1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463
2464
2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470
2471
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
2522
2523
2524
2525
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
2583
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2598
2599
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604
2605
2606
2607
2608
2609
2610
2611
2612
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623
2624
2625
2626
2627
2628
2629
2630
2631
2632
2633
2634
2635
2636
2637
2638
2639
2640
2641
2642
2643
2644
2645
2646
2647
2648
2649
2650
2651
2652
2653
2654
2655
2656
2657
2658
2659
2660
2661
2662
2663
2664
2665
2666
2667
2668
2669
2670
2671
2672
2673
2674
2675
2676
2677
2678
2679
2680
2681
2682
2683
2684
2685
2686
2687
2688
2689
2690
2691
2692
2693
2694
2695
2696
2697
2698
2699
2700
2701
2702
2703
2704
2705
2706
2707
2708
2709
2710
2711
2712
2713
2714
2715
2716
2717
2718
2719
2720
2721
2722
2723
2724
2725
2726
2727
2728
2729
2730
2731
2732
2733
2734
2735
2736
2737
2738
2739
2740
2741
2742
2743
2744
2745
2746
2747
2748
2749
2750
2751
2752
2753
2754
2755
2756
2757
2758
2759
2760
2761
2762
2763
2764
2765
2766
2767
2768
2769
2770
2771
2772
2773
2774
2775
2776
2777
2778
2779
2780
2781
2782
2783
2784
2785
2786
2787
2788
2789
2790
2791
2792
2793
2794
2795
2796
2797
2798
2799
2800
2801
2802
2803
2804
2805
2806
2807
2808
2809
2810
2811
2812
2813
2814
2815
2816
2817
2818
2819
2820
2821
2822
2823
2824
2825
2826
2827
2828
2829
2830
2831
2832
2833
2834
2835
2836
2837
2838
2839
2840
2841
2842
2843
2844
2845
2846
2847
2848
2849
2850
2851
2852
2853
2854
2855
2856
2857
2858
2859
2860
2861
2862
2863
2864
2865
2866
2867
2868
2869
2870
2871
2872
2873
2874
2875
2876
2877
2878
2879
2880
2881
2882
2883
2884
2885
2886
2887
2888
2889
2890
2891
2892
2893
2894
2895
2896
2897
2898
2899
2900
2901
2902
2903
2904
2905
2906
2907
2908
2909
2910
2911
2912
2913
2914
2915
2916
2917
2918
2919
2920
2921
2922
2923
2924
2925
2926
2927
2928
2929
2930
2931
2932
2933
2934
2935
2936
2937
2938
2939
2940
2941
2942
2943
2944
2945
2946
2947
2948
2949
2950
2951
2952
2953
2954
2955
2956
2957
2958
2959
2960
2961
2962
2963
2964
2965
2966
2967
2968
2969
2970
2971
2972
2973
2974
2975
2976
2977
2978
2979
2980
2981
2982
2983
2984
2985
2986
2987
2988
2989
2990
2991
2992
2993
2994
2995
2996
2997
2998
2999
3000
3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
3006
3007
3008
3009
3010
3011
3012
3013
3014
3015
3016
3017
3018
3019
3020
3021
3022
3023
3024
3025
3026
3027
3028
3029
3030
3031
3032
3033
3034
3035
3036
3037
3038
3039
3040
3041
3042
3043
3044
3045
3046
3047
3048
3049
3050
3051
3052
3053
3054
3055
3056
3057
3058
3059
3060
3061
3062
3063
3064
3065
3066
3067
3068
3069
3070
3071
3072
3073
3074
3075
3076
3077
3078
3079
3080
3081
3082
3083
3084
3085
3086
3087
3088
3089
3090
3091
3092
3093
3094
3095
3096
3097
3098
3099
3100
3101
3102
3103
3104
3105
3106
3107
3108
3109
3110
3111
3112
3113
3114
3115
3116
3117
3118
3119
3120
3121
3122
3123
3124
3125
3126
3127
3128
3129
3130
3131
3132
3133
3134
3135
3136
3137
3138
3139
3140
3141
3142
3143
3144
3145
3146
3147
3148
3149
3150
3151
3152
3153
3154
3155
3156
3157
3158
3159
3160
3161
3162
3163
3164
3165
3166
3167
3168
3169
3170
3171
3172
3173
3174
3175
3176
3177
3178
3179
3180
3181
3182
3183
3184
3185
3186
3187
3188
3189
3190
3191
3192
3193
3194
3195
3196
3197
3198
3199
3200
3201
3202
3203
3204
3205
3206
3207
3208
3209
3210
3211
3212
3213
3214
3215
3216
3217
3218
3219
3220
3221
3222
3223
3224
3225
3226
3227
3228
3229
3230
3231
3232
3233
3234
3235
3236
3237
3238
3239
3240
3241
3242
3243
3244
3245
3246
3247
3248
3249
3250
3251
3252
3253
3254
3255
3256
3257
3258
3259
3260
3261
3262
3263
3264
3265
3266
3267
3268
3269
3270
3271
3272
3273
3274
3275
3276
3277
3278
3279
3280
3281
3282
3283
3284
3285
3286
3287
3288
3289
3290
3291
3292
3293
3294
3295
3296
3297
3298
3299
3300
3301
3302
3303
3304
3305
3306
3307
3308
3309
3310
3311
3312
3313
3314
3315
3316
3317
3318
3319
3320
3321
3322
3323
3324
3325
3326
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
3335
3336
3337
3338
3339
3340
3341
3342
3343
3344
3345
3346
3347
3348
3349
3350
3351
3352
3353
3354
3355
3356
3357
3358
3359
3360
3361
3362
3363
3364
3365
3366
3367
3368
3369
3370
3371
3372
3373
3374
3375
3376
3377
3378
3379
3380
3381
3382
3383
3384
3385
3386
3387
3388
3389
3390
3391
3392
3393
3394
3395
3396
3397
3398
3399
3400
3401
3402
3403
3404
3405
3406
3407
3408
3409
3410
3411
3412
3413
3414
3415
3416
3417
3418
3419
3420
3421
3422
3423
3424
3425
3426
3427
3428
3429
3430
3431
3432
3433
3434
3435
3436
3437
3438
3439
3440
3441
3442
3443
3444
3445
3446
3447
3448
3449
3450
3451
3452
3453
3454
3455
3456
3457
3458
3459
3460
3461
3462
3463
3464
3465
3466
3467
3468
3469
3470
3471
3472
3473
3474
3475
3476
3477
3478
3479
3480
3481
3482
3483
3484
3485
3486
3487
3488
3489
3490
3491
3492
3493
3494
3495
3496
3497
3498
3499
3500
3501
3502
3503
3504
3505
3506
3507
3508
3509
3510
3511
3512
3513
3514
3515
3516
3517
3518
3519
3520
3521
3522
3523
3524
3525
3526
3527
3528
3529
3530
3531
3532
3533
3534
3535
3536
3537
3538
3539
3540
3541
3542
3543
3544
3545
3546
3547
3548
3549
3550
3551
3552
3553
3554
3555
3556
3557
3558
3559
3560
3561
3562
3563
3564
3565
3566
3567
3568
3569
3570
3571
3572
3573
3574
3575
3576
3577
3578
3579
3580
3581
3582
3583
3584
3585
3586
3587
3588
3589
3590
3591
3592
3593
3594
3595
3596
3597
3598
3599
3600
3601
3602
3603
3604
3605
3606
3607
3608
3609
3610
3611
3612
3613
3614
3615
3616
3617
3618
3619
3620
3621
3622
3623
3624
3625
3626
3627
3628
3629
3630
3631
3632
3633
3634
3635
3636
3637
3638
3639
3640
3641
3642
3643
3644
3645
3646
3647
3648
3649
3650
3651
3652
3653
3654
3655
3656
3657
3658
3659
3660
3661
3662
3663
3664
3665
3666
3667
3668
3669
3670
3671
3672
3673
3674
3675
3676
3677
3678
3679
3680
3681
3682
3683
3684
3685
3686
3687
3688
3689
3690
3691
3692
3693
3694
3695
3696
3697
3698
3699
3700
3701
3702
3703
3704
3705
3706
3707
3708
3709
3710
3711
3712
3713
3714
3715
3716
3717
3718
3719
3720
3721
3722
3723
3724
3725
3726
3727
3728
3729
3730
3731
3732
3733
3734
3735
3736
3737
3738
3739
3740
3741
3742
3743
3744
3745
3746
3747
3748
3749
3750
3751
3752
3753
3754
3755
3756
3757
3758
3759
3760
3761
3762
3763
3764
3765
3766
3767
3768
3769
3770
3771
3772
3773
3774
3775
3776
3777
3778
3779
3780
3781
3782
3783
3784
3785
3786
3787
3788
3789
3790
3791
3792
3793
3794
3795
3796
3797
3798
3799
3800
3801
3802
3803
3804
3805
3806
3807
3808
3809
3810
3811
3812
3813
3814
3815
3816
3817
3818
3819
3820
3821
3822
3823
3824
3825
3826
3827
3828
3829
3830
3831
3832
3833
3834
3835
3836
3837
3838
3839
3840
3841
3842
3843
3844
3845
3846
3847
3848
3849
3850
3851
3852
3853
3854
3855
3856
3857
3858
3859
3860
3861
3862
3863
3864
3865
3866
3867
3868
3869
3870
3871
3872
3873
3874
3875
3876
3877
3878
3879
3880
3881
3882
3883
3884
3885
3886
3887
3888
3889
3890
3891
3892
3893
3894
3895
3896
3897
3898
3899
3900
3901
3902
3903
3904
3905
3906
3907
3908
3909
3910
3911
3912
3913
3914
3915
3916
3917
3918
3919
3920
3921
3922
3923
3924
3925
3926
3927
3928
3929
3930
3931
3932
3933
3934
3935
3936
3937
3938
3939
3940
3941
3942
3943
3944
3945
3946
3947
3948
3949
3950
3951
3952
3953
3954
3955
3956
3957
3958
3959
3960
3961
3962
3963
3964
3965
3966
3967
3968
3969
3970
3971
3972
3973
3974
3975
3976
3977
3978
3979
3980
3981
3982
3983
3984
3985
3986
3987
3988
3989
3990
3991
3992
3993
3994
3995
3996
3997
3998
3999
4000
4001
4002
4003
4004
4005
4006
4007
4008
4009
4010
4011
4012
4013
4014
4015
4016
4017
4018
4019
4020
4021
4022
4023
4024
4025
4026
4027
4028
4029
4030
4031
4032
4033
4034
4035
4036
4037
4038
4039
4040
4041
4042
4043
4044
4045
4046
4047
4048
4049
4050
4051
4052
4053
4054
4055
4056
4057
4058
4059
4060
4061
4062
4063
4064
4065
4066
4067
4068
4069
4070
4071
4072
4073
4074
4075
4076
4077
4078
4079
4080
4081
4082
4083
4084
4085
4086
4087
4088
4089
4090
4091
4092
4093
4094
4095
4096
4097
4098
4099
4100
4101
4102
4103
4104
4105
4106
4107
4108
4109
4110
4111
4112
4113
4114
4115
4116
4117
4118
4119
4120
4121
4122
4123
4124
4125
4126
4127
4128
4129
4130
4131
4132
4133
4134
4135
4136
4137
4138
4139
4140
4141
4142
4143
4144
4145
4146
4147
4148
4149
4150
4151
4152
4153
4154
4155
4156
4157
4158
4159
4160
4161
4162
4163
4164
4165
4166
4167
4168
4169
4170
4171
4172
4173
4174
4175
4176
4177
4178
4179
4180
4181
4182
4183
4184
4185
4186
4187
4188
4189
4190
4191
4192
4193
4194
4195
4196
4197
4198
4199
4200
4201
4202
4203
4204
4205
4206
4207
4208
4209
4210
4211
4212
4213
4214
4215
4216
4217
4218
4219
4220
4221
4222
4223
4224
4225
4226
4227
4228
4229
4230
4231
4232
4233
4234
4235
4236
4237
4238
4239
4240
4241
4242
4243
4244
4245
4246
4247
4248
4249
4250
4251
4252
4253
4254
4255
4256
4257
4258
4259
4260
4261
4262
4263
4264
4265
4266
4267
4268
4269
4270
4271
4272
4273
4274
4275
4276
4277
4278
4279
4280
4281
4282
4283
4284
4285
4286
4287
4288
4289
4290
4291
4292
4293
4294
4295
4296
4297
4298
4299
4300
4301
4302
4303
4304
4305
4306
4307
4308
4309
4310
4311
4312
4313
4314
4315
4316
4317
4318
4319
4320
4321
4322
4323
4324
4325
4326
4327
4328
4329
4330
4331
4332
4333
4334
4335
4336
4337
4338
4339
4340
4341
4342
4343
4344
4345
4346
4347
4348
4349
4350
4351
4352
4353
4354
4355
4356
4357
4358
4359
4360
4361
4362
4363
4364
4365
4366
4367
4368
4369
4370
4371
4372
4373
4374
4375
4376
4377
4378
4379
4380
4381
4382
4383
4384
4385
4386
4387
4388
4389
4390
4391
4392
4393
4394
4395
4396
4397
4398
4399
4400
4401
4402
4403
4404
4405
4406
4407
4408
4409
4410
4411
4412
4413
4414
4415
4416
4417
4418
4419
4420
4421
4422
4423
4424
4425
4426
4427
4428
4429
4430
4431
4432
4433
4434
4435
4436
4437
4438
4439
4440
4441
4442
4443
4444
4445
4446
4447
4448
4449
4450
4451
4452
4453
4454
4455
4456
4457
4458
4459
4460
4461
4462
4463
4464
4465
4466
4467
4468
4469
4470
4471
4472
4473
4474
4475
4476
4477
4478
4479
4480
4481
4482
4483
4484
4485
4486
4487
4488
4489
4490
4491
4492
4493
4494
4495
4496
4497
4498
4499
4500
4501
4502
4503
4504
4505
4506
4507
4508
4509
4510
4511
4512
4513
4514
4515
4516
4517
4518
4519
4520
4521
4522
4523
4524
4525
4526
4527
4528
4529
4530
4531
4532
4533
4534
4535
4536
4537
4538
4539
4540
4541
4542
4543
4544
4545
4546
4547
4548
4549
4550
4551
4552
4553
4554
4555
4556
4557
4558
4559
4560
4561
4562
4563
4564
4565
4566
4567
4568
4569
4570
4571
4572
4573
4574
4575
4576
4577
4578
4579
4580
4581
4582
4583
4584
4585
4586
4587
4588
4589
4590
4591
4592
4593
4594
4595
4596
4597
4598
4599
4600
4601
4602
4603
4604
4605
4606
4607
4608
4609
4610
4611
4612
4613
4614
4615
4616
4617
4618
4619
4620
4621
4622
4623
4624
4625
4626
4627
4628
4629
4630
4631
4632
4633
4634
4635
4636
4637
4638
4639
4640
4641
4642
4643
4644
4645
4646
4647
4648
4649
4650
4651
4652
4653
4654
4655
4656
4657
4658
4659
4660
4661
4662
4663
4664
4665
4666
4667
4668
4669
4670
4671
4672
4673
4674
4675
4676
4677
4678
4679
4680
4681
4682
4683
4684
4685
4686
4687
4688
4689
4690
4691
4692
4693
4694
4695
4696
4697
4698
4699
4700
4701
4702
4703
4704
4705
4706
4707
4708
4709
4710
4711
4712
4713
4714
4715
4716
4717
4718
4719
4720
4721
4722
4723
4724
4725
4726
4727
4728
4729
4730
4731
4732
4733
4734
4735
4736
4737
4738
4739
4740
4741
4742
4743
4744
4745
4746
4747
4748
4749
4750
4751
4752
4753
4754
4755
4756
4757
4758
4759
4760
4761
4762
4763
4764
4765
4766
4767
4768
4769
4770
4771
4772
4773
4774
4775
4776
4777
4778
4779
4780
4781
4782
4783
4784
4785
4786
4787
4788
4789
4790
4791
4792
4793
4794
4795
4796
4797
4798
4799
4800
4801
4802
4803
4804
4805
4806
4807
4808
4809
4810
4811
4812
4813
4814
4815
4816
4817
4818
4819
4820
4821
4822
4823
4824
4825
4826
4827
4828
4829
4830
4831
4832
4833
4834
4835
4836
4837
4838
4839
4840
4841
4842
4843
4844
4845
4846
4847
4848
4849
4850
4851
4852
4853
4854
4855
4856
4857
4858
4859
4860
4861
4862
4863
4864
4865
4866
4867
4868
4869
4870
4871
4872
4873
4874
4875
4876
4877
4878
4879
4880
4881
4882
4883
4884
4885
4886
4887
4888
4889
4890
4891
4892
4893
4894
4895
4896
4897
4898
4899
4900
4901
4902
4903
4904
4905
4906
4907
4908
4909
4910
4911
4912
4913
4914
4915
4916
4917
4918
4919
4920
4921
4922
4923
4924
4925
4926
4927
4928
4929
4930
4931
4932
4933
4934
4935
4936
4937
4938
4939
4940
4941
4942
4943
4944
4945
4946
4947
4948
4949
4950
4951
4952
4953
4954
4955
4956
4957
4958
4959
4960
4961
4962
4963
4964
4965
4966
4967
4968
4969
4970
4971
4972
4973
4974
4975
4976
4977
4978
4979
4980
4981
4982
4983
4984
4985
4986
4987
4988
4989
4990
4991
4992
4993
4994
4995
4996
4997
4998
4999
5000
5001
5002
5003
5004
5005
5006
5007
5008
5009
5010
5011
5012
5013
5014
5015
5016
5017
5018
5019
5020
5021
5022
5023
5024
5025
5026
5027
5028
5029
5030
5031
5032
5033
5034
5035
5036
5037
5038
5039
5040
5041
5042
5043
5044
5045
5046
5047
5048
5049
5050
5051
5052
5053
5054
5055
5056
5057
5058
5059
5060
5061
5062
5063
5064
5065
5066
5067
5068
5069
5070
5071
5072
5073
5074
5075
5076
5077
5078
5079
5080
5081
5082
5083
5084
5085
5086
5087
5088
5089
5090
5091
5092
5093
5094
5095
5096
5097
5098
5099
5100
5101
5102
5103
5104
5105
5106
5107
5108
5109
5110
5111
5112
5113
5114
5115
5116
5117
5118
5119
5120
5121
5122
5123
5124
5125
5126
5127
5128
5129
5130
5131
5132
5133
5134
5135
5136
5137
5138
5139
5140
5141
5142
5143
5144
5145
5146
5147
5148
5149
5150
5151
5152
5153
5154
5155
5156
5157
5158
5159
5160
5161
5162
5163
5164
5165
5166
5167
5168
5169
5170
5171
5172
5173
5174
5175
5176
5177
5178
5179
5180
5181
5182
5183
5184
5185
5186
5187
5188
5189
5190
5191
5192
5193
5194
5195
5196
5197
5198
5199
5200
5201
5202
5203
5204
5205
5206
5207
5208
5209
5210
5211
5212
5213
5214
5215
5216
5217
5218
5219
5220
5221
5222
5223
5224
5225
5226
5227
5228
5229
5230
5231
5232
5233
5234
5235
5236
5237
5238
5239
5240
5241
5242
5243
5244
5245
5246
5247
5248
5249
5250
5251
5252
5253
5254
5255
5256
5257
5258
5259
5260
5261
5262
5263
5264
5265
5266
5267
5268
5269
5270
5271
5272
5273
5274
5275
5276
5277
5278
5279
5280
5281
5282
5283
5284
5285
5286
5287
5288
5289
5290
5291
5292
5293
5294
5295
5296
5297
5298
5299
5300
5301
5302
5303
5304
5305
5306
5307
5308
5309
5310
5311
5312
5313
5314
5315
5316
5317
5318
5319
5320
5321
5322
5323
5324
5325
5326
5327
5328
5329
5330
5331
5332
5333
5334
5335
5336
5337
5338
5339
5340
5341
5342
5343
5344
5345
5346
5347
5348
5349
5350
5351
5352
5353
5354
5355
5356
5357
5358
5359
5360
5361
5362
5363
5364
5365
5366
5367
5368
5369
5370
5371
5372
5373
5374
5375
5376
5377
5378
5379
5380
5381
5382
5383
5384
5385
5386
5387
5388
5389
5390
5391
5392
5393
5394
5395
5396
5397
5398
5399
5400
5401
5402
5403
5404
5405
5406
5407
5408
5409
5410
5411
5412
5413
5414
5415
5416
5417
5418
5419
5420
5421
5422
5423
5424
5425
5426
5427
5428
5429
5430
5431
5432
5433
5434
5435
5436
5437
5438
5439
5440
5441
5442
5443
5444
5445
5446
5447
5448
5449
5450
5451
5452
5453
5454
5455
5456
5457
5458
5459
5460
5461
5462
5463
5464
5465
5466
5467
5468
5469
5470
5471
5472
5473
5474
5475
5476
5477
5478
5479
5480
5481
5482
5483
5484
5485
5486
5487
5488
5489
5490
5491
5492
5493
5494
5495
5496
5497
5498
5499
5500
5501
5502
5503
5504
5505
5506
5507
5508
5509
5510
5511
5512
5513
5514
5515
5516
5517
5518
5519
5520
5521
5522
5523
5524
5525
5526
5527
5528
5529
5530
5531
5532
5533
5534
5535
5536
5537
5538
5539
5540
5541
5542
5543
5544
5545
5546
5547
5548
5549
5550
5551
5552
5553
5554
5555
5556
5557
5558
5559
5560
5561
5562
5563
5564
5565
5566
5567
5568
5569
5570
5571
5572
5573
5574
5575
5576
5577
5578
5579
5580
5581
5582
5583
5584
5585
5586
5587
5588
