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.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
.\" Ozan Yigit at York University.
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.Dd $Mdocdate: October 14 2009 $
.Dt M4 1
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm m4
.Nd macro language processor
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Nm m4
.Op Fl gPs
.Oo
.Sm off
.Fl D Ar name Op No = Ar value
.Sm on
.Oc
.Op Fl d Ar flags
.Op Fl I Ar dirname
.Op Fl o Ar filename
.Bk -words
.Op Fl t Ar macro
.Op Fl U Ns Ar name
.Op Ar
.Ek
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The
.Nm m4
utility is a macro processor that can be used as a front end to any
language (e.g., C, ratfor, fortran, lex, and yacc).
If no input files are given,
.Nm m4
reads from the standard input,
otherwise files specified on the command line are
processed in the given order.
Input files can be regular files, files in the m4 include paths, or a
single dash
.Pq Sq - ,
denoting standard input.
.Nm m4
writes
the processed text to the standard output, unless told otherwise.
.Pp
Macro calls have the form name(argument1[, argument2, ..., argumentN]).
.Pp
There cannot be any space following the macro name and the open
parenthesis
.Pq Sq ( .
If the macro name is not followed by an open
parenthesis it is processed with no arguments.
.Pp
Macro names consist of a leading alphabetic or underscore
possibly followed by alphanumeric or underscore characters, e.g.,
valid macro names match the pattern
.Dq [a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]* .
.Pp
In arguments to macros, leading unquoted space, tab, and newline
.Pq Sq \en
characters are ignored.
To quote strings, use left and right single quotes
.Po e.g.,\ \&
.Sq "\ this is a string with a leading space"
.Pc .
You can change the quote characters with the
.Ic changequote
built-in macro.
.Pp
Most built-ins don't make any sense without arguments, and hence are not
recognized as special when not followed by an open parenthesis.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl D Ns Ar name Ns Oo
.Pf = Ns Ar value
.Oc
Define the symbol
.Ar name
to have some value (or
.Dv NULL ) .
.It Fl d Ar "flags"
Set trace flags.
.Ar flags
may hold the following:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Ar a
print macro arguments.
.It Ar c
print macro expansion over several lines.
.It Ar e
print result of macro expansion.
.It Ar f
print filename location.
.It Ar l
print line number.
.It Ar q
quote arguments and expansion with the current quotes.
.It Ar t
start with all macros traced.
.It Ar x
number macro expansions.
.It Ar V
turn on all options.
.El
.Pp
By default, trace is set to
.Qq eq .
.It Fl g
Activate GNU-m4 compatibility mode.
In this mode, translit handles simple character
ranges (e.g., a-z), regular expressions mimic emacs behavior,
multiple m4wrap calls are handled as a stack,
the number of diversions is unlimited,
empty names for macro definitions are allowed,
and eval understands
.Sq 0rbase:value
numbers.
.It Fl I Ar "dirname"
Add directory
.Ar dirname
to the include path.
.It Fl o Ar filename
Send trace output to
.Ar filename .
.It Fl P
Prefix all built-in macros with
.Sq m4_ .
For example, instead of writing
.Ic define ,
use
.Ic m4_define .
.It Fl s
Output line synchronization directives, suitable for
.Xr cpp 1 .
.It Fl t Ar macro
Turn tracing on for
.Ar macro .
.It Fl "U" Ns Ar "name"
Undefine the symbol
.Ar name .
.El
.Sh SYNTAX
.Nm m4
provides the following built-in macros.
They may be redefined, losing their original meaning.
Return values are null unless otherwise stated.
.Bl -tag -width changequote
.It Fn builtin name
Calls a built-in by its
.Fa name ,
overriding possible redefinitions.
.It Fn changecom startcomment endcomment
Changes the start comment and end comment sequences.
Comment sequences may be up to five characters long.
The default values are the hash sign
and the newline character.
.Bd -literal -offset indent
# This is a comment
.Ed
.Pp
With no arguments, comments are turned off.
With one single argument, the end comment sequence is set
to the newline character.
.It Fn changequote beginquote endquote
Defines the open quote and close quote sequences.
Quote sequences may be up to five characters long.
The default values are the backquote character and the quote
character.
