path: root/libexec/spamd/spamd.8

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.\" Copyright (c) 2002 Theo de Raadt.  All rights reserved.
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.Dd December 18, 2002
.Dt SPAMD 8
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm spamd
.Nd spam deferral daemon
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Nm spamd
.Bk -words
.Op Fl 45bdv
.Op Fl B Ar maxblack
.Op Fl c Ar maxcon
.Oo
.Fl G
.Ar passtime : Ns Ar greyexp : Ns Ar whiteexp
.Oc
.Op Fl h Ar hostname
.Op Fl l Ar address
.Op Fl M Ar address
.Op Fl n Ar name
.Op Fl p Ar port
.Op Fl S Ar secs
.Op Fl s Ar secs
.Op Fl w Ar window
.Op Fl Y Ar synctarget
.Op Fl y Ar synclisten
.Ek
.Sh DESCRIPTION
.Nm
is a fake
.Xr sendmail 8 Ns -like
daemon which rejects false mail.
It is designed to be very efficient so that it does not slow down the
receiving machine.
.Pp
.Nm
considers sending hosts to be of three types:
.Pp
.Em blacklisted
hosts are redirected to
.Nm
and
.Em tarpitted
i.e. they are communicated with very slowly
to consume the sender's resources.
Mail is rejected with either a 450 or 550 error message.
A blacklisted host will not be allowed to talk to a real mail server.
.Pp
.Em whitelisted
hosts do not talk to
.Nm .
Their connections are instead sent to a real mail server,
such as
.Xr sendmail 8 .
.Pp
.Em greylisted
hosts are redirected to
.Nm ,
but
.Nm
has not yet decided if they are likely spammers.
They are given a temporary failure message by
.Nm
when they try to deliver mail.
.Pp
When
.Nm
is run in default mode,
it will greylist connections from new hosts.
Depending on its configuration,
it may choose to blacklist the host or,
if the checks described below are met,
eventually whitelist it.
When
.Nm
is run in blacklist-only mode,
using the
.Fl b
flag,
it will consult a pre-defined set of blacklist addresses
to decide whether to tarpit the host or not.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl 4
For blacklisted entries, return error code 450 to the spammer (default).
.It Fl 5
For blacklisted entries, return error code 550 to the spammer.
.It Fl B Ar maxblack
The maximum number of concurrent blacklisted connections to allow.
This value may not be greater than maxcon (see below).
The default is
.Ar maxcon
\- 100.
.It Fl b
Run in blacklist-only mode.
.It Fl c Ar maxcon
The maximum number of concurrent connections to allow.
.Ar maxcon
may not exceed
.Va kern.maxfiles
\- 200, and defaults to 800.
.It Fl d
Debug mode.
.Nm
does not
.Xr fork 2
into the background.
.It Xo
.Fl G
.Ar passtime : Ns Ar greyexp : Ns Ar whiteexp
.Xc
Adjust the three time parameters for greylisting.
.Ar passtime
defaults to 25 (minutes),
.Ar greyexp
to 4 (hours),
and
.Ar whiteexp
to 864 (hours, approximately 36 days).
.It Fl h Ar hostname
The hostname that is reported in the SMTP banner.
.It Fl l Ar address
Specify the local address to which
.Nm
is to
.Xr bind 2 .
By default
.Nm
listens on all local addresses.
.It Fl M Ar address
Specify a local IP address which is listed as a low priority MX record,
used to identify and trap hosts that connect to MX hosts out of order.
See
.Sx GREYTRAPPING
below for details.
.It Fl n Ar name
The SMTP version banner that is reported upon initial connection.
.It Fl p Ar port
Specify a different port number from the default port that
.Nm
should listen for redirected SMTP connections on.
The default port is found by looking for the named service
.Dq spamd
using
.Xr getservbyname 3 .
.It Fl S Ar secs
Stutter at greylisted connections for the specified amount
of seconds, after which the connection is not stuttered at.
Defaults to 10.
