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Installing OpenBSD is a relatively complex process, but if you have
this document in hand and are careful to read and remember the
information which is presented to you by the install program, it
shouldn't be too much trouble.
Before you begin, you should know the geometry of your hard disk, i.e.
the sector size (note that sector sizes other than 512 bytes are not
currently supported), the number of sectors per track, the number of
tracks per cylinder (also known as the number of heads), and the
number of cylinders on the disk. The OpenBSD kernel will try to
discover these parameters on its own, and if it can it will print them
at boot time. If possible, you should use the parameters it prints.
(You might not be able to because you're sharing your disk with
another operating system, or because your disk is old enough that the
kernel can't figure out its geometry.)
If OpenBSD will be sharing the disk with DOS or another operating
system, you should have already completed the section of these notes
that instructed you on how to prepare your hard disk. You should know
the size of the OpenBSD area of the disk and its offset from the
beginning of the disk. You will need this information when setting up
your OpenBSD partitions. If you BIOS uses translated geometry, you
should use this geometry for the remainder of the install. This is
only necessary if you are sharing the disk with other operating systems
that use the translated geometry.
You should now be ready to install OpenBSD.
The following is a walk-through of the steps you will take while
getting OpenBSD installed on your hard disk. If any question has a
default answer, it will be displayed in brackets ("[]") after the
question. If you wish to stop the installation, you may hit Control-C
at any time, but if you do, you'll have to begin the installation
process again from scratch.
Boot your machine using the floppy.fs floppy. When
presented with the boot prompt hit return. If the boot prompt
does not appear in a reasonable amount of time, you either
have a bad boot floppy, a hardware problem, or an incompatible
OpenFirmware prom (some of these still exist). Try writing the
floppy.fs floppy image to a different disk, and using that.
If it still doesn't work, OpenBSD probably can't be run on your
hardware. This can probably be considered a bug, so you might
want to report it. If you do, please include as many details
about your system configuration as you can.
It will take a while to load the kernel from the floppy,
most likely more than a minute. If some action doesn't
eventually happen, or the spinning cursor has stopped and
nothing further has happened, either your boot floppy is
bad or you are having hardware problems, and should proceed
as outlined above.
You will then be presented with the OpenBSD kernel boot
messages. You will want to read them, to determine your
disk's name and geometry. Its name will be something like
"sd0" and the geometry will be printed on a line that
begins with its name. As mentioned above, you will need your
disk's geometry when creating OpenBSD's partitions. You will
also need to know the name, to tell the install tools what
disk to install on. If you cannot read the messages as they
scroll by, do not worry -- you can get at this information
later inside the install program.
While booting, you will probably see several warnings. You
should be warned that no swap space is present, and that
init(8) cannot find /etc/rc. Do not be alarmed, these are
completely normal. When you reach the prompt asking you for a
shell name, just hit return.
You will be presented with a welcome message and a prompt. At
this time you should enter the command "install" to start the
installation process.
You will be asked which terminal type to use, you should just
hit return to select the default (pc3).
The install program will then tell you which disks of that
type it can install on, and ask you which it should use. The
name of the disk is typically "sd0" for SCSI drives. Reply
with the name of your disk. If you have a floppy drive on the
machine, it may be called "sd0", and then your first scsi disk
becomes "sd1". It helps to watch the floppy drive light; this
will tell you if you have accidentally told it to access the
wrong drive.
Next you will have to edit or create a disklabel for the disk
OpenBSD is being installed on. If there are any existing
partitions defined (for any operating system), and a disk label
is not found, you will first be given an opportunity to run
fdisk and create an OpenBSD partition.
If fdisk is being invoked on your behalf, it will start by
displaying the current partitions defined and then allow you
to modify this information, add new partitions and change
which partition to boot from by default. If you make a mistake,
you will be allowed to repeat this procedure as necessary to
correct this. Note that you should make OpenBSD be the active
partition at least until the install has been completed.
Next the disk label which defines the layout of the OpenBSD file
systems must be set up. The installation script will invoke an
editor allowing you to do this. Note that partition 'c' inside
this disk label should ALWAYS reflect the entire disk, including
any non-OpenBSD portions. The root file system should be in
partition 'a', and swap is usually in partition 'b'. If you have
DOS or Linux partitions defined on the disk, these will usually
show up as partition 'h', 'i' and so on. It is recommended that
you create separate partitions for /usr and /var, and if you have
room for it, also for /home.
