . If you wish to deny root logins over the network, edit the .Pa /etc/ssh/sshd_config file and set .Cm PermitRootLogin to .Dq no (see .Xr sshd_config 5 ) . .Pp Upon successful login on the console, you may see the message .Dq Don't login as root, use su . For security reasons, it is bad practice to login as root during regular use and maintenance of the system. Instead, administrators are encouraged to add a .Dq regular user, add said user to the .Dq wheel group, then use the .Xr su 1 and .Xr sudo 8 commands when root privileges are required. This process is described in more detail later. .Ss Root password Change the password for the root user. (Note that throughout the documentation, the term .Dq superuser is a synonym for the root user.) Choose a password that has numbers, digits, and special characters (not space) as well as from the upper and lower case alphabet. Do not choose any word in any language. It is common for an intruder to use dictionary attacks. Type the command .Ic /usr/bin/passwd to change it. .Pp It is a good idea to always specify the full path name for both the .Xr passwd 1 and .Xr su 1 commands as this inhibits the possibility of files placed in your execution .Ev PATH for most shells. Furthermore, the superuser's .Ev PATH should never contain the current directory .Pq Dq \&. . .Ss System date Check the system date with the .Xr date 1 command. If needed, change the date, and/or change the symbolic link of .Pa /etc/localtime to the correct time zone in the .Pa /usr/share/zoneinfo directory. .Pp Examples: .Pp Set the current date to January 27th, 1999 3:04pm: .Dl # date 199901271504 .Pp Set the time zone to Atlantic Standard Time: .Dl # ln -fs /usr/share/zoneinfo/Canada/Atlantic /etc/localtime .Ss Check hostname Use the .Ic hostname command to verify that the name of your machine is correct. See the man page for .Xr hostname 1 if it needs to be changed. You will also need to edit the .Pa /etc/myname file to have it stick around for the next reboot. .Ss Verify network interface configuration The first thing to do is an .Ic ifconfig -a to see if the network interfaces are properly configured. Correct by editing .Pa /etc/hostname. Ns Ar interface (where .Ar interface is the interface name, e.g., .Dq le0 ) and then using .Xr ifconfig 8 to manually configure it if you do not wish to reboot. Read the .Xr hostname.if 5 man page for more information on the format of .Pa /etc/hostname. Ns Ar interface files. The loopback interface will look something like: .Bd -literal -offset indent lo0: flags=8009 mtu 32972 inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x3 inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000 .Ed .Pp an Ethernet interface something like: .Bd -literal -offset indent le0: flags=9863 inet 192.168.4.52 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.4.255 inet6 fe80::5ef0:f0f0%le0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1 .Ed .Pp and a PPP interface something like: .Bd -literal -offset indent ppp0: flags=8051 inet 203.3.131.108 --> 198.181.0.253 netmask 0xffff0000 .Ed .Pp See .Xr netstart 8 for instructions on configuring multicast routing. .Pp See .Xr dhcp 8 for instructions on configuring interfaces with DHCP. .Ss Check routing tables Issue a .Ic netstat -rn command. The output will look something like: .Bd -literal -offset indent Routing tables Internet: Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Mtu Interface default 192.168.4.254 UGS 0 11098028 - le0 127 127.0.0.1 UGRS 0 0 - lo0 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 UH 3 24 - lo0 192.168.4 link#1 UC 0 0 - le0 192.168.4.52 8:0:20:73:b8:4a UHL 1 6707 - le0 192.168.4.254 0:60:3e:99:67:ea UHL 1 0 - le0 Internet6: Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Mtu Interface ::/96 ::1 UGRS 0 0 32972 lo0 => ::1 ::1 UH 4 0 32972 lo0 ::ffff:0.0.0.0/96 ::1 UGRS 0 0 32972 lo0 fc80::/10 ::1 UGRS 0 0 32972 lo0 fe80::/10 ::1 UGRS 0 0 32972 lo0 fe80::%le0/64 link#1 UC 0 0 1500 le0 fe80::%lo0/64 fe80::1%lo0 U 0 0 32972 lo0 ff01::/32 ::1 U 0 0 32972 lo0 ff02::%le0/32 link#1 UC 0 0 1500 le0 ff02::%lo0/32 fe80::1%lo0 UC 0 0 32972 lo0 .Ed .Pp