.It Fl s Ar secs
Delay each character sent to the client by the specified
amount of seconds.
Defaults to 1.
.It Fl v
Enable verbose logging.
By default
.Nm
logs connections, disconnections and blacklist matches to
.Xr syslogd 8
at
.Dv LOG_INFO
level.
With verbose logging enabled, message detail
including subject and recipient information is logged at
.Dv LOG_INFO ,
along with the message body and SMTP dialogue being logged at
.Dv LOG_DEBUG
level.
.It Fl w Ar window
Set the socket receive buffer to this many bytes, adjusting the window size.
.It Fl Y Ar synctarget
Add target
.Ar synctarget
to receive synchronisation messages.
.Ar synctarget
can be either an IPv4 address for unicast messages
or a network interface and optional TTL value for multicast messages
to the group 224.0.1.240.
If the multicast TTL is not specified, a default value of 1 is used.
This option can be specified multiple times.
See also
.Sx SYNCHRONISATION
below.
.It Fl y Ar synclisten
Listen on
.Ar synclisten
for incoming synchronisation messages.
The format for
.Ar synclisten
is the same as for
.Ar synctarget ,
above.
This option can be specified only once.
See also
.Sx SYNCHRONISATION
below.
.El
.Pp
When run in default mode,
connections receive the pleasantly innocuous temporary failure of:
.Bd -literal -offset 4n
451 Temporary failure, please try again later.
.Ed
.Pp
This happens in the SMTP dialogue
immediately after the DATA command is received from the client.
.Nm
will use the db file in
.Pa /var/db/spamd
to track these connections to
.Nm
by connecting IP address, HELO/EHLO, envelope-from, and envelope-to, or
.Em tuple
for short.
.Pp
A previously unseen tuple is added to the
.Pa /var/db/spamd
database, recording the time an initial connection attempt was seen.
After
.Em passtime
minutes if
.Nm
sees a retried attempt to deliver mail for the same tuple,
.Nm
will whitelist the connecting address by adding it as a
whitelist entry to
.Pa /var/db/spamd .
.Pp
.Nm
regularly scans the
.Pa /var/db/spamd
database and configures all whitelist addresses as the
.Xr pf 4
.Aq spamd-white
table,
allowing connections to pass to the real MTA.
Any addresses not found in
.Aq spamd-white
are redirected to
.Nm .
The following
.Xr pf.conf 5
example is suggested:
.Bd -literal -offset 4n
table \*(Ltspamd-white\*(Gt persist
no rdr inet proto tcp from \*(Ltspamd-white\*(Gt to any \e
    port smtp
rdr pass inet proto tcp from any to any \e
    port smtp -\*(Gt 127.0.0.1 port spamd
.Ed
.Pp
.Nm
removes tuple entries from the
.Pa /var/db/spamd
database if delivery has not been retried within
.Em greyexp
hours from the initial time a connection is seen.
The default is 4 hours as this is the most common setting after which
MTAs will give up attempting to retry delivery of a message.
.Pp
.Nm
removes whitelist entries from the
.Pa /var/db/spamd
database if no mail delivery activity has been seen from the
whitelisted address by
.Xr spamlogd 8
within
.Em whiteexp
hours from the initial time an address
is whitelisted.
The default is 36 days to allow for the delivery of
monthly mailing list digests without greylist delays every time.
.Pp
.Xr spamd-setup 8
should be run periodically by
.Xr cron 8 .
Use
.Xr crontab 1
to uncomment the entry in root's crontab.
.Pp
.Xr spamlogd 8
should be used to update the whitelist entries in
.Pa /var/db/spamd
when connections are seen to pass to the real MTA on the
.Em smtp
port.
.Pp
.Xr spamdb 8
can be used to examine and alter the contents of
.Pa /var/db/spamd .
See
.Xr spamdb 8
for further information.
.Pp
.Nm
sends log messages to
.Xr syslogd 8
using
.Em facility
daemon and, with increasing verbosity,
.Em level
err, warn, info, and debug.
