Installation instructions for Sudo 1.7 ====================================== Sudo uses a `configure' script to probe the capabilities and type of the system in question. In this release, `configure' takes many more options than it did before. Please read this document fully before configuring and building sudo. You may also wish to read the file INSTALL.configure which explains more about the `configure' script. Simple sudo installation ======================== For most systems and configurations it is possible simply to: 0) If you are upgrading from a previous version of sudo please read the info in the UPGRADE file before proceeding. 1) If you previously ran `configure' on a different host you will probably want to do a `make distclean' to remove the old `config.cache' file. Otherwise, `configure' will complain and refuse to run. Alternately, one can simply `rm config.cache'. 2) Read the `OS dependent notes' section for any particular "gotchas" relating to your operating system. 3) `cd' to the source or build directory and type `./configure' to generate a Makefile and config.h file suitable for building sudo. Before you actually run configure you should read the `Available configure options' section to see if there are any special options you may want or need. 4) Edit the configure-generated Makefile if you wish to change any of the default paths (alternatively, you could have changed the paths via options to `configure'. 5) Type `make' to compile sudo. If you are building sudo in a separate build tree (apart from the sudo source) GNU make will probably be required. If `configure' did its job properly (and you have a supported configuration) there won't be any problems. If this doesn't work, take a look at the files TROUBLESHOOTING and PORTING for tips on what might have gone wrong. Please mail us if you have a fix or if you are unable to come up with a fix (address at EOF). 6) Type `make install' (as root) to install sudo, visudo, the man pages, and a skeleton sudoers file. Note that the install will not overwrite an existing sudoers file. You can also install various pieces the package via the install-binaries, install-man, and install-sudoers make targets. 7) Edit the sudoers file with `visudo' as necessary for your site. You will probably want to refer the sample.sudoers file and sudoers man page included with the sudo package. 8) If you want to use syslogd(8) to do the logging, you'll need to update your /etc/syslog.conf file. See the sample.syslog.conf file included in the distribution for an example. Available configure options =========================== This section describes flags accepted by the sudo's `configure' script. Defaults are listed in brackets after the description. Configuration: --cache-file=FILE Cache test results in FILE --config-cache, -C Alias for `--cache-file=config.cache' --help, -h Print the usage/help info --no-create, -n Do not create output files --quiet, --silent, -q Do not print `checking...' messages Directory and file names: --prefix=PREFIX Install architecture-independent files in PREFIX This really only applies to man pages. [/usr/local] --exec-prefix=EPREFIX Install architecture-dependent files in EPREFIX This includes the sudo and visudo executables. [same as prefix] --bindir=DIR Install `sudo' in DIR [EPREFIX/bin] --sbindir=DIR Install `visudo' in DIR [EPREFIX/sbin] --sysconfdir=DIR Install `sudoers' file in DIR [/etc] --mandir=DIR Install man pages in DIR [PREFIX/man] --srcdir=DIR Find the sources in DIR [configure dir or ..] Special features/options: --with-CC=PATH Specifies path to C compiler you wish to use. --with-incpath=DIR Adds the specified directory (or directories) to CPPFLAGS so configure and the compiler will look there for include files. Multiple directories may be specified as long as they are space separated. Eg: --with-incpath="/usr/local/include /opt/include" --with-libpath=DIR Adds the specified directory (or directories) to LDFLAGS so configure and the compiler will look there for libraries. Multiple directories may be specified as with --with-incpath. --with-rpath Tells configure to use -Rpath in addition to -Lpath when passing library paths to the loader. This option is on by default for Solaris and SVR4. --with-blibpath[=PATH] Tells configure to construct a -blibpath argument to the loader. If a PATH is specified, it will be used as the base. Otherwise, "/usr/lib:/lib:/usr/local/lib" will be used for gcc and "/usr/lib:/lib" for non-gcc. Additional library paths will be appended as needed by configure. This option is only valid for AIX where it is on by default. --with-libraries=LIBRARY Adds the specified library (or libaries) to SUDO_LIBS and and VISUDO_LIBS so sudo will link against them. If the library doesn't start with `-l' or end in `.a' or `.o' a `-l' will be prepended to it. Multiple libraries may be specified as long as they are space separated. --with-csops Add CSOps standard options. You probably aren't interested in this. --with-skey[=DIR] Enable S/Key OTP (One Time Password) support. If specified, DIR should contain include and lib directories with skey.h and libskey.a respectively. --with-opie[=DIR] Enable NRL OPIE OTP (One Time Password) support. If specified, DIR should contain include and lib directories with opie.h and libopie.a respectively. --with-SecurID[=DIR] Enable SecurID support. If specified, DIR is directory containing sdiclient.a, sdi_athd.h, sdconf.h, and sdacmvls.h. --with-fwtk[=DIR] Enable TIS Firewall Toolkit (FWTK) 'authsrv' support. If specified, DIR is the base directory containing the compiled FWTK package (or at least the library and header files). --with-kerb4[=DIR] Enable Kerberos IV support. If specified, DIR is the base directory containing the Kerberos IV include and lib dirs. This uses Kerberos passphrases for authentication but does not use the Kerberos cookie scheme. --with-kerb5[=DIR] Enable Kerberos V support. If specified, DIR is the base directory containing the Kerberos V include and lib dirs. This This uses Kerberos passphrases for authentication but does not use the Kerberos cookie scheme. Will not work for Kerberos V older than version 1.1. --with-ldap[=DIR] Enable LDAP support. If specified, DIR is the base directory containing the LDAP include and lib directories. Please see README.LDAP for more information. --with-ldap-conf-file=filename Path to LDAP configuration file. If specified, sudo reads this file instead of /etc/ldap.conf to locate the LDAP server. --with-ldap-secret-file=filename Path to LDAP secret password file. If specified, sudo uses this file instead of /etc/ldap.secret to read the secret password when rootbinddn is specified in the ldap config file. --with-nsswitch[=filename] Path to nsswitch.conf or "no" to disable nsswitch support. If specified, sudo uses this file instead of /etc/nsswitch.conf. If nsswitch is disabled but LDAP is enabled, sudo will check LDAP first, then the sudoers file. --with-aixauth Enable support for the AIX 4.x general authentication function. This will use the authentication scheme specified for the user on the machine. It is on by default for AIX systems that support it. --with-pam Enable PAM support. This is on by default for Darwin, FreeBSD, Linux, Solaris and HP-UX (version 11 and higher). NOTE: on RedHat Linux and Fedora you *must* have an /etc/pam.d/sudo file install. You may either use the sample.pam file included with sudo or use /etc/pam.d/su as a reference. The sample.pam file included with sudo may or may not work with other Linux distributions. On Solaris and HP-UX 11 systems you should check (and understand) the contents of /etc/pam.conf. Do a "man pam.conf" for more information and consider using the "debug" option, if available, with your PAM libraries in /etc/pam.conf to obtain syslog output for debugging purposes. --with-AFS Enable AFS support with Kerberos authentication. Should work under AFS 3.3. If your AFS doesn't have -laudit you should be able to link without it. --with-DCE Enable DCE support for systems without PAM. Known to work on HP-UX 9.X, 10.X, and 11.0; other systems may require source code and/or `configure' changes. On systems with PAM support (such as HP-UX 11.0 and higher, Solaris, FreeBSD and Linux), the DCE PAM module (usually libpam_dce) should be used instead. --with-logincap This adds support for login classes specified in /etc/login.conf. It is enabled by default on BSD/OS, Darwin, FreeBSD, OpenBSD and NetBSD (where available). By default, a login class is not applied unless the 'use_loginclass' option is defined in sudoers or the user specifies a class on the command line. --with-bsdauth Enable support for BSD authentication. This is the default for BSD/OS and OpenBSD systems that support it. It is not possible to mix BSD authentication with other authentication methods (and there really should be no need to do so). Note that only the newer BSD authentication API is supported. If you don't have /usr/include/bsd_auth.h then you cannot use this. --with-project Enable support for Solaris project resource limits. This option is only available on Solaris 9 and above. --with-noexec[=PATH] Enable support for the "noexec" functionality which prevents a dynamically-linked program being run by sudo from executing another program (think shell escapes). Please see the "PREVENTING SHELL ESCAPES" section in the sudoers man page for details. If specified, PATH should be a fully qualified pathname, e.g. /usr/local/libexec/sudo_noexec.so. If PATH is "no", noexec support will not be compiled