The default gateway address is stored in the .Pa /etc/mygate file. If you need to edit this file, a painless way to reconfigure the network afterwards is .Ic route flush followed by a .Ic sh -x /etc/netstart command. Or, you may prefer to manually configure using a series of .Ic route add and .Ic route delete commands (see .Xr route 8 ) . If you run .Xr dhclient 8 you will have to kill it by running .Ic kill `cat /var/run/dhclient.pid` after you flush the routes. .Pp If you wish to route packets between interfaces, add the directive .Pp .Dl net.inet.ip.forwarding=1 or .Dl net.inet6.ip6.forwarding=1 .Pp to .Pa /etc/sysctl.conf . Packets are not forwarded by default, due to RFC requirements. .Pp You can add new .Dq virtual interfaces by adding the required entries to .Pa /etc/hostname.if . .Ss BIND Name Server (DNS) If you are using the BIND Name Server, check the .Pa /etc/resolv.conf file. It may look something like: .Bd -literal -offset indent domain nts.umn.edu nameserver 128.101.101.101 nameserver 134.84.84.84 search nts.umn.edu. umn.edu. lookup file bind .Ed .Pp If using a caching name server, add the line "nameserver 127.0.0.1" first. To get a local caching name server to run you will need to set .Va named_flags in .Pa /etc/rc.conf.local . The same holds true if the machine is going to be a name server for your domain. In both these cases, make sure that .Xr named 8 is running (otherwise there are long waits for resolver timeouts). .Ss RPC-based network services Several services depend on the RPC portmapper, .Xr portmap 8 , being running for proper operation. This includes YP and NFS exports, among other services. To get the RPC portmapper to start automatically on boot, you will need to have this line in .Pa /etc/rc.conf.local : .Pp .Dl portmap=YES .Ss YP Setup Check the YP domain name with the .Xr domainname 1 command. If necessary, correct it by editing the .Pa /etc/defaultdomain file (see .Xr defaultdomain 5 ) . The .Pa /etc/netstart script reads this file on bootup to determine and set the domain name. You may also set the running system's domain name with the .Xr domainname 1 command. To start YP client services, simply run .Ic ypbind , then perform the remaining YP activation as described in .Xr passwd 5 and .Xr group 5 . .Pp In particular, to enable YP passwd support, you'll need to add the following line to .Pa /etc/master.passwd : .Pp .Dl +:*:::::::: .Pp You do this by using .Xr vipw 8 . .Pp There are many more YP man pages available to help you. You can find more information by starting with .Xr yp 8 . .Ss Check disk mounts Check that the disks are mounted correctly by comparing the .Pa /etc/fstab file against the output of the .Xr mount 8 and .Xr df 1 commands. Example: .Bd -literal -offset indent # cat /etc/fstab /dev/sd0a / ffs rw 1 1 /dev/sd0d /usr ffs rw,nodev 1 2 /dev/sd0e /var ffs rw,nodev,nosuid 1 3 /dev/sd0g /tmp ffs rw,nodev,nosuid 1 4 /dev/sd0h /home ffs rw,nodev,nosuid 1 5 # mount /dev/sd0a on / type ffs (local) /dev/sd0d on /usr type ffs (local, nodev) /dev/sd0e on /var type ffs (local, nodev, nosuid) /dev/sd0g on /tmp type ffs (local, nodev, nosuid) /dev/sd0h on /home type ffs (local, nodev, nosuid) # df Filesystem 1024-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on /dev/sd0a 22311 14589 6606 69% / /dev/sd0d 203399 150221 43008 78% /usr /dev/sd0e 10447 682 9242 7% /var /dev/sd0g 18823 2 17879 0% /tmp /dev/sd0h 7519 5255 1888 74% /home # pstat -s Device 512-blocks Used Avail Capacity Priority swap_device 131072 84656 46416 65% 0 .Ed .Pp Edit .Pa /etc/fstab and use the .Xr mount 8 and .Xr umount 8 commands as appropriate. Refer to the above example and .Xr fstab 5 for information on the format of this file. .Pp You may wish to do NFS partitions now too, or you can do them later. .Ss Concatenated disks (ccd) If you are using .Xr ccd 4 concatenated disks, edit .Pa /etc/ccd.conf . Use the .Ic ccdconfig -U command to unload and the .Ic ccdconfig -C command to create tables internal to the kernel for the concatenated disks. You then .Xr mount 8 , .Xr umount 8 , and edit .Pa /etc/fstab as needed. .Ss Automounter daemon (AMD) If using