.\" $OpenBSD: vpn.8,v 1.93 2005/04/15 08:12:53 jmc Exp $ .\" .\" Copyright 1998 Niels Provos .\" All rights reserved. .\" .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions .\" are met: .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. .\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software .\" must display the following acknowledgement: .\" This product includes software developed by Niels Provos. .\" 4. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products .\" derived from this software without specific prior written permission. .\" .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES .\" OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. .\" IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, .\" INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT .\" NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, .\" DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY .\" THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT .\" (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF .\" THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. .\" .\" Manual page, using -mandoc macros .\" .Dd February 9, 1999 .Dt VPN 8 .Os .Sh NAME .Nm vpn .Nd configuring the system for virtual private networks .Sh DESCRIPTION A virtual private network is used to securely connect two or more subnets over the internet. For each subnet there is a security gateway which is linked via a cryptographically secured tunnel to the security gateway of the other subnet. .Xr ipsec 4 is used to provide the necessary network-layer cryptographic services. This document describes the configuration process for setting up a VPN. .Pp Briefly, creating a VPN consists of the following steps: .Pp .Bl -enum -compact .It Choose a key exchange method: manual or automated. .It Enable packet forwarding. .It For manual keying, generate the keys. .It For manual keying, create the Security Associations (SA), one for each endpoint. .It For manual keying, create the appropriate IPsec flows. .It For automated keying, create a configuration file for the keying daemon. .It Configure your firewall rules appropriately. .El .Ss Choosing a key exchange method There are currently two key exchange methods available: .Pp .Bl -bullet -compact .It manual keying: .Xr ipsecadm 8 .It automated keying: .Xr isakmpd 8 .El .Ss Enabling Packet Forwarding For security gateways, proper operation often requires packet forwarding to be enabled using .Xr sysctl 8 : .Bd -literal -offset indent # sysctl net.inet.ip.forwarding=1 # sysctl net.inet6.ip6.forwarding=1 .Ed .Pp Packet forwarding defaults to .Sq off . .Pp For more permanent operation, the appropriate option(s) should be enabled in your .Xr sysctl.conf 5 . .Ss Generating Manual Keys [manual keying] The shared secret symmetric keys used to create a VPN can be any hexadecimal value, so long as both sides of the connection use the same values. Since the security of the VPN is based on these keys being unguessable, it is very important that the keys be chosen using a strong random source. One practical method of generating them is by using the .Xr random 4 device. To produce 160 bits (20 bytes) of randomness, for example, do: .Bd -literal -offset indent # openssl rand 20 | hexdump -e '20/1 "%02x"' .Ed or: .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact # openssl rand 20 | perl -pe 's/./unpack("H2",$&)/ges' .Ed .Pp Different cipher types may require different sized keys. .Pp .Bl -column "CipherXX" "Key Length" -offset indent -compact .It Em Cipher Key Length .It Li DES Ta "56 bits" .It Li 3DES Ta "168 bits" .It Li AES Ta "Variable (128 bits recommended)" .It Li BLF Ta "Variable (160 bits recommended)" .It Li CAST Ta "Variable (128 bits maximum and recommended)" .It Li SKIPJACK Ta "80 bits" .El .Pp Use of DES or SKIPJACK as an encryption algorithm is not recommended (except for backwards compatibility) due to their short key length. Furthermore, recent attacks on SKIPJACK have shown severe weaknesses in its structure. .Pp Note that DES requires 8 bytes to form a 56-bit key and 3DES requires 24 bytes to form its 168-bit key. This is because the most significant bit of each byte is ignored by both algorithms. .Ss