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|
.file "wm_sqrt.S"
/* $OpenBSD: wm_sqrt.s,v 1.4 2004/01/13 18:08:48 espie Exp $ */
/*
* wm_sqrt.S
*
* Fixed point arithmetic square root evaluation.
*
* Call from C as:
* void wm_sqrt(FPU_REG *n, unsigned int control_word)
*
*
* Copyright (C) 1992,1993,1994
* W. Metzenthen, 22 Parker St, Ormond, Vic 3163,
* Australia. E-mail billm@vaxc.cc.monash.edu.au
* All rights reserved.
*
* This copyright notice covers the redistribution and use of the
* FPU emulator developed by W. Metzenthen. It covers only its use
* in the 386BSD, FreeBSD and NetBSD operating systems. Any other
* use is not permitted under this copyright.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must include information specifying
* that source code for the emulator is freely available and include
* either:
* a) an offer to provide the source code for a nominal distribution
* fee, or
* b) list at least two alternative methods whereby the source
* can be obtained, e.g. a publically accessible bulletin board
* and an anonymous ftp site from which the software can be
* downloaded.
* 3. All advertising materials specifically mentioning features or use of
* this emulator must acknowledge that it was developed by W. Metzenthen.
* 4. The name of W. Metzenthen may not be used to endorse or promote
* products derived from this software without specific prior written
* permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES,
* INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
* AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL
* W. METZENTHEN BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
* EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
* PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
* PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
* NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
* SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*
*
* The purpose of this copyright, based upon the Berkeley copyright, is to
* ensure that the covered software remains freely available to everyone.
*
* The software (with necessary differences) is also available, but under
* the terms of the GNU copyleft, for the Linux operating system and for
* the djgpp ms-dos extender.
*
* W. Metzenthen June 1994.
*
*
* $FreeBSD: wm_sqrt.s,v 1.3 1994/06/10 07:45:04 rich Exp $
*
*/
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| wm_sqrt(FPU_REG *n, unsigned int control_word) |
| returns the square root of n in n. |
| |
| Use Newton's method to compute the square root of a number, which must |
| be in the range [1.0 .. 4.0), to 64 bits accuracy. |
| Does not check the sign or tag of the argument. |
| Sets the exponent, but not the sign or tag of the result. |
| |
| The guess is kept in %esi:%edi |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
#include <machine/asm.h>
#include <gnu/arch/i386/fpemul/exception.h>
#include <gnu/arch/i386/fpemul/fpu_asm.h>
.data
/*
Local storage:
*/
#ifdef __ELF__
.align 16,0
#else
.align 4,0
#endif
accum_3:
.long 0 /* ms word */
accum_2:
.long 0
accum_1:
.long 0
accum_0:
.long 0
/* The de-normalised argument:
// sq_2 sq_1 sq_0
// b b b b b b b ... b b b b b b .... b b b b 0 0 0 ... 0
// ^ binary point here */
fsqrt_arg_2:
.long 0 /* ms word */
fsqrt_arg_1:
.long 0
fsqrt_arg_0:
.long 0 /* ls word, at most the ms bit is set */
.text
#ifdef __ELF__
.align 4,144
#else
.align 2,144
#endif
.globl _C_LABEL(wm_sqrt)
_C_LABEL(wm_sqrt):
pushl %ebp
movl %esp,%ebp
pushl %esi
pushl %edi
pushl %ebx
movl PARAM1,%esi
movl SIGH(%esi),%eax
movl SIGL(%esi),%ecx
xorl %edx,%edx
/* We use a rough linear estimate for the first guess.. */
cmpl EXP_BIAS,EXP(%esi)
jnz sqrt_arg_ge_2
shrl $1,%eax /* arg is in the range [1.0 .. 2.0) */
rcrl $1,%ecx
rcrl $1,%edx
sqrt_arg_ge_2:
/* From here on, n is never accessed directly again until it is
// replaced by the answer. */
movl %eax,fsqrt_arg_2 /* ms word of n */
movl %ecx,fsqrt_arg_1
movl %edx,fsqrt_arg_0
/* Make a linear first estimate */
shrl $1,%eax
addl $0x40000000,%eax
movl $0xaaaaaaaa,%ecx
mull %ecx
shll %edx /* max result was 7fff... */
testl $0x80000000,%edx /* but min was 3fff... */
jnz sqrt_prelim_no_adjust
movl $0x80000000,%edx /* round up */
sqrt_prelim_no_adjust:
movl %edx,%esi /* Our first guess */
/* We have now computed (approx) (2 + x) / 3, which forms the basis
for a few iterations of Newton's method */
movl fsqrt_arg_2,%ecx /* ms word */
/* From our initial estimate, three iterations are enough to get us
// to 30 bits or so. This will then allow two iterations at better
// precision to complete the process.
