.\" $OpenBSD: crypto.9,v 1.33 2010/10/06 22:19:20 mikeb Exp $ .\" .\" The author of this man page is Angelos D. Keromytis (angelos@cis.upenn.edu) .\" .\" Copyright (c) 2000, 2001 Angelos D. Keromytis .\" .\" Permission to use, copy, and modify this software with or without fee .\" is hereby granted, provided that this entire notice is included in .\" all source code copies of any software which is or includes a copy or .\" modification of this software. .\" .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS BEING PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR .\" IMPLIED WARRANTY. IN PARTICULAR, NONE OF THE AUTHORS MAKES ANY .\" REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE .\" MERCHANTABILITY OF THIS SOFTWARE OR ITS FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR .\" PURPOSE. .\" .Dd $Mdocdate: October 6 2010 $ .Dt CRYPTO 9 .Os .Sh NAME .Nm crypto .Nd API for cryptographic services in the kernel .Sh SYNOPSIS .Fd #include .Ft int32_t .Fn crypto_get_driverid "u_int8_t" .Ft int .Fn crypto_register "u_int32_t" "int *" "int (*)(u_int32_t *, struct cryptoini *)" "int (*)(u_int64_t)" "int (*)(struct cryptop *)" .Ft int .Fn crypto_kregister "u_int32_t" "int *" "int (*)(struct cryptkop *)" .Ft int .Fn crypto_unregister "u_int32_t" "int" .Ft void .Fn crypto_done "struct cryptop *" .Ft void .Fn crypto_kdone "struct cryptkop *" .Ft int .Fn crypto_newsession "u_int64_t *" "struct cryptoini *" "int" .Ft int .Fn crypto_freesession "u_int64_t" .Ft int .Fn crypto_dispatch "struct cryptop *" .Ft int .Fn crypto_kdispatch "struct cryptkop *" .Ft struct cryptop * .Fn crypto_getreq "int" .Ft void .Fn crypto_freereq "struct cryptop *" .Bd -literal #define EALG_MAX_BLOCK_LEN 16 struct cryptoini { int cri_alg; int cri_klen; int cri_rnd; caddr_t cri_key; u_int8_t cri_iv[EALG_MAX_BLOCK_LEN]; struct cryptoini *cri_next; }; struct cryptodesc { int crd_skip; int crd_len; int crd_inject; int crd_flags; struct cryptoini CRD_INI; struct cryptodesc *crd_next; }; struct cryptop { u_int64_t crp_sid; int crp_ilen; int crp_olen; int crp_alloctype; int crp_etype; int crp_flags; void *crp_buf; void *crp_opaque; struct cryptodesc *crp_desc; int (*crp_callback)(struct cryptop *); struct cryptop *crp_next; caddr_t crp_mac; }; struct crparam { caddr_t crp_p; u_int crp_nbits; }; #define CRK_MAXPARAM 8 struct cryptkop { u_int krp_op; /* ie. CRK_MOD_EXP or other */ u_int krp_status; /* return status */ u_short krp_iparams; /* # of input parameters */ u_short krp_oparams; /* # of output parameters */ u_int32_t krp_hid; struct crparam krp_param[CRK_MAXPARAM]; /* kvm */ int (*krp_callback)(struct cryptkop *); struct cryptkop *krp_next; }; .Ed .Sh DESCRIPTION .Nm is a framework for drivers of cryptographic hardware to register with the kernel so .Dq consumers (other kernel subsystems, and eventually users through an appropriate device) are able to make use of it. Drivers register with the framework the algorithms they support, and provide entry points (functions) the framework may call to establish, use, and tear down sessions. Sessions are used to cache cryptographic information in a particular driver (or associated hardware), so initialization is not needed with every request. Consumers of cryptographic services pass a set of descriptors that instruct the framework (and the drivers registered with it) of the operations that should be applied on the data (more than one cryptographic operation can be requested). .Pp Keying operations are supported as well. Unlike the symmetric operators described above, these sessionless commands perform mathematical operations using input and output parameters. .Pp Since the consumers may not be associated with a process, drivers may not use .Xr tsleep 9 . The same holds for the framework. Thus, a callback mechanism is used to notify a consumer that a request has been completed (the callback is specified by the consumer on a per-request basis). The callback is invoked by the framework whether the request was successfully completed or not. An error indication is provided in the latter case. A specific error code, .Er EAGAIN , is used to indicate that a session number has changed and that the request may be re-submitted immediately with the new session number. Errors are only returned to the invoking function if not enough information to call the callback is available (meaning, there was a fatal error in verifying the arguments). For session initialization and teardown there is no callback mechanism used. .Pp The .Fn crypto_newsession routine is called by consumers of cryptographic services (such as the .Xr ipsec 4 stack) that wish to establish a new session with the framework. On success, the first argument will contain the Session Identifier (SID). The second argument contains all the necessary information for the driver to establish the session. The third argument indicates whether a hardware driver should be used (1) or not (0). The various fields in the .Fa cryptoini structure are: .Bl -tag -width foobarmoocow .It Fa cri_alg Contains an algorithm identifier. Currently supported algorithms are: .Bd -literal CRYPTO_DES_CBC CRYPTO_3DES_CBC CRYPTO_BLF_CBC CRYPTO_CAST_CBC CRYPTO_MD5_HMAC CRYPTO_SHA1_HMAC CRYPTO_RIPEMD160_HMAC CRYPTO_MD5_KPDK CRYPTO_SHA1_KPDK CRYPTO_AES_CBC CRYPTO_AES_CTR CRYPTO_AES_XTS CRYPTO_ARC4 CRYPTO_MD5 CRYPTO_SHA1 .Ed .Pp .It Fa cri_klen Specifies the length of the key in bits, for variable-size key algorithms. .It Fa cri_rnd Specifies the number of rounds to be used with the algorithm, for variable-round algorithms. .It Fa cri_key Contains the key to be used with the algorithm. .It Fa cri_iv Contains an explicit initialization vector (IV), if it does not prefix the data. This field is ignored during initialization. If no IV is explicitly passed (see below on details), a random IV is used by the device driver processing the request. .Pp In the case of the CRYPTO_AES_XTS transform, the IV should be provided as a 64-bit block number in host byte order. .It Fa cri_next Contains a pointer to another .Fa cryptoini structure. Multiple such structures may be linked to establish multi-algorithm sessions .Pf ( Xr ipsec 4 is an example consumer of such a feature). .El .Pp The .Fa cryptoini structure and its contents will not be modified by the framework (or the drivers used). Subsequent requests for processing that use the SID returned will avoid the cost of re-initializing the hardware (in essence, SID acts as an index in the session cache of the driver). .Pp .Fn crypto_freesession is called with the SID returned by .Fn crypto_newsession to disestablish the session. .Pp .Fn crypto_dispatch is called to process a request. The various fields in the .Fa cryptop structure are: .Bl -tag -width crp_alloctype .It Fa crp_sid Contains the SID. .It Fa crp_ilen Indicates the total length in bytes of the buffer to be processed. .It Fa crp_olen On return, contains the length of the result, not including .Fa crd_skip . For symmetric crypto operations, this will be the same as the input length. .It Fa crp_alloctype Indicates the type of buffer, as used in the kernel .Xr malloc 9 routine. This will be used if the framework needs to allocate a new buffer for the result (or for re-formatting the input). .It Fa crp_callback This routine is invoked upon completion of the request, whether successful or not. It is invoked through the .Fn crypto_done routine. If the request was not successful, an error code is set in the .Fa crp_etype field. It is the responsibility of the callback routine to set the appropriate .Xr spl 9 level. .It Fa crp_etype Contains the error type, if any errors were encountered, or zero if the request was successfully processed. If the .Er EAGAIN error code is returned, the SID has changed (and has been recorded in the .Fa crp_sid field). The consumer should record the new SID and use it in all subsequent requests. In this case, the request may be re-submitted immediately. This mechanism is used by the framework to perform session migration (move a session from one driver to another, because of availability, performance, or other considerations). .Pp Note that this field only makes sense when examined by the callback routine specified in .Fa crp_callback . Errors are returned to the invoker of .Fn crypto_process only when enough information is not present to call the callback routine (i.e., if the pointer passed is .Dv NULL or if no callback routine was specified). .It Fa crp_flags Is a bitmask of flags associated with this request. Currently defined flags are: .Bl -tag -width CRYPTO_F_IMBUF .It Dv CRYPTO_F_IMBUF The buffer pointed to by .Fa crp_buf is an mbuf chain. .El .Pp .It Fa crp_buf Points to the input buffer. On return (when the callback is invoked), it contains the result of the request. The input buffer may be an mbuf chain or a struct uio depending on .Fa crp_flags . .It Fa crp_opaque This is passed through the crypto framework untouched and is intended for the invoking application's use. .It Fa crp_desc This is a linked list of descriptors. Each descriptor provides information about what type of cryptographic operation should be done on the input buffer. The various