5589
5590
5591
5592
5593
5594
5595
5596
5597
5598
5599
5600
5601
5602
5603
5604
5605
5606
5607
5608
5609
5610
5611
5612
5613
5614
5615
5616
5617
5618
5619
5620
5621
5622
5623
5624
5625
5626
5627
5628
5629
5630
5631
5632
5633
5634
5635
5636
5637
5638
5639
5640
5641
5642
5643
5644
5645
5646
5647
5648
5649
5650
5651
5652
5653
5654
5655
5656
5657
5658
5659
5660
5661
5662
5663
5664
5665
5666
5667
5668
5669
5670
5671
5672
5673
5674
5675
5676
5677
5678
5679
5680
5681
5682
5683
5684
5685
5686
5687
5688
5689
5690
5691
5692
5693
5694
5695
5696
5697
5698
5699
5700
5701
5702
5703
5704
5705
5706
5707
5708
5709
5710
5711
5712
5713
5714
5715
5716
5717
5718
5719
5720
5721
5722
5723
5724
5725
5726
5727
5728
5729
5730
5731
5732
5733
5734
5735
5736
5737
5738
5739
5740
5741
5742
5743
5744
5745
5746
5747
5748
5749
5750
5751
5752
5753
5754
5755
5756
5757
5758
5759
5760
5761
5762
5763
5764
5765
5766
5767
5768
5769
5770
5771
5772
5773
5774
5775
5776
5777
5778
5779
5780
5781
5782
5783
5784
5785
5786
5787
5788
5789
5790
5791
5792
5793
5794
5795
5796
5797
5798
5799
5800
5801
5802
5803
5804
5805
5806
5807
5808
5809
5810
5811
5812
5813
5814
5815
5816
5817
5818
5819
5820
5821
5822
5823
5824
5825
5826
5827
5828
5829
5830
5831
5832
5833
5834
5835
5836
5837
5838
5839
5840
5841
5842
5843
5844
5845
5846
5847
5848
5849
5850
5851
5852
5853
5854
5855
5856
5857
5858
5859
5860
5861
5862
5863
5864
5865
5866
5867
5868
5869
5870
5871
5872
5873
5874
5875
5876
5877
5878
5879
5880
5881
5882
5883
5884
5885
5886
5887
5888
5889
5890
5891
5892
5893
5894
5895
5896
5897
5898
5899
5900
5901
5902
5903
5904
5905
5906
5907
5908
5909
5910
5911
5912
5913
5914
5915
5916
5917
5918
5919
5920
5921
5922
5923
5924
5925
5926
5927
5928
5929
5930
5931
5932
5933
5934
5935
5936
5937
5938
5939
5940
5941
5942
5943
5944
5945
5946
5947
5948
5949
5950
5951
5952
5953
5954
5955
5956
5957
5958
5959
5960
5961
5962
5963
5964
5965
5966
5967
5968
5969
5970
5971
5972
5973
5974
5975
5976
5977
5978
5979
5980
5981
5982
5983
5984
5985
5986
5987
5988
5989
5990
5991
5992
5993
5994
5995
5996
5997
5998
5999
6000
6001
6002
6003
6004
6005
6006
6007
6008
6009
6010
6011
6012
6013
6014
6015
6016
6017
6018
6019
6020
6021
6022
6023
6024
6025
6026
6027
6028
6029
6030
6031
6032
6033
6034
6035
6036
6037
6038
6039
6040
6041
6042
6043
6044
6045
6046
6047
6048
6049
6050
6051
6052
6053
6054
6055
6056
6057
6058
6059
6060
6061
6062
6063
6064
6065
6066
6067
6068
6069
6070
6071
6072
6073
6074
6075
6076
6077
6078
6079
6080
6081
6082
6083
6084
6085
6086
6087
6088
6089
6090
6091
6092
6093
6094
6095
6096
6097
6098
6099
6100
6101
6102
6103
6104
6105
6106
6107
6108
6109
6110
6111
6112
6113
6114
6115
6116
6117
6118
6119
6120
6121
6122
6123
6124
6125
6126
6127
6128
6129
6130
6131
6132
6133
6134
6135
6136
6137
6138
6139
6140
6141
6142
6143
6144
6145
6146
6147
6148
6149
6150
6151
6152
6153
6154
6155
6156
6157
6158
6159
6160
6161
6162
6163
6164
6165
6166
6167
6168
6169
6170
6171
6172
6173
6174
6175
6176
6177
6178
6179
6180
6181
6182
6183
6184
6185
6186
6187
6188
6189
6190
6191
6192
6193
6194
6195
6196
6197
6198
6199
6200
6201
6202
6203
6204
6205
6206
6207
6208
6209
6210
6211
6212
6213
6214
6215
6216
6217
6218
6219
6220
6221
6222
6223
6224
6225
6226
6227
6228
6229
6230
6231
6232
6233
6234
6235
6236
6237
6238
6239
6240
6241
6242
6243
6244
6245
6246
6247
6248
6249
6250
6251
6252
6253
6254
6255
6256
6257
6258
6259
6260
6261
6262
6263
6264
6265
6266
6267
6268
6269
6270
6271
6272
6273
6274
6275
6276
6277
6278
6279
6280
6281
6282
6283
6284
6285
6286
6287
6288
6289
6290
6291
6292
6293
6294
6295
6296
6297
6298
6299
6300
6301
6302
6303
6304
6305
6306
6307
6308
6309
6310
6311
6312
6313
6314
6315
6316
6317
6318
6319
6320
6321
6322
6323
6324
6325
6326
6327
6328
6329
6330
6331
6332
6333
6334
6335
6336
6337
6338
6339
6340
6341
6342
6343
6344
6345
6346
6347
6348
6349
6350
6351
6352
6353
6354
6355
6356
6357
6358
6359
6360
6361
6362
6363
6364
6365
6366
6367
6368
6369
6370
6371
6372
6373
6374
6375
6376
6377
6378
6379
6380
6381
6382
6383
6384
6385
6386
6387
6388
6389
6390
6391
6392
6393
6394
6395
6396
6397
6398
6399
6400
6401
6402
6403
6404
6405
6406
6407
6408
6409
6410
6411
6412
6413
6414
6415
6416
6417
6418
6419
6420
6421
6422
6423
6424
6425
6426
6427
6428
6429
6430
6431
6432
6433
6434
6435
6436
6437
6438
6439
6440
6441
6442
6443
6444
6445
6446
6447
6448
6449
6450
6451
6452
6453
6454
6455
6456
6457
6458
6459
6460
6461
6462
6463
6464
6465
6466
6467
6468
6469
6470
6471
6472
6473
6474
6475
6476
6477
6478
6479
6480
6481
6482
6483
6484
6485
6486
6487
6488
6489
6490
6491
6492
6493
6494
6495
6496
6497
6498
6499
6500
6501
6502
6503
6504
6505
6506
6507
6508
6509
6510
6511
6512
6513
6514
6515
6516
6517
6518
6519
6520
6521
6522
6523
6524
6525
6526
6527
6528
6529
6530
6531
6532
6533
6534
6535
6536
6537
6538
6539
6540
6541
6542
6543
6544
6545
6546
6547
6548
6549
6550
6551
6552
6553
6554
6555
6556
6557
6558
6559
6560
6561
6562
6563
6564
6565
6566
6567
6568
6569
6570
6571
6572
6573
6574
6575
6576
6577
6578
6579
6580
6581
6582
6583
6584
6585
6586
6587
6588
6589
6590
6591
6592
6593
6594
6595
6596
6597
6598
6599
6600
6601
6602
6603
6604
6605
6606
6607
6608
6609
6610
6611
6612
6613
6614
6615
6616
6617
6618
6619
6620
6621
6622
6623
6624
6625
6626
6627
6628
6629
6630
6631
6632
6633
6634
6635
6636
6637
6638
6639
6640
6641
6642
6643
6644
6645
6646
6647
6648
6649
6650
6651
6652
6653
6654
6655
6656
6657
6658
6659
6660
6661
6662
6663
6664
6665
6666
6667
6668
6669
6670
6671
6672
6673
6674
6675
6676
6677
6678
6679
6680
6681
6682
6683
6684
6685
6686
6687
6688
6689
6690
6691
6692
6693
6694
6695
6696
6697
6698
6699
6700
6701
6702
6703
6704
6705
6706
6707
6708
6709
6710
6711
6712
6713
6714
6715
6716
6717
6718
6719
6720
6721
6722
6723
6724
6725
6726
6727
6728
6729
6730
6731
6732
6733
6734
6735
6736
6737
6738
6739
6740
6741
6742
6743
6744
6745
6746
6747
6748
6749
6750
6751
6752
6753
6754
6755
6756
6757
6758
6759
6760
6761
6762
6763
6764
6765
6766
6767
6768
6769
6770
6771
6772
6773
6774
6775
6776
6777
6778
6779
6780
6781
6782
6783
6784
6785
6786
6787
6788
6789
6790
6791
6792
6793
6794
6795
6796
6797
6798
6799
6800
6801
6802
6803
6804
6805
6806
6807
6808
6809
6810
6811
6812
6813
6814
6815
6816
6817
6818
6819
6820
6821
6822
6823
6824
6825
6826
6827
6828
6829
6830
6831
6832
6833
6834
6835
6836
6837
6838
6839
6840
6841
6842
6843
6844
6845
6846
6847
6848
6849
6850
6851
6852
6853
6854
6855
6856
6857
6858
6859
6860
6861
6862
6863
6864
6865
6866
6867
6868
6869
6870
6871
6872
6873
6874
6875
6876
6877
6878
6879
6880
6881
6882
6883
6884
6885
6886
6887
6888
6889
6890
6891
6892
6893
6894
6895
6896
6897
6898
6899
6900
6901
6902
6903
6904
6905
6906
6907
6908
6909
6910
6911
6912
6913
6914
6915
6916
6917
6918
6919
6920
6921
6922
6923
6924
6925
6926
6927
6928
6929
6930
6931
6932
6933
6934
6935
6936
6937
6938
6939
6940
6941
6942
6943
6944
6945
6946
6947
6948
6949
6950
6951
6952
6953
6954
6955
6956
6957
6958
6959
6960
6961
6962
6963
6964
6965
6966
6967
6968
6969
6970
6971
6972
6973
6974
6975
6976
6977
6978
6979
6980
6981
6982
6983
6984
6985
6986
6987
6988
6989
6990
6991
6992
6993
6994
6995
6996
6997
6998
6999
7000
7001
7002
7003
7004
7005
7006
7007
7008
7009
7010
7011
7012
7013
7014
7015
7016
7017
7018
7019
7020
7021
7022
7023
7024
7025
7026
7027
7028
7029
7030
7031
7032
7033
7034
7035
7036
7037
7038
7039
7040
7041
|
.\" $OpenBSD: openssl.1,v 1.134 2021/11/26 16:23:27 tb Exp $
.\" ====================================================================
.\" Copyright (c) 1998-2002 The OpenSSL Project. All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\"
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\"
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
.\" the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
.\" distribution.
.\"
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this
.\" software must display the following acknowledgment:
.\" "This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project
.\" for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit. (http://www.openssl.org/)"
.\"
.\" 4. The names "OpenSSL Toolkit" and "OpenSSL Project" must not be used to
.\" endorse or promote products derived from this software without
.\" prior written permission. For written permission, please contact
.\" openssl-core@openssl.org.
.\"
.\" 5. Products derived from this software may not be called "OpenSSL"
.\" nor may "OpenSSL" appear in their names without prior written
.\" permission of the OpenSSL Project.
.\"
.\" 6. Redistributions of any form whatsoever must retain the following
.\" acknowledgment:
.\" "This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project
.\" for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit (http://www.openssl.org/)"
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE OpenSSL PROJECT ``AS IS'' AND ANY
.\" EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
.\" PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE OpenSSL PROJECT OR
.\" ITS CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
.\" SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
.\" NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
.\" LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
.\" STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
.\" ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED
.\" OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
.\" ====================================================================
.\"
.\" This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young
.\" (eay@cryptsoft.com). This product includes software written by Tim
.\" Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com).
.\"
.\"
.\" Copyright (C) 1995-1998 Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com)
.\" All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" This package is an SSL implementation written
.\" by Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com).
.\" The implementation was written so as to conform with Netscapes SSL.
.\"
.\" This library is free for commercial and non-commercial use as long as
.\" the following conditions are aheared to. The following conditions
.\" apply to all code found in this distribution, be it the RC4, RSA,
.\" lhash, DES, etc., code; not just the SSL code. The SSL documentation
.\" included with this distribution is covered by the same copyright terms
.\" except that the holder is Tim Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com).
.\"
.\" Copyright remains Eric Young's, and as such any Copyright notices in
.\" the code are not to be removed.
.\" If this package is used in a product, Eric Young should be given attribution
.\" as the author of the parts of the library used.
.\" This can be in the form of a textual message at program startup or
.\" in documentation (online or textual) provided with the package.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
.\" "This product includes cryptographic software written by
.\" Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com)"
.\" The word 'cryptographic' can be left out if the rouines from the library
.\" being used are not cryptographic related :-).
.\" 4. If you include any Windows specific code (or a derivative thereof) from
.\" the apps directory (application code) you must include an
.\" acknowledgement:
.\" "This product includes software written by Tim Hudson
.\" (tjh@cryptsoft.com)"
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY ERIC YOUNG ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\" The licence and distribution terms for any publically available version or
.\" derivative of this code cannot be changed. i.e. this code cannot simply be
.\" copied and put under another distribution licence
.\" [including the GNU Public Licence.]
.\"
.Dd $Mdocdate: November 26 2021 $
.Dt OPENSSL 1
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm openssl
.Nd OpenSSL command line tool
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Nm
.Ar command
.Op Ar command_opts
.Op Ar command_args
.Pp
.Nm
.Cm list-standard-commands |
.Cm list-message-digest-commands |
.Cm list-cipher-commands |
.Cm list-cipher-algorithms |
.Cm list-message-digest-algorithms |
.Cm list-public-key-algorithms
.Pp
.Nm
.Cm no- Ns Ar command
.Sh DESCRIPTION
.Nm OpenSSL
is a cryptography toolkit implementing the
Transport Layer Security
.Pq TLS v1
network protocol,
as well as related cryptography standards.
.Pp
The
.Nm
program is a command line tool for using the various
cryptography functions of
.Nm openssl Ns 's
crypto library from the shell.
.Pp
The pseudo-commands
.Cm list-standard-commands , list-message-digest-commands ,
and
.Cm list-cipher-commands
output a list
.Pq one entry per line
of the names of all standard commands, message digest commands,
or cipher commands, respectively, that are available in the present
.Nm
utility.
.Pp
The pseudo-commands
.Cm list-cipher-algorithms
and
.Cm list-message-digest-algorithms
list all cipher and message digest names,
one entry per line.
Aliases are listed as:
.Pp
.D1 from => to
.Pp
The pseudo-command
.Cm list-public-key-algorithms
lists all supported public key algorithms.
.Pp
The pseudo-command
.Cm no- Ns Ar command
tests whether a command of the
specified name is available.
If
.Ar command
does not exist,
it returns 0
and prints
.Cm no- Ns Ar command ;
otherwise it returns 1 and prints
.Ar command .
In both cases, the output goes to stdout and nothing is printed to stderr.
Additional command line arguments are always ignored.
Since for each cipher there is a command of the same name,
this provides an easy way for shell scripts to test for the
availability of ciphers in the
.Nm
program.
.Pp
.Sy Note :
.Cm no- Ns Ar command
is not able to detect pseudo-commands such as
.Cm quit ,
.Cm list- Ns Ar ... Ns Cm -commands ,
or
.Cm no- Ns Ar command
itself.
.Tg asn1parse
.Sh ASN1PARSE
.Bl -hang -width "openssl asn1parse"
.It Nm openssl asn1parse
.Bk -words
.Op Fl i
.Op Fl dlimit Ar number
.Op Fl dump
.Op Fl genconf Ar file
.Op Fl genstr Ar str
.Op Fl in Ar file
.Op Fl inform Cm der | pem | txt
.Op Fl length Ar number
.Op Fl noout
.Op Fl offset Ar number
.Op Fl oid Ar file
.Op Fl out Ar file
.Op Fl strparse Ar offset
.Ek
.El
.Pp
The
.Nm asn1parse
command is a diagnostic utility that can parse ASN.1 structures.
It can also be used to extract data from ASN.1 formatted data.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl dlimit Ar number
Dump the first
.Ar number
bytes of unknown data in hex form.
.It Fl dump
Dump unknown data in hex form.
.It Fl genconf Ar file , Fl genstr Ar str
Generate encoded data based on string
.Ar str ,
file
.Ar file ,
or both, using the format described in
.Xr ASN1_generate_nconf 3 .
If only
.Ar file
is present then the string is obtained from the default section
using the name
.Dq asn1 .
The encoded data is passed through the ASN.1 parser and printed out as
though it came from a file;
the contents can thus be examined and written to a file using the
.Fl out
option.
.It Fl i
Indent the output according to the
.Qq depth
of the structures.
.It Fl in Ar file
The input file to read from, or standard input if not specified.
.It Fl inform Cm der | pem | txt
The input format.
.It Fl length Ar number
Number of bytes to parse; the default is until end of file.
.It Fl noout
Do not output the parsed version of the input file.
.It Fl offset Ar number
Starting offset to begin parsing; the default is start of file.