Note that all OpenBSD partitions in the disk label must have an
offset that makes it start within the OpenBSD part of the disk,
and a size that keeps it inside of that portion of the disk. This
is within the bounds of the 'c' partition if the disk is not being
shared with other operating systems, and within the OpenBSD fdisk
partition if the disk is being shared.
The swap partition (usually 'b') should have a type of "swap", all
other native OpenBSD partitions should have a type of "4.2BSD".
Block and fragment sizes are usually 8192 and 1024 bytes, but can
also be 4096 and 512 or even 16384 and 2048 bytes.
The install program will now label your disk and ask which file
systems should be created on which partitions. It will auto-
matically select the 'a' partition to be the root file system.
Next it will ask for which disk and partition you want a file
system created on. This will be the same as the disk name (eg.
"sd0") with the letter identifying the partition (eg. "d")
appended (eg. "sd0d"). Then it will ask where this partition is
to be mounted, eg. /usr. This process will be repeated until
you just hit return.
At this point you will be asked to confirm that the file system
information you have entered is correct, and given an opportunity
to change the file system table. Next it will create the new file
systems as specified, OVERWRITING ANY EXISTING DATA. This is the
point of no return.
After all your file systems have been created, the install program
will give you an opportunity to configure the network. The network
configuration you enter (if any) can then be used to do the install
from another system using NFS, HTTP or FTP, and will also be the
configuration used by the system after the installation is complete.
If you select to configure the network, the install program will
ask you for a name of your system and the DNS domain name to use.
Note that the host name should be without the domain part, and that
the domain name should NOT include the host name part.
Next the system will give you a list of network interfaces you can
configure. For each network interface you select to configure, it
will ask for the IP address to use, the symbolic host name to use,
the netmask to use and any interface-specific flags to set. The
interface-specific flags are usually used to determine which media
the network card is to use. The flags usually carry the following
meaning:
-link0 -link1 Use BNC (coaxial) port [default]
link0 -link1 Use AUI port
link0 link1 Use UTP (twisted pair) port
After all network interfaces has been configured the install pro-
gram will ask for a default route and IP address of the primary
name server to use. You will also be presented with an opportunity
to edit the host table.
At this point you will be allowed to edit the file system table
that will be used for the remainder of the installation and that
will be used by the finished system, following which the new file
systems will be mounted to complete the installation.
After these preparatory steps has been completed, you will be
able to extract the distribution sets onto your system. There
are several install methods supported; FTP, HTTP, tape, CD-ROM, NFS
or a local disk partition. To install from a tape, the distrib-
ution sets must have been written to tape prior to running the
installation program, either as tar images or as gzipped tar
images. Note that installation from floppies are not currently
supported.
To install via FTP:
To begin an FTP install you will need the following
pieces of information. Don't be daunted by this list;
the defaults are sufficient for most people.
1) Proxy server URL if you are using a URL-based
ftp proxy (squid, CERN ftp, Apache 1.2 or higher).
You need to define a proxy if you are behind a
firewall that blocks outgoing ftp (assuming you
have a proxy available to use).
2) Do you need to use passive mode ftp? Most modern
ftp servers are capable of dealing with passive
ftp connections. You only need to enable this
option if you are behind a firewall that allows
outgoing ftp but blocks incoming tcp ports > 1023.
If in doubt say yes to this option.
Note that you will not be asked about passive
ftp if you are using a proxy.
3) The IP address (or hostname if you enabled
DNS earlier in the install) of an ftp server
carrying the OpenBSD 2.2 distribution.
If you don't know, just hit return when
asked if you want to see a list of such hosts.
4) The ftp directory holding the distribution sets.
The default value of pub/OpenBSD/2.2/powerpc
is almost always correct.
5) The login and password for the ftp account.
The default will be correct unless you are
doing non-anonymous ftp.
For instructions on how to complete the installation via
ftp, see the section named "Common URL installations" below.
To install via HTTP:
To begin an HTTP install you will need the following
pieces of information:
1) Proxy server URL if you are using a URL-based
http proxy (squid, CERN ftp, Apache 1.2 or higher).
You need to define a proxy if you are behind a
firewall that blocks outgoing http connections
(assuming you have a proxy available to use).
3) The IP address (or hostname if you enabled
DNS earlier in the install) of an http server
carrying the OpenBSD 2.2 distribution.
If you don't know, just hit return when
asked if you want to see a list of such hosts.
4) The directory holding the distribution sets.
