/* $OpenBSD: ffs_alloc.c,v 1.113 2020/06/20 07:49:04 otto Exp $ */ /* $NetBSD: ffs_alloc.c,v 1.11 1996/05/11 18:27:09 mycroft Exp $ */ /* * Copyright (c) 2002 Networks Associates Technology, Inc. * All rights reserved. * * This software was developed for the FreeBSD Project by Marshall * Kirk McKusick and Network Associates Laboratories, the Security * Research Division of Network Associates, Inc. under DARPA/SPAWAR * contract N66001-01-C-8035 ("CBOSS"), as part of the DARPA CHATS * research program. * * Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1989, 1993 * The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. * * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions * are met: * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software * without specific prior written permission. * * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF * SUCH DAMAGE. * * @(#)ffs_alloc.c 8.11 (Berkeley) 10/27/94 */ #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #define ffs_fserr(fs, uid, cp) do { \ log(LOG_ERR, "uid %u on %s: %s\n", (uid), \ (fs)->fs_fsmnt, (cp)); \ } while (0) daddr_t ffs_alloccg(struct inode *, u_int, daddr_t, int); struct buf * ffs_cgread(struct fs *, struct inode *, u_int); daddr_t ffs_alloccgblk(struct inode *, struct buf *, daddr_t); ufsino_t ffs_dirpref(struct inode *); daddr_t ffs_fragextend(struct inode *, u_int, daddr_t, int, int); daddr_t ffs_hashalloc(struct inode *, u_int, daddr_t, int, daddr_t (*)(struct inode *, u_int, daddr_t, int)); daddr_t ffs_nodealloccg(struct inode *, u_int, daddr_t, int); daddr_t ffs_mapsearch(struct fs *, struct cg *, daddr_t, int); static const struct timeval fserr_interval = { 2, 0 }; /* * Allocate a block in the file system. * * The size of the requested block is given, which must be some * multiple of fs_fsize and <= fs_bsize. * A preference may be optionally specified. If a preference is given * the following hierarchy is used to allocate a block: * 1) allocate the requested block. * 2) allocate a rotationally optimal block in the same cylinder. * 3) allocate a block in the same cylinder group. * 4) quadratically rehash into other cylinder groups, until an * available block is located. * If no block preference is given the following hierarchy is used * to allocate a block: * 1) allocate a block in the cylinder group that contains the * inode for the file. * 2) quadratically rehash into other cylinder groups, until an * available block is located. */ int ffs_alloc(struct inode *ip, daddr_t lbn, daddr_t bpref, int size, struct ucred *cred, daddr_t *bnp) { static struct timeval fsfull_last; struct fs *fs; daddr_t bno; u_int cg; int error; *bnp = 0; fs = ip->i_fs; #ifdef DIAGNOSTIC if ((u_int)size > fs->fs_bsize || fragoff(fs, size) != 0) { printf("dev = 0x%x, bsize = %d, size = %d, fs = %s\n", ip->i_dev, fs->fs_bsize, size, fs->fs_fsmnt); panic("ffs_alloc: bad size"); } if (cred == NOCRED) panic("ffs_alloc: missing credential"); #endif /* DIAGNOSTIC */ if (size == fs->fs_bsize && fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree == 0) goto nospace; if (cred->cr_uid != 0 && freespace(fs, fs->fs_minfree) <= 0) goto nospace; if ((error = ufs_quota_alloc_blocks(ip, btodb(size), cred)) != 0) return (error); /* * Start allocation in the preferred block's cylinder group or * the file's inode's cylinder group if no preferred block was * specified. */ if (bpref >= fs->fs_size) bpref = 0; if (bpref == 0) cg = ino_to_cg(fs, ip->i_number); else cg = dtog(fs, bpref); /* Try allocating a block. */ bno = ffs_hashalloc(ip, cg, bpref, size, ffs_alloccg); if (bno > 0) { /* allocation successful, update inode data */ DIP_ADD(ip, blocks, btodb(size)); ip->i_flag |= IN_CHANGE | IN_UPDATE; *bnp = bno; return (0); } /* Restore user's disk quota because allocation failed. */ (void) ufs_quota_free_blocks(ip, btodb(size), cred); nospace: if (ratecheck(&fsfull_last, &fserr_interval)) { ffs_fserr(fs, cred->cr_uid, "file system full"); uprintf("\n%s: write failed, file system is full\n", fs->fs_fsmnt); } return (ENOSPC); } /* * Reallocate a fragment to a bigger size * * The number and size of the old block is given, and a preference * and new size is also specified. The allocator attempts to extend * the original block. Failing that, the regular block allocator is * invoked to get an appropriate block. */ int ffs_realloccg(struct inode *ip, daddr_t lbprev, daddr_t bpref, int osize, int nsize, struct ucred *cred, struct buf **bpp, daddr_t *blknop) { static struct timeval fsfull_last; struct fs *fs; struct buf *bp = NULL; daddr_t quota_updated = 0; int request, error; u_int cg; daddr_t bprev, bno; if (bpp != NULL) *bpp = NULL; fs = ip->i_fs; #ifdef DIAGNOSTIC if ((u_int)osize > fs->fs_bsize || fragoff(fs, osize) != 0 || (u_int)nsize > fs->fs_bsize || fragoff(fs, nsize) != 0) { printf( "dev = 0x%x, bsize = %d, osize = %d, nsize = %d, fs = %s\n", ip->i_dev, fs->fs_bsize, osize, nsize, fs->fs_fsmnt); panic("ffs_realloccg: bad size"); } if (cred == NOCRED) panic("ffs_realloccg: missing credential"); #endif /* DIAGNOSTIC */ if (cred->cr_uid != 0 && freespace(fs, fs->fs_minfree) <= 0) goto nospace; bprev = DIP(ip, db[lbprev]); if (bprev == 0) { printf("dev = 0x%x, bsize = %d, bprev = %lld, fs = %s\n", ip->i_dev, fs->fs_bsize, (long long)bprev, fs->fs_fsmnt); panic("ffs_realloccg: bad bprev"); } /* * Allocate the extra space in the buffer. */ if (bpp != NULL) { if ((error = bread(ITOV(ip), lbprev, fs->fs_bsize, &bp)) != 0) goto error; buf_adjcnt(bp, osize); } if ((error = ufs_quota_alloc_blocks(ip, btodb(nsize - osize), cred)) != 0) goto error; quota_updated = btodb(nsize - osize); /* * Check for extension in the existing location. */ cg = dtog(fs, bprev); if ((bno = ffs_fragextend(ip, cg, bprev, osize, nsize)) != 0) { DIP_ADD(ip, blocks, btodb(nsize - osize)); ip->i_flag |= IN_CHANGE | IN_UPDATE; if (bpp != NULL) { if (bp->b_blkno != fsbtodb(fs, bno)) panic("ffs_realloccg: bad blockno"); #ifdef DIAGNOSTIC if (nsize > bp->b_bufsize) panic("ffs_realloccg: small buf"); #endif buf_adjcnt(bp, nsize); bp->b_flags |= B_DONE; memset(bp->b_data + osize, 0, nsize - osize); *bpp = bp; } if (blknop != NULL) { *blknop = bno; } return (0); } /* * Allocate a new disk location. */ if (bpref >= fs->fs_size) bpref = 0; switch (fs->fs_optim) { case FS_OPTSPACE: /* * Allocate an exact sized fragment. Although this makes * best use of space, we will waste time relocating it if * the file continues to grow. If the fragmentation is * less than half of the minimum free reserve, we choose * to begin optimizing for time. */ request = nsize; if (fs->fs_minfree < 5 || fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nffree > fs->fs_dsize * fs->fs_minfree / (2 * 100)) break; fs->fs_optim = FS_OPTTIME; break; case FS_OPTTIME: /* * At this point we have discovered a file that is trying to * grow a small fragment to a larger fragment. To save time, * we allocate a full sized block, then free the unused portion. * If the file continues to grow, the `ffs_fragextend' call * above will be able to grow it in place without further * copying. If aberrant programs cause disk fragmentation to * grow within 2% of the free reserve, we choose to begin * optimizing for space. */ request = fs->fs_bsize; if (fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nffree < fs->fs_dsize * (fs->fs_minfree - 2) / 100) break; fs->fs_optim = FS_OPTSPACE; break; default: printf("dev = 0x%x, optim = %d, fs = %s\n", ip->i_dev, fs->fs_optim, fs->fs_fsmnt); panic("ffs_realloccg: bad optim"); /* NOTREACHED */ } bno = ffs_hashalloc(ip, cg, bpref, request, ffs_alloccg); if (bno <= 0) goto nospace; (void) uvm_vnp_uncache(ITOV(ip)); if (!DOINGSOFTDEP(ITOV(ip))) ffs_blkfree(ip, bprev, (long)osize); if (nsize < request) ffs_blkfree(ip, bno + numfrags(fs, nsize), (long)(request - nsize)); DIP_ADD(ip, blocks, btodb(nsize - osize)); ip->i_flag |= IN_CHANGE | IN_UPDATE; if (bpp != NULL) { bp->b_blkno = fsbtodb(fs, bno); #ifdef DIAGNOSTIC if (nsize > bp->b_bufsize) panic("ffs_realloccg: small buf 2"); #endif buf_adjcnt(bp, nsize); bp->b_flags |= B_DONE; memset(bp->b_data + osize, 0, nsize - osize); *bpp = bp; } if (blknop != NULL) { *blknop = bno; } return (0); nospace: if (ratecheck(&fsfull_last, &fserr_interval)) { ffs_fserr(fs, cred->cr_uid, "file system full"); uprintf("\n%s: write failed, file system is full\n", fs->fs_fsmnt); } error = ENOSPC; error: if (bp != NULL) { brelse(bp); bp = NULL; } /* * Restore user's disk quota because allocation failed. */ if (quota_updated != 0) (void)ufs_quota_free_blocks(ip, quota_updated, cred); return error; } /* * Allocate an inode in the file system. * * If allocating a directory, use ffs_dirpref to select the inode. * If allocating in a directory, the following hierarchy is followed: * 1) allocate the preferred inode. * 2) allocate an inode in the same cylinder group. * 3) quadratically rehash into other cylinder groups, until an * available inode is located. * If no inode preference is given the following hierarchy is used * to allocate an inode: * 1) allocate an inode in cylinder group 0. * 2) quadratically rehash into other cylinder groups, until an * available inode is located. */ int ffs_inode_alloc(struct inode *pip, mode_t mode, struct ucred *cred, struct vnode **vpp) { static struct timeval fsnoinodes_last; struct vnode *pvp = ITOV(pip); struct fs *fs; struct inode *ip; ufsino_t ino, ipref; u_int cg; int error; *vpp = NULL; fs = pip->i_fs; if (fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nifree == 0) goto noinodes; if ((mode & IFMT) == IFDIR) ipref = ffs_dirpref(pip); else ipref = pip->i_number; if (ipref >= fs->fs_ncg * fs->fs_ipg) ipref = 0; cg = ino_to_cg(fs, ipref); /* * Track number of dirs created one after another * in a same cg without intervening by files. */ if ((mode & IFMT) == IFDIR) { if (fs->fs_contigdirs[cg] < 255) fs->fs_contigdirs[cg]++; } else { if (fs->fs_contigdirs[cg] > 0) fs->fs_contigdirs[cg]--; } ino = (ufsino_t)ffs_hashalloc(pip, cg, ipref, mode, ffs_nodealloccg); if (ino == 0) goto noinodes; error = VFS_VGET(pvp->v_mount, ino, vpp); if (error) { ffs_inode_free(pip, ino, mode); return (error); } ip = VTOI(*vpp); if (DIP(ip, mode)) { printf("mode = 0%o, inum = %u, fs = %s\n", DIP(ip, mode), ip->i_number, fs->fs_fsmnt); panic("ffs_valloc: dup alloc"); } if (DIP(ip, blocks)) { printf("free inode %s/%d had %lld blocks\n", fs->fs_fsmnt, ino, (long long)DIP(ip, blocks)); DIP_ASSIGN(ip, blocks, 