.It Fl oid Ar file
A file containing additional object identifiers
.Pq OIDs .
If an OID
.Pq object identifier
is not part of
.Nm openssl Ns 's
internal table it will be represented in
numerical form
.Pq for example 1.2.3.4 .
.Pp
Each line consists of three columns:
the first column is the OID in numerical format and should be followed by
whitespace.
The second column is the
.Qq short name ,
which is a single word followed by whitespace.
The final column is the rest of the line and is the
.Qq long name .
.Nm asn1parse
displays the long name.
.It Fl out Ar file
The DER-encoded output file; the default is no encoded output
(useful when combined with
.Fl strparse ) .
.It Fl strparse Ar offset
Parse the content octets of the ASN.1 object starting at
.Ar offset .
This option can be used multiple times to
.Qq drill down
into a nested structure.
.El
.Tg ca
.Sh CA
.Bl -hang -width "openssl ca"
.It Nm openssl ca
.Bk -words
.Op Fl batch
.Op Fl cert Ar file
.Op Fl config Ar file
.Op Fl create_serial
.Op Fl crl_CA_compromise Ar time
.Op Fl crl_compromise Ar time
.Op Fl crl_hold Ar instruction
.Op Fl crl_reason Ar reason
.Op Fl crldays Ar days
.Op Fl crlexts Ar section
.Op Fl crlhours Ar hours
.Op Fl crlsec Ar seconds
.Op Fl days Ar arg
.Op Fl enddate Ar date
.Op Fl extensions Ar section
.Op Fl extfile Ar file
.Op Fl gencrl
.Op Fl in Ar file
.Op Fl infiles
.Op Fl key Ar password
.Op Fl keyfile Ar file
.Op Fl keyform Cm pem | der
.Op Fl md Ar alg
.Op Fl msie_hack
.Op Fl multivalue-rdn
.Op Fl name Ar section
.Op Fl noemailDN
.Op Fl notext
.Op Fl out Ar file
.Op Fl outdir Ar directory
.Op Fl passin Ar arg
.Op Fl policy Ar arg
.Op Fl preserveDN
.Op Fl revoke Ar file
.Op Fl selfsign
.Op Fl sigopt Ar nm:v
.Op Fl spkac Ar file
.Op Fl ss_cert Ar file
.Op Fl startdate Ar date
.Op Fl status Ar serial
.Op Fl subj Ar arg
.Op Fl updatedb
.Op Fl utf8
.Op Fl verbose
.Ek
.El
.Pp
The
.Nm ca
command is a minimal certificate authority (CA) application.
It can be used to sign certificate requests in a variety of forms
and generate certificate revocation lists (CRLs).
It also maintains a text database of issued certificates and their status.
.Pp
The options relevant to CAs are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width "XXXX"
.It Fl batch
Batch mode.
In this mode no questions will be asked
and all certificates will be certified automatically.
.It Fl cert Ar file
The CA certificate file.
.It Fl config Ar file
Specify an alternative configuration file.
.It Fl create_serial
If reading the serial from the text file as specified in the
configuration fails, create a new random serial to be used as the
next serial number.
.It Fl days Ar arg
The number of days to certify the certificate for.
.It Fl enddate Ar date
Set the expiry date.
The format of the date is [YY]YYMMDDHHMMSSZ,
with all four year digits required for dates from 2050 onwards.
.It Fl extensions Ar section
The section of the configuration file containing certificate extensions
to be added when a certificate is issued (defaults to
.Cm x509_extensions
unless the
.Fl extfile
option is used).
If no extension section is present, a V1 certificate is created.
If the extension section is present
.Pq even if it is empty ,
then a V3 certificate is created.
See the
.Xr x509v3.cnf 5
manual page for details of the extension section format.
.It Fl extfile Ar file
An additional configuration
.Ar file
to read certificate extensions from
(using the default section unless the
.Fl extensions
option is also used).
.It Fl in Ar file
An input
.Ar file
containing a single certificate request to be signed by the CA.
.It Fl infiles
If present, this should be the last option; all subsequent arguments
are assumed to be the names of files containing certificate requests.
.It Fl key Ar password
The
.Fa password
used to encrypt the private key.
Since on some systems the command line arguments are visible,
this option should be used with caution.
.It Fl keyfile Ar file
The private key to sign requests with.
.It Fl keyform Cm pem | der
Private key file format.
The default is
.Cm pem .
.It Fl md Ar alg
The message digest to use.
Possible values include
.Ar md5
and
.Ar sha1 .
This option also applies to CRLs.
.It Fl msie_hack
This is a legacy option to make
.Nm ca
work with very old versions of the IE certificate enrollment control
.Qq certenr3 .
It used UniversalStrings for almost everything.
Since the old control has various security bugs,
its use is strongly discouraged.
The newer control
.Qq Xenroll
does not need this option.
.It Fl multivalue-rdn
This option causes the
.Fl subj
argument to be interpreted with full support for multivalued RDNs,
for example
.Qq "/DC=org/DC=OpenSSL/DC=users/UID=123456+CN=John Doe" .
If
.Fl multivalue-rdn
is not used, the UID value is set to
.Qq "123456+CN=John Doe" .
.It Fl name Ar section
Specifies the configuration file
.Ar section
to use (overrides
.Cm default_ca
in the
.Cm ca
section).
.It Fl noemailDN
The DN of a certificate can contain the EMAIL field if present in the
request DN, however it is good policy just having the email set into
the
.Cm altName
extension of the certificate.
When this option is set, the EMAIL field is removed from the certificate's
subject and set only in the, eventually present, extensions.
The
.Ar email_in_dn
keyword can be used in the configuration file to enable this behaviour.
.It Fl notext
Don't output the text form of a certificate to the output file.
.It Fl out Ar file
The output file to output certificates to.
The default is standard output.
The certificate details will also be printed out to this file in
PEM format, except that
.Fl spkac
outputs DER format.
.It Fl outdir Ar directory
The
.Ar directory
to output certificates to.
The certificate will be written to a file consisting of the
serial number in hex with
.Qq .pem
appended.
.It Fl passin Ar arg
The key password source.
.It Fl policy Ar arg
Define the CA
.Qq policy
to use.
The policy section in the configuration file
consists of a set of variables corresponding to certificate DN fields.
The values may be one of
.Qq match
(the value must match the same field in the CA certificate),
.Qq supplied
(the value must be present), or
.Qq optional
(the value may be present).
Any fields not mentioned in the policy section
are silently deleted, unless the
.Fl preserveDN
option is set,
but this can be regarded more of a quirk than intended behaviour.
.It Fl preserveDN
Normally, the DN order of a certificate is the same as the order of the
fields in the relevant policy section.
When this option is set, the order is the same as the request.
This is largely for compatibility with the older IE enrollment control
which would only accept certificates if their DNs matched the order of the
request.
This is not needed for Xenroll.
.It Fl selfsign
Indicates the issued certificates are to be signed with the key the
certificate requests were signed with, given with
.Fl keyfile .
Certificate requests signed with a different key are ignored.
If
.Fl gencrl ,
.Fl spkac ,
or
.Fl ss_cert
are given,
.Fl selfsign
is ignored.
.Pp
A consequence of using
.Fl selfsign
is that the self-signed certificate appears among the entries in
the certificate database (see the configuration option
.Cm database )
and uses the same serial number counter as all other certificates
signed with the self-signed certificate.
.It Fl sigopt Ar nm:v
Pass options to the signature algorithm during sign or certify operations.
The names and values of these options are algorithm-specific.
.It Fl spkac Ar file
A file containing a single Netscape signed public key and challenge,
and additional field values to be signed by the CA.
This will usually come from the
KEYGEN tag in an HTML form to create a new private key.
It is, however, possible to create SPKACs using the
.Nm spkac
utility.
.Pp
The file should contain the variable SPKAC set to the value of
the SPKAC and also the required DN components as name value pairs.
If it's necessary to include the same component twice,
then it can be preceded by a number and a
.Sq \&. .
.It Fl ss_cert Ar file
A single self-signed certificate to be signed by the CA.
.It Fl startdate Ar date
Set the start date.
The format of the date is [YY]YYMMDDHHMMSSZ,
with all four year digits required for dates from 2050 onwards.
.It Fl subj Ar arg
Supersedes the subject name given in the request.
The
.Ar arg
must be formatted as
.Sm off
.Pf / Ar type0 Ns = Ar value0 Ns / Ar type 1 Ns = Ar value 1 Ns /
.Ar type2 Ns = Ar ... ;
.Sm on
characters may be escaped by
.Sq \e
.Pq backslash ,
no spaces are skipped.
.It Fl utf8
Interpret field values read from a terminal or obtained from a
configuration file as UTF-8 strings.
By default, they are interpreted as ASCII.
.It Fl verbose
Print extra details about the operations being performed.
.El
.Pp
The options relevant to CRLs are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width "XXXX"
.It Fl crl_CA_compromise Ar time
This is the same as
.Fl crl_compromise ,
except the revocation reason is set to CACompromise.
.It Fl crl_compromise Ar time
Set the revocation reason to keyCompromise and the compromise time to
.Ar time .
.Ar time
should be in GeneralizedTime format, i.e. YYYYMMDDHHMMSSZ.
.It Fl crl_hold Ar instruction
Set the CRL revocation reason code to certificateHold and the hold
instruction to
.Ar instruction
which must be an OID.
Although any OID can be used, only holdInstructionNone
(the use of which is discouraged by RFC 2459), holdInstructionCallIssuer or
holdInstructionReject will normally be used.
.It Fl crl_reason Ar reason
Revocation reason, where
.Ar reason
is one of:
unspecified, keyCompromise, CACompromise, affiliationChanged, superseded,
cessationOfOperation, certificateHold or removeFromCRL.
The matching of
.Ar reason
is case insensitive.
Setting any revocation reason will make the CRL v2.
In practice, removeFromCRL is not particularly useful because it is only used
in delta CRLs which are not currently implemented.
.It Fl crldays Ar days
The number of days before the next CRL is due.
This is the days from now to place in the CRL
.Cm nextUpdate
field.
.It Fl crlexts Ar section
The
.Ar section
of the configuration file containing CRL extensions to include.
If no CRL extension section is present then a V1 CRL is created;
if the CRL extension section is present
(even if it is empty)
then a V2 CRL is created.
The CRL extensions specified are CRL extensions and not CRL entry extensions.
It should be noted that some software can't handle V2 CRLs.
See the
.Xr x509v3.cnf 5
manual page for details of the extension section format.
.It Fl crlhours Ar hours
The number of hours before the next CRL is due.
.It Fl crlsec Ar seconds
The number of seconds before the next CRL is due.
.It Fl gencrl
Generate a CRL based on information in the index file.
.It Fl revoke Ar file
A
.Ar file
containing a certificate to revoke.
.It Fl status Ar serial
Show the status of the certificate with serial number
.Ar serial .
.It Fl updatedb
Update the database index to purge expired certificates.
.El
.Pp
Many of the options can be set in the
.Cm ca
section of the configuration file
(or in the default section of the configuration file),
specified using
.Cm default_ca
or
.Fl name .
The options
.Cm preserve
and
.Cm msie_hack
are read directly from the
.Cm ca
section.
.Pp
Many of the configuration file options are identical to command line
options.
Where the option is present in the configuration file and the command line,
the command line value is used.
Where an option is described as mandatory, then it must be present in
the configuration file or the command line equivalent
.Pq if any
used.
.Bl -tag -width "XXXX"
.It Cm certificate
The same as
.Fl cert .
It gives the file containing the CA certificate.
Mandatory.
.It Cm copy_extensions
Determines how extensions in certificate requests should be handled.
If set to
.Cm none
or this option is not present, then extensions are
ignored and not copied to the certificate.
If set to
.Cm copy ,
then any extensions present in the request that are not already present
are copied to the certificate.
If set to
.Cm copyall ,
then all extensions in the request are copied to the certificate:
if the extension is already present in the certificate it is deleted first.
.Pp
The
.Cm copy_extensions
option should be used with caution.
If care is not taken, it can be a security risk.
For example, if a certificate request contains a
.Cm basicConstraints
extension with CA:TRUE and the
.Cm copy_extensions
value is set to
.Cm copyall
and the user does not spot
this when the certificate is displayed, then this will hand the requester
a valid CA certificate.
.Pp
This situation can be avoided by setting
.Cm copy_extensions
to
.Cm copy
and including
.Cm basicConstraints
with CA:FALSE in the configuration file.
Then if the request contains a
.Cm basicConstraints
extension, it will be ignored.
.Pp
The main use of this option is to allow a certificate request to supply
values for certain extensions such as
.Cm subjectAltName .
.It Cm crl_extensions
The same as
.Fl crlexts .
.It Cm crlnumber
A text file containing the next CRL number to use in hex.
The CRL number will be inserted in the CRLs only if this file exists.
If this file is present, it must contain a valid CRL number.
.It Cm database
The text database file to use.
Mandatory.
This file must be present, though initially it will be empty.
.It Cm default_crl_hours , default_crl_days
The same as the
.Fl crlhours
and
.Fl crldays
options.
These will only be used if neither command line option is present.
At least one of these must be present to generate a CRL.
.It Cm default_days
The same as the
.Fl days
option.
The number of days to certify a certificate for.
.It Cm default_enddate
The same as the
.Fl enddate
option.
Either this option or
.Cm default_days
.Pq or the command line equivalents
must be present.
.It Cm default_md
The same as the
.Fl md
option.
The message digest to use.
Mandatory.
.It Cm default_startdate
The same as the
.Fl startdate
option.
The start date to certify a certificate for.
If not set, the current time is used.
.It Cm email_in_dn
The same as
.Fl noemailDN .
If the EMAIL field is to be removed from the DN of the certificate,
simply set this to
.Qq no .
If not present, the default is to allow for the EMAIL field in the
certificate's DN.
.It Cm msie_hack
The same as
.Fl msie_hack .
.It Cm name_opt , cert_opt
These options allow the format used to display the certificate details
when asking the user to confirm signing.
All the options supported by the
.Nm x509
utilities'
.Fl nameopt
and
.Fl certopt
switches can be used here, except that
.Cm no_signame
and
.Cm no_sigdump
are permanently set and cannot be disabled
(this is because the certificate signature cannot be displayed because
the certificate has not been signed at this point).
.Pp
For convenience, the value
.Cm ca_default
is accepted by both to produce a reasonable output.
.Pp
If neither option is present, the format used in earlier versions of
.Nm openssl
is used.
Use of the old format is strongly discouraged
because it only displays fields mentioned in the
.Cm policy
section,
mishandles multicharacter string types and does not display extensions.
.It Cm new_certs_dir
The same as the
.Fl outdir
command line option.
It specifies the directory where new certificates will be placed.
Mandatory.
.It Cm oid_file
This specifies a file containing additional object identifiers.
Each line of the file should consist of the numerical form of the
object identifier followed by whitespace, then the short name followed
by whitespace and finally the long name.
.It Cm oid_section
This specifies a section in the configuration file containing extra
object identifiers.
Each line should consist of the short name of the object identifier
followed by
.Sq =
and the numerical form.
The short and long names are the same when this option is used.
.It Cm policy
The same as
.Fl policy .
Mandatory.
.It Cm preserve
The same as
.Fl preserveDN .
.It Cm private_key
Same as the
.Fl keyfile
option.
The file containing the CA private key.
Mandatory.
.It Cm serial
A text file containing the next serial number to use in hex.
Mandatory.
This file must be present and contain a valid serial number.
.It Cm unique_subject
If the value
.Cm yes
is given, the valid certificate entries in the
database must have unique subjects.
If the value
.Cm no
is given,
several valid certificate entries may have the exact same subject.
The default value is
.Cm yes .
.Pp
Note that it is valid in some circumstances for certificates to be created
without any subject.
In cases where there are multiple certificates without
subjects this does not count as a duplicate.
.It Cm x509_extensions
The same as
.Fl extensions .
.El
.Tg certhash
.Sh CERTHASH
.Bl -hang -width "openssl certhash"
.It Nm openssl certhash
.Bk -words
.Op Fl nv
.Ar dir ...
.Ek
.El
.Pp
The
.Nm certhash
command calculates a hash value of
.Qq .pem
file in the specified directory list and creates symbolic links for each file,
where the name of the link is the hash value.
See the
.Xr SSL_CTX_load_verify_locations 3
manual page for how hash links are used.
.Pp
The links created are of the form
.Qq HHHHHHHH.D ,
where each
.Sq H
is a hexadecimal character and
.Sq D
is a single decimal digit.
The hashes for CRLs look similar, except the letter
.Sq r
appears after the period, like this:
.Qq HHHHHHHH.rD .
When processing a directory,
.Nm certhash
will first remove all links that have a name in that syntax and invalid
reference.
.Pp
Multiple objects may have the same hash; they will be indicated by
incrementing the
.Sq D
value.
Duplicates are found by comparing the full SHA256 fingerprint.
A warning will be displayed if a duplicate is found.
.Pp
A warning will also be displayed if there are files that cannot be parsed as
either a certificate or a CRL.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl n
Perform a dry-run, and do not make any changes.
.It Fl v
Print extra details about the processing.
.It Ar dir ...
Specify the directories to process.
.El
.Tg ciphers
.Sh CIPHERS
.Nm openssl ciphers
.Op Fl hVv
.Op Ar control
.Pp
The
.Nm ciphers
command converts the
.Ar control
string from the format documented in
.Xr SSL_CTX_set_cipher_list 3
into an ordered SSL cipher suite preference list.
If no
.Ar control
string is specified, the
.Cm DEFAULT
list is printed.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl h , \&?
Print a brief usage message.
.It Fl V
Verbose.
List ciphers with cipher suite code in hex format,
cipher name, and a complete description of protocol version,
key exchange, authentication, encryption, and mac algorithms.
.It Fl v
Like
.Fl V ,
but without cipher suite codes.
.El
.Tg cms
.Sh CMS
.Bl -hang -width "openssl cms"
.It Nm openssl cms
.Bk -words
.Oo
.Fl aes128 | aes192 | aes256 | camellia128 |
.Fl camellia192 | camellia256 | des | des3 |
.Fl rc2-40 | rc2-64 | rc2-128
.Oc
.Op Fl CAfile Ar file
.Op Fl CApath Ar directory
.Op Fl binary
.Op Fl certfile Ar file
.Op Fl certsout Ar file
.Op Fl cmsout
.Op Fl compress
.Op Fl content Ar file
.Op Fl crlfeol
.Op Fl data_create
.Op Fl data_out
.Op Fl debug_decrypt
.Op Fl decrypt
.Op Fl digest_create
.Op Fl digest_verify
.Op Fl econtent_type Ar type
.Op Fl encrypt
.Op Fl EncryptedData_decrypt
.Op Fl EncryptedData_encrypt
.Op Fl from Ar addr
.Op Fl in Ar file
.Op Fl inform Cm der | pem | smime
.Op Fl inkey Ar file
.Op Fl keyform Cm der | pem
.Op Fl keyid
.Op Fl keyopt Ar nm:v
.Op Fl md Ar digest
.Op Fl no_attr_verify
.Op Fl no_content_verify
.Op Fl no_signer_cert_verify
.Op Fl noattr
.Op Fl nocerts
.Op Fl nodetach
.Op Fl nointern
.Op Fl nooldmime
.Op Fl noout
.Op Fl nosigs
.Op Fl nosmimecap
.Op Fl noverify
.Op Fl out Ar file
.Op Fl outform Cm der | pem | smime
.Op Fl passin Ar src
.Op Fl print
.Op Fl pwri_password Ar arg
.Op Fl rctform Cm der | pem | smime
.Op Fl receipt_request_all | receipt_request_first
.Op Fl receipt_request_from Ar addr
.Op Fl receipt_request_print
.Op Fl receipt_request_to Ar addr
.Op Fl recip Ar file
.Op Fl resign
.Op Fl secretkey Ar key
.Op Fl secretkeyid Ar id
.Op Fl sign
.Op Fl sign_receipt
.Op Fl signer Ar file
.Op Fl stream | indef | noindef
.Op Fl subject Ar s
.Op Fl text
.Op Fl to Ar addr
.Op Fl uncompress
.Op Fl verify
.Op Fl verify_receipt Ar file
.Op Fl verify_retcode
.Op Ar cert.pem ...