The following
.Xr syslog.conf 5
section can be used to log connection details to a dedicated file:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
!spamd
daemon.err;daemon.warn;daemon.info	/var/log/spamd
.Ed
.Sh GREYTRAPPING
When running
.Nm
in default mode,
it may be useful to define
.Em spamtrap
destination addresses to catch spammers as they send mail from greylisted
hosts.
Such spamtrap addresses affect only greylisted connections to
.Nm
and are used to temporarily blacklist a host that is obviously sending spam.
Unused email addresses or email addresses on spammers' lists are very
useful for this.
When a host that is currently greylisted attempts to send mail to a
spamtrap address,
it is blacklisted for 24 hours by adding the host to the
.Nm
blacklist
.Aq spamd-greytrap .
Spamtrap addresses are added to the
.Pa /var/db/spamd
database with the following
.Xr spamdb 8
command:
.Pp
.Dl # spamdb -T -a 'spamtrap@mydomain.org'
.Pp
See
.Xr spamdb 8
for further details.
.Pp
The file
.Pa /etc/mail/spamd.alloweddomains
can be used to specify a list of domainname suffixes, one per line, one of
which must match each destination email address in the greylist.
Any destination address which does not match one of the suffixes listed in
.Pa spamd.alloweddomains
will be trapped, exactly as if it were sent to a spamtrap address.
.Pp
For example, if
.Pa spamd.alloweddomains
contains:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
@humpingforjesus.com
obtuse.com
.Ed
.Pp
The following destination addresses
.Em would not
cause the sending host to be trapped:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
beardedclams@humpingforjesus.com
beck@obtuse.com
beck@snouts.obtuse.com
.Ed
.Pp
However the following addresses
.Em would
cause the sending host to be trapped:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
peter@apostles.humpingforjesus.com
bigbutts@bofh.ucs.ualberta.ca
.Ed
.Pp
A low priority MX IP address may be specified with the
.Fl M
option.
When
.Nm
has such an address specified, no host may enter new greylist
tuples when connecting to this address; only existing entries
may be updated.
Any host attempting to make new deliveries to
the low priority MX for which a tuple has not previously
been seen will be trapped.
.Pp
Note that is is important to ensure that a host running
.Nm
with the low priority MX address active must see all the greylist
changes for a higher priority MX host for the same domains, either by
being synchronised with it, or by receiving the connections itself to
the higher priority MX on another IP address (which may be an IP alias).
This will ensure that hosts are not trapped erroneously if the higher
priority MX is unavailable.
For example, on a host which is an existing MX record for a domain of
value 10, a second IP address with MX of value 99 (a higher number, and
therefore lower priority) would ensure that any RFC conformant client
would attempt delivery to the IP address with the MX value of 10
first, and should not attempt to deliver to the address with MX value 99.
.Sh BLACKLISTING
The normal way that spam has been dealt with in the past is to either
accept and drop, or outright block.
When configured to use 450 responses,
.Nm
takes neither of these actions: it rejects the mail back to the senders'
queue.
.Pp
When running in default mode, the
.Xr pf.conf 5
rules described above are sufficient.
However when running in blacklist-only mode,
a slightly modified
.Xr pf.conf 5
ruleset is required,
redirecting any addresses found in the
.Aq spamd
table to
.Nm .
Any other addresses
are passed to the real MTA.
.Bd -literal -offset 4n
table \*(Ltspamd\*(Gt persist
rdr pass inet proto tcp from \*(Ltspamd\*(Gt to any \e
    port smtp -\*(Gt 127.0.0.1 port spamd
.Ed
.Pp
Addresses can be loaded into the
.Em table ,
like:
.Bd -literal -offset 4n
# pfctl -q -t spamd -T replace -f /usr/local/share/spammers
.Ed
.Pp
.Xr spamd-setup 8
can also be used to load addresses into the
.Aq spamd
table.