Creating Security Associations [manual keying] Before the IPsec flows can be defined, two Security Associations (SAs) must be defined on each end of the VPN e.g.: .Bd -literal -offset indent # ipsecadm new esp -spi $SPI_AB -src $GATEWAY_A \e -dst $GATEWAY_B -forcetunnel -enc 3des -auth sha1 \e -keyfile $ENCRYPTION_KEY_FILE \e -authkeyfile $AUTHENTICATION_KEY_FILE # ipsecadm new esp -spi $SPI_BA -src $GATEWAY_B \e -dst $GATEWAY_A -forcetunnel -enc 3des -auth sha1 \e -keyfile $ENCRYPTION_KEY_FILE \e -authkeyfile $AUTHENTICATION_KEY_FILE .Ed .Pp Note that the .Fl keyfile and .Fl authkey options may be used to specify the keys directly in the .Xr ipsecadm 8 command line. However, another user could view the keys by using the .Xr ps 1 command at the appropriate time (or use a program for doing so). .Ss Creating IPsec Flows [manual keying] Both IPsec gateways need to configure .Xr ipsec 4 routes with the .Xr ipsecadm 8 tool: .Pp On the security gateway of subnet A: .Bd -literal -offset indent # ipsecadm flow -out -require -proto esp \e -src $GATEWAY_A -dst $GATEWAY_B \e -addr $NETWORK_A $NETWORK_B # ipsecadm flow -in -require -proto esp \e -src $GATEWAY_A -dst $GATEWAY_B \e -addr $NETWORK_B $NETWORK_A .Ed .Pp On the security gateway of subnet B: .Bd -literal -offset indent # ipsecadm flow -out -require -proto esp \e -src $GATEWAY_B -dst $GATEWAY_A \e -addr $NETWORK_B $NETWORK_A # ipsecadm flow -in -require -proto esp \e -src $GATEWAY_B -dst $GATEWAY_A \e -addr $NETWORK_A $NETWORK_B .Ed .Ss Configure and run the keying daemon [automated keying] Unless manual keying is used, both security gateways need to start the .Xr isakmpd 8 key management daemon. To make sure the daemon is properly configured to provide the required security services (typically, encryption and authentication), start the daemon with debugging or verbose output. Sample configuration files are provided below. .Pp .Xr isakmpd 8 implements security policy using the .Em KeyNote trust management system. .Ss Configuring Firewall Rules .Xr pf 4 needs to be configured such that all packets from the outside are blocked by default. Only successfully IPsec-processed packets (from the .Xr enc 4 interface), or key management packets (for .Xr isakmpd 8 , .Tn UDP packets with source and destination ports of 500) should be allowed to pass. Additional filter rules may be present for other traffic, though care should be taken that other rules do not leak IPsec traffic. .Pp .Sy Note : The examples in this page describe a test setup on an internal LAN, using private (non-routable) IP addresses. In a typical setup, at least GATEWAY_A and GATEWAY_B would be configured using public (routable) IP addresses. NETWORK_A and NETWORK_B may or may not use public IP addresses, depending on the network. .Pp The .Xr pf.conf 5 rules for a tunnel which uses encryption (the ESP IPsec protocol) and .Xr isakmpd 8 on security gateway A might look like this: .Bd -literal -offset indent GATEWAY_A = "192.168.1.13" GATEWAY_B = "192.168.1.15" NETWORK_A = "10.0.50.0/24" NETWORK_B = "10.0.99.0/24" ext_if="ne0" # default deny # $ext_if is the only interface going to the outside. block log on { enc0, $ext_if } all # Passing in encrypted traffic from security gateways pass in proto esp from $GATEWAY_B to $GATEWAY_A pass out proto esp from $GATEWAY_A to $GATEWAY_B # Need to allow ipencap traffic on enc0. pass in on enc0 proto ipencap all # Passing in traffic from the designated subnets. pass in on enc0 from $NETWORK_B to $NETWORK_A pass out on enc0 from $NETWORK_A to $NETWORK_B # Passing in isakmpd(8) traffic from the security gateways pass in on $ext_if proto udp from $GATEWAY_B port = 500 \e to $GATEWAY_A port = 500 pass out on $ext_if proto udp from $GATEWAY_A port = 500 \e to $GATEWAY_B port = 500 .Ed .Pp If there are no other .Xr pf.conf 5 rules, the "quick" clause can be added to the last four rules. NAT rules can also be used on the .Xr enc 4 interface. .Pp .Sy Note : it is strongly encouraged that instead of detailed PF rules, the SPD (IPsec flow database) be utilized to specify security policy, if only to avoid filtering conflicts. .Sh EXAMPLES It is recommended that a test setup be created before attempting to deploy a VPN on the