.Ek
.El
.Pp
The
.Nm cms
command handles S/MIME v3.1 mail.
It can encrypt, decrypt, sign and verify, compress and uncompress S/MIME
messages.
.Pp
The MIME message must be sent without any blank lines between the headers and
the output.
Some mail programs will automatically add a blank line.
Piping the mail directly to sendmail is one way to achieve the correct format.
.Pp
The supplied message to be signed or encrypted must include the necessary MIME
headers or many S/MIME clients won't display it properly (if at all).
You can use the
.Fl text
option to automatically add plain text headers.
.Pp
A "signed and encrypted" message is one where a signed message is then
encrypted.
This can be produced by encrypting an already signed message.
.Pp
There are various operation options that set the type of operation to be
performed.
The meaning of the other options varies according to the operation type.
.Bl -tag -width "XXXX"
.It Fl encrypt
Encrypt mail for the given recipient certificates.
Input file is the message to be encrypted.
The output file is the encrypted mail in MIME format.
The actual CMS type is EnvelopedData.
Note that no revocation check is done for the recipient cert, so if that
key has been compromised, others may be able to decrypt the text.
.It Fl decrypt
Decrypt mail using the supplied certificate and private key.
Expects an encrypted mail message in MIME format for the input file.
The decrypted mail is written to the output file.
.It Fl sign
Sign mail using the supplied certificate and private key.
Input file is the message to be signed.
The signed message in MIME format is written to the output file.
.It Fl verify
Verify signed mail.
Expects a signed mail message on input and outputs the signed data.
Both clear text and opaque signing are supported.
.It Fl cmsout
Take an input message and write out a PEM encoded CMS structure.
.It Fl resign
Resign a message.
Take an existing message and one or more new signers.
This operation uses an existing message digest when adding a new signer.
This means that attributes must be present in at least one existing
signer using the same message digest or this operation will fail.
.It Fl data_create
Create a CMS Data type.
.It Fl data_out
Output a content from the input CMS Data type.
.It Fl digest_create
Create a CMS DigestedData type.
.It Fl digest_verify
Verify a CMS DigestedData type and output the content.
.It Fl compress
Create a CMS CompressedData type.
Must be compiled with zlib support for this option to work.
.It Fl uncompress
Uncompress a CMS CompressedData type and output the content.
Must be compiled with zlib support for this option to work.
.It Fl EncryptedData_encrypt
Encrypt a content using supplied symmetric key and algorithm using a
CMS EncryptedData type.
.It Fl EncryptedData_decrypt
Decrypt a CMS EncryptedData type using supplied symmetric key.
.It Fl sign_receipt
Generate and output a signed receipt for the supplied message.
The input message must contain a signed receipt request.
Functionality is otherwise similar to the
.Fl sign
operation.
.It Xo
.Fl verify_receipt Ar file
.Xc
Verify a signed receipt in file.
The input message must contain the original receipt request.
Functionality is otherwise similar to the
.Fl verify
operation.
.El
.Pp
The remaining options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width "XXXX"
.It Xo
.Fl aes128 | aes192 | aes256 | camellia128 |
.Fl camellia192 | camellia256 | des | des3 |
.Fl rc2-40 | rc2-64 | rc2-128
.Xc
The encryption algorithm to use.
128-, 192-, or 256-bit AES, 128-, 192-, or 256-bit CAMELLIA,
DES (56 bits), triple DES (168 bits),
or 40-, 64-, or 128-bit RC2, respectively;
if not specified, triple DES is
used.
Only used with
.Fl encrypt
and
.Fl EncryptedData_encrypt
commands.
.It Fl binary
Normally the input message is converted to "canonical" format which is
effectively using CR/LF as end of line, as required by the S/MIME specification.
When this option is present, no translation occurs.
This is useful when handling binary data which may not be in MIME format.
.It Fl CAfile Ar file
A file containing trusted CA certificates, used with
.Fl verify
and
.Fl verify_receipt .
.It Fl CApath Ar directory
A directory containing trusted CA certificates, used with
.Fl verify
and
.Fl verify_receipt .
This directory must be a standard certificate directory: that is a hash
of each subject name (using
.Nm x509 Fl hash )
should be linked to each certificate.
.It Ar cert.pem ...
One or more certificates of message recipients: used when encrypting a message.
.It Fl certfile Ar file
Allows additional certificates to be specified.
When signing these will be included with the message.
When verifying these will be searched for the signer's certificates.
The certificates should be in PEM format.
.It Fl certsout Ar file
A file that any certificates contained in the message are written to.
.It Xo
.Fl check_ss_sig ,
.Fl crl_check ,
.Fl crl_check_all ,
.Fl extended_crl ,
.Fl ignore_critical ,
.Fl issuer_checks ,
.Fl policy ,
.Fl policy_check ,
.Fl purpose ,
.Fl x509_strict
.Xc
Set various certificate chain validation options.
See the
.Nm verify
command for details.
.It Fl content Ar file
A file containing the detached content.
This is only useful with the
.Fl verify
command.
This is only usable if the CMS structure is using the detached signature
form where the content is not included.
This option will override any content if the input format is S/MIME and
it uses the multipart/signed MIME content type.
.It Fl crlfeol
Output a S/MIME message with CR/LF end of line.
.It Fl debug_decrypt
Set the CMS_DEBUG_DECRYPT flag when decrypting.
This option should be used with caution, since this can be used to disable
the MMA attack protection and return an error if no recipient can be found.
See the
.Xr CMS_decrypt 3
manual page for details of the flag.
.It Xo
.Fl from Ar addr ,
.Fl subject Ar s ,
.Fl to Ar addr
.Xc
The relevant mail headers.
These are included outside the signed portion of a message so they may
be included manually.
If signing then many S/MIME mail clients check the signer's certificate's
email address matches that specified in the From: address.
.It Fl econtent_type Ar type
Set the encapsulated content type, used with
.Fl sign .
If not supplied the Data type is used.
The type argument can be any valid OID name in either text or numerical format.
.It Fl in Ar file
The input message to be encrypted or signed or the message to be decrypted or
verified.
.It Fl inform Cm der | pem | smime
The input format for the CMS structure.
The default is
.Cm smime ,
which reads an S/MIME format message.
.Cm pem
and
.Cm der
format change this to expect PEM and DER format CMS structures instead.
This currently only affects the input format of the CMS structure; if no
CMS structure is being input (for example with
.Fl encrypt
or
.Fl sign )
this option has no effect.
.It Fl inkey Ar file
The private key to use when signing or decrypting.
This must match the corresponding certificate.
If this option is not specified then the private key must be included in
the certificate file specified with the
.Fl recip
or
.Fl signer
file.
When signing this option can be used multiple times to specify successive keys.
.It Fl keyform Cm der | pem
Input private key format.
The default is
.Cm pem .
.It Fl keyid
Use subject key identifier to identify certificates instead of issuer
name and serial number.
The supplied certificate must include a subject key identifier extension.
Supported by
.Fl sign
and
.Fl encrypt
operations.
.It Fl keyopt Ar nm:v
Set customised parameters for the preceding key or certificate
for encryption and signing.
It can currently be used to set RSA-PSS for signing, RSA-OAEP for
encryption or to modify default parameters for ECDH.
This option can be used multiple times.
.It Fl md Ar digest
The digest algorithm to use when signing or resigning.
If not present then the default digest algorithm for the signing key
will be used (usually SHA1).
.It Fl no_attr_verify
Do not verify the signer's attribute of a signature.
.It Fl no_content_verify
Do not verify the content of a signed message.
.It Fl no_signer_cert_verify
Do not verify the signer's certificate of a signed message.
.It Fl noattr
Do not include attributes.
Normally when a message is signed a set of attributes are included which
include the signing time and supported symmetric algorithms.
With this option they are not included.
.It Fl nocerts
Do not include the signer's certificate.
This will reduce the size of the signed message but the verifier must
have a copy of the signer's certificate available locally (passed using
the
.Fl certfile
option for example).
.It Fl nodetach
When signing a message use opaque signing.
This form is more resistant to translation by mail relays but it cannot be
read by mail agents that do not support S/MIME.
Without this option cleartext signing with the MIME type multipart/signed is
used.
.It Fl nointern
Only the certificates specified in the
.Fl certfile
option are used.
When verifying a message normally certificates (if any) included in the
message are searched for the signing certificate.
The supplied certificates can still be used as untrusted CAs however.
.It Fl nooldmime
Output an old S/MIME content type like "application/x-pkcs7-".
.It Fl noout
Do not output the parsed CMS structure for the
.Fl cmsout
operation.
This is useful when combined with the
.Fl print
option or if the syntax of the CMS structure is being checked.
.It Fl nosigs
Do not try to verify the signatures on the message.
.It Fl nosmimecap
Exclude the list of supported algorithms from signed attributes; other
options such as signing time and content type are still included.
.It Fl noverify
Do not verify the signer's certificate of a signed message.
.It Fl out Ar file
The message text that has been decrypted or verified or the output MIME
format message that has been signed or verified.
.It Fl outform Cm der | pem | smime
This specifies the output format for the CMS structure.
The default is
.Cm smime ,
which writes an S/MIME format message.
.Cm pem
and
.Cm der
format change this to write PEM and DER format CMS structures instead.
This currently only affects the output format of the CMS structure; if
no CMS structure is being output (for example with
.Fl verify
or
.Fl decrypt )
this option has no effect.
.It Fl passin Ar src
The private key password source.
.It Fl print
Print out all fields of the CMS structure for the
.Fl cmsout
operation.
This is mainly useful for testing purposes.
.It Fl pwri_password Ar arg
Specify PasswordRecipientInfo (PWRI) password to use.
Supported by the
.Fl encrypt
and
.Fl decrypt
operations.
.It Fl rctform Cm der | pem | smime
Specify the format for a signed receipt for use with the
.Fl receipt_verify
operation.
The default is
.Cm smime .
.It Fl receipt_request_all | receipt_request_first
Indicate requests should be provided by all recipient or first tier
recipients (those mailed directly and not from a mailing list), for the
.Fl sign
operation to include a signed receipt request.
Ignored if
.Fl receipt_request_from
is included.
.It Fl receipt_request_from Ar addr
Add an explicit email address where receipts should be supplied.
.It Fl receipt_request_print
Print out the contents of any signed receipt requests for the
.Fl verify
operation.
.It Fl receipt_request_to Ar addr
Add an explicit email address where signed receipts should be sent to.
This option must be supplied if a signed receipt is requested.
.It Fl recip Ar file
When decrypting a message this specifies the recipient's certificate.
The certificate must match one of the recipients of the message or an
error occurs.
When encrypting a message this option may be used multiple times to
specify each recipient.
This form must be used if customised parameters are required (for example to
specify RSA-OAEP).
Only certificates carrying RSA, Diffie-Hellman or EC keys are supported
by this option.
.It Fl secretkey Ar key
Specify symmetric key to use.
The key must be supplied in hex format and be consistent with the
algorithm used.
Supported by the
.Fl EncryptedData_encrypt ,
.Fl EncryptedData_decrypt ,
.Fl encrypt
and
.Fl decrypt
operations.
When used with
.Fl encrypt
or
.Fl decrypt
the supplied key is used to wrap or unwrap the content encryption key
using an AES key in the KEKRecipientInfo type.
.It Fl secretkeyid Ar id
The key identifier for the supplied symmetric key for KEKRecipientInfo type.
This option must be present if the
.Fl secretkey
option is used with
.Fl encrypt .
With
.Fl decrypt
operations the id is used to locate the relevant key; if it is not supplied
then an attempt is used to decrypt any KEKRecipientInfo structures.
.It Fl signer Ar file
A signing certificate when signing or resigning a message; this option
can be used multiple times if more than one signer is required.
If a message is being verified then the signers certificates will be
written to this file if the verification was successful.
.It Xo
.Fl stream |
.Fl indef |
.Fl noindef
.Xc
The
.Fl stream
and
.Fl indef
options are equivalent and enable streaming I/O for encoding operations.
This permits single pass processing of data without the need to hold the
entire contents in memory, potentially supporting very large files.
Streaming is automatically set for S/MIME signing with detached data if
the output format is
.Cm smime ;
it is currently off by default for all other operations.
.Fl noindef
disable streaming I/O where it would produce an indefinite length
constructed encoding.
This option currently has no effect.
.It Fl text
Add plain text (text/plain) MIME headers to the supplied message if
encrypting or signing.
If decrypting or verifying it strips off text headers: if the decrypted
or verified message is not of MIME type text/plain then an error occurs.
.It Fl verify_retcode
Set verification error code to exit code to indicate what verification error
has occurred.
Supported by
.Fl verify
operation only.
Exit code value minus 32 shows verification error code.
See
.Nm verify
command for the list of verification error code.
.El
.Pp
The exit codes for
.Nm cms
are as follows:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "XXXX" -offset 3n -compact
.It 0
The operation was completely successful.
.It 1
An error occurred parsing the command options.
.It 2
One of the input files could not be read.
.It 3
An error occurred creating the CMS file or when reading the MIME message.
.It 4
An error occurred decrypting or verifying the message.
.It 5
The message was verified correctly but an error occurred writing out the
signer's certificates.
.It 6
An error occurred writing the output file.
.It 32+
A verify error occurred while
.Fl verify_retcode
is specified.
.El
.Tg crl
.Sh CRL
.Bl -hang -width "openssl crl"
.It Nm openssl crl
.Bk -words
.Op Fl CAfile Ar file
.Op Fl CApath Ar dir
.Op Fl crlnumber
.Op Fl fingerprint
.Op Fl hash
.Op Fl hash_old
.Op Fl in Ar file
.Op Fl inform Cm der | pem
.Op Fl issuer
.Op Fl lastupdate
.Op Fl nameopt Ar option
.Op Fl nextupdate
.Op Fl noout
.Op Fl out Ar file
.Op Fl outform Cm der | pem
.Op Fl text
.Op Fl verify
.Ek
.El
.Pp
The
.Nm crl
command processes CRL files in DER or PEM format.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl CAfile Ar file
Verify the signature on a CRL by looking up the issuing certificate in
.Ar file .
.It Fl CApath Ar directory
Verify the signature on a CRL by looking up the issuing certificate in
.Ar dir .
This directory must be a standard certificate directory,
i.e. a hash of each subject name (using
.Cm x509 Fl hash )
should be linked to each certificate.
.It Fl crlnumber
Print the CRL number.
.It Fl fingerprint
Print the CRL fingerprint.
.It Fl hash
Output a hash of the issuer name.
This can be used to look up CRLs in a directory by issuer name.
.It Fl hash_old
Output an old-style (MD5) hash of the issuer name.
.It Fl in Ar file
The input file to read from, or standard input if not specified.
.It Fl inform Cm der | pem
The input format.
.It Fl issuer
Output the issuer name.
.It Fl lastupdate
Output the
.Cm lastUpdate
field.
.It Fl nameopt Ar option
Specify certificate name options.
.It Fl nextupdate
Output the
.Cm nextUpdate
field.
.It Fl noout
Do not output the encoded version of the CRL.
.It Fl out Ar file
The output file to write to, or standard output if not specified.
.It Fl outform Cm der | pem
The output format.
.It Fl text
Print the CRL in plain text.
.It Fl verify
Verify the signature on the CRL.
.El
.Tg crl2pkcs7
.Sh CRL2PKCS7
.Bl -hang -width "openssl crl2pkcs7"
.It Nm openssl crl2pkcs7
.Bk -words
.Op Fl certfile Ar file
.Op Fl in Ar file
.Op Fl inform Cm der | pem
.Op Fl nocrl
.Op Fl out Ar file
.Op Fl outform Cm der | pem
.Ek
.El
.Pp
The
.Nm crl2pkcs7
command takes an optional CRL and one or more
certificates and converts them into a PKCS#7 degenerate
.Qq certificates only
structure.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl certfile Ar file
Add the certificates in PEM
.Ar file
to the PKCS#7 structure.
This option can be used more than once
to read certificates from multiple files.
.It Fl in Ar file
Read the CRL from
.Ar file ,
or standard input if not specified.
.It Fl inform Cm der | pem
The input format.
.It Fl nocrl
Normally, a CRL is included in the output file.
With this option, no CRL is
included in the output file and a CRL is not read from the input file.
.It Fl out Ar file
Write the PKCS#7 structure to
.Ar file ,
or standard output if not specified.
.It Fl outform Cm der | pem
The output format.
.El
.Tg dgst
.Sh DGST
.Bl -hang -width "openssl dgst"
.It Nm openssl dgst
.Bk -words
.Op Fl cdr
.Op Fl binary
.Op Fl Ar digest
.Op Fl hex
.Op Fl hmac Ar key
.Op Fl keyform Cm pem
.Op Fl mac Ar algorithm
.Op Fl macopt Ar nm : Ns Ar v
.Op Fl out Ar file
.Op Fl passin Ar arg
.Op Fl prverify Ar file
.Op Fl sign Ar file
.Op Fl signature Ar file
.Op Fl sigopt Ar nm : Ns Ar v
.Op Fl verify Ar file
.Op Ar
.Ek
.El
.Pp
The digest functions output the message digest of a supplied
.Ar file
or
.Ar files
in hexadecimal form.
They can also be used for digital signing and verification.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl binary
Output the digest or signature in binary form.
.It Fl c
Print the digest in two-digit groups separated by colons.
.It Fl d
Print BIO debugging information.
.It Fl Ar digest
Use the specified message
.Ar digest .
The default is SHA256.
The available digests can be displayed using
.Nm openssl
.Cm list-message-digest-commands .
The following are equivalent:
.Nm openssl dgst
.Fl sha256
and
.Nm openssl
.Cm sha256 .
.It Fl hex
Digest is to be output as a hex dump.
This is the default case for a
.Qq normal
digest as opposed to a digital signature.
.It Fl hmac Ar key
Create a hashed MAC using
.Ar key .
.It Fl keyform Cm pem
Specifies the key format to sign the digest with.
.It Fl mac Ar algorithm
Create a keyed Message Authentication Code (MAC).
The most popular MAC algorithm is HMAC (hash-based MAC),
but there are other MAC algorithms which are not based on hash.
MAC keys and other options should be set via the
.Fl macopt
parameter.
.It Fl macopt Ar nm : Ns Ar v
Passes options to the MAC algorithm, specified by
.Fl mac .
The following options are supported by HMAC:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Cm key : Ns Ar string
Specifies the MAC key as an alphanumeric string
(use if the key contain printable characters only).
String length must conform to any restrictions of the MAC algorithm.
.It Cm hexkey : Ns Ar string
Specifies the MAC key in hexadecimal form (two hex digits per byte).
Key length must conform to any restrictions of the MAC algorithm.
.El
.It Fl out Ar file
The output file to write to,
or standard output if not specified.
.It Fl passin Ar arg
The key password source.
.It Fl prverify Ar file
Verify the signature using the private key in
.Ar file .