It has the added benefit of being able to remove addresses from
blacklists, and will connect to
.Nm
over a localhost socket, giving
.Nm
information about each source of blacklist addresses, as well as custom
rejection messages for each blacklist source
that can be used to let any real person whose mail
is deferred by
.Nm
know why their address has been listed
from sending mail.
This is important as it allows legitimate mail
senders to pressure spam sources into behaving properly so that they
may be removed from the relevant blacklists.
.Sh CONFIGURATION CONNECTIONS
.Nm
listens for configuration connections on the port identified by the
named service
.Dq spamd-cfg
(see
.Xr services 5 ) .
The configuration socket listens only on the INADDR_LOOPBACK
address.
Configuration of spamd is done by connecting to the configuration
socket, and sending blacklist information, one blacklist per line.
Each blacklist consists of a name, a message to reject mail
with, and addresses in CIDR format, all separated by semicolons (;):
.Bd -literal -offset indent
tag;"rejection message";aaa.bbb.ccc.ddd/mm;aaa.bbb.ccc.ddd/mm
.Ed
.Pp
The rejection message must be inside double quotes.
A \e" will produce a double quote in the output.
\en will produce a newline.
%A will expand to the connecting IP address in dotted quad format.
%% may be used to produce a single % in the output.
\e\e will produce a single \e.
.Nm
will reject mail by displaying all the messages from all blacklists in which
a connecting address is matched.
.Xr spamd-setup 8
is normally used to configure this information.
.Sh SYNCHRONISATION
.Nm
supports realtime synchronisation of greylisting states between
a number of
.Nm
daemons running on multiple machines,
using the
.Fl Y
and
.Fl y
options.
.Pp
The following example will accept incoming multicast and unicast
synchronisation messages, and send outgoing multicast messages through
the network interface
.Ar em0 :
.Bd -literal -offset indent
# /usr/libexec/spamd -y em0 -Y em0
.Ed
.Pp
The second example will increase the multicast TTL to a value of 2,
add the unicast targets
.Ar foo.somewhere.org
and
.Ar bar.somewhere.org ,
and accept incoming unicast messages sent to
.Ar example.somewhere.org
only.
.Bd -literal -offset indent
# /usr/libexec/spamd -y example.somewhere.org -Y em0:2 \e
	-Y foo.somewhere.org -Y bar.somewhere.org
.Ed
.Pp
If the file
.Pa /etc/mail/spamd.key
exists,
.Nm
will calculate the message-digest fingerprint (checksum) for the file
and use it as a shared key to authenticate the synchronisation messages.
The file itself can contain any data.
For example, to create a secure random key:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
# dd if=/dev/arandom of=/etc/mail/spamd.key bs=2048 count=1
.Ed
.Pp
The file needs to be copied to all hosts
sending or receiving synchronisation messages.
.Sh FILES
.Bl -tag -width "/etc/mail/spamd.alloweddomainsXX" -compact
.It /etc/mail/spamd.alloweddomains
Required suffixes for greytrapping.
.It /etc/mail/spamd.conf
Default configuration file.
.It /etc/mail/spamd.key
Authentication key for synchronisation messages.
.It /var/db/spamd
Greylisting database.
.El
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr pf.conf 5 ,
.Xr services 5 ,
.Xr spamd.conf 5 ,
.Xr syslog.conf 5 ,
.Xr pfctl 8 ,
.Xr spamd-setup 8 ,
.Xr spamdb 8 ,
.Xr spamlogd 8 ,
.Xr syslogd 8
.Sh HISTORY
The
.Nm
command first appeared in
.Ox 3.3 .
.Pp
Previous versions of
.Nm
required traps to be entered into the database including the enclosing
\*(Lt\*(Gt characters;
current versions expect only the email address without the enclosing
\*(Lt\*(Gt characters.
.Sh BUGS
.Nm
currently uses the user
.Dq _spamd
outside a chroot jail when running in default mode, and requires
the greylisting database in
.Pa /var/db/spamd
to be owned by the
.Dq _spamd
user.
This is wrong and should change to a distinct user from the
one used by the chrooted
.Nm
process.