internet. The examples in this page can be done using two machines directly connected to each other, and a little imagination. The IP address of each machine represents a gateway address; the alias (see below) is simply a hook into a fictitious network. .Ss Manual and automated keying This step is only necessary if the VPN is being set up as a test VPN, on an internal LAN. .Pp The VPN can be represented using two machines (A and B). An alias should be added to each machine, to give it the appearance of being in another network. .Pp On machine A: .Bd -literal -offset indent # ifconfig ne0 192.168.1.13 description "Machine A" # ifconfig ne0 alias 10.0.50.1 .Ed .Pp On machine B: .Bd -literal -offset indent # ifconfig bge0 192.168.1.15 description "Machine B" # ifconfig bge0 alias 10.0.99.1 .Ed .Pp For all other (non-test) cases, .Xr ifconfig 8 should be used to configure machines appropriately. .Ss Manual keying To create a manual keyed VPN between two class C networks using 3DES encryption and the following IP addresses: .Bd -literal -offset indent GATEWAY_A = 192.168.1.13 GATEWAY_B = 192.168.1.15 NETWORK_A = 10.0.50.0/24 NETWORK_B = 10.0.99.0/24 .Ed .Bl -enum .It Choose the shared secrets using a suitably random method. The 3DES encryption key needs 192 bits (3x64), or 24 bytes. The SHA-1 authentication key needs 160 bits, or 20 bytes. .Bd -literal -offset indent # openssl rand 24 | hexdump -e '24/1 "%02x"' > enc_key # openssl rand 20 | hexdump -e '20/1 "%02x"' > auth_key .Ed .It Create the Security Associations (on both endpoints): .Bd -literal -offset indent # /sbin/ipsecadm new esp -src 192.168.1.15 -dst 192.168.1.13 \e -forcetunnel -spi 1000 -enc 3des -auth sha1 \e -keyfile enc_key -authkeyfile auth_key # /sbin/ipsecadm new esp -src 192.168.1.13 -dst 192.168.1.15 \e -forcetunnel -spi 1001 -enc 3des -auth sha1 \e -keyfile enc_key -authkeyfile auth_key .Ed .It Create the IPsec flows on machine A (the first is for outbound flows, the latter is the ingress filter for the incoming security association): .Bd -literal -offset indent # ipsecadm flow -out -require -proto esp \e -src 192.168.1.13 -dst 192.168.1.15 \e -addr 10.0.50.0/24 10.0.99.0/24 # ipsecadm flow -in -require -proto esp \e -src 192.168.1.13 -dst 192.168.1.15 \e -addr 10.0.99.0/24 10.0.50.0/24 .Ed .It Create the matching IPsec flows on machine B: .Bd -literal -offset indent # ipsecadm flow -out -require -proto esp \e -src 192.168.1.13 -dst 192.168.1.15 \e -addr 10.0.50.0/24 10.0.99.0/24 # ipsecadm flow -in -require -proto esp \e -src 192.168.1.13 -dst 192.168.1.15 \e -addr 10.0.99.0/24 10.0.50.0/24 .Ed .It Configure the firewall rules on machine A using the previously defined ruleset: .Bd -literal -offset indent GATEWAY_A = "192.168.1.13" GATEWAY_B = "192.168.1.15" NETWORK_A = "10.0.50.0/24" NETWORK_B = "10.0.99.0/24" (rest of ruleset per Configuring Firewall Rules, above) .Ed .It Configure the firewall rules on machine B, modifying the definitions as appropriate: .Bd -literal -offset indent GATEWAY_A = "192.168.1.13" GATEWAY_B = "192.168.1.15" NETWORK_A = "10.0.50.0/24" NETWORK_B = "10.0.99.0/24" (rest of ruleset, modified as appropriate) .Ed .It Enable the packet filter and load the ruleset: .Bd -literal -offset indent # pfctl -e # pfctl -f /etc/pf.conf .Ed .El .Ss Automated keying To create a VPN between the same two C class networks as the example above, using .Xr isakmpd 8 : .Bl -enum .It Create .Pa /etc/isakmpd/isakmpd.conf for machine A: .Bd -literal -offset indent # Incoming phase 1 negotiations are multiplexed on the # source IP address. Phase 1 is used to set up a protected # channel just between the two gateway machines. # This channel is then used for the phase 2 negotiation # traffic (i.e. encrypted & authenticated). [Phase 1] 192.168.1.15= peer-machineB # 'Phase 2' defines which connections the daemon # should establish. These connections contain the actual # "IPsec VPN" information. [Phase 2] Connections= VPN-A-B # ISAKMP phase 1 peers (from [Phase 1]) [peer-machineB] Phase= 1 Transport= udp Address= 192.168.1.15 Configuration= Default-main-mode Authentication= yoursharedsecret # IPSEC phase 2 connections (from [Phase 2]) [VPN-A-B] Phase= 2 ISAKMP-peer= peer-machineB