fields are: .Bl -tag -width "crd_inject" .It Fa crd_skip The offset in the input buffer where processing should start. .It Fa crd_len How many bytes, after .Fa crd_skip , should be processed. .It Fa crd_inject Offset from the beginning of the buffer to insert any results. For encryption algorithms, this is where the initialization vector (IV) will be inserted when encrypting or where it can be found when decrypting (subject to .Fa crd_flags ) . For MAC algorithms, this is where the result of the keyed hash will be inserted. .It Fa crd_flags The following flags are defined: .Bl -tag -width CRD_F_IV_EXPLICIT .It Dv CRD_F_ENCRYPT For encryption algorithms, this bit is set when encryption is required (when not set, decryption is performed). .It Dv CRD_F_IV_PRESENT For encryption algorithms, this bit is set when the IV already precedes the data, so the .Fa crd_inject value will be ignored and no IV will be written in the buffer. Otherwise, the IV used to encrypt the packet will be written at the location pointed to by .Fa crd_inject . The IV length is assumed to be equal to the blocksize of the encryption algorithm. Some applications that do special .Dq IV cooking , such as the half-IV mode in .Xr ipsec 4 , can use this flag to indicate that the IV should not be written on the packet. This flag is typically used in conjunction with the .Dv CRD_F_IV_EXPLICIT flag. .It Dv CRD_F_IV_EXPLICIT For encryption algorithms, this bit is set when the IV is explicitly provided by the consumer in the .Fa crd_iv fields. Otherwise, for encryption operations the IV is provided for by the driver used to perform the operation, whereas for decryption operations it is pointed to by the .Fa crd_inject field. This flag is typically used when the IV is calculated .Dq on the fly by the consumer, and does not precede the data (some .Xr ipsec 4 configurations, and the encrypted swap are two such examples). .It Dv CRD_F_COMP For compression algorithms, this bit is set when compression is required (when not set, decompression is performed). .El .It Fa CRD_INI This .Fa cryptoini structure will not be modified by the framework or the device drivers. Since this information accompanies every cryptographic operation request, drivers may re-initialize state on-demand (typically an expensive operation). Furthermore, the cryptographic framework may re-route requests as a result of full queues or hardware failure, as described above. .It Fa crd_next Point to the next descriptor. Linked operations are useful in protocols such as .Xr ipsec 4 , where multiple cryptographic transforms may be applied on the same block of data. .El .El .Pp .Fn crypto_getreq allocates a .Fa cryptop structure with a linked list of as many .Fa cryptodesc structures as were specified in the argument passed to it. .Pp .Fn crypto_freereq deallocates a structure .Fa cryptop and any .Fa cryptodesc structures linked to it. Note that it is the responsibility of the callback routine to do the necessary cleanups associated with the opaque field in the .Fa cryptop structure. .Pp .Fn crypto_kdispatch is called to perform a keying operation. The various fields in the .Fa cryptkop structure are: .Bl -tag -width crp_alloctype .It Fa krp_op Operation code, such as CRK_MOD_EXP. .It Fa krp_status Return code. This errno-style variable indicates whether there were lower level reasons for operation failure. .It Fa krp_iparams Number of input parameters to the specified operation. Note that each operation has a (typically hardwired) number of such parameters. .It Fa krp_oparams Number of output parameters from the specified operation. Note that each operation has a (typically hardwired) number of such parameters. .It Fa krp_kvp An array of kernel memory blocks containing the parameters. .It Fa krp_hid Identifier specifying which low-level driver is being used. .It Fa krp_callback Callback called on completion of a keying operation. .El .Sh DRIVER-SIDE API The .Fn crypto_get_driverid , .Fn crypto_register , .Fn crypto_kregister , .Fn crypto_unregister , and .Fn crypto_done routines are used by drivers that provide support for cryptographic primitives to register and unregister with the kernel crypto services framework. Drivers must first use the .Fn crypto_get_driverid function to acquire a driver identifier, specifying the .Fa cc_flags as an argument (normally 0, but software-only drivers should specify .Dv CRYPTOCAP_F_SOFTWARE ) . For each algorithm the driver supports, it must then call .Fn crypto_register . The first argument is the driver identifier. The second argument is an array of .Dv CRYPTO_ALGORITHM_MAX + 1 elements, indicating which algorithms are supported. The last three arguments are pointers to three driver-provided functions that the framework may call to establish new cryptographic context with the driver, free already established context, and ask for a request to be processed (encrypt, decrypt, etc.