.\"	$OpenBSD: compress.1,v 1.19 2003/06/23 20:51:02 jmc Exp $
.\"	$NetBSD: compress.1,v 1.5 1995/03/26 09:44:34 glass Exp $
.\"
.\" Copyright (c) 1986, 1990, 1993
.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
.\" James A. Woods, derived from original work by Spencer Thomas
.\" and Joseph Orost.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\"    without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\"     @(#)compress.1	8.2 (Berkeley) 4/18/94
.\"
.Dd April 18, 1994
.Dt COMPRESS 1
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm compress ,
.Nm uncompress ,
.Nm gzip ,
.Nm gunzip
.Nd compress and expand data
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Nm compress
.Op Fl LV
.Nm compress
.Op Fl cdfgOqrtv123456789
.Op Fl b Ar bits
.Op Fl S Ar suffix
.Op Fl o Ar filename
.Op Ar
.Nm uncompress
.Op Fl cfqrtv
.Op Fl o Ar filename
.Op Ar
.Pp
.Nm gzip
.Op Fl LV
.Nm gzip
.Op Fl cdfgOqrtv123456789
.Op Fl b Ar bits
.Op Fl S Ar suffix
.Op Fl o Ar filename
.Op Ar
.Nm gunzip
.Op Fl cfqrtv
.Op Fl o Ar filename
.Op Ar
.Pp
.Nm zcat
.Op Fl fqr
.Op Ar
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The
.Nm compress
and
.Nm gzip
utilities
reduce the size of the named files using adaptive Lempel-Ziv coding.
They are functionally identical, but use different algorithms for compression.
If invoked as
.Nm gzip
or
.Nm compress Fl g
the deflate mode of compression is chosen by default;
otherwise the older method of compression
.Pq compress mode
is used.
.Pp
Each
.Ar file
is renamed to the same name plus the extension
.Dq .Z ,
or
.Dq .gz
(in deflate mode).
As many of the modification time, access time, file flags, file mode,
user ID, and group ID as allowed by permissions are retained in the
new file.
If compression would not reduce the size of a
.Ar file ,
the file is ignored (unless
.Fl f
is used).
.Pp
The
.Nm uncompress
and
.Nm gunzip
utilities restore compressed files to their original form, renaming the
files by removing the
.Dq .Z
or
.Dq .gz
extension.
.Pp
The
.Nm zcat
command is equivalent in functionality to
.Nm uncompress
.Fl c .
.Pp
If renaming the files would cause files to be overwritten and the standard
input device is a terminal, the user is prompted (on the standard error
output) for confirmation.
If prompting is not possible or confirmation is not received, the files
are not overwritten.
.Pp
If no files are specified, the standard input is compressed or uncompressed
to the standard output.
If either the input or output files are not regular files, the checks for
reduction in size and file overwriting are not performed, the input file is
not removed, and the attributes of the input file are not retained.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl V
Display the program version (RCS Ids of the source files) and exit.
.It Fl b Ar bits
Specify the
.Ar bits
code limit (see below).
.It Fl c
Compressed or uncompressed output is written to the standard output.
No files are modified (force
.Nm zcat
mode).
.It Fl d
Decompress the source files instead of compressing them (force
.Nm uncompress
mode).
.It Fl f
Force compression of
.Ar file ,
even if it is not actually reduced in size.
Additionally, files are overwritten without prompting for confirmation.
.It Fl g
Use deflate scheme which reportedly provides better compression rates (force
.Nm gzip
mode).
This flag need not be specified when invoked as
.Nm gzip .
.It Fl 1...9
Use deflate scheme with compression factor of
.Fl 1
to
.Fl 9 .
Compression factor
.Fl 1
is the fastest, but provides a poorer level of compression.
Compression factor
.Fl 9
provides the best level of compression, but is relatively slow.
The default is
.Fl 6 .
This option implies
.Fl g .
.It Fl O
Use old compression method.
.It Fl o Ar filename
Set the output file name.
.It Fl S Ar suffix
Set suffix for compressed files.
.It Fl t
Test the integrity of each file leaving any files intact.
.It Fl r
Recursive mode,
.Nm
will descend into specified directories.
.It Fl q
Be quiet, suppress all messages.
.It Fl v
Print the percentage reduction of each file and other information.
.El
.Pp
In normal mode,
.Nm
uses a modified Lempel-Ziv algorithm
.Pq LZW .
Common substrings in the file are first replaced by 9-bit codes 257 and up.
When code 512 is reached, the algorithm switches to 10-bit codes and
continues to use more bits until the
limit specified by the
.Fl b
flag is reached.
.Ar bits
must be between 9 and 16 (the default is 16).
.\" XXX - use .br here to work-around an apparent bug in mdoc
.br
.Pp
After the
.Ar bits
limit is reached,
.Nm
periodically checks the compression ratio.
If it is increasing,
.Nm
continues to use the existing code dictionary.
However, if the compression ratio decreases,
.Nm
discards the table of substrings and rebuilds it from scratch.
This allows the algorithm to adapt to the next
.Dq block
of the file.
.Pp
.Nm gzip
uses a slightly different version of the Lempel-Ziv algorithm
.Pq LZ77 .
Common substrings are replaced by pointers to previous strings,
and are found using a hash table.
Unique substrings are emitted as a string of literal bytes,
and compressed as Huffman trees.
.Pp
The
.Fl b
flag is omitted for
.Nm uncompress
or
.Nm gunzip
since the
.Ar bits
parameter specified during compression
is encoded within the output, along with
a magic number to ensure that neither decompression of random data nor
recompression of compressed data is attempted.
.Pp
The amount of compression obtained depends on the size of the
input, the number of
.Ar bits
per code, and the distribution of common substrings.
Typically, text such as source code or English is reduced by 50\-60% using
.Nm
and by 60\-70% using
.Nm gzip .
Compression is generally much better than that achieved by Huffman
coding (as used in the historical command pack), or adaptive Huffman
coding (as used in the historical command compact), and takes less
time to compute.
.Pp
The
.Nm
and
.Nm gzip
utilities exit with 0 on success, 1 if an error occurred, or 2 if one or
more files were not compressed because they would have grown in
size (and
.Fl f
was not specified).
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Rs
.%A Welch, Terry A.
.%D June, 1984
.%T "A Technique for High Performance Data Compression"
.%J "IEEE Computer"
.%V 17:6
.%P pp. 8-19
.Re
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width 12n -compact
.It RFC1950
ZLIB Compressed Data Format Specification
.It RFC1951
DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification
.It RFC1952
GZIP File Format Specification
.El
.Sh STANDARDS
The
.Nm
utility is compliant with the
.St -p1003.2-92
specification.
.Pp
The
.Nm gzip
and
.Nm gunzip
utilities are extensions.
.Sh HISTORY
The
.Nm
command appeared in
.Bx 4.3 .
The deflate compression support was added in
.Ox 2.1 .