.\" $OpenBSD: make.1,v 1.81 2008/09/01 08:37:45 jmc Exp $ .\" $OpenPackages$ .\" $NetBSD: make.1,v 1.18 1997/03/10 21:19:53 christos Exp $ .\" .\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 .\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. .\" .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions .\" are met: .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. .\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software .\" without specific prior written permission. .\" .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE .\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF .\" SUCH DAMAGE. .\" .\" from: @(#)make.1 8.4 (Berkeley) 3/19/94 .\" .Dd $Mdocdate: September 1 2008 $ .Dt MAKE 1 .Os .Sh NAME .Nm make .Nd maintain program dependencies .Sh SYNOPSIS .Nm make .Op Fl BeiknPqrSst .Op Fl D Ar variable .Op Fl d Ar flags .Op Fl f Ar makefile .Op Fl I Ar directory .Op Fl j Ar max_jobs .Op Fl m Ar directory .Op Fl V Ar variable .Op Ar NAME Ns = Ns Ar value .Bk -words .Op Ar target ... .Ek .Sh DESCRIPTION .Nm is a program designed to simplify the maintenance of other programs. Its input is a list of specifications as to the files upon which programs and other files depend. If the file .Sq Pa BSDmakefile exists, it is read for this list of specifications. If it does not exist, the files .Sq Pa makefile and .Sq Pa Makefile are tried in order. If the file .Sq Pa .depend exists, it is read in addition to the makefile (see .Xr mkdep 1 ) . .Pp The handling of .Sq Pa BSDmakefile and .Sq Pa .depend are BSD extensions. .Pp Standard options are as follows: .Bl -tag -width Ds .It Fl e Specify that environment variables override macro assignments within makefiles. .It Fl f Ar makefile Specify a makefile to read instead of the default .Sq Pa makefile and .Sq Pa Makefile . If .Ar makefile is .Ql \- , standard input is read. Multiple makefiles may be specified, and are read in the order specified. .It Fl i Ignore non-zero exit of shell commands in the makefile. Equivalent to specifying .Ql \- before each command line in the makefile. .It Fl k Continue processing after errors are encountered, but only on those targets that do not depend on the target whose creation caused the error. .It Fl n Display the commands that would have been executed, but do not actually execute them. .It Fl q Do not execute any commands, but exit with status 0 if the specified targets are up-to-date, and 1 otherwise. .It Fl r Do not use the built-in rules specified in the system makefile. .It Fl S Stop processing when an error is encountered. This is the default behavior. This is needed to negate the .Fl k option during recursive builds. .It Fl s Do not echo commands as they are executed. Equivalent to specifying .Sq Ic @ before each command line in the makefile. .It Fl t Rather than re-building a target as specified in the makefile, create it or update its modification time to make it appear up-to-date. .It Ar NAME Ns = Ns Ar value Set the value of the variable .Ar NAME to .Ar value . .El .Pp Extended options are as follows: .Bl -tag -width Ds .It Fl B Try to be backwards compatible by executing a single shell per command and by executing the commands to make the sources of a dependency line in sequence. This is turned on by default unless .Fl j is used. .It Fl D Ar variable Define .Ar variable to be 1. .It Fl d Ar flags Turn on debugging, and specify which portions of .Nm are to print debugging information. .Ar flags is one or more of the following: .Bl -tag -width Ds .It Ar A Print all possible debugging information; equivalent to specifying all of the debugging flags. .It Ar a Print debugging information about archive searching and caching. .It Ar c Print debugging information about conditional evaluation. .It Ar d Print debugging information about directory searching and caching. .It Ar f Print debugging information about the expansion of for loops. .It Ar "g1" Print the input graph before making anything. .It Ar "g2" Print the input graph after making everything, or before exiting on error. .It Ar J Print job tokens showing which output corresponds to what job. .It Ar j Print debugging information about running multiple shells. .It Ar l Print commands in Makefile targets regardless of whether or not they are prefixed by @. Also known as loud behavior. .It Ar m Print debugging information