// Compute (g + n/g)/2 at each iteration (g is the guess). */
shrl %ecx /* Doing this first will prevent a divide */
/* overflow later. */
movl %ecx,%edx /* msw of the arg / 2 */
divl %esi /* current estimate */
shrl %esi /* divide by 2 */
addl %eax,%esi /* the new estimate */
movl %ecx,%edx
divl %esi
shrl %esi
addl %eax,%esi
movl %ecx,%edx
divl %esi
shrl %esi
addl %eax,%esi
/* Now that an estimate accurate to about 30 bits has been obtained (in %esi),
// we improve it to 60 bits or so.
// The strategy from now on is to compute new estimates from
// guess := guess + (n - guess^2) / (2 * guess) */
/* First, find the square of the guess */
movl %esi,%eax
mull %esi
/* guess^2 now in %edx:%eax */
movl fsqrt_arg_1,%ecx
subl %ecx,%eax
movl fsqrt_arg_2,%ecx /* ms word of normalized n */
sbbl %ecx,%edx
jnc sqrt_stage_2_positive
/* subtraction gives a negative result
// negate the result before division */
notl %edx
notl %eax
addl $1,%eax
adcl $0,%edx
divl %esi
movl %eax,%ecx
movl %edx,%eax
divl %esi
jmp sqrt_stage_2_finish
sqrt_stage_2_positive:
divl %esi
movl %eax,%ecx
movl %edx,%eax
divl %esi
notl %ecx
notl %eax
addl $1,%eax
adcl $0,%ecx
sqrt_stage_2_finish:
sarl $1,%ecx /* divide by 2 */
rcrl $1,%eax
/* Form the new estimate in %esi:%edi */
movl %eax,%edi
addl %ecx,%esi
jnz sqrt_stage_2_done /* result should be [1..2) */
#ifdef PARANOID
/* It should be possible to get here only if the arg is ffff....ffff*/
cmp $0xffffffff,fsqrt_arg_1
jnz sqrt_stage_2_error
#endif /* PARANOID */
/* The best rounded result.*/
xorl %eax,%eax
decl %eax
movl %eax,%edi
movl %eax,%esi
movl $0x7fffffff,%eax
jmp sqrt_round_result
#ifdef PARANOID
sqrt_stage_2_error:
pushl EX_INTERNAL|0x213
call EXCEPTION
#endif /* PARANOID */
sqrt_stage_2_done:
/* Now the square root has been computed to better than 60 bits */
/* Find the square of the guess*/
movl %edi,%eax /* ls word of guess*/
mull %edi
movl %edx,accum_1
movl %esi,%eax
mull %esi
movl %edx,accum_3
movl %eax,accum_2
movl %edi,%eax
mull %esi
addl %eax,accum_1
adcl %edx,accum_2
adcl $0,accum_3
/* movl %esi,%eax*/
/* mull %edi*/
addl %eax,accum_1
adcl %edx,accum_2
adcl $0,accum_3
/* guess^2 now in accum_3:accum_2:accum_1*/
movl fsqrt_arg_0,%eax /* get normalized n*/
subl %eax,accum_1
movl fsqrt_arg_1,%eax
sbbl %eax,accum_2
movl fsqrt_arg_2,%eax /* ms word of normalized n*/
sbbl %eax,accum_3
jnc sqrt_stage_3_positive
/* subtraction gives a negative result*/
/* negate the result before division */
notl accum_1
notl accum_2
notl accum_3
addl $1,accum_1
adcl $0,accum_2
#ifdef PARANOID
adcl $0,accum_3 /* This must be zero */
jz sqrt_stage_3_no_error
sqrt_stage_3_error:
pushl EX_INTERNAL|0x207
call EXCEPTION
sqrt_stage_3_no_error:
#endif /* PARANOID */
movl accum_2,%edx
movl accum_1,%eax
divl %esi
movl %eax,%ecx
movl %edx,%eax
divl %esi
sarl $1,%ecx /* divide by 2*/
rcrl $1,%eax
/* prepare to round the result*/
addl %ecx,%edi
adcl $0,%esi
jmp sqrt_stage_3_finished
sqrt_stage_3_positive:
movl accum_2,%edx
movl accum_1,%eax
divl %esi
movl %eax,%ecx
movl %edx,%eax
divl %esi
sarl $1,%ecx /* divide by 2*/