in. The default is to compile noexec support if libtool supports building shared objects on your OS. --disable-pam-session Disable sudo's PAM session support. This may be needed on older PAM implementations or on operating systems where opening a PAM session changes the utmp or wtmp files. If PAM session support is disabled, resource limits may not be updatedin for command being run. --disable-root-mailer By default sudo will run the mailer as root when tattling on a user so as to prevent that user from killing the mailer. With this option, sudo will run the mailer as the invoking user which some people consider to be safer. --disable-setreuid Disable use of the setreuid() function for operating systems where it is broken. Mac OS X has setreuid() but it doesn't really work. --disable-setresuid Disable use of the setresuid() function for operating systems where it is broken (none currently known). --disable-sia Disable SIA support. This is the "Security Integration Architecture" on Digital UNIX. If you disable SIA sudo will use its own authentication routines. --disable-shadow Disable shadow password support. Normally, sudo will compile in shadow password support and use a shadow password if it exists. --with-sudoers-mode=MODE File mode for the sudoers file (octal). Note that if you wish to NFS-mount the sudoers file this must be group readable. Also note that this is actually set in the Makefile. The default mode is 0440. --with-sudoers-uid=UID User id that "owns" the sudoers file. Note that this is the numeric id, *not* the symbolic name. Also note that this is actually set in the Makefile. The default is 0. --with-sudoers-gid=GID Group id that "owns" the sudoers file. Note that this is the numeric id, *not* the symbolic name. Also note that this is actually set in the Makefile. The default is 0. --without-interfaces This option keeps sudo from trying to glean the ip address from each attached ethernet interface. It is only useful on a machine where sudo's interface reading support does not work, which may be the case on some SysV-based OS's using STREAMS. --without-passwd This option excludes authentication via the passwd (or shadow) file. It should only be used when another, alternative, authentication scheme is in use. --with-otp-only This option is now just an alias for --without-passwd. --with-stow Properly handle GNU stow packaging. The sudoers file will physically live in ${prefix}/etc and /etc/sudoers will be a symbolic link. --with-selinux Enable support for role based access control (RBAC) on systems that support SELinux. The following options are also configurable at runtime: --with-long-otp-prompt When validating with a One Time Password scheme (S/Key or OPIE), a two-line prompt is used to make it easier to cut and paste the challenge to a local window. It's not as pretty as the default but some people find it more convenient. --with-logging=TYPE How you want to do your logging. You may choose "syslog", "file", or "both". Setting this to "syslog" is nice because you can keep all of your sudo logs in one place (see the sample.syslog.conf file). The default is "syslog". --with-logfac=FACILITY Determines which syslog facility to log to. This requires a 4.3BSD or later version of syslog. You can still set this for ancient syslogs but it will have no effect. The following facilities are supported: authpriv (if your OS supports it), auth, daemon, user, local0, local1, local2, local3, local4, local5, local6, and local7. --with-goodpri=PRIORITY Determines which syslog priority to log successfully authenticated commands. The following priorities are supported: alert, crit, debug, emerg, err, info, notice, and warning. --with-badpri=PRIORITY Determines which syslog priority to log unauthenticated commands and errors. The following priorities are supported: alert, crit, debug, emerg, err, info, notice, and warning. --with-logpath=PATH Override the default location of the sudo log file and use "path" instead. By default will use /var/log/sudo.log if there is a /var/log dir, falling back to /var/adm/sudo.log or /usr/adm/sudo.log if not. --with-loglen=NUMBER Number of characters per line for the file log. This is only used if you are to "file" or "both". This value is used to decide when to wrap lines for nicer log files. The default is 80. Setting this to 0 will disable the wrapping. --with-ignore-dot If set, sudo will ignore '.' or '' (current dir) in $PATH. The $PATH itself is not modified. --with-mailto=USER|MAIL_ALIAS User (or mail alias) that mail from sudo is sent to. This should go to a sysadmin at your site. The default is "root". --with-mailsubject="SUBJECT OF MAIL" Subject of the mail sent to the "mailto" user. The token "%h" will expand to the hostname of the machine. Default is "*** SECURITY information for %h ***". --without-mail-if-no-user Normally, sudo will mail to the "alertmail" user if the user invoking sudo is not in the sudoers file. This option disables that behavior. --with-mail-if-no-host Send mail to the "alermail" user if the user exists in the sudoers file, but is not allowed to run commands on the current host. --with-mail-if-noperms Send mail to the "alermail" user if the user is allowed to use sudo but the command they are trying is not listed in their sudoers file entry. --with-passprompt="PASSWORD PROMPT" Default prompt to use when asking for a password; can be overridden via the -p option and the SUDO_PROMPT environment variable. Supports the "%H", "%h", "%U" and "%u" escapes as documented in the sudo manual page. The default value is "Password:". --with-badpass-message="BAD PASSWORD MESSAGE" Message that is displayed if a user enters an incorrect password. The default is "Sorry, try again." unless insults are turned on. --with-fqdn Define this if you want to put fully qualified hostnames in the sudoers file. Ie: instead of myhost you would use myhost.mydomain.edu. You may still use the short form if you wish (and even mix the two). Beware that turning FQDN on requires sudo to make DNS lookups which may make sudo unusable if your DNS is totally hosed. Also note that you must use the host's official name as DNS knows it. That is, you may not use a host alias (CNAME entry) due to performance issues and the fact that there is no way to get all aliases from DNS. --with-timedir=PATH Override the default location of the sudo timestamp directory and use "path" instead. --with-sendmail=PATH Override configure's guess as to the location of sendmail. --without-sendmail Do not use sendmail to mail messages to the "mailto" user. Use only if don't run sendmail or the equivalent. --with-umask=MASK Umask to use when running the root command. The default is 0022. --without-umask Preserves the umask of the user invoking sudo. --with-runas-default=USER The default user to run commands as if the -u flag is not specified on the command line. This defaults to "root". --with-exempt=GROUP Users in the specified group don't need to enter a password when running sudo. This may be useful for sites that don't want their "core" sysadmins to have to enter a password but where Jr. sysadmins need to. You should probably use NOPASSWD in sudoers instead. --with-passwd-tries=NUMBER Number of tries a user gets to enter his/her password before sudo logs the failure and exits. The default is 3. --with-timeout=NUMBER Number of minutes that can elapse before sudo will ask for a passwd again. The default is 5, set this to 0 to always prompt for a password. --with-password-timeout=NUMBER Number of minutes before the sudo password prompt times out. The default is 5, set this to 0 for no password timeout. --with-tty-tickets This makes sudo use a different ticket file for each user/tty combo. Ie: instead of the ticket path being "username" it is "username/tty". This is useful for "shared" accounts like "operator". Note that this means that there will be more files in the timestamp dir. This is not a problem if your system has a cron job to remove of files from /tmp (or wherever you specified the timestamp dir to be). --with-insults Define this if you want to be insulted for typing an incorrect password just like the original sudo(8). This is off by default. --with-all-insults Include all the insult sets listed below. You must either specify --with-insults or enable insults in the sudoers file for this to have any effect. --with-classic-insults Uses insults from sudo "classic." If you just specify --with-insults you will get the classic and CSOps insults. This is on by default if --with-insults is given. --with-csops-insults Insults the user with an extra set of insults (some quotes, some original) from a sysadmin group at CU (CSOps). You must specify --with-insults as well for this to have any effect. This is on by default if --with-insults is given. --with-hal-insults Uses 2001-like insults when an incorrect password is entered. You must either specify --with-insults or enable insults in the sudoers file for this to have any effect. --with-goons-insults Insults the user with lines from the "Goon Show" when an incorrect password is entered. You must either specify --with-insults or enable insults in the sudoers file for this to have any effect. --with-pc-insults Replace politically incorrect insults with less objectionable ones. --with-secure-path[=PATH] Path used for every command run from sudo(8). If you don't trust the people running sudo to have a sane PATH environment variable you may want to use this. Another use is if you want to have the "root path" be separate from the "user path." You