0); } DIP_ASSIGN(ip, flags, 0); /* * Set up a new generation number for this inode. * On wrap, we make sure to assign a number != 0 and != UINT_MAX * (the origial value). */ if (DIP(ip, gen) != 0) DIP_ADD(ip, gen, 1); while (DIP(ip, gen) == 0) DIP_ASSIGN(ip, gen, arc4random_uniform(UINT_MAX)); return (0); noinodes: if (ratecheck(&fsnoinodes_last, &fserr_interval)) { ffs_fserr(fs, cred->cr_uid, "out of inodes"); uprintf("\n%s: create/symlink failed, no inodes free\n", fs->fs_fsmnt); } return (ENOSPC); } /* * Find a cylinder group to place a directory. * * The policy implemented by this algorithm is to allocate a * directory inode in the same cylinder group as its parent * directory, but also to reserve space for its files inodes * and data. Restrict the number of directories which may be * allocated one after another in the same cylinder group * without intervening allocation of files. * * If we allocate a first level directory then force allocation * in another cylinder group. */ ufsino_t ffs_dirpref(struct inode *pip) { struct fs *fs; u_int cg, prefcg; u_int dirsize, cgsize; u_int avgifree, avgbfree, avgndir, curdirsize; u_int minifree, minbfree, maxndir; u_int mincg, minndir; u_int maxcontigdirs; fs = pip->i_fs; avgifree = fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nifree / fs->fs_ncg; avgbfree = fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree / fs->fs_ncg; avgndir = fs->fs_cstotal.cs_ndir / fs->fs_ncg; /* * Force allocation in another cg if creating a first level dir. */ if (ITOV(pip)->v_flag & VROOT) { prefcg = arc4random_uniform(fs->fs_ncg); mincg = prefcg; minndir = fs->fs_ipg; for (cg = prefcg; cg < fs->fs_ncg; cg++) if (fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_ndir < minndir && fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_nifree >= avgifree && fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_nbfree >= avgbfree) { mincg = cg; minndir = fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_ndir; } for (cg = 0; cg < prefcg; cg++) if (fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_ndir < minndir && fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_nifree >= avgifree && fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_nbfree >= avgbfree) { mincg = cg; minndir = fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_ndir; } cg = mincg; goto end; } else prefcg = ino_to_cg(fs, pip->i_number); /* * Count various limits which used for * optimal allocation of a directory inode. */ maxndir = min(avgndir + fs->fs_ipg / 16, fs->fs_ipg); minifree = avgifree - (avgifree / 4); if (minifree < 1) minifree = 1; minbfree = avgbfree - (avgbfree / 4); if (minbfree < 1) minbfree = 1; cgsize = fs->fs_fsize * fs->fs_fpg; dirsize = fs->fs_avgfilesize * fs->fs_avgfpdir; curdirsize = avgndir ? (cgsize - avgbfree * fs->fs_bsize) / avgndir : 0; if (dirsize < curdirsize) dirsize = curdirsize; if (dirsize <= 0) maxcontigdirs = 0; /* dirsize overflowed */ else maxcontigdirs = min(avgbfree * fs->fs_bsize / dirsize, 255); if (fs->fs_avgfpdir > 0) maxcontigdirs = min(maxcontigdirs, fs->fs_ipg / fs->fs_avgfpdir); if (maxcontigdirs == 0) maxcontigdirs = 1; /* * Limit number of dirs in one cg and reserve space for * regular files, but only if we have no deficit in * inodes or space. * * We are trying to find a suitable cylinder group nearby * our preferred cylinder group to place a new directory. * We scan from our preferred cylinder group forward looking * for a cylinder group that meets our criterion. If we get * to the final cylinder group and do not find anything, * we start scanning forwards from the beginning of the * filesystem. While it might seem sensible to start scanning * backwards or even to alternate looking forward and backward, * this approach fails badly when the filesystem is nearly full. * Specifically, we first search all the areas that have no space * and finally try the one preceding that. We repeat this on * every request and in the case of the final block end up * searching the entire filesystem. By jumping to the front * of the filesystem, our future forward searches always look * in new cylinder groups so finds every possible block after * one pass over the filesystem. */ for (cg = prefcg; cg < fs->fs_ncg; cg++) if (fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_ndir < maxndir && fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_nifree >= minifree && fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_nbfree >= minbfree) { if (fs->fs_contigdirs[cg] < maxcontigdirs) goto end; } for (cg = 0; cg < prefcg; cg++) if (fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_ndir < maxndir && fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_nifree >= minifree && fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_nbfree >= minbfree) { if (fs->fs_contigdirs[cg] < maxcontigdirs) goto end; } /* * This is a backstop when we have deficit in space. */ for (cg = prefcg; cg < fs->fs_ncg; cg++) if (fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_nifree >= avgifree) goto end; for (cg = 0; cg < prefcg; cg++) if (fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_nifree >= avgifree) goto end; end: return ((ufsino_t)(fs->fs_ipg * cg)); } /* * Select the desired position for the next block in a file. The file is * logically divided into sections. The first section is composed of the * direct blocks. Each additional section contains fs_maxbpg blocks. * * If no blocks have been allocated in the first section, the policy is to * request a block in the same cylinder group as the inode that describes * the file. The first indirect is allocated immediately following the last * direct block and the data blocks for the first indirect immediately * follow it. * * If no blocks have been allocated in any other section, the indirect * block(s) are allocated in the same cylinder group as its inode in an * area reserved immediately following the inode blocks. The policy for * the data blocks is to place them in a cylinder group with a greater than * average number of free blocks. An appropriate cylinder group is found * by using a rotor that sweeps the cylinder groups. When a new group of * blocks is needed, the sweep begins in the cylinder group following the * cylinder group from which the previous allocation was made. The sweep * continues until a cylinder group with greater than the average number * of free blocks is found. If the allocation is for the first block in an * indirect block, the information on the previous allocation is unavailable; * here a best guess is made based upon the logical block number being * allocated. */ int32_t ffs1_blkpref(struct inode *ip, daddr_t lbn, int indx, int32_t *bap) { struct fs *fs; u_int cg, inocg; u_int avgbfree, startcg; uint32_t pref; KASSERT(indx <= 0 || bap != NULL); fs = ip->i_fs; /* * Allocation of indirect blocks is indicated by passing negative * values in indx: -1 for single indirect, -2 for double indirect, * -3 for triple indirect. As noted below, we attempt to allocate * the first indirect inline with the file data. For all later * indirect blocks, the data is often allocated in other cylinder * groups. However to speed random file access and to speed up * fsck, the filesystem reserves the first fs_metaspace blocks * (typically half of fs_minfree) of the data area of each cylinder * group to hold these later indirect blocks. */ inocg = ino_to_cg(fs, ip->i_number); if (indx < 0) { /* * Our preference for indirect blocks is the zone at the * beginning of the inode's cylinder group data area that * we try to reserve for indirect blocks. */ pref = cgmeta(fs, inocg); /* * If we are allocating the first indirect block, try to * place it immediately following the last direct block. */ if (indx == -1 && lbn < NDADDR + NINDIR(fs) && ip->i_din1->di_db[NDADDR - 1] != 0) pref = ip->i_din1->di_db[NDADDR - 1] + fs->fs_frag; return (pref); } /* * If we are allocating the first data block in the first indirect * block and the indirect has been allocated in the data block area, * try to place it immediately following the indirect block. */ if (lbn == NDADDR) { pref = ip->i_din1->di_ib[0]; if (pref != 0 && pref >= cgdata(fs, inocg) && pref < cgbase(fs, inocg + 1)) return (pref + fs->fs_frag); } /* * If we are the beginning of a file, or we have already allocated * the maximum number of blocks per cylinder group, or we do not * have a block allocated immediately preceding us, then we need * to decide where to start allocating new blocks. */ if (indx % fs->fs_maxbpg == 0 || bap[indx - 1] == 0) { /* * If we are allocating a directory data block, we want * to place it in the metadata area. */ if ((DIP(ip, mode) & IFMT) == IFDIR) return (cgmeta(fs, inocg)); /* * Until we fill all the direct and all the first indirect's * blocks, we try to allocate in the data area of the inode's * cylinder group. */ if (lbn < NDADDR + NINDIR(fs)) return (cgdata(fs, inocg)); /* * Find a cylinder with greater than average number of * unused data blocks. */ if (indx == 0 || bap[indx - 1] == 0) startcg = inocg + lbn / fs->fs_maxbpg; else startcg = dtog(fs, bap[indx - 1]) + 1; startcg %= fs->fs_ncg; avgbfree = fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree / fs->fs_ncg; for (cg = startcg; cg < fs->fs_ncg; cg++) if (fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_nbfree >= avgbfree) { fs->fs_cgrotor = cg; return (cgdata(fs, cg)); } for (cg = 0; cg <= startcg; cg++) if (fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_nbfree >= avgbfree) { fs->fs_cgrotor = cg; return (cgdata(fs, cg)); } return (0); } /* * Otherwise, we just always try to lay things out contiguously. */ return (bap[indx - 1] + fs->fs_frag); } /* * Same as above, for UFS2. */ #ifdef FFS2 int64_t ffs2_blkpref(struct inode *ip, daddr_t lbn, int indx, int64_t *bap) { struct fs *fs; u_int cg, inocg; u_int avgbfree, startcg; uint64_t pref; KASSERT(indx <= 0 || bap != NULL); fs = ip->i_fs; /* * Allocation of indirect blocks is indicated by passing negative * values in indx: -1 for single indirect, -2 for double indirect, * -3 for triple indirect. As noted below, we attempt to allocate * the first indirect inline with the file data. For all later * indirect blocks, the data is often allocated in other cylinder * groups. However to speed random file access and to speed up * fsck, the filesystem reserves the first fs_metaspace blocks * (typically half of fs_minfree) of