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.\" $OpenBSD: byteorder.3,v 1.5 1997/11/19 23:30:17 niklas Exp $
.\"
.\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1991, 1993
.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\" without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.Dd June 4, 1993
.Dt BYTEORDER 3
.Os BSD 4.2
.Sh NAME
.Nm htonl ,
.Nm htons ,
.Nm ntohl ,
.Nm ntohs ,
.Nm htobe32 ,
.Nm htobe16 ,
.Nm betoh32 ,
.Nm betoh16 ,
.Nm htole32 ,
.Nm htole16 ,
.Nm letoh32 ,
.Nm letoh16 ,
.Nm swap32 ,
.Nm swap16
.Nd convert values between different byte orderings
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Fd #include <sys/types.h>
.Fd #include <machine/endian.h>
.Ft u_int32_t
.Fn htonl "u_int32_t host32"
.Ft u_int16_t
.Fn htons "u_int16_t host16"
.Ft u_int32_t
.Fn ntohl "u_int32_t net32"
.Ft u_int16_t
.Fn ntohs "u_int16_t net16"
.Ft u_int32_t
.Fn htobe32 "u_int32_t host32"
.Ft u_int16_t
.Fn htobe16 "u_int16_t host16"
.Ft u_int32_t
.Fn betoh32 "u_int32_t big32"
.Ft u_int16_t
.Fn betoh16 "u_int16_t big16"
.Ft u_int32_t
.Fn htole32 "u_int32_t host32"
.Ft u_int16_t
.Fn htole16 "u_int16_t host16"
.Ft u_int32_t
.Fn letoh32 "u_int32_t little32"
.Ft u_int16_t
.Fn letoh16 "u_int16_t little16"
.Ft u_int32_t
.Fn swap32 "u_int32_t val32"
.Ft u_int16_t
.Fn swap16 "u_int16_t val16"
.Sh DESCRIPTION
These routines convert 16 and 32 bit quantities between different
byte orderings. The "swap" functions reverse the byte ordering of
the given quantity, the others converts either from/to the native
byte order used by the host to/from either little- or big-endian (a.k.a
network) order.
.Pp
Apart from the "swap" functions, the names can be described by this form:
{src-order}to{dst-order}{size}.
Both {src-order} and {dst-order} can take the following forms:
.Bl -tag -width "be "
.It Em h
host order
.It Em n
network order (big-endian)
.It Em be
big-endian (Most significant byte first)
.It Em le
little-endian (Least significant byte first)
.El
.Pp
One of the specified orderings must be "h".
{Size} will take these forms:
.Bl -tag -width "32 "
.It Em l
long (32-bit, used in conjunction with forms involving "n")
.It Em s
short (16-bit, used in conjunction with forms involving "n")
.It Em 16
16-bit
.It Em 32
32-bit
.El
.Pp
The "swap" functions are of the form: swap{size}.
.Pp
Names involving "n" convert quantities between network
byte order and host byte order. The last letter (s/l) is a mnemonic
for the traditional names for such quantities, short and long,
respectively. Today, the C concept of "short"/"long" integers
need not coincide with this traditional misunderstanding.
On machines which have a byte order which is the same as the network
order, routines are defined as null macros.
.Pp
The functions involving either "be", "le" or "swap" use the numbers
(16/32) for specifying the bitwidth of the quantities they operate on.
Currently all supported architectures are either big- or little-endian
so either the "be" or the "le" variants are implemented as null macros.
.Pp
The routines mentioned above which have either {src-order} or {dst-order}
set to "n" are most often used in
conjunction with Internet addresses and ports as returned by
.Xr gethostbyname 3
and
.Xr getservent 3 .
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr gethostbyname 3 ,
.Xr getservent 3
.Sh HISTORY
The
.Nm byteorder
functions appeared in
.Bx 4.2 .
.Sh BUGS
On the
.Tn vax ,
.Tn alpha ,
.Tn i386 ,
and so far
.Tn mips
bytes are handled backwards from most everyone else in
the world. This is not expected to be fixed in the near future.
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