will need to customize the path for your site. NOTE: this is not applied to users in the group specified by --with-exemptgroup. If you do not specify a path, "/bin:/usr/ucb:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/etc:/etc" is used. --without-lecture Don't print the lecture the first time a user runs sudo. --with-editor=PATH Specify the default editor path for use by visudo. This may be a single pathname or a colon-separated list of editors. In the latter case, visudo will choose the editor that matches the user's VISUAL or EDITOR environment variables or the first editor in the list that exists. The default is the path to vi on your system. --with-env-editor Makes visudo consult the VISUAL and EDITOR environment variables before falling back on the default editor list (as specified by --with-editor). Note that this may create a security hole as it allows the user to run any arbitrary command as root without logging. A safer alternative is to use a colon-separated list of editors with the --with-editor option. visudo will then only use the VISUAL or EDITOR variables if they match a value specified via --with-editor. --with-askpass=PATH Set PATH as the "askpass" program to use when no tty is available. Typically, this is a graphical password prompter, similar to the one used by ssh. The program must take a prompt as an argument and print the received password to the standard output. --disable-authentication By default, sudo requires the user to authenticate via a password or similar means. This options causes sudo to *not* require authentication. It is possible to turn authentication back on in sudoers via the PASSWD attribute. --disable-root-sudo Don't let root run sudo. This can be used to prevent people from "chaining" sudo commands to get a root shell by doing something like "sudo sudo /bin/sh". --enable-gss-krb5-ccache-name Use the gss_krb5_ccache_name() function to set the Kerberos V credential cache file name. By default, sudo will use the KRB5CCNAME environment variable to set this. While gss_krb5_ccache_name() provides a better API to do this it is not supported by all Kerberos V and SASL combinations. --enable-log-host Log the hostname in the log file. --enable-noargs-shell If sudo is invoked with no arguments it acts as if the "-s" flag had been given. That is, it runs a shell as root (the shell is determined by the SHELL environment variable, falling back on the shell listed in the invoking user's /etc/passwd entry). --enable-shell-sets-home If sudo is invoked with the "-s" flag the HOME environment variable will be set to the home directory of the target user (which is root unless the "-u" option is used). This option effectively makes the "-s" flag imply "-H". --disable-path-info Normally, sudo will tell the user when a command could not be found in their $PATH. Some sites may wish to disable this as it could be used to gather information on the location of executables that the normal user does not have access to. The disadvantage is that if the executable is simply not in the user's path, sudo will tell the user that they are not allowed to run it, which can be confusing. Shadow password and C2 support ============================== Shadow passwords (also included with most C2 security packages) are supported on most major platforms for which they exist. The `configure' script will attempt to determine if your system can use shadow passwords and include support for them if so. Shadow password support is now compiled in by default (it doesn't hurt anything if you don't have them configured). To disable the shadow password support, use the --disable-shadow option to configure. Shadow passwords are known to work on the following platforms: SunOS 4.x Solaris 2.x HP-UX >= 9.x Ultrix 4.x Digital UNIX IRIX >= 5.x AIX >= 3.2.x ConvexOS with C2 security (not tested recently) Linux SCO >= 3.2.2 Pyramid DC/OSx UnixWare SVR4 (and variants using standard SVR4 shadow passwords) 4.4BSD based systems (including OpenBSD, NetBSD, FreeBSD, and BSD/OS) OS's using SecureWare's C2 security. OS dependent notes ================== OpenBSD < 2.2 and NetBSD < 1.2.1: The fdesc file system has a bug wrt /dev/tty handling that causes sudo to hang at the password prompt. The workaround is to run configure with --with-password-timeout=0 Solaris 2.x: You need to have a C compiler in order to build sudo. Since Solaris 2.x does not come with one by default this means that you either need to have purchased the unbundled Sun C compiler or have a copy of the GNU C compiler (gcc). The SunSoft Catalyst CD should contain gcc binaries for Solaris. You can also get them from various places on the net, including http://www.sunfreeware.com/ NOTE: sudo will *not* build with the sun C compiler in BSD compatibility