about making targets, including modification dates. .It Ar p Help finding concurrency issues for parallel make by adding some randomization. If .Va RANDOM_ORDER is defined, targets will be shuffled before being built. If .Va RANDOM_DELAY is defined, .Nm will wait between 0 and ${RANDOM_DELAY} seconds at the start of each job. A given random seed can be forced by setting .Va RANDOM_SEED , but this does not guarantee reproductibility. .It Ar s Print debugging information about suffix-transformation rules. .It Ar t Print debugging information about target list maintenance. .It Ar v Print debugging information about variable assignment. .El .It Fl I Ar directory Specify a directory in which to search for makefiles and included makefiles. The system makefile directory (or directories, see the .Fl m option) is automatically included as part of this list. .It Fl j Ar max_jobs Specify the maximum number of jobs that .Nm may have running at any one time. Turns compatibility mode off, unless the .Fl B flag is also specified. .It Fl m Ar directory Specify a directory in which to search for .Pa sys.mk and makefiles included via the <...> style. Multiple directories can be added to form a search path. This path will override the default system include path: .Pa /usr/share/mk . Furthermore, the system include path will be appended to the search path used for "..."-style inclusions (see the .Fl I option). .It Fl P Collate the output of a given job and display it only when the job finishes, instead of mixing the output of parallel jobs together. This option has no effect unless .Fl j is used too. .It Fl V Ar variable Print .Nm make Ns 's idea of the value of .Ar variable . Do not build any targets. Multiple instances of this option may be specified; the variables will be printed one per line, with a blank line for each null or undefined variable. .El .Pp There are seven different types of lines in a makefile: file dependency specifications, shell commands, variable assignments, include statements, conditional directives, for loops, and comments. Of these, include statements, conditional directives and for loops are extensions. .Pp In general, lines may be continued from one line to the next by ending them with a backslash .Pq Ql \e . The trailing newline character and initial whitespace on the following line are compressed into a single space. .Sh FILE DEPENDENCY SPECIFICATIONS Dependency lines consist of one or more targets, an operator, and zero or more sources. This creates a relationship where the targets .Dq depend on the sources and are usually created from them. The exact relationship between the target and the source is determined by the operator that separates them. Note that the use of several targets is merely a shorthand for duplicate rules. Specifically, .Bd -literal -offset indent target1 target2: depa depb cmd1 cmd2 .Ed .Pp is just a short form of .Bd -literal -offset indent target1: depa depb cmd1 cmd2 target2: depa depb cmd1 cmd2 .Ed .Pp .Nm does not support Solaris syntax for true multiple targets: .Bd -literal -offset indent target1 + target2: depa depb cmd1 cmd2 .Ed .Pp The operators are as follows: .Bl -tag -width flag .It Ic \&: A target is considered out-of-date if its modification time is less than those of any of its sources. Sources for a target accumulate over dependency lines when this operator is used. The target is removed if .Nm is interrupted. .It Ic \&! Targets are always re-created, but not until all sources have been examined and re-created as necessary. Sources for a target accumulate over dependency lines when this operator is used. The target is removed if .Nm is interrupted. .It Ic \&:: If no sources are specified, the target is always re-created. Otherwise, a target is considered out-of-date if any of its sources has been modified more recently than the target. Sources for a target do not accumulate over dependency lines when this operator is used. The target will not be removed if .Nm is interrupted. .El .Pp The .Ic \&:: operator is a fairly standard extension. The .Ic !