There is no standard location for this;
You should use the directory specified
along with the server in the list of official
http mirror sites that you received in step 3.
For instructions on how to complete the installation via
http, see the section named "Common URL installations" below.
To install from tape:
In order to install from tape, the distribution sets to be
installed must have been written to tape previously, either
in tar format or gzip-compressed tar format.
You will also have to identify the tape device where the
distribution sets are to be extracted from. This will
typically be "nrst0" (no-rewind, raw interface).
Next you will have to provide the file number of the set
that is to be extracted. Note that the file number starts
at 1, which is the first file written to the tape.
The install program will not automatically detect whether
an image has been compressed, so it will ask for that
information before starting the extraction.
To install from CD-ROM:
When installing from a CD-ROM, you will be asked which
device holds the distribution sets. This will typically
be either "cd0" or "acd0". Next you will be asked which
partition on the CD-ROM the distribution is to be loaded
from. This is normally partition "a".
Next you will have to identify the file system type that
has been used to create the distribution on the CD-ROM,
this can be either FFS or ISO CD9660. The OpenBSD CD
distribution uses the CD9660 format.
You will also have to provide the relative path to the
directory on the CD which holds the distribution, for the
powerpc this is "2.2/powerpc".
For instructions on how to complete the installation from
the CD-ROM distribution, see the section named "Common
file system installations" below.
To install from a NFS mounted directory:
When installing from a NFS-mounted directory, you must
have completed network configuration above, and also
set up the exported file system on the NFS server in
advance.
First you must identify the IP address of the NFS server
to load the distribution from, and the file system the
server expects you to mount.
The install program will also ask whether or not TCP
should be used for transport (the default is UDP). Note
that TCP only works with newer NFS servers.
You will also have to provide the relative path to the
directory on the file system where the distribution sets
are located. Note that this path should not be prefixed
with a '/'.
For instructions on how to complete the installation from
the CD-ROM distribution, see the section named "Common
file system installations" below.
To install from a local disk partition:
When installing from a local disk partition, you will
first have to identify which disk holds the distribution
sets. This is normally "sdN" where N is a number 0
through 9. Next you will have to identify the partition
within that disk that holds the distribution, this is a
single letter between 'a' and 'p'.
You will also have to identify the type of file system
residing in the partition identified. Currently you can
install from partitions that has been formatted as fast
file system (ffs) or MS-DOS.
You will also have to provide the relative path to the
directory on the file system where the distribution sets
are located. Note that this path should not be prefixed
with a '/'.
For instructions on how to complete the installation from
the a local disk partition, see the next section.
Common file system installations:
The following instructions are common to installations
from local disk partitions, NFS mounted directories and
CD-ROMs.
A list of available distribution sets will be listed. If
any sets has already been extracted, those will be marked
with an X. Enter the name of one distribution set at a
time, until all desired distribution sets has been
installed on your system.
Common URL installations:
Once you have entered the required information, the
install program will fetch a file list and present
a list of all the distribution sets that were found
in the specified directory. (If no valid sets were found,
you will be notified and given the option of unpacking
any gzipped tar files found or getting a file list if
none were found.)
At this point you may individually select distribution
sets to install or enter "all" to install all of
the sets (which is what most users will want to do).
You may also enter "list" to get a file list or
"done" when you are done selecting distribution sets.
(It is also possible to enter an arbitrary filename
and have it treated as a file set).
Once you have selected the file sets you want to install
and entered "done" you will be prompted to verify that
you really do want to download and install the files.
Assuming you acquiesce, the files will begin to download
and unpack. If not, you will be given the option of
installing sets via one of the other install methods.
When all the selected distribution sets has been extracted, you
will be allowed to select which time zone your system will be
using, all the device nodes needed by the installed system will
be created for you and the file systems will be unmounted. For
this to work properly, it is expected that you have installed
at least the "base22" and "etc22" distribution sets.
Congratulations, you have successfully installed OpenBSD 2.2. When you
reboot into OpenBSD, you should log in as "root" at the login prompt.
There is no initial password, but if you're using the machine in a
networked environment, you should create yourself an account and
protect it and the "root" account with good passwords.
Some of the files in the OpenBSD 2.2 distribution might need to be
tailored for your site. In particular, the /etc/sendmail.cf file will
almost definitely need to be adjusted, and other files in /etc will
probably need to be modified, as well. If you are unfamiliar with
UN*X-like system administration, it's recommended that you buy a book
that discusses it.
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