mode (/usr/ucb/cc). Sudo is designed to compile with the standard C compiler (or gcc) and will not build correctly with /usr/ucb/cc. You can use the `--with-CC' option to point `configure' to the non-ucb compiler if it is not the first cc in your path. Some sites link /usr/ucb/cc to gcc; configure will not notice this an still refuse to use /usr/ucb/cc, so make sure gcc is also in your path if your site is setup this way. Also: Many versions of Solaris come with a broken syslogd. If you have having problems with sudo logging you should make sure you have the latest syslogd patch installed. This is a problem for Solaris 2.4 and 2.5 at least. AIX 3.2.x: I've had various problems with the AIX C compiler producing incorrect code when the -O flag was used. When optimization is not used, the problems go away. Gcc does not appear to have this problem. Also, the AIX 3.2.x lex will not work with sudo's parse.lex. This should not be a problem as sudo comes shipped with a pre-generated lex.yy.c (created by flex). If you want to modify the lex tokenizer, make sure you grab a copy of flex from ftp.ee.lbl.gov (also available on most GNU mirrors) and sudo will use that instead. Ultrix 4.x: Ultrix still ships with the 4.2BSD syslog(3) which does not allow things like logging different facilities to different files, redirecting logs to a single loghost and other niceties. You may want to just grab and install: ftp://gatekeeper.dec.com/pub/DEC/jtkohl-syslog-complete.tar.Z (available via anonymous ftp) which is a port if the 4.3BSD syslog/syslogd that is backwards compatible with the Ultrix version. I recommend it highly. If you do not do this you probably want to run configure with --with-logging=file Digital UNIX: By default, sudo will use SIA (Security Integration Architecture) to validate a user. If you want to use an alternative authentication method that does not go through SIA, you need to use the --disable-sia option to configure. If you use gcc to compile you will get warnings when building interfaces.c. These are harmless but if they really bug you, you can edit /usr/include/net/if.h around line 123, right after the comment: /* forward decls for C++ */ change the line: #ifdef __cplusplus to: #if defined(__cplusplus) || defined(__GNUC__) If you don't like the idea of editing the system header file you can just make a copy in gcc's private include tree and edit that. Linux: PAM and LDAP headers are not installed by default on most Linux systems. You will need to install the "pav-dev" package if /usr/include/security/pam_appl.h is not present on your system. If you wish to build with LDAP support you will also need the openldap-devel package. Versions of glibc 2.x previous to 2.0.7 have a broken lsearch(). You will need to either upgrade to glibc-2.0.7 or use sudo's version of lsearch(). To use sudo's lsearch(), comment out the "#define HAVE_LSEARCH 1" line in config.h and add lsearch.o to the LIBOBJS line in the Makefile. If you are using a Linux kernel older than 2.4 it is not possible to access the sudoers file via NFS. This is due to a bug in the Linux client-side NFS implementation that has since been fixed. There is a workaround on the sudo ftp site, linux_nfs.patch, if you need to NFS-mount sudoers on older Linux kernels. Mac OS X: It has been reported that for sudo to work on Mac OS X it must either be built with the --with-password-timeout=0 option or the password timeout must be disabled in the Defaults line in the sudoers file. If sudo just hangs when you try to enter a password, you need to disable the password timeout (Note: this is not a bug in sudo). SCO ODT: You'll probably need libcrypt_i.a available via anonymous ftp from sosco.sco.com. The necessary files are /SLS/lng225b.Z and /SLS/lng225b.ltr.Z. Dynix: Some people have experienced problems building sudo with gcc on Dynix. If you experience problems compiling sudo using gcc on Dynix, try using the native compiler (cc). You can do so by removing the config.cache file and then re-running configure with the --with-CC=cc option. HP-UX: The default C compiler shipped with HP-UX does not support creating position independent code and so is unable to support sudo's "noexec" functionality. You must use either the HP ANSI C compiler or gcc for noexec to work. Binary packages of gcc are available from http://hpux.connect.org.uk/ and http://hpux.cs.utah.edu/. To prevent PAM from overriding the value of umask on HP-UX 11, you will need to add a line like the following to /etc/pam.conf: sudo session required libpam_hpsec.so.1 bypass_umask SunOS 4.x: The /bin/sh shipped with SunOS blows up while running configure. You can work around this by installalling bash or zsh. If you have bash or zsh in your path, configure will use it instead automatically.