The output is either
.Qq Verification OK
or
.Qq Verification Failure .
.It Fl r
Print the digest in coreutils format.
.It Fl sign Ar file
Digitally sign the digest using the private key in
.Ar file .
.It Fl signature Ar file
The actual signature to verify.
.It Fl sigopt Ar nm : Ns Ar v
Pass options to the signature algorithm during sign or verify operations.
The names and values of these options are algorithm-specific.
.It Fl verify Ar file
Verify the signature using the public key in
.Ar file .
The output is either
.Qq Verification OK
or
.Qq Verification Failure .
.It Ar
File or files to digest.
If no files are specified then standard input is used.
.El
.Tg dhparam
.Sh DHPARAM
.Bl -hang -width "openssl dhparam"
.It Nm openssl dhparam
.Bk -words
.Op Fl 2 | 5
.Op Fl C
.Op Fl check
.Op Fl dsaparam
.Op Fl in Ar file
.Op Fl inform Cm der | pem
.Op Fl noout
.Op Fl out Ar file
.Op Fl outform Cm der | pem
.Op Fl text
.Op Ar numbits
.Ek
.El
.Pp
The
.Nm dhparam
command is used to manipulate DH parameter files.
Only the older PKCS#3 DH is supported,
not the newer X9.42 DH.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl 2 , 5
The generator to use;
2 is the default.
If present, the input file is ignored and parameters are generated instead.
.It Fl C
Convert the parameters into C code.
The parameters can then be loaded by calling the
.No get_dh Ns Ar numbits
function.
.It Fl check
Check the DH parameters.
.It Fl dsaparam
Read or create DSA parameters,
converted to DH format on output.
Otherwise,
.Qq strong
primes
.Pq such that (p-1)/2 is also prime
will be used for DH parameter generation.
.Pp
DH parameter generation with the
.Fl dsaparam
option is much faster,
and the recommended exponent length is shorter,
which makes DH key exchange more efficient.
Beware that with such DSA-style DH parameters,
a fresh DH key should be created for each use to
avoid small-subgroup attacks that may be possible otherwise.
.It Fl in Ar file
The input file to read from,
or standard input if not specified.
.It Fl inform Cm der | pem
The input format.
.It Fl noout
Do not output the encoded version of the parameters.
.It Fl out Ar file
The output file to write to,
or standard output if not specified.
.It Fl outform Cm der | pem
The output format.
.It Fl text
Print the DH parameters in plain text.
.It Ar numbits
Generate a parameter set of size
.Ar numbits .
It must be the last option.
If not present, a value of 2048 is used.
If this value is present, the input file is ignored and
parameters are generated instead.
.El
.Tg dsa
.Sh DSA
.Bl -hang -width "openssl dsa"
.It Nm openssl dsa
.Bk -words
.Oo
.Fl aes128 | aes192 | aes256 |
.Fl des | des3
.Oc
.Op Fl in Ar file
.Op Fl inform Cm der | pem | pvk
.Op Fl modulus
.Op Fl noout
.Op Fl out Ar file
.Op Fl outform Cm der | pem | pvk
.Op Fl passin Ar arg
.Op Fl passout Ar arg
.Op Fl pubin
.Op Fl pubout
.Op Fl pvk-none | pvk-strong | pvk-weak
.Op Fl text
.Ek
.El
.Pp
The
.Nm dsa
command processes DSA keys.
They can be converted between various forms and their components printed out.
.Pp
.Sy Note :
This command uses the traditional
.Nm SSLeay
compatible format for private key encryption:
newer applications should use the more secure PKCS#8 format using the
.Nm pkcs8
command.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Xo
.Fl aes128 | aes192 | aes256 |
.Fl des | des3
.Xc
Encrypt the private key with the AES, DES, or the triple DES
ciphers, respectively, before outputting it.
A pass phrase is prompted for.
If none of these options are specified, the key is written in plain text.
This means that using the
.Nm dsa
utility to read an encrypted key with no encryption option can be used to
remove the pass phrase from a key,
or by setting the encryption options it can be used to add or change
the pass phrase.
These options can only be used with PEM format output files.
.It Fl in Ar file
The input file to read from,
or standard input if not specified.
If the key is encrypted, a pass phrase will be prompted for.
.It Fl inform Cm der | pem | pvk
The input format.
.It Fl modulus
Print the value of the public key component of the key.
.It Fl noout
Do not output the encoded version of the key.
.It Fl out Ar file
The output file to write to,
or standard output if not specified.
If any encryption options are set then a pass phrase will be
prompted for.
.It Fl outform Cm der | pem | pvk
The output format.
.It Fl passin Ar arg
The key password source.
.It Fl passout Ar arg
The output file password source.
.It Fl pubin
Read in a public key, not a private key.
.It Fl pubout
Output a public key, not a private key.
Automatically set if the input is a public key.
.It Xo
.Fl pvk-none | pvk-strong | pvk-weak
.Xc
Enable or disable PVK encoding.
The default is
.Fl pvk-strong .
.It Fl text
Print the public/private key in plain text.
.El
.Tg dsaparam
.Sh DSAPARAM
.Bl -hang -width "openssl dsaparam"
.It Nm openssl dsaparam
.Bk -words
.Op Fl C
.Op Fl genkey
.Op Fl in Ar file
.Op Fl inform Cm der | pem
.Op Fl noout
.Op Fl out Ar file
.Op Fl outform Cm der | pem
.Op Fl text
.Op Ar numbits
.Ek
.El
.Pp
The
.Nm dsaparam
command is used to manipulate or generate DSA parameter files.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl C
Convert the parameters into C code.
The parameters can then be loaded by calling the
.No get_dsa Ns Ar XXX
function.
.It Fl genkey
Generate a DSA key either using the specified or generated
parameters.
.It Fl in Ar file
The input file to read from,
or standard input if not specified.
If the
.Ar numbits
parameter is included, then this option is ignored.
.It Fl inform Cm der | pem
The input format.
.It Fl noout
Do not output the encoded version of the parameters.
.It Fl out Ar file
The output file to write to,
or standard output if not specified.
.It Fl outform Cm der | pem
The output format.
.It Fl text
Print the DSA parameters in plain text.
.It Ar numbits
Generate a parameter set of size
.Ar numbits .
If this option is included, the input file is ignored.
.El
.Tg ec
.Sh EC
.Bl -hang -width "openssl ec"
.It Nm openssl ec
.Bk -words
.Op Fl conv_form Ar arg
.Op Fl des
.Op Fl des3
.Op Fl in Ar file
.Op Fl inform Cm der | pem
.Op Fl noout
.Op Fl out Ar file
.Op Fl outform Cm der | pem
.Op Fl param_enc Ar arg
.Op Fl param_out
.Op Fl passin Ar arg
.Op Fl passout Ar arg
.Op Fl pubin
.Op Fl pubout
.Op Fl text
.Ek
.El
.Pp
The
.Nm ec
command processes EC keys.
They can be converted between various
forms and their components printed out.
.Nm openssl
uses the private key format specified in
.Dq SEC 1: Elliptic Curve Cryptography
.Pq Lk http://www.secg.org/ .
To convert an
EC private key into the PKCS#8 private key format use the
.Nm pkcs8
command.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl conv_form Ar arg
Specify how the points on the elliptic curve are converted
into octet strings.
Possible values are:
.Cm compressed ,
.Cm uncompressed
(the default),
and
.Cm hybrid .
For more information regarding
the point conversion forms see the X9.62 standard.
Note:
Due to patent issues the
.Cm compressed
option is disabled by default for binary curves
and can be enabled by defining the preprocessor macro
.Dv OPENSSL_EC_BIN_PT_COMP
at compile time.
.It Fl des | des3
Encrypt the private key with DES, triple DES, or
any other cipher supported by
.Nm openssl .
A pass phrase is prompted for.
If none of these options are specified, the key is written in plain text.
This means that using the
.Nm ec
utility to read in an encrypted key with no
encryption option can be used to remove the pass phrase from a key,
or by setting the encryption options
it can be used to add or change the pass phrase.
These options can only be used with PEM format output files.
.It Fl in Ar file
The input file to read a key from,
or standard input if not specified.
If the key is encrypted, a pass phrase will be prompted for.
.It Fl inform Cm der | pem
The input format.
.It Fl noout
Do not output the encoded version of the key.
.It Fl out Ar file
The output filename to write to,
or standard output if not specified.
If any encryption options are set then a pass phrase will be prompted for.
.It Fl outform Cm der | pem
The output format.
.It Fl param_enc Ar arg
Specify how the elliptic curve parameters are encoded.
Possible value are:
.Cm named_curve ,
i.e. the EC parameters are specified by an OID; or
.Cm explicit ,
where the EC parameters are explicitly given
(see RFC 3279 for the definition of the EC parameter structures).
The default value is
.Cm named_curve .
Note: the
.Cm implicitlyCA
alternative,
as specified in RFC 3279,
is currently not implemented.
.It Fl param_out
Print the elliptic curve parameters.
.It Fl passin Ar arg
The key password source.
.It Fl passout Ar arg
The output file password source.
.It Fl pubin
Read in a public key, not a private key.
.It Fl pubout
Output a public key, not a private key.
Automatically set if the input is a public key.
.It Fl text
Print the public/private key in plain text.
.El
.Tg ecparam
.Sh ECPARAM
.Bl -hang -width "openssl ecparam"
.It Nm openssl ecparam
.Bk -words
.Op Fl C
.Op Fl check
.Op Fl conv_form Ar arg
.Op Fl genkey
.Op Fl in Ar file
.Op Fl inform Cm der | pem
.Op Fl list_curves
.Op Fl name Ar arg
.Op Fl no_seed
.Op Fl noout
.Op Fl out Ar file
.Op Fl outform Cm der | pem
.Op Fl param_enc Ar arg
.Op Fl text
.Ek
.El
.Pp
The
.Nm ecparam
command is used to manipulate or generate EC parameter files.
.Nm openssl
is not able to generate new groups so
.Nm ecparam
can only create EC parameters from known (named) curves.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl C
Convert the EC parameters into C code.
The parameters can then be loaded by calling the
.No get_ec_group_ Ns Ar XXX
function.
.It Fl check
Validate the elliptic curve parameters.
.It Fl conv_form Ar arg
Specify how the points on the elliptic curve are converted
into octet strings.
Possible values are:
.Cm compressed ,
.Cm uncompressed
(the default),
and
.Cm hybrid .
For more information regarding
the point conversion forms see the X9.62 standard.
Note:
Due to patent issues the
.Cm compressed
option is disabled by default for binary curves
and can be enabled by defining the preprocessor macro
.Dv OPENSSL_EC_BIN_PT_COMP
at compile time.
.It Fl genkey
Generate an EC private key using the specified parameters.
.It Fl in Ar file
The input file to read from,
or standard input if not specified.
.It Fl inform Cm der | pem
The input format.
.It Fl list_curves
Print a list of all
currently implemented EC parameter names and exit.
.It Fl name Ar arg
Use the EC parameters with the specified "short" name.
.It Fl no_seed
Do not include the seed for the parameter generation
in the ECParameters structure (see RFC 3279).
.It Fl noout
Do not output the encoded version of the parameters.
.It Fl out Ar file
The output file to write to,
or standard output if not specified.
.It Fl outform Cm der | pem
The output format.
.It Fl param_enc Ar arg
Specify how the elliptic curve parameters are encoded.
Possible value are:
.Cm named_curve ,
i.e. the EC parameters are specified by an OID, or
.Cm explicit ,
where the EC parameters are explicitly given
(see RFC 3279 for the definition of the EC parameter structures).
The default value is
.Cm named_curve .
Note: the
.Cm implicitlyCA
alternative, as specified in RFC 3279,
is currently not implemented.
.It Fl text
Print the EC parameters in plain text.
.El
.Tg enc
.Sh ENC
.Bl -hang -width "openssl enc"
.It Nm openssl enc
.Bk -words
.Fl ciphername
.Op Fl AadePpv
.Op Fl base64
.Op Fl bufsize Ar number
.Op Fl debug
.Op Fl in Ar file
.Op Fl iter Ar iterations
.Op Fl iv Ar IV
.Op Fl K Ar key
.Op Fl k Ar password
.Op Fl kfile Ar file
.Op Fl md Ar digest
.Op Fl none
.Op Fl nopad
.Op Fl nosalt
.Op Fl out Ar file
.Op Fl pass Ar arg
.Op Fl pbkdf2
.Op Fl S Ar salt
.Op Fl salt
.Ek
.El
.Pp
The symmetric cipher commands allow data to be encrypted or decrypted
using various block and stream ciphers using keys based on passwords
or explicitly provided.
Base64 encoding or decoding can also be performed either by itself
or in addition to the encryption or decryption.
The program can be called either as
.Nm openssl Ar ciphername
or
.Nm openssl enc - Ns Ar ciphername .
.Pp
Some of the ciphers do not have large keys and others have security
implications if not used correctly.
All the block ciphers normally use PKCS#5 padding,
also known as standard block padding.
If padding is disabled, the input data must be a multiple of the cipher
block length.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl A
If the
.Fl a
option is set, then base64 process the data on one line.
.It Fl a , base64
Base64 process the data.
This means that if encryption is taking place, the data is base64-encoded
after encryption.
If decryption is set, the input data is base64-decoded before
being decrypted.
.It Fl bufsize Ar number
Set the buffer size for I/O.
.It Fl d
Decrypt the input data.
.It Fl debug
Debug the BIOs used for I/O.
.It Fl e
Encrypt the input data.
This is the default.
.It Fl in Ar file
The input file to read from,
or standard input if not specified.
.It Fl iter Ar iterations
Use the pbkdf2 key derivation function, with
.Ar iterations
as the number of iterations.
.It Fl iv Ar IV
The actual
.Ar IV
.Pq initialisation vector
to use:
this must be represented as a string comprised only of hex digits.
When only the
.Ar key
is specified using the
.Fl K
option,
the IV must explicitly be defined.
When a password is being specified using one of the other options,
the IV is generated from this password.
.It Fl K Ar key
The actual
.Ar key
to use:
this must be represented as a string comprised only of hex digits.
If only the key is specified,
the IV must also be specified using the
.Fl iv
option.
When both a
.Ar key
and a
.Ar password
are specified, the
.Ar key
given with the
.Fl K
option will be used and the IV generated from the password will be taken.
It probably does not make much sense to specify both
.Ar key
and
.Ar password .
.It Fl k Ar password
The
.Ar password
to derive the key from.
Superseded by the
.Fl pass
option.
.It Fl kfile Ar file
Read the password to derive the key from the first line of
.Ar file .
Superseded by the
.Fl pass
option.
.It Fl md Ar digest
Use
.Ar digest
to create a key from a pass phrase.
Currently, the default value is
.Cm sha256 .
.It Fl none
Use NULL cipher (no encryption or decryption of input).
.It Fl nopad
Disable standard block padding.
.It Fl nosalt
Don't use a salt in the key derivation routines.
This option should never be used
since it makes it possible to perform efficient dictionary
attacks on the password and to attack stream cipher encrypted data.
.It Fl out Ar file
The output file to write to,
or standard output if not specified.
.It Fl P
Print out the salt, key, and IV used, then immediately exit;
don't do any encryption or decryption.
.It Fl p
Print out the salt, key, and IV used.
.It Fl pass Ar arg
The password source.
.It Fl pbkdf2
Use the pbkdf2 key derivation function, with
the default of 10000 iterations.
.It Fl S Ar salt
The actual
.Ar salt
to use:
this must be represented as a string comprised only of hex digits.
.It Fl salt
Use a salt in the key derivation routines (the default).
When the salt is being used
the first eight bytes of the encrypted data are reserved for the salt:
it is randomly generated when encrypting a file and read from the
encrypted file when it is decrypted.
.It Fl v
Print extra details about the processing.
.El
.Tg errstr
.Sh ERRSTR
.Nm openssl errstr
.Op Fl stats
.Ar errno ...
.Pp
The
.Nm errstr
command performs error number to error string conversion,
generating a human-readable string representing the error code
.Ar errno .
The string is obtained through the
.Xr ERR_error_string_n 3
function and has the following format:
.Pp
.Dl error:[error code]:[library name]:[function name]:[reason string]
.Pp
.Bq error code
is an 8-digit hexadecimal number.
The remaining fields
.Bq library name ,
.Bq function name ,
and
.Bq reason string
are all ASCII text.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl stats
Print debugging statistics about various aspects of the hash table.
.El
.Tg gendsa
.Sh GENDSA
.Bl -hang -width "openssl gendsa"
.It Nm openssl gendsa
.Bk -words
.Oo
.Fl aes128 | aes192 | aes256 | camellia128 |
.Fl camellia192 | camellia256 | des | des3 | idea
.Oc
.Op Fl out Ar file
.Op Fl passout Ar arg
.Ar paramfile
.Ek
.El
.Pp
The
.Nm gendsa
command generates a DSA private key from a DSA parameter file
(typically generated by the
.Nm openssl dsaparam
command).
DSA key generation is little more than random number generation so it is
much quicker than,
for example,
RSA key generation.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Xo
.Fl aes128 | aes192 | aes256 |
.Fl camellia128 | camellia192 | camellia256 |
.Fl des | des3 |
.Fl idea
.Xc
Encrypt the private key with the AES, CAMELLIA, DES, triple DES
or the IDEA ciphers, respectively, before outputting it.
A pass phrase is prompted for.
If none of these options are specified, no encryption is used.
.It Fl out Ar file
The output file to write to,
or standard output if not specified.
.It Fl passout Ar arg
The output file password source.
.It Ar paramfile
Specify the DSA parameter file to use.
The parameters in this file determine the size of the private key.
.El
.Tg genpkey
.Sh GENPKEY
.Bl -hang -width "openssl genpkey"
.It Nm openssl genpkey
.Bk -words
.Op Fl algorithm Ar alg
.Op Ar cipher
.Op Fl genparam
.Op Fl out Ar file
.Op Fl outform Cm der | pem
.Op Fl paramfile Ar file
.Op Fl pass Ar arg
.Op Fl pkeyopt Ar opt : Ns Ar value
.Op Fl text
.Ek
.El
.Pp
The
.Nm genpkey
command generates private keys.
The use of this
program is encouraged over the algorithm specific utilities
because additional algorithm options can be used.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl algorithm Ar alg
The public key algorithm to use,
such as RSA, DSA, or DH.
This option must precede any
.Fl pkeyopt
options.
The options
.Fl paramfile
and
.Fl algorithm
are mutually exclusive.
.It Ar cipher
Encrypt the private key with the supplied cipher.
Any algorithm name accepted by
.Xr EVP_get_cipherbyname 3
is acceptable.
.It Fl genparam
Generate a set of parameters instead of a private key.
This option must precede any
.Fl algorithm ,
.Fl paramfile ,
or
.Fl pkeyopt
options.
.It Fl out Ar file
The output file to write to,
or standard output if not specified.
.It Fl outform Cm der | pem
The output format.
.It Fl paramfile Ar file
Some public key algorithms generate a private key based on a set of parameters,
which can be supplied using this option.
If this option is used the public key
algorithm used is determined by the parameters.
This option must precede any
.Fl pkeyopt
options.
The options
.Fl paramfile
and
.Fl algorithm
are mutually exclusive.
.It Fl pass Ar arg
The output file password source.
.It Fl pkeyopt Ar opt : Ns Ar value
Set the public key algorithm option
.Ar opt
to
.Ar value ,
as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent
.It rsa_keygen_bits : Ns Ar numbits
(RSA)
The number of bits in the generated key.
The default is 2048.
.It rsa_keygen_pubexp : Ns Ar value
(RSA)
The RSA public exponent value.
