summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/lib/libc/gen/getpwnam.3
blob: 1936d38026db3b786fc9c701dd1d99fbb444c8dc (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
.\"	$OpenBSD: getpwnam.3,v 1.13 2018/08/21 20:20:04 millert Exp $
.\"
.\" Copyright (c) 1988, 1991, 1993
.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\"    without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.Dd $Mdocdate: August 21 2018 $
.Dt GETPWNAM 3
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm getpwnam ,
.Nm getpwuid ,
.Nm getpwnam_r ,
.Nm getpwuid_r ,
.Nm getpwnam_shadow ,
.Nm getpwuid_shadow ,
.Nm setpassent
.Nd password database operations
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.In pwd.h
.Ft struct passwd *
.Fn getpwnam "const char *login"
.Ft struct passwd *
.Fn getpwuid "uid_t uid"
.Ft int
.Fn getpwnam_r "const char *login" "struct passwd *pwstore" "char *buf" "size_t bufsize" "struct passwd **result"
.Ft int
.Fn getpwuid_r "uid_t uid" "struct passwd *pwstore" "char *buf" "size_t bufsize" "struct passwd **result"
.Ft struct passwd *
.Fn getpwnam_shadow "const char *login"
.Ft struct passwd *
.Fn getpwuid_shadow "uid_t uid"
.Ft int
.Fn setpassent "int stayopen"
.Sh DESCRIPTION
These functions operate on the password database file which is described in
.Xr passwd 5 .
Each entry in the database is defined by the structure
.Li struct passwd
found in the include file
.In pwd.h :
.Bd -literal -offset indent
struct passwd {
	char	*pw_name;	/* user name */
	char	*pw_passwd;	/* encrypted password */
	uid_t	pw_uid;		/* user uid */
	gid_t	pw_gid;		/* user gid */
	time_t	pw_change;	/* password change time */
	char	*pw_class;	/* user access class */
	char	*pw_gecos;	/* Honeywell login info */
	char	*pw_dir;	/* home directory */
	char	*pw_shell;	/* default shell */
	time_t	pw_expire;	/* account expiration */
};
.Ed
.Pp
The functions
.Fn getpwnam
and
.Fn getpwuid
search the password database for the given login name or user ID,
respectively, always returning the first one encountered.
.Pp
The
.Fn getpwnam_r
and
.Fn getpwuid_r
functions both update the passwd structure pointed to by
.Fa pwstore
and store a pointer to that structure at the location pointed to by
.Fa result .
The structure is filled with an entry from the password database with a
matching
.Fa name
or
.Fa uid .
Storage referenced by the passwd structure will be allocated from
the memory provided with the
.Fa buf
parameter, which is
.Fa bufsiz
characters in size.
The maximum size needed for this buffer can be determined with
.Fn sysconf _SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX .
.Pp
.Fn setpassent
accomplishes two purposes.
First, it causes
.Xr getpwent 3
to
.Dq rewind
to the beginning of the database.
Additionally, if
.Fa stayopen
is non-zero, file descriptors are left open, significantly speeding
up subsequent accesses for the lookup routines.
These file descriptors can be closed by a call to
.Xr endpwent 3 .
.Pp
It is dangerous for long-running programs to keep the file descriptors
open as the database will become out of date if it is updated while the
program is running.
However the file descriptors are automatically closed when
.Xr execve 2
is called.
.Pp
These routines have been written to
.Dq shadow
the password file, that is,
allow only certain programs to have access to the encrypted password.
The default functions will not return the true encrypted password, but
instead only the string
.Ql * .
If the process which calls them has an effective UID of 0 or has the
.Dq _shadow
group in its group vector, and wishes to access the encrypted password,
it should use the
.Fn getpwnam_shadow
and
.Fn getpwuid_shadow
functions.
.Ss YP support
If YP is active, the functions
.Fn getpwnam
and
.Fn getpwnam_r
also use the
.Pa master.passwd.byname
YP map (if available) or the
.Pa passwd.byname
YP map; and the functions
.Fn getpwuid
and
.Fn getpwuid_r
also use the
.Pa master.passwd.byuid
YP map (if available) or the
.Pa passwd.byuid
YP map.
This is in addition to the passwd file,
and respects the order of both normal and YP
entries in the passwd file.
.Sh RETURN VALUES
The functions
.Fn getpwnam ,
.Fn getpwnam_shadow ,
.Fn getpwuid ,
and
.Fn getpwuid_shadow
return a pointer to a passwd structure if a match is found or a null
pointer if no match is found or an error occurs.
Subsequent calls to
.Fn getpwent ,
.Fn getpwnam ,
.Fn getpwnam_shadow ,
.Fn getpwuid
or
.Fn getpwuid_shadow
may invalidate the returned pointer or overwrite the contents
of the passwd structure it points to.
.Pp
The functions
.Fn getpwnam_r
and
.Fn getpwuid_r
update
.Fa result
to point to
.Fa pwstore
if a match is found or set it to
.Dv NULL
if no match is found or an error occurs.
They return 0 on success, even if no match is found,
or an error number if an error occurs; see
.Sx ERRORS .
.Pp
The
.Fn setpassent
function returns 0 on failure or 1 on success.
.Sh FILES
.Bl -tag -width /etc/master.passwd -compact
.It Pa /etc/pwd.db
insecure password database file
.It Pa /etc/spwd.db
secure password database file
.It Pa /etc/master.passwd
current password file
.It Pa /etc/passwd
legacy password file
.El
.Sh ERRORS
The
.Fn getpwnam_r
and
.Fn getpwuid_r
functions may fail if:
.Bl -tag -width Er
.It Bq Er ERANGE
The storage supplied via
.Fa buf
and
.Fa bufsize
is too small and cannot contain all the strings to be returned in
.Fa pwstore .
.El
.Pp
The
.Fn getpwnam ,
.Fn getpwnam_r ,
.Fn getpwuid ,
and
.Fn getpwuid_r
functions may also fail for any of the errors specified for
.Xr dbopen 3
and its
.Fn get
routine.
.Pp
If YP is active, they may also fail due to errors caused by the YP
subsystem.
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr getlogin 2 ,
.Xr getgrent 3 ,
.Xr getgrouplist 3 ,
.Xr getpwent 3 ,
.Xr pw_dup 3 ,
.Xr sysconf 3 ,
.Xr passwd 5 ,
.Xr Makefile.yp 8 ,
.Xr pwd_mkdb 8 ,
.Xr vipw 8 ,
.Xr yp 8
.Sh STANDARDS
The
.Fn getpwnam ,
.Fn getpwnam_r ,
.Fn getpwuid ,
and
.Fn getpwuid_r
functions are compliant with the
.St -p1003.1-2008
specification.
.Pp
.Sx YP support
and the
.Fn setpassent
function are extensions to that specification.
.Sh HISTORY
A predecessor to
.Fn getpwuid ,
.Fn getpw ,
first appeared in
.At v4 .
The
.Fn getpwnam
and
.Fn getpwuid
functions appeared in
.At v7 ,
.Fn setpassent
in
.Bx 4.3 Reno ,
and
.Fn getpwnam_shadow
and
.Fn getpwuid_shadow
in
.Ox 5.9 .