the data area of each cylinder * group to hold these later indirect blocks. */ inocg = ino_to_cg(fs, ip->i_number); if (indx < 0) { /* * Our preference for indirect blocks is the zone at the * beginning of the inode's cylinder group data area that * we try to reserve for indirect blocks. */ pref = cgmeta(fs, inocg); /* * If we are allocating the first indirect block, try to * place it immediately following the last direct block. */ if (indx == -1 && lbn < NDADDR + NINDIR(fs) && ip->i_din2->di_db[NDADDR - 1] != 0) pref = ip->i_din2->di_db[NDADDR - 1] + fs->fs_frag; return (pref); } /* * If we are allocating the first data block in the first indirect * block and the indirect has been allocated in the data block area, * try to place it immediately following the indirect block. */ if (lbn == NDADDR) { pref = ip->i_din2->di_ib[0]; if (pref != 0 && pref >= cgdata(fs, inocg) && pref < cgbase(fs, inocg + 1)) return (pref + fs->fs_frag); } /* * If we are the beginning of a file, or we have already allocated * the maximum number of blocks per cylinder group, or we do not * have a block allocated immediately preceding us, then we need * to decide where to start allocating new blocks. */ if (indx % fs->fs_maxbpg == 0 || bap[indx - 1] == 0) { /* * If we are allocating a directory data block, we want * to place it in the metadata area. */ if ((DIP(ip, mode) & IFMT) == IFDIR) return (cgmeta(fs, inocg)); /* * Until we fill all the direct and all the first indirect's * blocks, we try to allocate in the data area of the inode's * cylinder group. */ if (lbn < NDADDR + NINDIR(fs)) return (cgdata(fs, inocg)); /* * Find a cylinder with greater than average number of * unused data blocks. */ if (indx == 0 || bap[indx - 1] == 0) startcg = inocg + lbn / fs->fs_maxbpg; else startcg = dtog(fs, bap[indx - 1] + 1); startcg %= fs->fs_ncg; avgbfree = fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree / fs->fs_ncg; for (cg = startcg; cg < fs->fs_ncg; cg++) if (fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_nbfree >= avgbfree) return (cgbase(fs, cg) + fs->fs_frag); for (cg = 0; cg < startcg; cg++) if (fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_nbfree >= avgbfree) return (cgbase(fs, cg) + fs->fs_frag); return (0); } /* * Otherwise, we just always try to lay things out contiguously. */ return (bap[indx - 1] + fs->fs_frag); } #endif /* FFS2 */ /* * Implement the cylinder overflow algorithm. * * The policy implemented by this algorithm is: * 1) allocate the block in its requested cylinder group. * 2) quadratically rehash on the cylinder group number. * 3) brute force search for a free block. */ daddr_t ffs_hashalloc(struct inode *ip, u_int cg, daddr_t pref, int size, daddr_t (*allocator)(struct inode *, u_int, daddr_t, int)) { struct fs *fs; daddr_t result; u_int i, icg = cg; fs = ip->i_fs; /* * 1: preferred cylinder group */ result = (*allocator)(ip, cg, pref, size); if (result) return (result); /* * 2: quadratic rehash */ for (i = 1; i < fs->fs_ncg; i *= 2) { cg += i; if (cg >= fs->fs_ncg) cg -= fs->fs_ncg; result = (*allocator)(ip, cg, 0, size); if (result) return (result); } /* * 3: brute force search * Note that we start at i == 2, since 0 was checked initially, * and 1 is always checked in the quadratic rehash. */ cg = (icg + 2) % fs->fs_ncg; for (i = 2; i < fs->fs_ncg; i++) { result = (*allocator)(ip, cg, 0, size); if (result) return (result); cg++; if (cg == fs->fs_ncg) cg = 0; } return (0); } struct buf * ffs_cgread(struct fs *fs, struct inode *ip, u_int cg) { struct buf *bp; if (bread(ip->i_devvp, fsbtodb(fs, cgtod(fs, cg)), (int)fs->fs_cgsize, &bp)) { brelse(bp); return (NULL); } if (!cg_chkmagic((struct cg *)bp->b_data)) { brelse(bp); return (NULL); } return bp; } /* * Determine whether a fragment can be extended. * * Check to see if the necessary fragments are available, and * if they are, allocate them. */ daddr_t ffs_fragextend(struct inode *ip, u_int cg, daddr_t bprev, int osize, int nsize) { struct fs *fs; struct cg *cgp; struct buf *bp; struct timespec now; daddr_t bno; int i, frags, bbase; fs = ip->i_fs; if (fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_nffree < numfrags(fs, nsize - osize)) return (0); frags = numfrags(fs, nsize); bbase = fragnum(fs, bprev); if (bbase > fragnum(fs, (bprev + frags - 1))) { /* cannot extend across a block boundary */ return (0); } if (!(bp = ffs_cgread(fs, ip, cg))) return (0); cgp = (struct cg *)bp->b_data; nanotime(&now); cgp->cg_ffs2_time = now.tv_sec; cgp->cg_time = now.tv_sec; bno = dtogd(fs, bprev); for (i = numfrags(fs, osize); i < frags; i++) if (isclr(cg_blksfree(cgp), bno + i)) { brelse(bp); return (0); } /* * the current fragment can be extended * deduct the count on fragment being extended into * increase the count on the remaining fragment (if any) * allocate the extended piece */ for (i = frags; i < fs->fs_frag - bbase; i++) if (isclr(cg_blksfree(cgp), bno + i)) break; cgp->cg_frsum[i - numfrags(fs, osize)]--; if (i != frags) cgp->cg_frsum[i - frags]++; for (i = numfrags(fs, osize); i < frags; i++) { clrbit(cg_blksfree(cgp), bno + i); cgp->cg_cs.cs_nffree--; fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nffree--; fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_nffree--; } fs->fs_fmod = 1; if (DOINGSOFTDEP(ITOV(ip))) softdep_setup_blkmapdep(bp, fs, bprev); bdwrite(bp); return (bprev); } /* * Determine whether a block can be allocated. * * Check to see if a block of the appropriate size is available, * and if it is, allocate it. */ daddr_t ffs_alloccg(struct inode *ip, u_int cg, daddr_t bpref, int size) { struct fs *fs; struct cg *cgp; struct buf *bp; struct timespec now; daddr_t bno, blkno; int i, frags, allocsiz; fs = ip->i_fs; if (fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_nbfree == 0 && size == fs->fs_bsize) return (0); if (!