\& operator is a BSD extension. .Pp As an extension, targets and sources may contain the shell wildcard expressions .Ql \&? , .Ql * , .Ql [] and .Ql {} . The expressions .Ql \&? , .Ql * and .Ql [] may only be used as part of the final component of the target or source, and must be used to describe existing files. The expression .Ql {} need not necessarily be used to describe existing files. Expansion is in directory order, not alphabetically as done in the shell. .Pp For maximum portability, target names should only consist of periods, underscores, digits and alphabetic characters. .Sh SHELL COMMANDS Each target may have associated with it a series of shell commands, normally used to create the target. Each of the commands in this script .Em must be preceded by a tab. While any target may appear on a dependency line, only one of these dependencies may be followed by a creation script, unless the .Sq Ic :: operator is used. .Pp If a command line begins with a combination of the characters, .Sq Ic @ , .Sq Ic \- and/or .Sq Ic + , the command is treated specially: .Bl -tag -width `@' .It Sq Ic @ causes the command not to be echoed before it is executed. .It Sq Ic \- causes any non-zero exit status of the command line to be ignored. .It Sq Ic + causes the command to be executed even if .Fl n has been specified. (This can be useful to debug recursive Makefiles.) .El .Pp The command is always executed using .Pa /bin/sh in .Qq set -e mode. .Sh VARIABLE ASSIGNMENTS Variables in .Nm are much like variables in the shell, and, by tradition, consist of all upper-case letters. They are also called .Sq macros in various texts. For portability, only periods, underscores, digits and letters should be used for variable names. The five operators that can be used to assign values to variables are as follows: .Bl -tag -width Ds .It Ic \&= Assign the value to the variable. Any previous value is overridden. .It Ic \&:= Assign with expansion, i.e., expand the value before assigning it to the variable (extension). .It Ic \&+= Append the value to the current value of the variable (extension). .It Ic \&?= Assign the value to the variable if it is not already defined (BSD extension). Normally, expansion is not done until the variable is referenced. .It Ic \&!= Expand the value and pass it to the shell for execution and assign the result to the variable. Any newlines in the result are replaced with spaces (BSD extension). .El .Pp Any whitespace before the assigned .Ar value is removed; if the value is being appended, a single space is inserted between the previous contents of the variable and the appended value. .Pp Variables are expanded by surrounding the variable name with either curly braces .Pq Ql {} or parentheses .Pq Ql () and preceding it with a dollar sign .Pq Ql \&$ . If the variable name contains only a single letter, the surrounding braces or parentheses are not required. This shorter form is not recommended. .Pp Variable substitution occurs at two distinct times, depending on where the variable is being used. Variables in dependency lines are expanded as the line is read. Variables in shell commands are expanded when the shell command is executed. .Pp The four different classes of variables (in order of increasing precedence) are: .Bl -tag -width Ds .It Environment variables Variables defined as part of .Nm make Ns 's environment. .It Global variables Variables defined in the makefile or in included makefiles. .It Command line variables Variables defined as part of the command line. .It Local variables Variables that are defined specific to a certain target. Standard local variables are as follows: .Bl -tag -width ".ARCHIVE" .It Va @ The name of the target. .It Va \&% The name of the archive member (only valid for library rules). .It Va \&! The name of the archive file (only valid for library rules). .It Va \&? The list of prerequisites for this target that were deemed out-of-date. .It Va \&< The name of the source from which this target is to be built, if a valid implied rule (suffix rule) is in scope. .It Va * The file prefix of the file, containing only the file portion, no suffix or preceding directory components. .El .Pp The six variables .Sq Va "@F" , .Sq Va "@D" , .Sq Va " The list of all sources for this target. .It Va .ALLSRC Synonym for .Sq Va \&> . .It Va .ARCHIVE Synonym for .Sq Va \&! . .It Va .IMPSRC Synonym for .Sq Va \&< . .It Va .MEMBER Synonym for .Sq Va \&% . .It Va .OODATE Synonym for .Sq Va \&? . .It Va .PREFIX Synonym for .Sq Va * . .It Va .TARGET Synonym for .Sq Va @ . .El .Pp These variables may be used on the dependency half of dependency lines, when they make sense. .El .Pp In addition, .Nm sets or knows about the following internal variables, or environment variables: .Bl -tag -width MAKEFLAGS .It Va \&$ A single dollar sign .Ql \&$ , i.e., .Ql \&$$ expands to a single dollar sign. .It Va .MAKE The name that .Nm was executed with .Pq Va argv Ns Op 0 . .It Va .CURDIR A path to the directory where .Nm was executed. .It Va .OBJDIR A path to the directory where the targets are built. At startup, .Nm searches for an alternate directory to place target files -- it will attempt to change into this special directory. First, if .Ev MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX is defined, .Nm prepends its contents to the current directory name and tries for the resulting directory. If that fails, .Nm remains in the current directory. If .Ev MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX is not defined, .Nm checks .Ev MAKEOBJDIR and tries to change into that directory. Should that fail, .Nm remains in the current directory. If .Ev MAKEOBJDIR is not defined, it tries to change into the directory named .Pa obj.${MACHINE} (see .Va MACHINE variable). If it still has found no special directory, .Nm next tries the directory named .Pa obj . If this fails, .Nm tries to prepend .Pa /usr/obj to the current directory name. Finally, if none of these directories are available .Nm will settle for and use the current directory. .It Va .MAKEFLAGS The environment variable .Ev MAKEFLAGS may contain anything that may be specified on .Nm make Ns 's command line. Its contents are stored in .Nm make Ns 's .Va .MAKEFLAGS variable. Anything specified on .Nm make Ns 's command line is appended to the .Va .MAKEFLAGS variable which is then entered into the environment as .Ev MAKEFLAGS for all programs which .Nm executes. .It Va MFLAGS A shorter synonym for .Va .MAKEFLAGS . .It Ev PWD Alternate path to the current directory. .Nm normally sets .Sq Va .CURDIR to the canonical path given by .Xr getcwd 3 . However, if the environment variable .Ev PWD is set and gives a path to the current directory, then .Nm sets .Sq Va .CURDIR to the value of .Ev PWD instead. .Ev PWD is always set to the value of .Sq Va .OBJDIR for all programs which .Nm executes. .It Va .TARGETS List of targets .Nm is currently building. .It Va .INCLUDES See .Ic .INCLUDES special target. .It Va .LIBS See .Ic .LIBS special target. .It Va MACHINE Name of the machine architecture .Nm is running on, obtained from the .Ev MACHINE environment variable, or through .Xr uname 3 if not defined. .It Va MACHINE_ARCH Name of the machine architecture .Nm was compiled for, obtained from the .Ev MACHINE_ARCH environment variable, or defined at compilation time. .It Va MAKEFILE Possibly the file name of the last makefile that has been read. It should not be used; see the .Sx BUGS section below. .El .Pp Variable expansion may be modified to select or modify each word of the variable (where .Dq word is a whitespace delimited sequence of characters). The general format of a variable expansion is as follows: .Pp .Dl {variable[:modifier[:...]]} .Pp Each modifier begins with a colon and one of the following special characters. The colon may be escaped with a backslash .Pq Ql \e . .Bl -tag -width Ds .It Cm :E Replaces each word in the variable with its suffix. .It Cm :H Replaces each word in the variable with everything but the last component. .It Cm :L Replaces each word in the variable with its lower case equivalent. .It Cm :U Replaces each word in the variable with its upper case equivalent. .It Cm :M Ns Ar pattern Select only those words that match the rest of the modifier. The standard shell wildcard characters .Pf ( Ql * , .Ql \&? , and .Ql [] ) may be used. The wildcard characters may be escaped with a backslash .Pq Ql \e . .It Cm :N Ns Ar pattern This is identical to .Cm :M , but selects all words which do not match the rest of the modifier. .It Cm :Q Quotes every shell meta-character in the variable, so that it can be passed safely through recursive invocations of .Nm make . .It Cm :R Replaces each word in the variable with everything but its suffix. .Sm off .It Cm :S No \&/ Ar old_string Xo .No \&/ Ar new_string .No \&/ Op Cm 1g .Xc .Sm on Modify the first occurrence of .Ar old_string in the variable's value, replacing it with .Ar new_string . If a .Ql g is appended to the last slash of the pattern, all occurrences