This can be a large decimal or hexadecimal value if preceded by 0x.
The default is 65537.
.It dsa_paramgen_bits : Ns Ar numbits
(DSA)
The number of bits in the generated parameters.
The default is 1024.
.It dh_paramgen_prime_len : Ns Ar numbits
(DH)
The number of bits in the prime parameter
.Ar p .
.It dh_paramgen_generator : Ns Ar value
(DH)
The value to use for the generator
.Ar g .
.It ec_paramgen_curve : Ns Ar curve
(EC)
The elliptic curve to use.
.El
.It Fl text
Print the private/public key in plain text.
.El
.Tg genrsa
.Sh GENRSA
.Bl -hang -width "openssl genrsa"
.It Nm openssl genrsa
.Bk -words
.Op Fl 3 | f4
.Oo
.Fl aes128 | aes192 | aes256 | camellia128 |
.Fl camellia192 | camellia256 | des | des3 | idea
.Oc
.Op Fl out Ar file
.Op Fl passout Ar arg
.Op Ar numbits
.Ek
.El
.Pp
The
.Nm genrsa
command generates an RSA private key,
which essentially involves the generation of two prime numbers.
When generating the key,
various symbols will be output to indicate the progress of the generation.
A
.Sq \&.
represents each number which has passed an initial sieve test;
.Sq +
means a number has passed a single round of the Miller-Rabin primality test;
.Sq *
means the number has failed primality testing
and needs to be generated afresh.
A newline means that the number has passed all the prime tests
(the actual number depends on the key size).
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl 3 | f4
The public exponent to use, either 3 or 65537.
The default is 65537.
.It Xo
.Fl aes128 | aes192 | aes256 |
.Fl camellia128 | camellia192 | camellia256 |
.Fl des | des3 |
.Fl idea
.Xc
Encrypt the private key with the AES, CAMELLIA, DES, triple DES
or the IDEA ciphers, respectively, before outputting it.
If none of these options are specified, no encryption is used.
If encryption is used, a pass phrase is prompted for,
if it is not supplied via the
.Fl passout
option.
.It Fl out Ar file
The output file to write to,
or standard output if not specified.
.It Fl passout Ar arg
The output file password source.
.It Ar numbits
The size of the private key to generate in bits.
This must be the last option specified.
The default is 2048.
.El
.Tg nseq
.Sh NSEQ
.Nm openssl nseq
.Op Fl in Ar file
.Op Fl out Ar file
.Op Fl toseq
.Pp
The
.Nm nseq
command takes a file containing a Netscape certificate sequence
(an alternative to the standard PKCS#7 format)
and prints out the certificates contained in it,
or takes a file of certificates
and converts it into a Netscape certificate sequence.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl in Ar file
The input file to read from,
or standard input if not specified.
.It Fl out Ar file
The output file to write to,
or standard output if not specified.
.It Fl toseq
Normally, a Netscape certificate sequence will be input and the output
is the certificates contained in it.
With the
.Fl toseq
option the situation is reversed:
a Netscape certificate sequence is created from a file of certificates.
.El
.Tg ocsp
.Sh OCSP
.Bl -hang -width "openssl ocsp"
.It Nm openssl ocsp
.Bk -words
.Op Fl CA Ar file
.Op Fl CAfile Ar file
.Op Fl CApath Ar directory
.Op Fl cert Ar file
.Op Fl dgst Ar alg
.Op Fl header Ar name value
.Op Fl host Ar hostname : Ns Ar port
.Op Fl ignore_err
.Op Fl index Ar indexfile
.Op Fl issuer Ar file
.Op Fl ndays Ar days
.Op Fl nmin Ar minutes
.Op Fl no_cert_checks
.Op Fl no_cert_verify
.Op Fl no_certs
.Op Fl no_chain
.Op Fl no_explicit
.Op Fl no_intern
.Op Fl no_nonce
.Op Fl no_signature_verify
.Op Fl nonce
.Op Fl noverify
.Op Fl nrequest Ar number
.Op Fl out Ar file
.Op Fl path Ar path
.Op Fl port Ar portnum
.Op Fl req_text
.Op Fl reqin Ar file
.Op Fl reqout Ar file
.Op Fl resp_key_id
.Op Fl resp_no_certs
.Op Fl resp_text
.Op Fl respin Ar file
.Op Fl respout Ar file
.Op Fl rkey Ar file
.Op Fl rother Ar file
.Op Fl rsigner Ar file
.Op Fl serial Ar num
.Op Fl sign_other Ar file
.Op Fl signer Ar file
.Op Fl signkey Ar file
.Op Fl status_age Ar age
.Op Fl text
.Op Fl timeout Ar seconds
.Op Fl trust_other
.Op Fl url Ar responder_url
.Op Fl VAfile Ar file
.Op Fl validity_period Ar nsec
.Op Fl verify_other Ar file
.Ek
.El
.Pp
The Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP)
enables applications to determine the (revocation) state
of an identified certificate (RFC 2560).
.Pp
The
.Nm ocsp
command performs many common OCSP tasks.
It can be used to print out requests and responses,
create requests and send queries to an OCSP responder,
and behave like a mini OCSP server itself.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl CAfile Ar file , Fl CApath Ar directory
A file or path containing trusted CA certificates,
used to verify the signature on the OCSP response.
.It Fl cert Ar file
Add the certificate
.Ar file
to the request.
The issuer certificate is taken from the previous
.Fl issuer
option, or an error occurs if no issuer certificate is specified.
.It Fl dgst Ar alg
Use the digest algorithm
.Ar alg
for certificate identification in the OCSP request.
By default SHA1 is used.
.It Xo
.Fl host Ar hostname : Ns Ar port ,
.Fl path Ar path
.Xc
Send
the OCSP request to
.Ar hostname
on
.Ar port .
.Fl path
specifies the HTTP path name to use, or
.Pa /
by default.
.It Fl header Ar name value
Add the header name with the specified value to the OCSP request that is sent
to the responder.
This may be repeated.
.It Fl issuer Ar file
The current issuer certificate, in PEM format.
Can be used multiple times and must come before any
.Fl cert
options.
.It Fl no_cert_checks
Don't perform any additional checks on the OCSP response signer's certificate.
That is, do not make any checks to see if the signer's certificate is
authorised to provide the necessary status information:
as a result this option should only be used for testing purposes.
.It Fl no_cert_verify
Don't verify the OCSP response signer's certificate at all.
Since this option allows the OCSP response to be signed by any certificate,
it should only be used for testing purposes.
.It Fl no_certs
Don't include any certificates in the signed request.
.It Fl no_chain
Do not use certificates in the response as additional untrusted CA
certificates.
.It Fl no_explicit
Don't check the explicit trust for OCSP signing in the root CA certificate.
.It Fl no_intern
Ignore certificates contained in the OCSP response
when searching for the signer's certificate.
The signer's certificate must be specified with either the
.Fl verify_other
or
.Fl VAfile
options.
.It Fl no_signature_verify
Don't check the signature on the OCSP response.
Since this option tolerates invalid signatures on OCSP responses,
it will normally only be used for testing purposes.
.It Fl nonce , no_nonce
Add an OCSP nonce extension to a request,
or disable an OCSP nonce addition.
Normally, if an OCSP request is input using the
.Fl respin
option no nonce is added:
using the
.Fl nonce
option will force the addition of a nonce.
If an OCSP request is being created (using the
.Fl cert
and
.Fl serial
options)
a nonce is automatically added; specifying
.Fl no_nonce
overrides this.
.It Fl noverify
Don't attempt to verify the OCSP response signature or the nonce values.
This is normally only be used for debugging
since it disables all verification of the responder's certificate.
.It Fl out Ar file
Specify the output file to write to,
or standard output if not specified.
.It Fl req_text , resp_text , text
Print out the text form of the OCSP request, response, or both, respectively.
.It Fl reqin Ar file , Fl respin Ar file
Read an OCSP request or response file from
.Ar file .
These options are ignored
if an OCSP request or response creation is implied by other options
(for example with the
.Fl serial , cert ,
and
.Fl host
options).
.It Fl reqout Ar file , Fl respout Ar file
Write out the DER-encoded certificate request or response to
.Ar file .
.It Fl serial Ar num
Same as the
.Fl cert
option except the certificate with serial number
.Ar num
is added to the request.
The serial number is interpreted as a decimal integer unless preceded by
.Sq 0x .
Negative integers can also be specified
by preceding the value with a minus sign.
.It Fl sign_other Ar file
Additional certificates to include in the signed request.
.It Fl signer Ar file , Fl signkey Ar file
Sign the OCSP request using the certificate specified in the
.Fl signer
option and the private key specified by the
.Fl signkey
option.
If the
.Fl signkey
option is not present, then the private key is read from the same file
as the certificate.
If neither option is specified, the OCSP request is not signed.
.It Fl timeout Ar seconds
Connection timeout to the OCSP responder in seconds.
.It Fl trust_other
The certificates specified by the
.Fl verify_other
option should be explicitly trusted and no additional checks will be
performed on them.
This is useful when the complete responder certificate chain is not available
or trusting a root CA is not appropriate.
.It Fl url Ar responder_url
Specify the responder URL.
Both HTTP and HTTPS
.Pq SSL/TLS
URLs can be specified.
.It Fl VAfile Ar file
A file containing explicitly trusted responder certificates.
Equivalent to the
.Fl verify_other
and
.Fl trust_other
options.
.It Fl validity_period Ar nsec , Fl status_age Ar age
The range of times, in seconds, which will be tolerated in an OCSP response.
Each certificate status response includes a notBefore time
and an optional notAfter time.
The current time should fall between these two values,
but the interval between the two times may be only a few seconds.
In practice the OCSP responder and clients' clocks may not be precisely
synchronised and so such a check may fail.
To avoid this the
.Fl validity_period
option can be used to specify an acceptable error range in seconds,
the default value being 5 minutes.
.Pp
If the notAfter time is omitted from a response,
it means that new status information is immediately available.
In this case the age of the notBefore field is checked
to see it is not older than
.Ar age
seconds old.
By default, this additional check is not performed.
.It Fl verify_other Ar file
A file containing additional certificates to search
when attempting to locate the OCSP response signing certificate.
Some responders omit the actual signer's certificate from the response,
so this can be used to supply the necessary certificate.
.El
.Pp
The options for the OCSP server are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width "XXXX"
.It Fl CA Ar file
CA certificate corresponding to the revocation information in
.Ar indexfile .
.It Fl ignore_err
Ignore the invalid response.
.It Fl index Ar indexfile
.Ar indexfile
is a text index file in ca format
containing certificate revocation information.
.Pp
If this option is specified,
.Nm ocsp
is in responder mode, otherwise it is in client mode.
The requests the responder processes can be either specified on
the command line (using the
.Fl issuer
and
.Fl serial
options), supplied in a file (using the
.Fl respin
option), or via external OCSP clients (if
.Ar port
or
.Ar url
is specified).
.Pp
If this option is present, then the
.Fl CA
and
.Fl rsigner
options must also be present.
.It Fl nmin Ar minutes , Fl ndays Ar days
Number of
.Ar minutes
or
.Ar days
when fresh revocation information is available:
used in the nextUpdate field.
If neither option is present,
the nextUpdate field is omitted,
meaning fresh revocation information is immediately available.
.It Fl nrequest Ar number
Exit after receiving
.Ar number
requests (the default is unlimited).
.It Fl port Ar portnum
Port to listen for OCSP requests on.
May also be specified using the
.Fl url
option.
.It Fl resp_key_id
Identify the signer certificate using the key ID;
the default is to use the subject name.
.It Fl resp_no_certs
Don't include any certificates in the OCSP response.
.It Fl rkey Ar file
The private key to sign OCSP responses with;
if not present, the file specified in the
.Fl rsigner
option is used.
.It Fl rother Ar file
Additional certificates to include in the OCSP response.
.It Fl rsigner Ar file
The certificate to sign OCSP responses with.
.El
.Pp
Initially the OCSP responder certificate is located and the signature on
the OCSP request checked using the responder certificate's public key.
Then a normal certificate verify is performed on the OCSP responder certificate
building up a certificate chain in the process.
The locations of the trusted certificates used to build the chain can be
specified by the
.Fl CAfile
and
.Fl CApath
options or they will be looked for in the standard
.Nm openssl
certificates directory.
.Pp
If the initial verify fails, the OCSP verify process halts with an error.
Otherwise the issuing CA certificate in the request is compared to the OCSP
responder certificate: if there is a match then the OCSP verify succeeds.
.Pp
Otherwise the OCSP responder certificate's CA is checked against the issuing
CA certificate in the request.
If there is a match and the OCSPSigning extended key usage is present
in the OCSP responder certificate, then the OCSP verify succeeds.
.Pp
Otherwise the root CA of the OCSP responder's CA is checked to see if it
is trusted for OCSP signing.
If it is, the OCSP verify succeeds.
.Pp
If none of these checks is successful, the OCSP verify fails.
What this effectively means is that if the OCSP responder certificate is
authorised directly by the CA it is issuing revocation information about
(and it is correctly configured),
then verification will succeed.
.Pp
If the OCSP responder is a global responder,
which can give details about multiple CAs
and has its own separate certificate chain,
then its root CA can be trusted for OCSP signing.
Alternatively, the responder certificate itself can be explicitly trusted
with the
.Fl VAfile
option.
.Tg passwd
.Sh PASSWD
.Bl -hang -width "openssl passwd"
.It Nm openssl passwd
.Bk -words
.Op Fl 1 | apr1 | crypt
.Op Fl in Ar file
.Op Fl noverify
.Op Fl quiet
.Op Fl reverse
.Op Fl salt Ar string
.Op Fl stdin
.Op Fl table
.Op Ar password
.Ek
.El
.Pp
The
.Nm passwd
command computes the hash of a password.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl 1
Use the MD5 based
.Bx
password algorithm
.Qq 1 .
.It Fl apr1
Use the
.Qq apr1
algorithm
.Po
Apache variant of the
.Bx
algorithm
.Pc .
.It Fl crypt
Use the
.Qq crypt
algorithm (the default).
.It Fl in Ar file
Read passwords from
.Ar file .
.It Fl noverify
Don't verify when reading a password from the terminal.
.It Fl quiet
Don't output warnings when passwords given on the command line are truncated.
.It Fl reverse
Switch table columns.
This only makes sense in conjunction with the
.Fl table
option.
.It Fl salt Ar string
Use the salt specified by
.Ar string .
When reading a password from the terminal, this implies
.Fl noverify .
.It Fl stdin
Read passwords from standard input.
.It Fl table
In the output list, prepend the cleartext password and a TAB character
to each password hash.
.El
.Tg pkcs7
.Sh PKCS7
.Bl -hang -width "openssl pkcs7"
.It Nm openssl pkcs7
.Bk -words
.Op Fl in Ar file
.Op Fl inform Cm der | pem
.Op Fl noout
.Op Fl out Ar file
.Op Fl outform Cm der | pem
.Op Fl print
.Op Fl print_certs
.Op Fl text
.Ek
.El
.Pp
The
.Nm pkcs7
command processes PKCS#7 files in DER or PEM format.
The PKCS#7 routines only understand PKCS#7 v 1.5 as specified in RFC 2315.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl in Ar file
The input file to read from,
or standard input if not specified.
.It Fl inform Cm der | pem
The input format.
.It Fl noout
Don't output the encoded version of the PKCS#7 structure
(or certificates if
.Fl print_certs
is set).
.It Fl out Ar file
The output to write to,
or standard output if not specified.
.It Fl outform Cm der | pem
The output format.
.It Fl print
Print the ASN.1 representation of PKCS#7 structure.
.It Fl print_certs
Print any certificates or CRLs contained in the file,
preceded by their subject and issuer names in a one-line format.
.It Fl text
Print certificate details in full rather than just subject and issuer names.
.El
.Tg pkcs8
.Sh PKCS8
.Bl -hang -width "openssl pkcs8"
.It Nm openssl pkcs8
.Bk -words
.Op Fl in Ar file
.Op Fl inform Cm der | pem
.Op Fl nocrypt
.Op Fl noiter
.Op Fl out Ar file
.Op Fl outform Cm der | pem
.Op Fl passin Ar arg
.Op Fl passout Ar arg
.Op Fl topk8
.Op Fl v1 Ar alg
.Op Fl v2 Ar alg
.Ek
.El
.Pp
The
.Nm pkcs8
command processes private keys
(both encrypted and unencrypted)
in PKCS#8 format
with a variety of PKCS#5 (v1.5 and v2.0) and PKCS#12 algorithms.
The default encryption is only 56 bits;
keys encrypted using PKCS#5 v2.0 algorithms and high iteration counts
are more secure.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl in Ar file
The input file to read from,
or standard input if not specified.
If the key is encrypted, a pass phrase will be prompted for.
.It Fl inform Cm der | pem
The input format.
.It Fl nocrypt
Generate an unencrypted PrivateKeyInfo structure.
This option does not encrypt private keys at all
and should only be used when absolutely necessary.
.It Fl noiter
Use an iteration count of 1.
See the
.Sx PKCS12
section below for a detailed explanation of this option.
.It Fl out Ar file
The output file to write to,
or standard output if none is specified.
If any encryption options are set, a pass phrase will be prompted for.
.It Fl outform Cm der | pem
The output format.
.It Fl passin Ar arg
The key password source.
.It Fl passout Ar arg
The output file password source.
.It Fl topk8
Read a traditional format private key and write a PKCS#8 format key.
.It Fl v1 Ar alg
Specify a PKCS#5 v1.5 or PKCS#12 algorithm to use.
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "XXXX" -compact
.It PBE-MD5-DES
56-bit DES.
.It PBE-SHA1-RC2-64 | PBE-MD5-RC2-64 | PBE-SHA1-DES
64-bit RC2 or 56-bit DES.
.It PBE-SHA1-RC4-128 | PBE-SHA1-RC4-40 | PBE-SHA1-3DES
.It PBE-SHA1-2DES | PBE-SHA1-RC2-128 | PBE-SHA1-RC2-40
PKCS#12 password-based encryption algorithm,
which allow strong encryption algorithms like triple DES or 128-bit RC2.
.El
.It Fl v2 Ar alg
Use PKCS#5 v2.0 algorithms.
Supports algorithms such as 168-bit triple DES or 128-bit RC2,
however not many implementations support PKCS#5 v2.0 yet
(if using private keys with
.Nm openssl
this doesn't matter).
.Pp
.Ar alg
is the encryption algorithm to use;
valid values include des, des3, and rc2.
It is recommended that des3 is used.
.El
.Tg pkcs12
.Sh PKCS12
.Bl -hang -width "openssl pkcs12"
.It Nm openssl pkcs12
.Bk -words
.Oo
.Fl aes128 | aes192 | aes256 | camellia128 |
.Fl camellia192 | camellia256 | des | des3 | idea
.Oc
.Op Fl cacerts
.Op Fl CAfile Ar file
.Op Fl caname Ar name
.Op Fl CApath Ar directory
.Op Fl certfile Ar file
.Op Fl certpbe Ar alg
.Op Fl chain
.Op Fl clcerts
.Op Fl CSP Ar name
.Op Fl descert
.Op Fl export
.Op Fl in Ar file
.Op Fl info
.Op Fl inkey Ar file
.Op Fl keyex
.Op Fl keypbe Ar alg
.Op Fl keysig
.Op Fl LMK
.Op Fl macalg Ar alg
.Op Fl maciter
.Op Fl name Ar name
.Op Fl nocerts
.Op Fl nodes
.Op Fl noiter
.Op Fl nokeys
.Op Fl nomac
.Op Fl nomaciter
.Op Fl nomacver
.Op Fl noout
.Op Fl out Ar file
.Op Fl passin Ar arg
.Op Fl passout Ar arg
.Op Fl password Ar arg
.Op Fl twopass
.Ek
.El
.Pp
The
.Nm pkcs12
command allows PKCS#12 files
.Pq sometimes referred to as PFX files
to be created and parsed.