(bp = ffs_cgread(fs, ip, cg))) return (0); cgp = (struct cg *)bp->b_data; if (cgp->cg_cs.cs_nbfree == 0 && size == fs->fs_bsize) { brelse(bp); return (0); } nanotime(&now); cgp->cg_ffs2_time = now.tv_sec; cgp->cg_time = now.tv_sec; if (size == fs->fs_bsize) { /* allocate and return a complete data block */ bno = ffs_alloccgblk(ip, bp, bpref); bdwrite(bp); return (bno); } /* * check to see if any fragments are already available * allocsiz is the size which will be allocated, hacking * it down to a smaller size if necessary */ frags = numfrags(fs, size); for (allocsiz = frags; allocsiz < fs->fs_frag; allocsiz++) if (cgp->cg_frsum[allocsiz] != 0) break; if (allocsiz == fs->fs_frag) { /* * no fragments were available, so a block will be * allocated, and hacked up */ if (cgp->cg_cs.cs_nbfree == 0) { brelse(bp); return (0); } bno = ffs_alloccgblk(ip, bp, bpref); bpref = dtogd(fs, bno); for (i = frags; i < fs->fs_frag; i++) setbit(cg_blksfree(cgp), bpref + i); i = fs->fs_frag - frags; cgp->cg_cs.cs_nffree += i; fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nffree += i; fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_nffree += i; fs->fs_fmod = 1; cgp->cg_frsum[i]++; bdwrite(bp); return (bno); } bno = ffs_mapsearch(fs, cgp, bpref, allocsiz); if (bno < 0) { brelse(bp); return (0); } for (i = 0; i < frags; i++) clrbit(cg_blksfree(cgp), bno + i); cgp->cg_cs.cs_nffree -= frags; fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nffree -= frags; fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_nffree -= frags; fs->fs_fmod = 1; cgp->cg_frsum[allocsiz]--; if (frags != allocsiz) cgp->cg_frsum[allocsiz - frags]++; blkno = cgbase(fs, cg) + bno; if (DOINGSOFTDEP(ITOV(ip))) softdep_setup_blkmapdep(bp, fs, blkno); bdwrite(bp); return (blkno); } /* * Allocate a block in a cylinder group. * Note that this routine only allocates fs_bsize blocks; these * blocks may be fragmented by the routine that allocates them. */ daddr_t ffs_alloccgblk(struct inode *ip, struct buf *bp, daddr_t bpref) { struct fs *fs; struct cg *cgp; daddr_t bno, blkno; u_int8_t *blksfree; int cylno, cgbpref; fs = ip->i_fs; cgp = (struct cg *) bp->b_data; blksfree = cg_blksfree(cgp); if (bpref == 0) { bpref = cgp->cg_rotor; } else if ((cgbpref = dtog(fs, bpref)) != cgp->cg_cgx) { /* map bpref to correct zone in this cg */ if (bpref < cgdata(fs, cgbpref)) bpref = cgmeta(fs, cgp->cg_cgx); else bpref = cgdata(fs, cgp->cg_cgx); } /* * If the requested block is available, use it. */ bno = dtogd(fs, blknum(fs, bpref)); if (ffs_isblock(fs, blksfree, fragstoblks(fs, bno))) goto gotit; /* * Take the next available block in this cylinder group. */ bno = ffs_mapsearch(fs, cgp, bpref, (int) fs->fs_frag); if (bno < 0) return (0); /* Update cg_rotor only if allocated from the data zone */ if (bno >= dtogd(fs, cgdata(fs, cgp->cg_cgx))) cgp->cg_rotor = bno; gotit: blkno = fragstoblks(fs, bno); ffs_clrblock(fs, blksfree, blkno); ffs_clusteracct(fs, cgp, blkno, -1); cgp->cg_cs.cs_nbfree--; fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree--; fs->fs_cs(fs, cgp->cg_cgx).cs_nbfree--; if (fs->fs_magic != FS_UFS2_MAGIC) { cylno = cbtocylno(fs, bno); cg_blks(fs, cgp, cylno)[cbtorpos(fs, bno)]--; cg_blktot(cgp)[cylno]--; } fs->fs_fmod = 1; blkno = cgbase(fs, cgp->cg_cgx) + bno; if (DOINGSOFTDEP(ITOV(ip))) softdep_setup_blkmapdep(bp, fs, blkno); return (blkno); } /* inode allocation routine */ daddr_t ffs_nodealloccg(struct inode *ip, u_int cg, daddr_t ipref, int mode) { struct fs *fs; struct cg *cgp; struct buf *bp; struct timespec now; int start, len, loc, map, i; #ifdef FFS2 struct buf *ibp = NULL; struct ufs2_dinode *dp2; #endif /* * For efficiency, before looking at the bitmaps for free inodes, * check the counters kept in the superblock cylinder group summaries, * and in the cylinder group itself. */ fs = ip->i_fs; if (fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_nifree == 0) return (0); if (!