in each word are replaced. If a .Ql 1 is appended to the last slash of the pattern, only the first word is affected. If .Ar old_string begins with a caret .Pq Ql ^ , .Ar old_string is anchored at the beginning of each word. If .Ar old_string ends with a dollar sign .Pq Ql \&$ , it is anchored at the end of each word. Inside .Ar new_string , an ampersand .Pq Ql & is replaced by .Ar old_string (without any .Ql ^ or .Ql \&$ ) . Any character may be used as a delimiter for the parts of the modifier string. The anchoring, ampersand and delimiter characters may be escaped with a backslash .Pq Ql \e . .Pp Variable expansion occurs in the normal fashion inside both .Ar old_string and .Ar new_string with the single exception that a backslash is used to prevent the expansion of a dollar sign .Pq Ql \&$ , not a preceding dollar sign as is usual. .Sm off .It Cm :C No \&/ Ar pattern Xo .No \&/ Ar replacement .No \&/ Op Cm 1g .Xc .Sm on The .Cm :C modifier is just like the .Cm :S modifier except that the old and new strings, instead of being simple strings, are a regular expression (see .Xr regex 3 ) and an .Xr ed 1 Ns \-style replacement string. Normally, the first occurrence of the pattern in each word of the value is changed. The .Ql 1 modifier causes the substitution to apply to at most one word; the .Ql g modifier causes the substitution to apply to as many instances of the search pattern as occur in the word or words it is found in. Note that .Ql 1 and .Ql g are orthogonal; the former specifies whether multiple words are potentially affected, the latter whether multiple substitutions can potentially occur within each affected word. .It Cm :T Replaces each word in the variable with its last component. .It Ar :old_string Ns = Ns Ar new_string This is the .At V style variable substitution. It must be the last modifier specified. If .Ar old_string or .Ar new_string do not contain the pattern matching character .Ar % then it is assumed that they are anchored at the end of each word, so only suffixes or entire words may be replaced. Otherwise .Ar % is the substring of .Ar old_string to be replaced in .Ar new_string . .El .Pp All modifiers are BSD extensions, except for the standard .At V style variable substitution. .Sh INCLUDE STATEMENTS, CONDITIONALS AND FOR LOOPS Makefile inclusion, conditional structures and for loops reminiscent of the C programming language are provided in .Nm make . All such structures are identified by a line beginning with a single dot .Pq Ql \&. character. Whitespace characters may follow this dot, e.g., .Bd -literal -offset indent \&.include .Ed and .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact \&. include .Ed .Pp are identical constructs. Files are included with either .Ql .include or .Ql .include \*qfile\*q . Variables between the angle brackets or double quotes are expanded to form the file name. If angle brackets are used, the included makefile is expected to be in the system makefile directory. If double quotes are used, the including makefile's directory and any directories specified using the .Fl I option are searched before the system makefile directory. .Pp Conditional expressions are also preceded by a single dot as the first character of a line. The possible conditionals are as follows: .Bl -tag -width Ds .It Ic .undef Ar variable Un-define the specified global variable. Only global variables may be un-defined. .It Ic .poison Ar variable Poison the specified global variable. Any further reference to .Ar variable will be flagged as an error. .It Ic .poison !defined Pq Ar variable It is an error to try to use the value of .Ar variable in a context where it is not defined. .It Ic .poison empty Pq Ar variable It is an error to try to use the value of .Ar variable in a context where it is not defined or empty. .It Xo .Ic \&.if .Oo \&! Oc Ns Ar expression .Op Ar operator expression ... .Xc Test the value of an expression. .It Xo .Ic .ifdef .Oo \&! Oc Ns Ar variable .Op Ar operator variable ... .Xc Test the value of a variable. .It Xo .Ic .ifndef .Oo \&! Oc Ns Ar variable .Op Ar operator variable ... .Xc Test the value of a variable. .It Xo .Ic .ifmake .Oo \&! Oc Ns Ar target .Op Ar operator target ... .Xc Test the target being built. .It Xo .Ic .ifnmake .Oo \&! Oc Ar target .Op Ar operator target ... .Xc Test the target being built. .It Ic .else Reverse the