By default, a PKCS#12 file is parsed;
a PKCS#12 file can be created by using the
.Fl export
option.
.Pp
The options for parsing a PKCS12 file are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width "XXXX"
.It Xo
.Fl aes128 | aes192 | aes256 |
.Fl camellia128 | camellia192 | camellia256 |
.Fl des | des3 |
.Fl idea
.Xc
Encrypt private keys using AES, CAMELLIA, DES, triple DES
or the IDEA ciphers, respectively.
The default is triple DES.
.It Fl cacerts
Only output CA certificates
.Pq not client certificates .
.It Fl clcerts
Only output client certificates
.Pq not CA certificates .
.It Fl in Ar file
The input file to read from,
or standard input if not specified.
.It Fl info
Output additional information about the PKCS#12 file structure,
algorithms used, and iteration counts.
.It Fl nocerts
Do not output certificates.
.It Fl nodes
Do not encrypt private keys.
.It Fl nokeys
Do not output private keys.
.It Fl nomacver
Do not attempt to verify the integrity MAC before reading the file.
.It Fl noout
Do not output the keys and certificates to the output file
version of the PKCS#12 file.
.It Fl out Ar file
The output file to write to,
or standard output if not specified.
.It Fl passin Ar arg
The key password source.
.It Fl passout Ar arg
The output file password source.
.It Fl twopass
Prompt for separate integrity and encryption passwords: most software
always assumes these are the same so this option will render such
PKCS#12 files unreadable.
.El
.Pp
The options for PKCS12 file creation are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width "XXXX"
.It Fl CAfile Ar file
CA storage as a file.
.It Fl CApath Ar directory
CA storage as a directory.
The directory must be a standard certificate directory:
that is, a hash of each subject name (using
.Nm x509 Fl hash )
should be linked to each certificate.
.It Fl caname Ar name
Specify the
.Qq friendly name
for other certificates.
May be used multiple times to specify names for all certificates
in the order they appear.
.It Fl certfile Ar file
A file to read additional certificates from.
.It Fl certpbe Ar alg , Fl keypbe Ar alg
Specify the algorithm used to encrypt the private key and
certificates to be selected.
Any PKCS#5 v1.5 or PKCS#12 PBE algorithm name can be used.
If a cipher name
(as output by the
.Cm list-cipher-algorithms
command) is specified then it
is used with PKCS#5 v2.0.
For interoperability reasons it is advisable to only use PKCS#12 algorithms.
.It Fl chain
Include the entire certificate chain of the user certificate.
The standard CA store is used for this search.
If the search fails, it is considered a fatal error.
.It Fl CSP Ar name
Write
.Ar name
as a Microsoft CSP name.
.It Fl descert
Encrypt the certificate using triple DES; this may render the PKCS#12
file unreadable by some
.Qq export grade
software.
By default, the private key is encrypted using triple DES and the
certificate using 40-bit RC2.
.It Fl export
Create a PKCS#12 file (rather than parsing one).
.It Fl in Ar file
The input file to read from,
or standard input if not specified.
The order doesn't matter but one private key and its corresponding
certificate should be present.
If additional certificates are present, they will also be included
in the PKCS#12 file.
.It Fl inkey Ar file
File to read a private key from.
If not present, a private key must be present in the input file.
.It Fl keyex | keysig
Specify whether the private key is to be used for key exchange or just signing.
Normally,
.Qq export grade
software will only allow 512-bit RSA keys to be
used for encryption purposes, but arbitrary length keys for signing.
The
.Fl keysig
option marks the key for signing only.
Signing only keys can be used for S/MIME signing, authenticode
(ActiveX control signing)
and SSL client authentication.
.It Fl LMK
Add local machine keyset attribute to private key.
.It Fl macalg Ar alg
Specify the MAC digest algorithm.
The default is SHA1.
.It Fl maciter
Included for compatibility only:
it used to be needed to use MAC iterations counts
but they are now used by default.
.It Fl name Ar name
Specify the
.Qq friendly name
for the certificate and private key.
This name is typically displayed in list boxes by software importing the file.
.It Fl nomac
Don't attempt to provide the MAC integrity.
.It Fl nomaciter , noiter
Affect the iteration counts on the MAC and key algorithms.
.Pp
To discourage attacks by using large dictionaries of common passwords,
the algorithm that derives keys from passwords can have an iteration count
applied to it: this causes a certain part of the algorithm to be repeated
and slows it down.
The MAC is used to check the file integrity but since it will normally
have the same password as the keys and certificates it could also be attacked.
By default, both MAC and encryption iteration counts are set to 2048;
using these options the MAC and encryption iteration counts can be set to 1.
Since this reduces the file security you should not use these options
unless you really have to.
Most software supports both MAC and key iteration counts.
.It Fl out Ar file
The output file to write to,
or standard output if not specified.
.It Fl passin Ar arg
The key password source.
.It Fl passout Ar arg
The output file password source.
.It Fl password Ar arg
With
.Fl export ,
.Fl password
is equivalent to
.Fl passout .
Otherwise,
.Fl password
is equivalent to
.Fl passin .
.El
.Tg pkey
.Sh PKEY
.Bl -hang -width "openssl pkey"
.It Nm openssl pkey
.Bk -words
.Op Ar cipher
.Op Fl in Ar file
.Op Fl inform Cm der | pem
.Op Fl noout
.Op Fl out Ar file
.Op Fl outform Cm der | pem
.Op Fl passin Ar arg
.Op Fl passout Ar arg
.Op Fl pubin
.Op Fl pubout
.Op Fl text
.Op Fl text_pub
.Ek
.El
.Pp
The
.Nm pkey
command processes public or private keys.
They can be converted between various forms
and their components printed out.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Ar cipher
Encrypt the private key with the specified cipher.
Any algorithm name accepted by
.Xr EVP_get_cipherbyname 3
is acceptable, such as
.Cm des3 .
.It Fl in Ar file
The input file to read from,
or standard input if not specified.
If the key is encrypted, a pass phrase will be prompted for.
.It Fl inform Cm der | pem
The input format.
.It Fl noout
Do not output the encoded version of the key.
.It Fl out Ar file
The output file to write to,
or standard output if not specified.
If any encryption options are set then a pass phrase
will be prompted for.
.It Fl outform Cm der | pem
The output format.
.It Fl passin Ar arg
The key password source.
.It Fl passout Ar arg
The output file password source.
.It Fl pubin
Read in a public key, not a private key.
.It Fl pubout
Output a public key, not a private key.
Automatically set if the input is a public key.
.It Fl text
Print the public/private key in plain text.
.It Fl text_pub
Print out only public key components
even if a private key is being processed.
.El
.Tg pkeyparam
.Sh PKEYPARAM
.Cm openssl pkeyparam
.Op Fl in Ar file
.Op Fl noout
.Op Fl out Ar file
.Op Fl text
.Pp
The
.Nm pkeyparam
command processes public or private keys.
The key type is determined by the PEM headers.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl in Ar file
The input file to read from,
or standard input if not specified.
.It Fl noout
Do not output the encoded version of the parameters.
.It Fl out Ar file
The output file to write to,
or standard output if not specified.
.It Fl text
Print the parameters in plain text.
.El
.Tg pkeyutl
.Sh PKEYUTL
.Bl -hang -width "openssl pkeyutl"
.It Nm openssl pkeyutl
.Bk -words
.Op Fl asn1parse
.Op Fl certin
.Op Fl decrypt
.Op Fl derive
.Op Fl encrypt
.Op Fl hexdump
.Op Fl in Ar file
.Op Fl inkey Ar file
.Op Fl keyform Cm der | pem
.Op Fl out Ar file
.Op Fl passin Ar arg
.Op Fl peerform Cm der | pem
.Op Fl peerkey Ar file
.Op Fl pkeyopt Ar opt : Ns Ar value
.Op Fl pubin
.Op Fl rev
.Op Fl sigfile Ar file
.Op Fl sign
.Op Fl verify
.Op Fl verifyrecover
.Ek
.El
.Pp
The
.Nm pkeyutl
command can be used to perform public key operations using
any supported algorithm.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl asn1parse
ASN.1 parse the output data.
This is useful when combined with the
.Fl verifyrecover
option when an ASN.1 structure is signed.
.It Fl certin
The input is a certificate containing a public key.
.It Fl decrypt
Decrypt the input data using a private key.
.It Fl derive
Derive a shared secret using the peer key.
.It Fl encrypt
Encrypt the input data using a public key.
.It Fl hexdump
Hex dump the output data.
.It Fl in Ar file
The input file to read from,
or standard input if not specified.
.It Fl inkey Ar file
The input key file.
By default it should be a private key.
.It Fl keyform Cm der | pem
The key format.
.It Fl out Ar file
The output file to write to,
or standard output if not specified.
.It Fl passin Ar arg
The key password source.
.It Fl peerform Cm der | pem
The peer key format.
.It Fl peerkey Ar file
The peer key file, used by key derivation (agreement) operations.
.It Fl pkeyopt Ar opt : Ns Ar value
Set the public key algorithm option
.Ar opt
to
.Ar value .
Unless otherwise mentioned, all algorithms support the format
.Ar digest : Ns Ar alg ,
which specifies the digest to use
for sign, verify, and verifyrecover operations.
The value
.Ar alg
should represent a digest name as used in the
.Xr EVP_get_digestbyname 3
function.
.Pp
The RSA algorithm supports the
encrypt, decrypt, sign, verify, and verifyrecover operations in general.
Some padding modes only support some of these
operations however.
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It rsa_padding_mode : Ns Ar mode
This sets the RSA padding mode.
Acceptable values for
.Ar mode
are
.Cm pkcs1
for PKCS#1 padding;
.Cm none
for no padding;
.Cm oaep
for OAEP mode;
.Cm x931
for X9.31 mode;
and
.Cm pss
for PSS.
.Pp
In PKCS#1 padding if the message digest is not set then the supplied data is
signed or verified directly instead of using a DigestInfo structure.
If a digest is set then a DigestInfo
structure is used and its length
must correspond to the digest type.
For oeap mode only encryption and decryption is supported.
For x931 if the digest type is set it is used to format the block data;
otherwise the first byte is used to specify the X9.31 digest ID.
Sign, verify, and verifyrecover can be performed in this mode.
For pss mode only sign and verify are supported and the digest type must be
specified.
.It rsa_pss_saltlen : Ns Ar len
For pss
mode only this option specifies the salt length.
Two special values are supported:
-1 sets the salt length to the digest length.
When signing, -2 sets the salt length to the maximum permissible value.
When verifying, -2 causes the salt length to be automatically determined
based on the PSS block structure.
.El
.Pp
The DSA algorithm supports the sign and verify operations.
Currently there are no additional options other than
.Ar digest .
Only the SHA1 digest can be used and this digest is assumed by default.
.Pp
The DH algorithm supports the derive operation
and no additional options.
.Pp
The EC algorithm supports the sign, verify, and derive operations.
The sign and verify operations use ECDSA and derive uses ECDH.
Currently there are no additional options other than
.Ar digest .
Only the SHA1 digest can be used and this digest is assumed by default.
.It Fl pubin
The input file is a public key.
.It Fl rev
Reverse the order of the input buffer.
.It Fl sigfile Ar file
Signature file (verify operation only).
.It Fl sign
Sign the input data and output the signed result.
This requires a private key.
.It Fl verify
Verify the input data against the signature file and indicate if the
verification succeeded or failed.
.It Fl verifyrecover
Verify the input data and output the recovered data.
.El
.Tg prime
.Sh PRIME
.Cm openssl prime
.Op Fl bits Ar n
.Op Fl checks Ar n
.Op Fl generate
.Op Fl hex
.Op Fl safe
.Ar p
.Pp
The
.Nm prime
command is used to generate prime numbers,
or to check numbers for primality.
Results are probabilistic:
they have an exceedingly high likelihood of being correct,
but are not guaranteed.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl bits Ar n
Specify the number of bits in the generated prime number.
Must be used in conjunction with
.Fl generate .
.It Fl checks Ar n
Perform a Miller-Rabin probabilistic primality test with
.Ar n
iterations.
The default is 20.
.It Fl generate
Generate a pseudo-random prime number.
Must be used in conjunction with
.Fl bits .
.It Fl hex
Output in hex format.
.It Fl safe
Generate only
.Qq safe
prime numbers
(i.e. a prime p so that (p-1)/2 is also prime).
.It Ar p
Test if number
.Ar p
is prime.
.El
.Tg rand
.Sh RAND
.Bl -hang -width "openssl rand"
.It Nm openssl rand
.Bk -words
.Op Fl base64
.Op Fl hex
.Op Fl out Ar file
.Ar num
.Ek
.El
.Pp
The
.Nm rand
command outputs
.Ar num
pseudo-random bytes.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl base64
Perform base64 encoding on the output.
.It Fl hex
Specify hexadecimal output.
.It Fl out Ar file
The output file to write to,
or standard output if not specified.
.El
.Tg req
.Sh REQ
.Bl -hang -width "openssl req"
.It Nm openssl req
.Bk -words
.Op Fl addext Ar ext
.Op Fl batch
.Op Fl config Ar file
.Op Fl days Ar n
.Op Fl extensions Ar section
.Op Fl in Ar file
.Op Fl inform Cm der | pem
.Op Fl key Ar keyfile
.Op Fl keyform Cm der | pem
.Op Fl keyout Ar file
.Op Fl md4 | md5 | sha1
.Op Fl modulus
.Op Fl multivalue-rdn
.Op Fl nameopt Ar option
.Op Fl new
.Op Fl newhdr
.Op Fl newkey Ar arg
.Op Fl nodes
.Op Fl noout
.Op Fl out Ar file
.Op Fl outform Cm der | pem
.Op Fl passin Ar arg
.Op Fl passout Ar arg
.Op Fl pkeyopt Ar opt:value
.Op Fl pubkey
.Op Fl reqexts Ar section
.Op Fl reqopt Ar option
.Op Fl set_serial Ar n
.Op Fl sigopt Ar nm:v
.Op Fl subj Ar arg
.Op Fl subject
.Op Fl text
.Op Fl utf8
.Op Fl verbose
.Op Fl verify
.Op Fl x509
.Ek
.El
.Pp
The
.Nm req
command primarily creates and processes certificate requests
in PKCS#10 format.
It can additionally create self-signed certificates,
for use as root CAs, for example.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl addext Ar ext
Add a specific extension to the certificate (if the
.Fl x509
option is present) or certificate request.
The argument must have the form of a key=value pair as it would appear in a
config file.
This option can be given multiple times.
.It Fl batch
Non-interactive mode.
.It Fl config Ar file
Specify an alternative configuration file.
.It Fl days Ar n
Specify the number of days to certify the certificate for.
The default is 30 days.
Used with the
.Fl x509
option.
.It Fl extensions Ar section , Fl reqexts Ar section
Specify alternative sections to include certificate
extensions (with
.Fl x509 )
or certificate request extensions,
allowing several different sections to be used in the same configuration file.
.It Fl in Ar file
The input file to read a request from,
or standard input if not specified.
A request is only read if the creation options
.Fl new
and
.Fl newkey
are not specified.
.It Fl inform Cm der | pem
The input format.
.It Fl key Ar keyfile
The file to read the private key from.
It also accepts PKCS#8 format private keys for PEM format files.
.It Fl keyform Cm der | pem
The format of the private key file specified in the
.Fl key
argument.
The default is
.Cm pem .
.It Fl keyout Ar file
The file to write the newly created private key to.
If this option is not specified,
the filename present in the configuration file is used.
.It Fl md5 | sha1 | sha256
The message digest to sign the request with.
This overrides the digest algorithm specified in the configuration file.
.Pp
Some public key algorithms may override this choice.
For instance, DSA signatures always use SHA1.
.It Fl modulus
Print the value of the modulus of the public key contained in the request.
.It Fl multivalue-rdn
This option causes the
.Fl subj
argument to be interpreted with full support for multivalued RDNs,
for example
.Qq "/DC=org/DC=OpenSSL/DC=users/UID=123456+CN=John Doe" .
If
.Fl multivalue-rdn
is not used, the UID value is set to
.Qq "123456+CN=John Doe" .
.It Fl nameopt Ar option , Fl reqopt Ar option
Determine how the subject or issuer names are displayed.
.Ar option
can be a single option or multiple options separated by commas.
Alternatively, these options may be used more than once to set multiple options.
See the
.Sx X509
section below for details.
.It Fl new
Generate a new certificate request.
The user is prompted for the relevant field values.
The actual fields prompted for and their maximum and minimum sizes
are specified in the configuration file and any requested extensions.
.Pp
If the
.Fl key
option is not used, it will generate a new RSA private
key using information specified in the configuration file.
.It Fl newhdr
Add the word NEW to the PEM file header and footer lines
on the outputted request.
Some software and CAs need this.
.It Fl newkey Ar arg
Create a new certificate request and a new private key.
The argument takes one of several forms.
.Pp
.No rsa : Ns Ar nbits
generates an RSA key
.Ar nbits
in size.
If
.Ar nbits
is omitted
the default key size is used.
.Pp
.No dsa : Ns Ar file
generates a DSA key using the parameters in
.Ar file .
.Pp
.No param : Ns Ar file
generates a key using the parameters or certificate in
.Ar file .
.Pp
All other algorithms support the form
.Ar algorithm : Ns Ar file ,
where file may be an algorithm parameter file,
created by the
.Cm genpkey -genparam
command or an X.509 certificate for a key with appropriate algorithm.
.Ar file
can be omitted,
in which case any parameters can be specified via the
.Fl pkeyopt
option.
.It Fl nodes
Do not encrypt the private key.
.It Fl noout
Do not output the encoded version of the request.
.It Fl out Ar file
The output file to write to,
or standard output if not specified.
.It Fl outform Cm der | pem
The output format.
.It Fl passin Ar arg
The key password source.
.It Fl passout Ar arg
The output file password source.
.It Fl pkeyopt Ar opt:value
Set the public key algorithm option
.Ar opt
to
.Ar value .
.It Fl pubkey
Output the public key.
.It Fl reqopt Ar option
Customise the output format used with
.Fl text .
The
.Ar option
argument can be a single option or multiple options separated by commas.
See also the discussion of
.Fl certopt
in the
.Nm x509
command.
.It Fl set_serial Ar n
Serial number to use when outputting a self-signed certificate.
This may be specified as a decimal value or a hex value if preceded by
.Sq 0x .
It is possible to use negative serial numbers but this is not recommended.
.It Fl sigopt Ar nm:v
Pass options to the signature algorithm during sign operation.
The names and values of these options are algorithm-specific.
.It Fl subj Ar arg
Replaces the subject field of an input request
with the specified data and output the modified request.
.Ar arg
must be formatted as /type0=value0/type1=value1/type2=...;
characters may be escaped by
.Sq \e
(backslash);
no spaces are skipped.
.It Fl subject
Print the request subject (or certificate subject if
.Fl x509
is specified).
.It Fl text
Print the certificate request in plain text.
.It Fl utf8
Interpret field values as UTF8 strings, not ASCII.
.It Fl verbose
Print extra details about the operations being performed.
.It Fl verify
Verify the signature on the request.
.It Fl x509
Output a self-signed certificate instead of a certificate request.
