.\" $OpenBSD: units.1,v 1.16 2003/09/02 18:50:07 jmc Exp $ .\" converted to new format by deraadt@openbsd.org .\" .\" Copyright (c) 1993 by Adrian Mariano (adrian@cam.cornell.edu) .\" .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions .\" are met: .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. .\" 2. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products .\" derived from this software without specific prior written permission. .\" Disclaimer: This software is provided by the author "as is". The author .\" shall not be liable for any damages caused in any way by this software. .\" .\" I would appreciate (though I do not require) receiving a copy of any .\" improvements you might make to this program. .\" .Dd July 14, 1993 .Dt UNITS 1 .Os .Sh NAME .Nm units .Nd conversion program .Sh SYNOPSIS .Nm units .Op Fl f Ar filename .Op Fl q .Op Fl v .Ar from-unit .Ar to-unit .Sh DESCRIPTION The .Nm program converts quantities expressed in various scales to their equivalents in other scales. The .Nm program can only handle multiplicative scale changes. It cannot convert Celsius to Fahrenheit, for example. It also does not handle logarithmic units such as bels. It works interactively by prompting the user for input: .Pp .Bd -literal -offset indent You have: meters You want: feet * 3.2808399 / 0.3048 You have: cm^3 You want: gallons * 0.00026417205 / 3785.4118 .Ed .Pp The .Nm program can handle numbers as well: .Pp .Bd -literal -offset indent You have: 60 miles/hr You want: km/hr * 96.56064 / 0.010356187 You have: 5 austriaschilling You want: 100 italylira * 7.0357114 / 0.14213204 .Ed .Pp In other words, 60 miles per hour is about 96.6 km/hr, and 5 Austrian Schillings will get you seven 100-Lira coins. .Pp The options are as follows: .Bl -tag -width Ds .It Fl f Ar filename Specifies the name of the units data file to load. .It Fl q Suppresses prompting of the user for units and the display of statistics about the number of units loaded. .It Fl v Prints the version number. .It Ar from-unit Ar to-unit Allows a single unit conversion to be done directly from the command line. No prompting will occur. The units program will print out only the result of this single conversion. .El .Pp Powers of units can be specified using the .Ql ^ character as shown in the example, or by simple concatenation: .Sq cm3 is equivalent to .Sq cm^3 . Multiplication of units can be specified by using spaces, a dash or an asterisk. Division of units is indicated by the slash .Pq Ql / . Note that multiplication has a higher precedence than division, so .Sq m/s/s is the same as .Sq m/s^2 or .Sq m/s s . If the user enters incompatible unit types, the units program will print a message indicating that the units are not conformable and it will display the reduced form for each unit: .Pp .Bd -literal -offset indent You have: ergs/hour You want: fathoms kg^2 / day conformability error 2.7777778e-11 kg m^2 / sec^3 2.1166667e-05 kg^2 m / sec .Ed .Pp The conversion information is read from a units data file. The default file includes definitions for most familiar units, abbreviations and metric prefixes. Some constants of nature included are: .Bl -tag -width mercury .It pi ratio of circumference to diameter .It c speed of light .It e charge on an electron .It g acceleration of gravity .It force same as g .It mole Avogadro's number .It water pressure per unit height of water (at 4 C) .It mercury pressure per unit height of mercury .It ao Bohr radius .It AU astronomical unit .El .Pp .Sq Pound is a unit of mass. Compound names are run together so .Sq poundforce is a unit of force. British units that differ from their US counterparts are prefixed with .Sq br , and currency is prefixed with its country name: .Sq belgiumfranc , .Sq britainpound . When searching for a unit, if the specified string does not appear exactly as a unit name, then the units program will try to remove a trailing .Sq s or a trailing .Sq es and check again for a match. .Pp All of these definitions can be read in the standard units file, or you can supply your own file. A unit is specified on a single line by giving its name and an equivalence. One should be careful to define new units in terms of old ones so that a reduction leads to the primitive units which are marked with .Ql \&! characters. The units program will not detect infinite loops that could be caused by careless unit definitions. .Pp Prefixes are defined in the same way as standard units, but with a trailing dash at the end of the prefix name. Prefixes are applied after the longest matching unit name is found; for example, .Dq nmile is taken to be a nautical mile rather than a nanomile. .Sh FILES .Bl -tag -width /usr/share/misc/units.lib .It Pa /usr/share/misc/units.lib the standard units library .El .Sh AUTHORS Adrian Mariano (adrian@cam.cornell.edu or mariano@geom.umn.edu) .Sh BUGS The effect of including a .Ql / in a prefix is surprising. .Pp Exponents of units entered by the user can be only one digit. You can work around this by multiplying several terms. .Pp The user must use .Ql | to indicate division of numbers and .Ql / to indicate division of symbols. This distinction should not be necessary. .Pp Prefixes specified without a unit are treated as dimensionless quantities. This can lead to confusion when some prefixes are also defined as units (e.g., m). For example, Tera- / Giga- is 1000, but one Tesla (T) is 10,000 Gauss (G). .Pp Some non-SI units have multiple definitions (e.g, barrel, calorie) and others have changed over time (e.g., cubit). In particular, monetary values fluctuate. .Pp The program contains various arbitrary limits on the length of the units converted and on the length of the data file. .Pp The program should use a hash table to store units so that it doesn't take so long to load the units list and check for duplication.