sense of the last conditional. .It Xo .Ic .elif .Oo \&! Oc Ar expression .Op Ar operator expression ... .Xc A combination of .Sq Ic .else followed by .Sq Ic .if . .It Xo .Ic .elifdef .Oo \&! Oc Ns Ar variable .Op Ar operator variable ... .Xc A combination of .Sq Ic .else followed by .Sq Ic .ifdef . .It Xo .Ic .elifndef .Oo \&! Oc Ns Ar variable .Op Ar operator variable ... .Xc A combination of .Sq Ic .else followed by .Sq Ic .ifndef . .It Xo .Ic .elifmake .Oo \&! Oc Ns Ar target .Op Ar operator target ... .Xc A combination of .Sq Ic .else followed by .Sq Ic .ifmake . .It Xo .Ic .elifnmake .Oo \&! Oc Ns Ar target .Op Ar operator target ... .Xc A combination of .Sq Ic .else followed by .Sq Ic .ifnmake . .It Ic .endif End the body of the conditional. .El .Pp The .Ar operator may be any one of the following: .Bl -tag -width "Cm XX" .It Cm \&|\&| logical OR .It Cm \&&& Logical .Tn AND ; of higher precedence than .Dq \&|\&| . .El .Pp As in C, .Nm will only evaluate a conditional as far as is necessary to determine its value. Parentheses may be used to change the order of evaluation. The boolean operator .Sq Ic \&! may be used to logically negate an entire conditional. It is of higher precedence than .Sq Ic \&&& . .Pp The value of .Ar expression may be any of the following: .Bl -tag -width defined .It Ic defined Takes a variable name as an argument and evaluates to true if the variable has been defined. .It Ic make Takes a target name as an argument and evaluates to true if the target was specified as part of .Nm make Ns 's command line or was declared the default target (either implicitly or explicitly, see .Va .MAIN ) before the line containing the conditional. .It Ic empty Takes a variable, with possible modifiers, and evaluates to true if the expansion of the variable would result in an empty string. .It Ic exists Takes a file name as an argument and evaluates to true if the file exists. The file is searched for on the system search path (see .Va .PATH ) . .It Ic target Takes a target name as an argument and evaluates to true if the target has been defined. .El .Pp .Ar expression may also be an arithmetic or string comparison. Variable expansion is performed on both sides of the comparison, after which the integral values are compared. A value is interpreted as hexadecimal if it is preceded by 0x, otherwise it is decimal; octal numbers are not supported. The standard C relational operators are all supported. If after variable expansion, either the left or right hand side of a .Sq Ic == or .Sq Ic "!=" operator is not an integral value, then string comparison is performed between the expanded variables. If no relational operator is given, it is assumed that the expanded variable is being compared against 0. .Pp When .Nm is evaluating one of these conditional expressions, and it encounters a word it doesn't recognize, either the .Dq make or .Dq defined expression is applied to it, depending on the form of the conditional. If the form is .Sq Ic .ifdef or .Sq Ic .ifndef , the .Dq defined expression is applied. Similarly, if the form is .Sq Ic .ifmake or .Sq Ic .ifnmake , the .Dq make expression is applied. .Pp If the conditional evaluates to true the parsing of the makefile continues as before. If it evaluates to false, the following lines are skipped. In both cases this continues until a .Sq Ic .else or .Sq Ic .endif is found. .Pp For loops are typically used to apply a set of rules to a list of files. The syntax of a for loop is: .Bd -unfilled -offset indent .Xo .Ic .for Ar variable Op Ar variable ... .Ic in .Ar expression .Xc .Ic \&.endfor .Ed .Pp After the for .Ar expression is evaluated, it is split into words. On each iteration of the loop, one word is assigned to each .Ar variable , in order, and these .Ar variables are substituted in the .Ic make-rules inside the body of the for loop. The number of words must match the number of iteration variables; that is, if there are three iteration variables, the number of words must be a multiple of three. .Pp Loops and conditional expressions may nest arbitrarily, but they may not cross include file boundaries. .Sh COMMENTS Comments begin with a hash .Pq Ql \&# character, anywhere but in a shell command line, and continue to the end of the line. .Sh SPECIAL SOURCES .Bl -tag -width ".PRECIOUS" .It Ic .IGNORE Ignore any errors from the commands