the .Xr amd 8 package, go into the .Pa /etc/amd directory and set it up by renaming .Pa master.sample to .Pa master and editing it and creating other maps as needed. Alternatively, you can get your maps with YP. .Ss Clock synchronisation In order to make sure the system clock is synchronised to that of a publicly accessible NTP server, make sure that .Pa /etc/rc.conf.local contains the following: .Pp .Dl ntpd_flags=\&"\&" .Pp See .Xr ntpd 8 , .Xr rdate 8 , and .Xr timed 8 for more information on setting the system's date. .Sh CHANGING /etc FILES The system should be usable now, but you may wish to do more customizing, such as adding users, etc. Many of the following sections may be skipped if you are not using that package (for example, skip the .Sx Kerberos section if you won't be using Kerberos). We suggest that you .Ic cd /etc and edit most of the files in that directory. .Pp Note that the .Pa /etc/motd file is modified by .Pa /etc/rc whenever the system is booted. To keep any custom message intact, ensure that you leave two blank lines at the top, or your message will be overwritten. .Ss Add new users Add users. There is an .Xr adduser 8 script. You may use .Xr vipw 8 to add users to the .Pa /etc/passwd file and edit .Pa /etc/group by hand to add new groups. You may also wish to edit .Pa /etc/login.conf and tune some of the limits documented in .Xr login.conf 5 . The manual page for .Xr su 1 tells you to make sure to put people in the .Sq wheel group if they need root access (non-Kerberos). For example: .Pp .Dl wheel:*:0:root,myself .Pp Follow instructions for .Xr login_krb5 8 if using Kerberos for authentication. .Ss System command scripts The .Pa /etc/rc.*\& scripts are invoked at boot time, after single user mode has exited, and at shutdown. The whole process is controlled, more or less, by the master script .Pa /etc/rc . This script should not be changed by administrators. .Pp .Pa /etc/rc is in turn influenced by the configuration variables present in .Pa /etc/rc.conf . Again this script should not be changed by administrators: site-specific changes should be made to .Pq freshly created if necessary .Pa /etc/rc.conf.local . .Pp Any commands which should be run before the system sets its secure level should be made to .Pa /etc/rc.securelevel , and commands to be run after the system sets its secure level should be made to .Pa /etc/rc.local . Commands to be run before system shutdown should be set in .Pa /etc/rc.shutdown . .Pp For more information about system startup/shutdown files, see .Xr rc 8 , .Xr rc.conf 8 , .Xr securelevel 7 , and .Xr rc.shutdown 8 . .Pp If you've installed X, you may want to turn on .Xr xdm 1 , the X Display Manager. To do this, change the value of .Va xdm_flags in .Pa /etc/rc.conf.local . .Ss Printers Edit .Pa /etc/printcap and .Pa /etc/hosts.lpd to get any printers set up. Consult .Xr lpd 8 and .Xr printcap 5 if needed. .Ss Set keyboard type Some architectures permit keyboard type control. Use the .Xr kbd 8 command to change the keyboard encoding. .Ic kbd -l will list all available encodings. .Ic kbd xxx will select the .Ic xxx encoding. Store the encoding in .Pa /etc/kbdtype to make sure it is set automatically at boot time. .Ss Tighten up security You might wish to tighten up security more by editing .Pa /etc/fbtab as when installing X. In .Pa /etc/inetd.conf comment out any extra entries you do not need, and only add things that are really needed. Note that by default the .Xr telnetd 8 and .Xr ftpd 8 daemons are not enabled in favor of SSH (Secure Shell). .Ss Kerberos If you are going to use Kerberos .Po see\ \& .Ql info heimdal .Pc for authentication, and you already have a Kerberos master, change directory to .Pa /etc/kerberosV and configure. Remember to get a .Pa srvtab from the master so that the remote commands work. .Ss Mail Aliases Edit .Pa /etc/mail/aliases and set the three standard aliases to go to either a mailing list, or the system administrator. .Bd -literal -offset indent # Well-known aliases -- these should be filled in! root: sysadm manager: root dumper: root .Ed .Pp Run .Xr newaliases 8 after changes. .Ss