Configuration= Default-quick-mode Local-ID= machineA-internal-network Remote-ID= machineB-internal-network # ID sections (as used in [VPN-A-B]) [machineA-internal-network] ID-type= IPV4_ADDR_SUBNET Network= 10.0.50.0 Netmask= 255.255.255.0 [machineB-internal-network] ID-type= IPV4_ADDR_SUBNET Network= 10.0.99.0 Netmask= 255.255.255.0 # Main and Quick Mode descriptions # (as used by peers and connections). [Default-main-mode] DOI= IPSEC EXCHANGE_TYPE= ID_PROT Transforms= 3DES-SHA,BLF-SHA [Default-quick-mode] DOI= IPSEC EXCHANGE_TYPE= QUICK_MODE Suites= QM-ESP-3DES-SHA-SUITE .Ed .Pp .It Create .Pa /etc/isakmpd/isakmpd.conf for machine B: .Bd -literal -offset indent # Incoming phase 1 negotiations are multiplexed on the # source IP address. Phase 1 is used to set up a protected # channel just between the two gateway machines. # This channel is then used for the phase 2 negotiation # traffic (i.e. encrypted & authenticated). [Phase 1] 192.168.1.13= peer-machineA # 'Phase 2' defines which connections the daemon # should establish. These connections contain the actual # "IPsec VPN" information. [Phase 2] Connections= VPN-B-A # ISAKMP phase 1 peers (from [Phase 1]) [peer-machineA] Phase= 1 Transport= udp Address= 192.168.1.13 Configuration= Default-main-mode Authentication= yoursharedsecret # IPSEC phase 2 connections (from [Phase 2]) [VPN-B-A] Phase= 2 ISAKMP-peer= peer-machineA Configuration= Default-quick-mode Local-ID= machineB-internal-network Remote-ID= machineA-internal-network # ID sections (as used in [VPN-A-B]) [machineA-internal-network] ID-type= IPV4_ADDR_SUBNET Network= 10.0.50.0 Netmask= 255.255.255.0 [machineB-internal-network] ID-type= IPV4_ADDR_SUBNET Network= 10.0.99.0 Netmask= 255.255.255.0 # Main and Quick Mode descriptions # (as used by peers and connections). [Default-main-mode] DOI= IPSEC EXCHANGE_TYPE= ID_PROT Transforms= 3DES-SHA,BLF-SHA [Default-quick-mode] DOI= IPSEC EXCHANGE_TYPE= QUICK_MODE Suites= QM-ESP-3DES-SHA-SUITE .Ed .It Read through the configuration one more time. The only real differences between the two files in this example are the IP addresses, and ordering of Local- and Remote-ID for the VPN itself. Note that the shared secret (the .Em Authentication tag) must match between machineA and machineB. .Pp Due to the sensitive information contained in the configuration file, it must be installed without any permissions for "group" or "other". .Pp .Dl # chmod og-rwx /etc/isakmpd/isakmpd.conf .It Create a simple .Pa /etc/isakmpd/isakmpd.policy file for both machine A and machine B (identical): .Bd -literal -offset indent Keynote-version: 2 Authorizer: "POLICY" Conditions: app_domain == "IPsec policy" && esp_present == "yes" && esp_enc_alg != "null" -> "true"; .Ed .Pp Due to the sensitive information contained in the policy file, it must be installed without any permissions for "group" or "other". .Pp .Dl # chmod og-rwx /etc/isakmpd/isakmpd.policy .It Configure the firewall rules on machine A using the previously defined ruleset: .Bd -literal -offset indent GATEWAY_A = "192.168.1.13" GATEWAY_B = "192.168.1.15" NETWORK_A = "10.0.50.0/24" NETWORK_B = "10.0.99.0/24" (rest of ruleset per Configuring Firewall Rules, above) .Ed .It Configure the firewall rules on machine B, modifying the definitions as appropriate: .Bd -literal -offset indent GATEWAY_A = "192.168.1.13" GATEWAY_B = "192.168.1.15" NETWORK_A = "10.0.50.0/24" NETWORK_B = "10.0.99.0/24" (rest of ruleset, modified as appropriate) .Ed .It Enable the packet filter and load the ruleset: .Bd -literal -offset indent # pfctl -e # pfctl -f /etc/pf.conf .Ed .It Start .Xr isakmpd 8 .Pp On both machines, run: .Pp .Dl # /sbin/isakmpd .Pp To run with verbose debugging enabled, instead start with: .Pp .Dl # /sbin/isakmpd -d -DA=99 .El .Sh FILES .Bl -tag -width "/etc/isakmpd/isakmpd.confXX" -compact .It Pa /usr/share/ipsec/rc.vpn Sample VPN configuration file. .It Pa /etc/isakmpd/isakmpd.conf .Xr isakmpd 8 configuration file. .It Pa /etc/pf.conf Firewall configuration file. .El .Sh SEE ALSO .Xr openssl 1 , .Xr enc 4 , .Xr ipsec 4 , .Xr keynote 4 , .Xr options 4 , .Xr isakmpd.conf 5 , .Xr isakmpd.policy 5 , .Xr pf.conf 5 , .Xr ifconfig 8 , .Xr ipsecadm 8 , .Xr isakmpd 8 , .Xr pfctl 8 , .Xr sysctl 8