associated with this target, exactly as if they all were preceded by a dash .Pq Ql \- . .It Ic .MADE Mark all sources of this target as being up-to-date. .It Ic .MAKE Execute the commands associated with this target even if the .Fl n or .Fl t options were specified. Normally used to mark recursive .Nm make Ns 's . .It Ic .NOTMAIN Normally .Nm selects the first target it encounters as the default target to be built if no target was specified. This source prevents this target from being selected. .It Ic .OPTIONAL If a target is marked with this attribute and .Nm can't figure out how to create it, it will ignore this fact and assume the file isn't needed or already exists. .It Ic .PRECIOUS When .Nm is interrupted, it removes any partially made targets. This source prevents the target from being removed. .It Ic .SILENT Do not echo any of the commands associated with this target, exactly as if they all were preceded by an at sign .Pq Ql @ . .It Ic .USE Turn the target into .Nm make Ns 's version of a macro. When the target is used as a source for another target, the other target acquires the commands, sources, and attributes (except for .Ic .USE ) of the source. If the target already has commands, the .Ic .USE target's commands are appended to them. .It Ic .WAIT If .Ic .WAIT appears in a dependency line, the sources that precede it are made before the sources that succeed it in the line. Loops are not detected and targets that form loops will be silently ignored. .El .Sh SPECIAL TARGETS Special targets may not be included with other targets, i.e., they must be the only target specified. .Bl -tag -width ".NOTPARALLEL" .It Ic .BEGIN Any command lines attached to this target are executed before anything else is done. .It Ic .DEFAULT This is sort of a .Ic .USE rule for any target (that was used only as a source) that .Nm can't figure out any other way to create. Only the shell script is used. The .Ic .IMPSRC variable of a target that inherits .Ic .DEFAULT Ns 's commands is set to the target's own name. .It Ic .END Any command lines attached to this target are executed after everything else is done. .It Ic .IGNORE Mark each of the sources with the .Ic .IGNORE attribute. If no sources are specified, this is the equivalent of specifying the .Fl i option. .It Ic .INCLUDES A list of suffixes that indicate files that can be included in a source file. The suffix must have already been declared with .Ic .SUFFIXES , any suffix so declared will have the directories in its search path (see .Ic .PATH ) placed in the .Va .INCLUDES special variable, each preceded by a .Fl I flag. .It Ic .INTERRUPT If .Nm is interrupted, the commands for this target will be executed. .It Ic .LIBS This does for libraries what .Ic .INCLUDES does for include files, except that the flag used is .Fl L . .It Ic .MAIN If no target is specified when .Nm is invoked, this target will be built. This is always set, either explicitly, or implicitly when .Nm selects the default target, to give the user a way to refer to the default target on the command line. .It Ic .MAKEFLAGS This target provides a way to specify flags for .Nm when the makefile is used. The flags are as if typed to the shell, though the .Fl f option will have no effect. .\" XXX: NOT YET!!!! .\" .It Ic .NOTPARALLEL .\" The named targets are executed in non parallel mode. If no targets are .\" specified, then all targets are executed in non parallel mode. .It Ic .NOTPARALLEL Disable parallel mode. .It Ic .NO_PARALLEL Same as above, for compatibility with other pmake variants. .It Ic .ORDER The named targets are made in sequence. .\" XXX: NOT YET!!!! .\" .It Ic .PARALLEL .\" The named targets are executed in parallel mode. If no targets are .