.Bd -literal -offset indent
`Here is a quoted string'
.Ed
.Pp
With no arguments, the default quotes are restored.
With one single argument, the close quote sequence is set
to the newline character.
.It Fn decr arg
Decrements the argument
.Fa arg
by 1.
The argument
.Fa arg
must be a valid numeric string.
.It Fn define name value
Define a new macro named by the first argument
.Fa name
to have the
value of the second argument
.Fa value .
Each occurrence of
.Sq $n
(where
.Ar n
is 0 through 9) is replaced by the
.Ar n Ns 'th
argument.
.Sq $0
is the name of the calling macro.
Undefined arguments are replaced by a null string.
.Sq $#
is replaced by the number of arguments;
.Sq $*
is replaced by all arguments comma separated;
.Sq $@
is the same as
.Sq $*
but all arguments are quoted against further expansion.
.It Fn defn name ...
Returns the quoted definition for each argument.
This can be used to rename
macro definitions (even for built-in macros).
.It Fn divert num
There are 10 output queues (numbered 0-9).
At the end of processing
.Nm m4
concatenates all the queues in numerical order to produce the
final output.
Initially the output queue is 0.
The divert
macro allows you to select a new output queue (an invalid argument
passed to divert causes output to be discarded).
.It Ic divnum
Returns the current output queue number.
.It Ic dnl
Discard input characters up to and including the next newline.
.It Fn dumpdef name ...
Prints the names and definitions for the named items, or for everything
if no arguments are passed.
.It Fn errprint msg
Prints the first argument on the standard error output stream.
.It Fn esyscmd cmd
Passes its first argument to a shell and returns the shell's standard output.
Note that the shell shares its standard input and standard error with
.Nm m4 .
.It Fn eval expr
Computes the first argument as an arithmetic expression using 32-bit
arithmetic.
Operators are the standard C ternary, arithmetic, logical,
shift, relational, bitwise, and parentheses operators.
You can specify
octal, decimal, and hexadecimal numbers as in C.
The second argument (if any)
specifies the radix for the result and the third argument (if any)
specifies the minimum number of digits in the result.
.It Fn expr expr
This is an alias for
.Ic eval .
.It Fn format formatstring arg1 ...
Returns
.Fa formatstring
with escape sequences substituted with
.Fa arg1
and following arguments, in a way similar to
.Xr printf 3 .
This built-in is only available in GNU-m4 compatibility mode, and the only
parameters implemented are there for autoconf compatibility:
left-padding flag, an optional field width, a maximum field width,
*-specified field widths, and the %s and %c data type.
.It Fn ifdef name yes no
If the macro named by the first argument is defined then return the second
argument, otherwise the third.
If there is no third argument, the value is
.Dv NULL .
The word
.Qq unix
is predefined.
.It Fn ifelse a b yes ...
If the first argument
.Fa a
matches the second argument
.Fa b
then
.Fn ifelse
returns
the third argument
.Fa yes .
If the match fails the three arguments are
discarded and the next three arguments are used until there is
zero or one arguments left, either this last argument or
.Dv NULL
is returned if no other matches were found.
.It Fn include name
Returns the contents of the file specified in the first argument.
If the file is not found as is, look through the include path:
first the directories specified with
.Fl I
on the command line, then the environment variable
.Ev M4PATH ,
as a colon-separated list of directories.
Include aborts with an error message if the file cannot be included.
.It Fn incr arg
Increments the argument by 1.
The argument must be a valid numeric string.
.It Fn index string substring
Returns the index of the second argument in the first argument (e.g.,
.Ic index(the quick brown fox jumped, fox)
returns 16).
If the second
argument is not found index returns \-1.
.It Fn indir macro arg1 ...
Indirectly calls the macro whose name is passed as the first argument,
with the remaining arguments passed as first, ... arguments.
.It Fn len arg
Returns the number of characters in the first argument.
Extra arguments
are ignored.
.It Fn m4exit code
Immediately exits with the return value specified by the first argument,
0 if none.
.It Fn m4wrap todo
Allows you to define what happens at the final
.Dv EOF ,
usually for cleanup purposes (e.g.,
.Ic m4wrap("cleanup(tempfile)")
causes the macro cleanup to be
invoked after all other processing is done).