rcrl $1,%eax
/* prepare to round the result*/
notl %eax /* Negate the correction term*/
notl %ecx
addl $1,%eax
adcl $0,%ecx /* carry here ==> correction == 0*/
adcl $0xffffffff,%esi
addl %ecx,%edi
adcl $0,%esi
sqrt_stage_3_finished:
/* The result in %esi:%edi:%esi should be good to about 90 bits here,
// and the rounding information here does not have sufficient accuracy
// in a few rare cases. */
cmpl $0xffffffe0,%eax
ja sqrt_near_exact_x
cmpl $0x00000020,%eax
jb sqrt_near_exact
cmpl $0x7fffffe0,%eax
jb sqrt_round_result
cmpl $0x80000020,%eax
jb sqrt_get_more_precision
sqrt_round_result:
/* Set up for rounding operations*/
movl %eax,%edx
movl %esi,%eax
movl %edi,%ebx
movl PARAM1,%edi
movl EXP_BIAS,EXP(%edi) /* Result is in [1.0 .. 2.0)*/
movl PARAM2,%ecx
jmp FPU_round_sqrt
sqrt_near_exact_x:
/* First, the estimate must be rounded up.*/
addl $1,%edi
adcl $0,%esi
sqrt_near_exact:
/* This is an easy case because x^1/2 is monotonic.
// We need just find the square of our estimate, compare it
// with the argument, and deduce whether our estimate is
// above, below, or exact. We use the fact that the estimate
// is known to be accurate to about 90 bits. */
movl %edi,%eax /* ls word of guess*/
mull %edi
movl %edx,%ebx /* 2nd ls word of square*/
movl %eax,%ecx /* ls word of square*/
movl %edi,%eax
mull %esi
addl %eax,%ebx
addl %eax,%ebx
#ifdef PARANOID
cmp $0xffffffb0,%ebx
jb sqrt_near_exact_ok
cmp $0x00000050,%ebx
ja sqrt_near_exact_ok
pushl EX_INTERNAL|0x214
call EXCEPTION
sqrt_near_exact_ok:
#endif /* PARANOID */
or %ebx,%ebx
js sqrt_near_exact_small
jnz sqrt_near_exact_large
or %ebx,%edx
jnz sqrt_near_exact_large
/* Our estimate is exactly the right answer*/
xorl %eax,%eax
jmp sqrt_round_result
sqrt_near_exact_small:
/* Our estimate is too small*/
movl $0x000000ff,%eax
jmp sqrt_round_result
sqrt_near_exact_large:
/* Our estimate is too large, we need to decrement it*/
subl $1,%edi
sbbl $0,%esi
movl $0xffffff00,%eax
jmp sqrt_round_result
sqrt_get_more_precision:
/* This case is almost the same as the above, except we start*/
/* with an extra bit of precision in the estimate.*/
stc /* The extra bit.*/
rcll $1,%edi /* Shift the estimate left one bit*/
rcll $1,%esi
movl %edi,%eax /* ls word of guess*/
mull %edi
movl %edx,%ebx /* 2nd ls word of square*/
movl %eax,%ecx /* ls word of square*/
movl %edi,%eax
mull %esi
addl %eax,%ebx
addl %eax,%ebx
/* Put our estimate back to its original value*/
stc /* The ms bit.*/
rcrl $1,%esi /* Shift the estimate left one bit*/
rcrl $1,%edi
#ifdef PARANOID
cmp $0xffffff60,%ebx
jb sqrt_more_prec_ok
cmp $0x000000a0,%ebx
ja sqrt_more_prec_ok
pushl EX_INTERNAL|0x215
call EXCEPTION
sqrt_more_prec_ok:
#endif /* PARANOID */
or %ebx,%ebx
js sqrt_more_prec_small
jnz sqrt_more_prec_large
or %ebx,%ecx
jnz sqrt_more_prec_large
/* Our estimate is exactly the right answer*/
movl $0x80000000,%eax
jmp sqrt_round_result
sqrt_more_prec_small:
/* Our estimate is too small*/
movl $0x800000ff,%eax
jmp sqrt_round_result
sqrt_more_prec_large:
/* Our estimate is too large*/
movl $0x7fffff00,%eax
jmp sqrt_round_result
|