1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
|
.\" $OpenBSD: e.t,v 1.2 2001/02/03 08:15:09 niklas Exp $
.\"
.\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1986, 1993
.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\" without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\" @(#)e.t 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/8/93
.\"
.nr H2 1
.\".ds RH "Trailer protocols
.br
.ne 2i
.NH
\s+2Trailer protocols\s0
.PP
Core to core copies can be expensive.
Consequently, a great deal of effort was spent
in minimizing such operations. The VAX architecture
provides virtual memory hardware organized in
page units. To cut down on copy operations, data
is kept in page-sized units on page-aligned
boundaries whenever possible. This allows data
to be moved in memory simply by remapping the page
instead of copying. The mbuf and network
interface routines perform page table manipulations
where needed, hiding the complexities of the VAX
virtual memory hardware from higher level code.
.PP
Data enters the system in two ways: from the user,
or from the network (hardware interface). When data
is copied from the user's address space
into the system it is deposited in pages (if sufficient
data is present).
This encourages the user to transmit information in
messages which are a multiple of the system page size.
.PP
Unfortunately, performing a similar operation when taking
data from the network is very difficult.
Consider the format of an incoming packet. A packet
usually contains a local network header followed by
one or more headers used by the high level protocols.
Finally, the data, if any, follows these headers. Since
the header information may be variable length, DMA'ing the eventual
data for the user into a page aligned area of
memory is impossible without
\fIa priori\fP knowledge of the format (e.g., by supporting
only a single protocol header format).
.PP
To allow variable length header information to
be present and still ensure page alignment of data,
a special local network encapsulation may be used.
This encapsulation, termed a \fItrailer protocol\fP [Leffler84],
places the variable length header information after
the data. A fixed size local network
header is then prepended to the resultant packet.
The local network header contains the size of the
data portion (in units of 512 bytes), and a new \fItrailer protocol
header\fP, inserted before the variable length
information, contains the size of the variable length
header information. The following trailer
protocol header is used to store information
regarding the variable length protocol header:
.DS
._f
struct {
short protocol; /* original protocol no. */
short length; /* length of trailer */
};
.DE
.PP
The processing of the trailer protocol is very
simple. On output, the local network header indicates that
a trailer encapsulation is being used.
The header also includes an indication
of the number of data pages present before the trailer
protocol header. The trailer protocol header is
initialized to contain the actual protocol identifier and the
variable length header size, and is appended to the data
along with the variable length header information.
.PP
On input, the interface routines identify the
trailer encapsulation
by the protocol type stored in the local network header,
then calculate the number of
pages of data to find the beginning of the trailer.
The trailing information is copied into a separate
mbuf and linked to the front of the resultant packet.
.PP
Clearly, trailer protocols require cooperation between
source and destination. In addition, they are normally
cost effective only when sizable packets are used. The
current scheme works because the local network encapsulation
header is a fixed size, allowing DMA operations
to be performed at a known offset from the first data page
being received. Should the local network header be
variable length this scheme fails.
.PP
Statistics collected indicate that as much as 200Kb/s
can be gained by using a trailer protocol with
1Kbyte packets. The average size of the variable
length header was 40 bytes (the size of a
minimal TCP/IP packet header). If hardware
supports larger sized packets, even greater gains
may be realized.
|