(bp = ffs_cgread(fs, ip, cg))) return (0); cgp = (struct cg *)bp->b_data; if (cgp->cg_cs.cs_nifree == 0) { brelse(bp); return (0); } /* * We are committed to the allocation from now on, so update the time * on the cylinder group. */ nanotime(&now); cgp->cg_ffs2_time = now.tv_sec; cgp->cg_time = now.tv_sec; /* * If there was a preferred location for the new inode, try to find it. */ if (ipref) { ipref %= fs->fs_ipg; if (isclr(cg_inosused(cgp), ipref)) goto gotit; /* inode is free, grab it. */ } /* * Otherwise, look for the next available inode, starting at cg_irotor * (the position in the bitmap of the last used inode). */ start = cgp->cg_irotor / NBBY; len = howmany(fs->fs_ipg - cgp->cg_irotor, NBBY); loc = skpc(0xff, len, &cg_inosused(cgp)[start]); if (loc == 0) { /* * If we didn't find a free inode in the upper part of the * bitmap (from cg_irotor to the end), then look at the bottom * part (from 0 to cg_irotor). */ len = start + 1; start = 0; loc = skpc(0xff, len, &cg_inosused(cgp)[0]); if (loc == 0) { /* * If we failed again, then either the bitmap or the * counters kept for the cylinder group are wrong. */ printf("cg = %d, irotor = %d, fs = %s\n", cg, cgp->cg_irotor, fs->fs_fsmnt); panic("ffs_nodealloccg: map corrupted"); /* NOTREACHED */ } } /* skpc() returns the position relative to the end */ i = start + len - loc; /* * Okay, so now in 'i' we have the location in the bitmap of a byte * holding a free inode. Find the corresponding bit and set it, * updating cg_irotor as well, accordingly. */ map = cg_inosused(cgp)[i]; ipref = i * NBBY; for (i = 1; i < (1 << NBBY); i <<= 1, ipref++) { if ((map & i) == 0) { cgp->cg_irotor = ipref; goto gotit; } } printf("fs = %s\n", fs->fs_fsmnt); panic("ffs_nodealloccg: block not in map"); /* NOTREACHED */ gotit: #ifdef FFS2 /* * For FFS2, check if all inodes in this cylinder group have been used * at least once. If they haven't, and we are allocating an inode past * the last allocated block of inodes, read in a block and initialize * all inodes in it. */ if (fs->fs_magic == FS_UFS2_MAGIC && /* Inode is beyond last initialized block of inodes? */ ipref + INOPB(fs) > cgp->cg_initediblk && /* Has any inode not been used at least once? */ cgp->cg_initediblk < cgp->cg_ffs2_niblk) { ibp = getblk(ip->i_devvp, fsbtodb(fs, ino_to_fsba(fs, cg * fs->fs_ipg + cgp->cg_initediblk)), (int)fs->fs_bsize, 0, INFSLP); memset(ibp->b_data, 0, fs->fs_bsize); dp2 = (struct ufs2_dinode *)(ibp->b_data); /* Give each inode a generation number */ for (i = 0; i < INOPB(fs); i++) { while (dp2->di_gen == 0) dp2->di_gen = arc4random(); dp2++; } /* Update the counter of initialized inodes */ cgp->cg_initediblk += INOPB(fs); } #endif /* FFS2 */ if (DOINGSOFTDEP(ITOV(ip))) softdep_setup_inomapdep(bp, ip, cg * fs->fs_ipg + ipref); setbit(cg_inosused(cgp), ipref); /* Update the counters we keep on free inodes */ cgp->cg_cs.cs_nifree--; fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nifree--; fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_nifree--; fs->fs_fmod = 1; /* file system was modified */ /* Update the counters we keep on allocated directories */ if ((mode & IFMT) == IFDIR) { cgp->cg_cs.cs_ndir++; fs->fs_cstotal.cs_ndir++; fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_ndir++; } bdwrite(bp); #ifdef FFS2 if (ibp != NULL) bawrite(ibp); #endif /* Return the allocated inode number */ return (cg * fs->fs_ipg + ipref); } /* * Free a block or fragment. * * The specified block or fragment is placed back in the * free map. If a fragment is deallocated, a possible * block reassembly is checked. */ void ffs_blkfree(struct inode *ip, daddr_t bno, long size) { struct fs *fs; struct cg *cgp; struct buf *bp; struct timespec now; daddr_t blkno; int i, cg, blk, frags, bbase; fs = ip->i_fs; if ((u_int)size > fs->fs_bsize || fragoff(fs, size) != 0 || fragnum(fs, bno) + numfrags(fs, size) > fs->fs_frag) { printf("dev = 0x%x, bsize = %d, size = %ld, fs = %s\n", ip->i_dev, fs->fs_bsize, size, fs->fs_fsmnt); panic("ffs_blkfree: bad size"); } cg = dtog(fs, bno); if ((u_int)bno >= fs->fs_size) { printf("bad block %lld, ino %u\n", (long long)bno, ip->i_number); ffs_fserr(fs, DIP(ip, uid), "bad block"); return; } if (!(bp = ffs_cgread(fs, ip, cg))) return; cgp = (struct cg *)bp->b_data; nanotime(&now); cgp->cg_ffs2_time = now.tv_sec; cgp->cg_time = now.tv_sec; bno = dtogd(fs, bno); if (size == fs->fs_bsize) { blkno = fragstoblks(fs, bno); if (!ffs_isfreeblock(fs, cg_blksfree(cgp), blkno)) { printf("dev = 0x%x, block = %lld, fs = %s\n", ip->i_dev, (long long)bno, fs->fs_fsmnt); panic("ffs_blkfree: freeing free block"); } ffs_setblock(fs, cg_blksfree(cgp), blkno); ffs_clusteracct(fs, cgp, blkno, 1); cgp->cg_cs.cs_nbfree++; fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree++; fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_nbfree++; if (fs->fs_magic != FS_UFS2_MAGIC) { i = cbtocylno(fs, bno); cg_blks(fs, cgp, i)[cbtorpos(fs, bno)]++; cg_blktot(cgp)[i]++; } } else { bbase = bno - fragnum(fs, bno); /* * decrement the counts associated with the old frags */ blk = blkmap(fs, cg_blksfree(cgp), bbase); ffs_fragacct(fs, blk, cgp->cg_frsum, -1); /* * deallocate the fragment */ frags = numfrags(fs, size); for (i = 0; i < frags; i++) { if (isset(cg_blksfree(cgp), bno + i)) { printf("dev = 0x%x, block = %lld, fs = %s\n", ip->i_dev, (long long)(bno + i), fs->fs_fsmnt); panic("ffs_blkfree: freeing free frag"); } setbit(cg_blksfree(cgp), bno + i); } cgp->cg_cs.cs_nffree += i; fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nffree += i; fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_nffree += i; /* * add back in counts associated with the new frags */ blk = blkmap(fs, cg_blksfree(cgp), bbase); ffs_fragacct(fs, blk, cgp->cg_frsum, 1); /* * if a complete block has been reassembled, account for it */ blkno = fragstoblks(fs, bbase); if (ffs_isblock(fs, cg_blksfree(cgp), blkno)) { cgp->cg_cs.cs_nffree -= fs->fs_frag; fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nffree -= fs->fs_frag; fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_nffree -= fs->fs_frag; ffs_clusteracct(fs, cgp, blkno, 1); cgp->cg_cs.cs_nbfree++; fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree++; fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_nbfree++; if (fs->fs_magic != FS_UFS2_MAGIC) { i = cbtocylno(fs, bbase); cg_blks(fs, cgp, i)[cbtorpos(fs, bbase)]++; cg_blktot(cgp)[i]++; } } } fs->fs_fmod = 1; bdwrite(bp); } int ffs_inode_free(struct inode *pip, ufsino_t ino, mode_t mode) { struct vnode *pvp = ITOV(pip); if (DOINGSOFTDEP(pvp)) { softdep_freefile(pvp, ino, mode); return (0); } return (ffs_freefile(pip, ino, mode)); } /* * Do the actual free operation. * The specified inode is placed back in the free map. */ int ffs_freefile(struct inode *pip, ufsino_t ino, mode_t mode) { struct fs *fs; struct cg *cgp; struct buf *bp; struct timespec now; u_int cg; fs = pip->i_fs; if (ino >= fs->fs_ipg * fs->fs_ncg) panic("ffs_freefile: range: dev = 0x%x, ino = %d, fs = %s", pip->i_dev, ino, fs->fs_fsmnt); cg = ino_to_cg(fs, ino); if (!(bp = ffs_cgread(fs, pip, cg))) return (0); cgp = (struct cg *)bp->b_data; nanotime(&now); cgp->cg_ffs2_time = now.tv_sec; cgp->cg_time = now.tv_sec; ino %= fs->fs_ipg; if (isclr(cg_inosused(cgp), ino)) { printf("dev = 0x%x, ino = %u, fs = %s\n", pip->i_dev, ino, fs->fs_fsmnt); if (fs->fs_ronly == 0) panic("ffs_freefile: freeing free inode"); } clrbit(cg_inosused(cgp), ino); if (ino < cgp->cg_irotor) cgp->cg_irotor = ino; cgp->cg_cs.cs_nifree++; fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nifree++; fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_nifree++; if ((mode & IFMT) == IFDIR) { cgp->cg_cs.cs_ndir--; fs->fs_cstotal.cs_ndir--; fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_ndir--; } fs->fs_fmod = 1; bdwrite(bp); return (0); } /* * Find a block of the specified size in the specified cylinder group. * * It is a panic if a request is made to find a block if none are * available. */ daddr_t ffs_mapsearch(struct fs *fs, struct cg *cgp, daddr_t bpref, int allocsiz) { daddr_t bno; int start, len, loc, i; int blk, field, subfield, pos; /* * find the fragment by searching through the free block * map for an appropriate bit pattern */ if (bpref) start = dtogd(fs, bpref) / NBBY; else start = cgp->cg_frotor / NBBY; len = howmany(fs->fs_fpg, NBBY) - start; loc = scanc((u_int)len, (u_char *)&cg_blksfree(cgp)[start], (u_char *)fragtbl[fs->fs_frag], (u_char)(1 << (allocsiz - 1 + (fs->fs_frag % NBBY)))); if (loc == 0) { len = start + 1; start = 0; loc = scanc((u_int)len, (u_char *)&cg_blksfree(cgp)[0], (u_char *)fragtbl[fs->fs_frag], (u_char)(1 << (allocsiz - 1 + (fs->fs_frag % NBBY)))); if (loc == 0) { printf("start = %d, len = %d, fs = %s\n", start, len, fs->fs_fsmnt); panic("ffs_alloccg: map corrupted"); /* NOTREACHED */ } } bno = (start + len - loc) * NBBY; cgp->cg_frotor = bno; /* * found the byte in the map * sift through the bits to find the selected frag */ for (i = bno + NBBY; bno < i; bno += fs->fs_frag) { blk = blkmap(fs, cg_blksfree(cgp), bno); blk <<= 1; field = around[allocsiz]; subfield = inside[allocsiz]; for (pos = 0; pos <= fs->fs_frag - allocsiz; pos++) { if ((blk & field) == subfield) return (bno + pos); field <<= 1; subfield <<= 1; } } printf("bno = %lld, fs = %s\n", (long long)bno, fs->fs_fsmnt); panic("ffs_alloccg: block not in map"); return (-1); } /* * Update the cluster map because of an allocation or free. * * Cnt == 1 means free; cnt == -1 means allocating. */ void ffs_clusteracct(struct fs *fs, struct cg *cgp, daddr_t blkno, int cnt) { int32_t *sump; int32_t *lp; u_char *freemapp, *mapp; int i, start, end, forw, back, map, bit; if (fs->fs_contigsumsize <= 0) return; freemapp = cg_clustersfree(cgp); sump = cg_clustersum(cgp); /* * Allocate or clear the actual block. */ if (cnt > 0) setbit(freemapp, blkno); else clrbit(freemapp, blkno); /* * Find the size of the cluster going forward. */ start = blkno + 1; end = start + fs->fs_contigsumsize; if (end >= cgp->cg_nclusterblks) end = cgp->cg_nclusterblks; mapp = &freemapp[start / NBBY]; map = *mapp++; bit = 1 << (start % NBBY); for (i = start; i < end; i++) { if ((map & bit) == 0) break; if ((i & (NBBY - 1)) != (NBBY - 1)) { bit <<= 1; } else { map = *mapp++; bit = 1; } } forw = i - start; /* * Find the size of the cluster going backward. */ start = blkno - 1; end = start - fs->fs_contigsumsize; if (end < 0) end = -1; mapp = &freemapp[start / NBBY]; map = *mapp--; bit = 1 << (start % NBBY); for (i = start; i > end; i--) { if ((map & bit) == 0) break; if ((i & (NBBY - 1)) != 0) { bit >>= 1; } else { map = *mapp--; bit = 1 << (NBBY - 1); } } back = start - i; /* * Account for old cluster and the possibly new forward and * back clusters. */ i = back + forw + 1; if (i > fs->fs_contigsumsize) i = fs->fs_contigsumsize; sump[i] += cnt; if (back > 0) sump[back] -= cnt; if (forw > 0) sump[forw] -= cnt; /* * Update cluster summary information. */ lp = &sump[fs->fs_contigsumsize]; for (i = fs->fs_contigsumsize; i > 0; i--) if (*lp-- > 0) break; fs->fs_maxcluster[cgp->cg_cgx] = i; }