\" specified, then all targets are executed in parallel mode. .It Ic .PATH The sources are directories which are to be searched for files not found in the current directory. If no sources are specified, any previously specified directories are deleted. .It Ic .PATH\fIsuffix\fR The sources are directories which are to be searched for suffixed files not found in the current directory. .Nm first searches the suffixed search path, before reverting to the default path if the file is not found there. .It Ic .PHONY Apply the .Ic .PHONY attribute to any specified sources. Targets with this attribute are always considered to be out of date. .It Ic .PRECIOUS Apply the .Ic .PRECIOUS attribute to any specified sources. If no sources are specified, the .Ic .PRECIOUS attribute is applied to every target in the file. .It Ic .SILENT Apply the .Ic .SILENT attribute to any specified sources. If no sources are specified, the .Ic .SILENT attribute is applied to every command in the file. .It Ic .SUFFIXES Each source specifies a suffix to .Nm make . If no sources are specified, any previously specified suffixes are deleted. .El .Sh ENVIRONMENT .Nm uses the following environment variables, if they exist: .Ev MACHINE , .Ev MACHINE_ARCH , .Ev MAKEFLAGS , .Ev MAKEOBJDIR , .Ev MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX , and .Ev PWD . .Nm also ignores and unsets .Ev CDPATH . .Sh FILES .Bl -tag -width /usr/share/mk -compact .It Pa .depend list of dependencies .It Pa BSDmakefile default makefile .It Pa makefile default makefile if .Pa BSDmakefile does not exist .It Pa Makefile default makefile if .Pa makefile does not exist .It Pa sys.mk system makefile .It Pa /usr/share/mk system makefile directory .It Pa /usr/obj default .Ev MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX directory .El .Sh SEE ALSO .Xr ed 1 , .Xr mkdep 1 , .Xr sh 1 , .Xr getcwd 3 , .Xr regex 3 , .Xr uname 3 .Pp "Make \(em A Tutorial", .Pa /usr/share/doc/psd/12.make/ . .Sh STANDARDS The .Nm utility is compliant with the .St -p1003.1-2004 specification. .Pp The flags .Op Fl BDdIjmPV are extensions to that specification. .Pp Older versions of .Nm used .Ev MAKE instead of .Ev MAKEFLAGS . This was removed for POSIX compatibility. The internal variable .Va MAKE is set to the same value as .Va .MAKE . Support for this may be removed in the future. .Pp Most of the more esoteric features of .Nm should probably be avoided for greater compatibility. .Sh HISTORY A .Nm command appeared in .At v7 . .Sh BUGS The determination of .Va .OBJDIR is contorted to the point of absurdity. .Pp If the same target is specified several times in normal dependency rules, .Nm silently ignores all commands after the first non empty set of commands, e.g., in .Bd -literal -offset indent a: @echo "Executed" a: @echo "Bad luck" .Ed .Pp @echo "Bad luck" will be silently ignored. .Pp .Va .TARGETS is not set to the default target when .Nm is invoked without a target name and no .Ic MAIN special target exists. .Pp The evaluation of .Ar expression in a test is very simple-minded. Currently, the only form that works is .Ql .if ${VAR} op something \. For instance, tests should be written as .Ql .if ${VAR} == "string" , not the other way around, which doesn't work. .Pp For loops are expanded before tests, so a fragment such as: .Bd -literal -offset indent \&.for TMACHINE in ${SHARED_ARCHS} \&.if ${TMACHINE} == ${MACHINE} ... \&.endif \&.endfor .Ed .Pp won't work, and should be rewritten the other way around. .Pp When handling pre-BSD 4.4 archives, .Nm may erroneously mark archive members as out of date if the archive name was truncated. .Pp The handling of .Sq ;\& and other special characters in tests may be utterly bogus. For instance, in .Bd -literal -offset indent \&A=abcd;c.c \&.if ${A:R} == "abcd;c" .Ed .Pp the test will never match, even though the value is correct. .Pp The conditional handler is incredibly lame. Junk such as .Pp .Dl \&.if defined anything goes (A) .Pp will be accepted silently. .Pp In a .for loop, only the variable value is used; assignments will be evaluated later, e.g., in .Bd -literal -offset indent \&.for I in a b c d I:=${I:S/a/z} A+=$I \&.endfor .Ed .Pp .Sq A will evaluate to a b c d after the loop, not z b c d. .Pp .Ic ORDER is only used in parallel mode, so keep dependency ordered for sequential mode! .Pp Distinct target names are treated separately, even though they might correspond to the same file in the file system. This can cause excessive rebuilds of some targets, and bogus races in parallel mode. This can also prevent .Nm from finding a rule to solve a dependency if the target name is not exactly the same as the dependency. .Pp In parallel mode, .Fl j Ar n only limits the number of concurrent makes it knows about. During recursive invocations, each level will multiply the number of processes by .Ar n . .Pp The .Va MAKEFILE variable cannot be used reliably. It is a compatibility feature and may get set to the last makefile specified, as it is set by System V make.