.Pp
Multiple calls to
.Fn m4wrap
get inserted in sequence at the final
.Dv EOF .
.It Fn maketemp template
Invokes
.Xr mkstemp 3
on the first argument, and returns the modified string.
This can be used to create unique
temporary file names.
.It Fn paste file
Includes the contents of the file specified by the first argument without
any macro processing.
Aborts with an error message if the file cannot be
included.
.It Fn patsubst string regexp replacement
Substitutes a regular expression in a string with a replacement string.
Usual substitution patterns apply: an ampersand
.Pq Sq \&&
is replaced by the string matching the regular expression.
The string
.Sq \e# ,
where
.Sq #
is a digit, is replaced by the corresponding back-reference.
.It Fn popdef arg ...
Restores the
.Ic pushdef Ns ed
definition for each argument.
.It Fn pushdef macro def
Takes the same arguments as
.Ic define ,
but it saves the definition on a
stack for later retrieval by
.Fn popdef .
.It Fn regexp string regexp replacement
Finds a regular expression in a string.
If no further arguments are given,
it returns the first match position or \-1 if no match.
If a third argument
is provided, it returns the replacement string, with sub-patterns replaced.
.It Fn shift arg1 ...
Returns all but the first argument, the remaining arguments are
quoted and pushed back with commas in between.
The quoting
nullifies the effect of the extra scan that will subsequently be
performed.
.It Fn sinclude file
Similar to
.Ic include ,
except it ignores any errors.
.It Fn spaste file
Similar to
.Fn paste ,
except it ignores any errors.
.It Fn substr string offset length
Returns a substring of the first argument starting at the offset specified
by the second argument and the length specified by the third argument.
If no third argument is present it returns the rest of the string.
.It Fn syscmd cmd
Passes the first argument to the shell.
Nothing is returned.
.It Ic sysval
Returns the return value from the last
.Ic syscmd .
.It Fn traceon arg ...
Enables tracing of macro expansions for the given arguments, or for all
macros if no argument is given.
.It Fn traceoff arg ...
Disables tracing of macro expansions for the given arguments, or for all
macros if no argument is given.
.It Fn translit string mapfrom mapto
Transliterate the characters in the first argument from the set
given by the second argument to the set given by the third.
You cannot use
.Xr tr 1
style abbreviations.
.It Fn undefine name1 ...
Removes the definition for the macros specified by its arguments.
.It Fn undivert arg ...
Flushes the named output queues (or all queues if no arguments).
.It Ic unix
A pre-defined macro for testing the OS platform.
.It Ic __line__
Returns the current file's line number.
.It Ic __file__
Returns the current file's name.
.El
.Sh STANDARDS
The
.Nm
utility is compliant with the
.St -p1003.1-2008
specification.
.Pp
The flags
.Op Fl dgIot
and the macros
.Ic builtin ,
.Ic esyscmd ,
.Ic expr ,
.Ic format ,
.Ic indir ,
.Ic paste ,
.Ic patsubst ,
.Ic regexp ,
.Ic spaste ,
.Ic unix ,
.Ic __line__ ,
and
.Ic __file__
are extensions to that specification.
.Pp
The output format of tracing and of
.Ic dumpdef
are not specified in any standard,
are likely to change and should not be relied upon.
The current format of tracing is closely modelled on
.Nm gnu-m4 ,
to allow
.Nm autoconf
to work.
.Pp
The built-ins
.Ic pushdef
and
.Ic popdef
handle macro definitions as a stack.
However,
.Ic define
interacts with the stack in an undefined way.
In this implementation,
.Ic define
replaces the top-most definition only.
Other implementations may erase all definitions on the stack instead.
.Pp
All built-ins do expand without arguments in many other
.Nm m4 .
.Pp
Many other
.Nm
have dire size limitations with respect to buffer sizes.
.Sh AUTHORS
.An -nosplit
.An Ozan Yigit Aq oz@sis.yorku.ca
and
.An Richard A. O'Keefe Aq ok@goanna.cs.rmit.OZ.AU .
.Pp
GNU-m4 compatibility extensions by
.An Marc Espie Aq espie@cvs.openbsd.org .