Sendmail .Ox ships with a default .Pa /etc/mail/localhost.cf file that will work for simple installations; it was generated from .Pa openbsd-localhost.mc in .Pa /usr/share/sendmail/cf . Please see .Pa /usr/share/sendmail/README and .Pa /usr/share/doc/smm/08.sendmailop/op.me for information on generating your own sendmail configuration files. For the default installation, sendmail is configured to only accept connections from the local host and to not accept connections on any external interfaces. This makes it possible to send mail locally, but not receive mail from remote servers, which is ideal if you have one central incoming mail machine and several clients. To cause sendmail to accept external network connections, modify the .Va sendmail_flags variable in .Pa /etc/rc.conf.local to use the .Pa /etc/mail/sendmail.cf file in accordance with the comments therein. This file was generated from .Pa openbsd-proto.mc . Note that sendmail now also listens on port 587 by default. This is to implement the RFC 2476 message submission protocol. You may disable this via the .Ic no_default_msa option in your sendmail .mc file. See .Pa /usr/share/sendmail/README for more information. The .Pa /etc/mail/localhost.cf file already has this disabled. .Ss DHCP server If this is a DHCP server, edit .Pa /etc/dhcpd.conf and .Pa /etc/dhcpd.interfaces as needed. You will have to make sure .Pa /etc/rc.conf.local has: .Pp .Dl dhcpd_flags=\&"\&" .Pp or run .Xr dhcpd 8 manually. .Ss BOOTP server If this is a BOOTP server, edit .Pa /etc/dhcpd.conf as needed. .Xr dhcpd 8 will have to be turned on in .Xr rc.conf.local 8 . .Ss NFS server If this is an NFS server make sure .Pa /etc/rc.conf.local has: .Pp .Dl nfs_server=YES .Pp Edit .Pa /etc/exports and get it correct. It is probably easier to reboot than to get the daemons running manually, but you can get the order correct by looking at .Pa /etc/rc . .Ss HP remote boot server Edit .Pa /etc/rbootd.conf if needed for remote booting. If you do not have HP computers doing remote booting, do not enable this. .Ss Daily, weekly, monthly scripts Look at and possibly edit the .Pa /etc/daily , /etc/weekly , and .Pa /etc/monthly scripts. Your site specific things should go into .Pa /etc/daily.local , /etc/weekly.local , and .Pa /etc/monthly.local . .Pp These scripts have been limited so as to keep the system running without filling up disk space from normal running processes and database updates. (You probably do not need to understand them.) .Pp The .Pa /altroot filesystem can optionally be used to provide a backup of the root filesystem on a daily basis. To take advantage of this, you must have an entry in .Pa /etc/fstab with .Dq xx for the mount option: .Pp .Dl /dev/wd0j /altroot ffs xx 0 0 .Pp and you must add a line to root's .Xr crontab 5 : .Pp .Dl ROOTBACKUP=1 .Pp so that the .Pa /etc/daily script will make a daily backup of the root filesystem. .Ss Other files in /etc Look at the other files in .Pa /etc and edit them as needed. (Do not edit files ending in .Pa .db \(em like .Pa pwd.db , spwd.db , nor .Pa localtime , nor .Pa rmt , nor any directories.) .Ss Crontab (background running processes) Check what is running by typing .Ic crontab -l as root and see if anything unexpected is present. Do you need anything else? Do you wish to change things? For example, if you do not like root getting standard output of the daily scripts, and want only the security scripts that are mailed internally, you can type .Ic crontab -e and change some of the lines to read: .Bd -literal -offset indent 30 1 * * * /bin/sh /etc/daily 2>&1 > /var/log/daily.out 30 3 * * 6 /bin/sh /etc/weekly 2>&1 > /var/log/weekly.out 30 5 1 * * /bin/sh /etc/monthly 2>&1 > /var/log/monthly.out .Ed .Pp See .Xr crontab 5 . .Ss Next day cleanup After the first night's security run, change ownerships and permissions on files, directories, and devices; root should have received mail with subject: " daily insecurity output.". This mail contains a set of security recommendations, presented as a list looking like this: .Bd -literal -offset indent var/mail: permissions (0755, 0775) etc/daily: user (0, 3) .Ed .Pp The best bet is to follow the advice in that list. The recommended setting is the first item in parentheses, while the current setting is the second one. This list is generated by .Xr mtree 8 using .Pa /etc/mtree/special . Use .Xr chmod 1 , .Xr chgrp 1 , and .Xr chown 8 as needed. .Ss Packages Install your own packages. The .Ox ports collection includes a large set of third-party software. A lot of it is available as binary packages that you can download from .Pa ftp://ftp.openbsd.org or a mirror, and install using .Xr pkg_add 1 . See .Xr ports 7 and .Xr packages 7 for more details. .Pp Copy vendor binaries and install them. You will need to install any shared libraries, etc. (Hint: .Ic man -k compat to find out how to install and use compatibility mode.) .Pp There is also other third-party software that is available in source form only, either because it has not been ported to .Ox yet, or because licensing restrictions make binary redistribution impossible. Sometimes checking the mailing lists for past problems that people have encountered will result in a fix posted. .Ss Check the running system You can use .Xr ps 1 , .Xr netstat 1 , and .Xr fstat 1 to check on running processes, network connections, and opened files, respectively. .Sh COMPILING A KERNEL First, review the system message buffer using the .Xr dmesg 8 command to find out information on your system's devices as probed by the kernel at boot. In particular, note which devices were not configured. This information will prove useful when editing kernel configuration files. .Pp To compile a kernel inside a writable source tree, do the following: .Bd -literal -offset indent # cd /usr/src/sys/arch/somearch/conf # vi SOMEFILE (to make any changes) # config SOMEFILE # cd ../compile/SOMEFILE # make .Ed .Pp where .Ar somearch is the architecture (e.g. i386), and .Ar SOMEFILE should be a name indicative of a particular configuration (often that of the hostname). You can also do a .Ic make depend so that you will have dependencies there the next time you do a compile. .Pp If you are building your kernel again, before you do a .Ic make you should do a .Ic make depend after making changes (including updates or patches) to your kernel source, or a .Ic make clean after making changes to your kernel options. .Pp After either of these two methods, you can place the new kernel (called .Pa bsd ) in .Pa / (i.e.\& .Pa /bsd ) and the system will boot it next time. Most people save their backup kernels as .Pa /bsd.1 , .Pa /bsd.2 , etc. .Pp It is not always necessary to recompile the kernel if only configuration changes are required. With .Xr config 8 , you can change the device configuration in the kernel file directly: .Bd -literal -offset indent # config -e -o bsd.new /bsd OpenBSD 2.7-beta (GENERIC.rz0) #0: Mon Oct 4 03:57:22 MEST 1999 root@winona:/usr/src/sys/arch/pmax/compile/GENERIC.rz0 Enter 'help' for information ukc> .Ed .Pp Additionally, you can permanently save the changes made with UKC during boot time in the kernel image. .Sh SEE ALSO .Xr chgrp 1 , .Xr chmod 1 , .Xr crontab 1 , .Xr date 1 , .Xr df 1 , .Xr domainname 1 , .Xr fstat 1 , .Xr hostname 1 , .Xr ls 1 , .Xr make 1 , .Xr man 1 , .Xr netstat 1 , .Xr passwd 1 , .Xr pkg_add 1 , .Xr ps 1 , .Xr ssh 1 , .Xr su 1 , .Xr xdm 1 , .Xr ccd 4 , .Xr aliases 5 , .Xr crontab 5 , .Xr defaultdomain 5 , .Xr dhcpd.conf 5 , .Xr exports 5 , .Xr fbtab 5 , .Xr fstab 5 , .Xr group 5 , .Xr hostname.if 5 , .Xr login.conf 5 , .Xr passwd 5 , .Xr printcap 5 , .Xr resolv.conf 5 , .Xr ssh_config 5 , .Xr hier 7 , .Xr hostname 7 , .Xr packages 7 , .Xr ports 7 , .Xr adduser 8 , .Xr amd 8 , .Xr ccdconfig 8 , .Xr chown 8 , .Xr config 8 , .Xr dhclient 8 , .Xr dhcp 8 , .Xr dhcpd 8 , .Xr dmesg 8 , .Xr ftpd 8 , .Xr ifconfig 8 , .Xr inetd 8 , .Xr kbd 8 , .Xr lpd 8 , .Xr mount 8 , .Xr mtree 8 , .Xr named 8 , .Xr netstart 8 , .Xr newaliases 8 , .Xr ntpd 8 , .Xr portmap 8 , .Xr rbootd 8 , .Xr rc 8 , .Xr rdate 8 , .Xr rmt 8 , .Xr route 8 , .Xr sudo 8 , .Xr telnetd 8 , .Xr timed 8 , .Xr umount 8 , .Xr vipw 8 , .Xr yp 8 , .Xr ypbind 8 .Sh HISTORY This document first appeared in .Ox 2.2 .