\&) .Fn crypto_unregister is called by drivers that wish to withdraw support for an algorithm. The two arguments are the driver and algorithm identifiers, respectively. Typically, drivers for .Xr pcmcia 4 crypto cards that are being ejected will invoke this routine for all algorithms supported by the card. If called with .Dv CRYPTO_ALGORITHM_ALL , all algorithms registered for a driver will be unregistered in one go and the driver will be disabled (no new sessions will be allocated on that driver, and any existing sessions will be migrated to other drivers). The same will be done if all algorithms associated with a driver are unregistered one by one. .Pp The calling convention for the three driver-supplied routines is: .Bd -literal int (*newsession) (u_int32_t *, struct cryptoini *); int (*freesession) (u_int64_t); int (*process) (struct cryptop *); int (*kprocess) (struct cryptkop *); .Ed .Pp On invocation, the first argument to .Fn newsession contains the driver identifier obtained via .Fn crypto_get_driverid . On successfully returning, it should contain a driver-specific session identifier. The second argument is identical to that of .Fn crypto_newsession . .Pp The .Fn freesession routine takes as argument the SID (which is the concatenation of the driver identifier and the driver-specific session identifier). It should clear any context associated with the session (clear hardware registers, memory, etc.). .Pp The .Fn process routine is invoked with a request to perform crypto processing. This routine must not block, but should queue the request and return immediately. Upon processing the request, the callback routine should be invoked. In case of error, the error indication must be placed in the .Fa crp_etype field of the .Fa cryptop structure. When the request is completed, or an error is detected, the .Fn process routine should invoke .Fn crypto_done . Session migration may be performed, as mentioned previously. .Pp The .Fn kprocess routine is invoked with a request to perform crypto key processing. This routine must not block, but should queue the request and return immediately. Upon processing the request, the callback routine should be invoked. In case of error, the error indication must be placed in the .Fa krp_status field of the .Fa cryptkop structure. When the request is completed, or an error is detected, the .Fn kprocess routine should invoke .Fn crypto_kdone . .Sh RETURN VALUES .Fn crypto_register , .Fn crypto_kregister , .Fn crypto_unregister , .Fn crypto_newsession , and .Fn crypto_freesession return 0 on success, or an error code on failure. .Fn crypto_get_driverid returns a non-negative value on error, and \-1 on failure. .Fn crypto_getreq returns a pointer to a .Fa cryptop structure and .Dv NULL on failure. .Fn crypto_dispatch returns .Er EINVAL if its argument or the callback function was .Dv NULL , and 0 otherwise. The callback is provided with an error code in case of failure, in the .Fa crp_etype field. .Sh FILES .Bl -tag -width sys/crypto/crypto.c .It Pa sys/crypto/crypto.c most of the framework code .El .Sh SEE ALSO .Xr ipsec 4 , .Xr pcmcia 4 , .Xr malloc 9 , .Xr tsleep 9 .Sh HISTORY The cryptographic framework first appeared in .Ox 2.7 and was written by .An Angelos D. Keromytis Aq angelos@openbsd.org . .Sh BUGS The framework currently assumes that all the algorithms in a .Fn crypto_newsession operation must be available by the same driver. If that's not the case, session initialization will fail. .Pp The framework also needs a mechanism for determining which driver is best for a specific set of algorithms associated with a session. Some type of benchmarking is in order here. .Pp Multiple instances of the same algorithm in the same session are not supported. Note that 3DES is considered one algorithm (and not three instances of DES). Thus, 3DES and DES could be mixed in the same request. .Pp A queue for completed operations should be implemented and processed at some software .Xr spl 9 level, to avoid overall system latency issues, and potential kernel stack exhaustion while processing a callback. .Pp When SMP time comes, we will support use of a second processor (or more) as a crypto device (this is actually AMP, but we need the same basic support).