This is typically used to generate a test certificate or a self-signed root CA.
The extensions added to the certificate (if any)
are specified in the configuration file.
Unless specified using the
.Fl set_serial
option, 0 is used for the serial number.
.El
.Pp
The configuration options are specified in the
.Qq req
section of the configuration file.
The options available are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width "XXXX"
.It Cm attributes
The section containing any request attributes: its format
is the same as
.Cm distinguished_name .
Typically these may contain the challengePassword or unstructuredName types.
They are currently ignored by the
.Nm openssl
request signing utilities, but some CAs might want them.
.It Cm default_bits
The default key size, in bits.
The default is 2048.
It is used if the
.Fl new
option is used and can be overridden by using the
.Fl newkey
option.
.It Cm default_keyfile
The default file to write a private key to,
or standard output if not specified.
It can be overridden by the
.Fl keyout
option.
.It Cm default_md
The digest algorithm to use.
Possible values include
.Cm md5 ,
.Cm sha1
and
.Cm sha256
(the default).
It can be overridden on the command line.
.It Cm distinguished_name
The section containing the distinguished name fields to
prompt for when generating a certificate or certificate request.
The format is described below.
.It Cm encrypt_key
If set to
.Qq no
and a private key is generated, it is not encrypted.
It is equivalent to the
.Fl nodes
option.
For compatibility,
.Cm encrypt_rsa_key
is an equivalent option.
.It Cm input_password | output_password
The passwords for the input private key file (if present)
and the output private key file (if one will be created).
The command line options
.Fl passin
and
.Fl passout
override the configuration file values.
.It Cm oid_file
A file containing additional OBJECT IDENTIFIERS.
Each line of the file should consist of the numerical form of the
object identifier, followed by whitespace, then the short name followed
by whitespace and finally the long name.
.It Cm oid_section
Specify a section in the configuration file containing extra
object identifiers.
Each line should consist of the short name of the
object identifier followed by
.Sq =
and the numerical form.
The short and long names are the same when this option is used.
.It Cm prompt
If set to
.Qq no ,
it disables prompting of certificate fields
and just takes values from the config file directly.
It also changes the expected format of the
.Cm distinguished_name
and
.Cm attributes
sections.
.It Cm req_extensions
The configuration file section containing a list of
extensions to add to the certificate request.
It can be overridden by the
.Fl reqexts
option.
.It Cm string_mask
Limit the string types for encoding certain fields.
The following values may be used, limiting strings to the indicated types:
.Bl -tag -width "MASK:number"
.It Cm utf8only
UTF8String.
This is the default, as recommended by PKIX in RFC 2459.
.It Cm default
PrintableString, IA5String, T61String, BMPString, UTF8String.
.It Cm pkix
PrintableString, IA5String, BMPString, UTF8String.
Inspired by the PKIX recommendation in RFC 2459 for certificates
generated before 2004, but differs by also permitting IA5String.
.It Cm nombstr
PrintableString, IA5String, T61String, UniversalString.
A workaround for some ancient software that had problems
with the variable-sized BMPString and UTF8String types.
.It Cm MASK : Ns Ar number
An explicit bitmask of permitted types, where
.Ar number
is a C-style hex, decimal, or octal number that's a bit-wise OR of
.Dv B_ASN1_*
values from
.In openssl/asn1.h .
.El
.It Cm utf8
If set to
.Qq yes ,
field values are interpreted as UTF8 strings.
.It Cm x509_extensions
The configuration file section containing a list of
extensions to add to a certificate generated when the
.Fl x509
switch is used.
It can be overridden by the
.Fl extensions
command line switch.
.El
.Pp
There are two separate formats for the distinguished name and attribute
sections.
If the
.Fl prompt
option is set to
.Qq no ,
then these sections just consist of field names and values.
If the
.Fl prompt
option is absent or not set to
.Qq no ,
then the file contains field prompting information of the form:
.Bd -unfilled -offset indent
fieldName="prompt"
fieldName_default="default field value"
fieldName_min= 2
fieldName_max= 4
.Ed
.Pp
.Qq fieldName
is the field name being used, for example
.Cm commonName
(or CN).
The
.Qq prompt
string is used to ask the user to enter the relevant details.
If the user enters nothing, the default value is used;
if no default value is present, the field is omitted.
A field can still be omitted if a default value is present,
if the user just enters the
.Sq \&.
character.
.Pp
The number of characters entered must be between the
fieldName_min and fieldName_max limits:
there may be additional restrictions based on the field being used
(for example
.Cm countryName
can only ever be two characters long and must fit in a
.Cm PrintableString ) .
.Pp
Some fields (such as
.Cm organizationName )
can be used more than once in a DN.
This presents a problem because configuration files will
not recognize the same name occurring twice.
To avoid this problem, if the
.Cm fieldName
contains some characters followed by a full stop, they will be ignored.
So, for example, a second
.Cm organizationName
can be input by calling it
.Qq 1.organizationName .
.Pp
The actual permitted field names are any object identifier short or
long names.
These are compiled into
.Nm openssl
and include the usual values such as
.Cm commonName , countryName , localityName , organizationName ,
.Cm organizationalUnitName , stateOrProvinceName .
Additionally,
.Cm emailAddress
is included as well as
.Cm name , surname , givenName , initials
and
.Cm dnQualifier .
.Pp
Additional object identifiers can be defined with the
.Cm oid_file
or
.Cm oid_section
options in the configuration file.
Any additional fields will be treated as though they were a
.Cm DirectoryString .
.Tg rsa
.Sh RSA
.Bl -hang -width "openssl rsa"
.It Nm openssl rsa
.Bk -words
.Op Fl aes128 | aes192 | aes256 | des | des3
.Op Fl check
.Op Fl in Ar file
.Op Fl inform Cm der | net | pem | pvk
.Op Fl modulus
.Op Fl noout
.Op Fl out Ar file
.Op Fl outform Cm der | net | pem | pvk
.Op Fl passin Ar arg
.Op Fl passout Ar arg
.Op Fl pubin
.Op Fl pubout
.Op Fl pvk-none | pvk-strong | pvk-weak
.Op Fl RSAPublicKey_in
.Op Fl RSAPublicKey_out
.Op Fl text
.Ek
.El
.Pp
The
.Nm rsa
command processes RSA keys.
They can be converted between various forms and their components printed out.
.Nm rsa
uses the traditional
.Nm SSLeay
compatible format for private key encryption:
newer applications should use the more secure PKCS#8 format using the
.Nm pkcs8
utility.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl aes128 | aes192 | aes256 | des | des3
Encrypt the private key with the AES, DES,
or the triple DES ciphers, respectively, before outputting it.
A pass phrase is prompted for.
If none of these options are specified, the key is written in plain text.
This means that using the
.Nm rsa
utility to read in an encrypted key with no encryption option can be used
to remove the pass phrase from a key, or by setting the encryption options
it can be used to add or change the pass phrase.
These options can only be used with PEM format output files.
.It Fl check
Check the consistency of an RSA private key.
.It Fl in Ar file
The input file to read from,
or standard input if not specified.
If the key is encrypted, a pass phrase will be prompted for.
.It Fl inform Cm der | net | pem | pvk
The input format.
.It Fl noout
Do not output the encoded version of the key.
.It Fl modulus
Print the value of the modulus of the key.
.It Fl out Ar file
The output file to write to,
or standard output if not specified.
.It Fl outform Cm der | net | pem | pvk
The output format.
.It Fl passin Ar arg
The key password source.
.It Fl passout Ar arg
The output file password source.
.It Fl pubin
Read in a public key,
not a private key.
.It Fl pubout
Output a public key,
not a private key.
Automatically set if the input is a public key.
.It Xo
.Fl pvk-none | pvk-strong | pvk-weak
.Xc
Enable or disable PVK encoding.
The default is
.Fl pvk-strong .
.It Fl RSAPublicKey_in , RSAPublicKey_out
Same as
.Fl pubin
and
.Fl pubout
except
.Cm RSAPublicKey
format is used instead.
.It Fl text
Print the public/private key components in plain text.
.El
.Tg rsautl
.Sh RSAUTL
.Bl -hang -width "openssl rsautl"
.It Nm openssl rsautl
.Bk -words
.Op Fl asn1parse
.Op Fl certin
.Op Fl decrypt
.Op Fl encrypt
.Op Fl hexdump
.Op Fl in Ar file
.Op Fl inkey Ar file
.Op Fl keyform Cm der | pem
.Op Fl oaep | pkcs | raw | x931
.Op Fl out Ar file
.Op Fl passin Ar arg
.Op Fl pubin
.Op Fl rev
.Op Fl sign
.Op Fl verify
.Ek
.El
.Pp
The
.Nm rsautl
command can be used to sign, verify, encrypt and decrypt
data using the RSA algorithm.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl asn1parse
Asn1parse the output data; this is useful when combined with the
.Fl verify
option.
.It Fl certin
The input is a certificate containing an RSA public key.
.It Fl decrypt
Decrypt the input data using an RSA private key.
.It Fl encrypt
Encrypt the input data using an RSA public key.
.It Fl hexdump
Hex dump the output data.
.It Fl in Ar file
The input to read from,
or standard input if not specified.
.It Fl inkey Ar file
The input key file; by default an RSA private key.
.It Fl keyform Cm der | pem
The private key format.
The default is
.Cm pem .
.It Fl oaep | pkcs | raw | x931
The padding to use:
PKCS#1 OAEP, PKCS#1 v1.5 (the default), no padding, or ANSI X9.31,
respectively.
For signatures, only
.Fl pkcs
and
.Fl raw
can be used.
.It Fl out Ar file
The output file to write to,
or standard output if not specified.
.It Fl passin Ar arg
The key password source.
.It Fl pubin
The input file is an RSA public key.
.It Fl rev
Reverse the order of the input buffer.
.It Fl sign
Sign the input data and output the signed result.
This requires an RSA private key.
.It Fl verify
Verify the input data and output the recovered data.
.El
.Tg s_client
.Sh S_CLIENT
.Bl -hang -width "openssl s_client"
.It Nm openssl s_client
.Bk -words
.Op Fl 4 | 6
.Op Fl alpn Ar protocols
.Op Fl bugs
.Op Fl CAfile Ar file
.Op Fl CApath Ar directory
.Op Fl cert Ar file
.Op Fl certform Cm der | pem
.Op Fl check_ss_sig
.Op Fl cipher Ar cipherlist
.Op Fl connect Ar host Ns Op : Ns Ar port
.Op Fl crl_check
.Op Fl crl_check_all
.Op Fl crlf
.Op Fl debug
.Op Fl dtls
.Op Fl dtls1
.Op Fl dtls1_2
.Op Fl extended_crl
.Op Fl groups Ar list
.Op Fl host Ar host
.Op Fl ign_eof
.Op Fl ignore_critical
.Op Fl issuer_checks
.Op Fl key Ar keyfile
.Op Fl keyform Cm der | pem
.Op Fl keymatexport Ar label
.Op Fl keymatexportlen Ar len
.Op Fl legacy_server_connect
.Op Fl msg
.Op Fl mtu Ar mtu
.Op Fl nbio
.Op Fl nbio_test
.Op Fl no_comp
.Op Fl no_ign_eof
.Op Fl no_legacy_server_connect
.Op Fl no_ticket
.Op Fl no_tls1
.Op Fl no_tls1_1
.Op Fl no_tls1_2
.Op Fl no_tls1_3
.Op Fl pass Ar arg
.Op Fl pause
.Op Fl policy_check
.Op Fl port Ar port
.Op Fl prexit
.Op Fl proxy Ar host : Ns Ar port
.Op Fl quiet
.Op Fl reconnect
.Op Fl servername Ar name
.Op Fl serverpref
.Op Fl sess_in Ar file
.Op Fl sess_out Ar file
.Op Fl showcerts
.Op Fl starttls Ar protocol
.Op Fl state
.Op Fl status
.Op Fl timeout
.Op Fl tls1
.Op Fl tls1_1
.Op Fl tls1_2
.Op Fl tls1_3
.Op Fl tlsextdebug
.Op Fl use_srtp Ar profiles
.Op Fl verify Ar depth
.Op Fl verify_return_error
.Op Fl x509_strict
.Op Fl xmpphost Ar host
.Ek
.El
.Pp
The
.Nm s_client
command implements a generic SSL/TLS client which connects
to a remote host using SSL/TLS.
.Pp
If a connection is established with an SSL server, any data received
from the server is displayed and any key presses will be sent to the
server.
When used interactively (which means neither
.Fl quiet
nor
.Fl ign_eof
have been given), the session will be renegotiated if the line begins with an
.Cm R ;
if the line begins with a
.Cm Q
or if end of file is reached, the connection will be closed down.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl 4
Attempt connections using IPv4 only.
.It Fl 6
Attempt connections using IPv6 only.
.It Fl alpn Ar protocols
Enable the Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation.
.Ar protocols
is a comma-separated list of protocol names that the client should advertise
support for.
.It Fl bugs
Enable various workarounds for buggy implementations.
.It Fl CAfile Ar file
A
.Ar file
containing trusted certificates to use during server authentication
and to use when attempting to build the client certificate chain.
.It Fl CApath Ar directory
The
.Ar directory
to use for server certificate verification.
This directory must be in
.Qq hash format ;
see
.Fl verify
for more information.
These are also used when building the client certificate chain.
.It Fl cert Ar file
The certificate to use, if one is requested by the server.
The default is not to use a certificate.
.It Fl certform Cm der | pem
The certificate format.
The default is
.Cm pem .
.It Xo
.Fl check_ss_sig ,
.Fl crl_check ,
.Fl crl_check_all ,
.Fl extended_crl ,
.Fl ignore_critical ,
.Fl issuer_checks ,
.Fl policy_check ,
.Fl x509_strict
.Xc
Set various certificate chain validation options.
See the
.Nm verify
command for details.
.It Fl cipher Ar cipherlist
Modify the cipher list sent by the client.
Although the server determines which cipher suite is used, it should take
the first supported cipher in the list sent by the client.
See the
.Nm ciphers
command for more information.
.It Fl connect Ar host Ns Op : Ns Ar port
The
.Ar host
and
.Ar port
to connect to.
If not specified, an attempt is made to connect to the local host
on port 4433.
Alternatively, the host and port pair may be separated using a forward-slash
character,
which is useful for numeric IPv6 addresses.
.It Fl crlf
Translate a line feed from the terminal into CR+LF,
as required by some servers.
.It Fl debug
Print extensive debugging information, including a hex dump of all traffic.
.It Fl dtls
Permit any version of DTLS.
.It Fl dtls1
Permit only DTLS1.0.
.It Fl dtls1_2
Permit only DTLS1.2.
.It Fl groups Ar list
Set the supported elliptic curve groups to the colon separated
.Ar list
of group NIDs or names as documented in
.Xr SSL_CTX_set1_groups_list 3 .
.It Fl host Ar host
The
.Ar host
to connect to.
The default is localhost.
.It Fl ign_eof
Inhibit shutting down the connection when end of file is reached in the input.
.It Fl key Ar keyfile
The private key to use.
If not specified, the certificate file will be used.
.It Fl keyform Cm der | pem
The private key format.
The default is
.Cm pem .
.It Fl keymatexport Ar label
Export keying material using label.
.It Fl keymatexportlen Ar len
Export len bytes of keying material (default 20).
.It Fl legacy_server_connect , no_legacy_server_connect
Allow or disallow initial connection to servers that don't support RI.
.It Fl msg
Show all protocol messages with hex dump.
.It Fl mtu Ar mtu
Set the link layer MTU.
.It Fl nbio
Turn on non-blocking I/O.
.It Fl nbio_test
Test non-blocking I/O.
.It Fl no_ign_eof
Shut down the connection when end of file is reached in the input.
Can be used to override the implicit
.Fl ign_eof
after
.Fl quiet .
.It Fl no_tls1 | no_tls1_1 | no_tls1_2 | no_tls1_3
Disable the use of TLS1.0, 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 respectively.
.It Fl no_ticket
Disable RFC 4507 session ticket support.
.It Fl pass Ar arg
The private key password source.
.It Fl pause
Pause 1 second between each read and write call.
.It Fl port Ar port
The
.Ar port
to connect to.
The default is 4433.
.It Fl prexit
Print session information when the program exits.
This will always attempt
to print out information even if the connection fails.
Normally, information will only be printed out once if the connection succeeds.
This option is useful because the cipher in use may be renegotiated
or the connection may fail because a client certificate is required or is
requested only after an attempt is made to access a certain URL.
Note that the output produced by this option is not always accurate
because a connection might never have been established.
.It Fl proxy Ar host : Ns Ar port
Use the HTTP proxy at
.Ar host
and
.Ar port .
The connection to the proxy is done in cleartext and the
.Fl connect
argument is given to the proxy.
If not specified, localhost is used as final destination.
After that, switch the connection through the proxy to the destination
to TLS.
.It Fl quiet
Inhibit printing of session and certificate information.
This implicitly turns on
.Fl ign_eof
as well.
.It Fl reconnect
Reconnect to the same server 5 times using the same session ID; this can
be used as a test that session caching is working.
.It Fl servername Ar name
Include the TLS Server Name Indication (SNI) extension in the ClientHello
message, using the specified server
.Ar name .
.It Fl showcerts
Display the whole server certificate chain: normally only the server
certificate itself is displayed.
.It Fl serverpref
Use the server's cipher preferences.
.It Fl sess_in Ar file
Load TLS session from file.
The client will attempt to resume a connection from this session.
.It Fl sess_out Ar file
Output TLS session to file.
.It Fl starttls Ar protocol
Send the protocol-specific messages to switch to TLS for communication.
.Ar protocol
is a keyword for the intended protocol.
Currently, the supported keywords are
.Qq ftp ,
.Qq imap ,
.Qq smtp ,
.Qq pop3 ,
and
.Qq xmpp .
.It Fl state
Print the SSL session states.
.It Fl status
Send a certificate status request to the server (OCSP stapling).
The server response (if any) is printed out.
.It Fl timeout
Enable send/receive timeout on DTLS connections.
.It Fl tls1 | tls1_1 | tls1_2 | tls1_3
Permit only TLS1.0, 1.1, 1.2 or 1.3 respectively.
.It Fl tlsextdebug
Print a hex dump of any TLS extensions received from the server.
.It Fl use_srtp Ar profiles
Offer SRTP key management with a colon-separated profile list.
.It Fl verify Ar depth
Turn on server certificate verification,
with a maximum length of
.Ar depth .
Currently the verify operation continues after errors so all the problems
with a certificate chain can be seen.
As a side effect the connection will never fail due to a server
certificate verify failure.
.It Fl verify_return_error
Return verification error.
.It Fl xmpphost Ar hostname
When used with
.Fl starttls Ar xmpp ,
specify the host for the "to" attribute of the stream element.
If this option is not specified then the host specified with
.Fl connect
will be used.
.El
.Tg s_server
.Sh S_SERVER
.Bl -hang -width "openssl s_server"
.It Nm openssl s_server
.Bk -words
.Op Fl accept Ar port
.Op Fl alpn Ar protocols
.Op Fl bugs
.Op Fl CAfile Ar file
.Op Fl CApath Ar directory
.Op Fl cert Ar file
.Op Fl cert2 Ar file
.Op Fl certform Cm der | pem
.Op Fl cipher Ar cipherlist
.Op Fl context Ar id
.Op Fl crl_check
.Op Fl crl_check_all
.Op Fl crlf
.Op Fl dcert Ar file
.Op Fl dcertform Cm der | pem
.Op Fl debug
.Op Fl dhparam Ar file
.Op Fl dkey Ar file
.Op Fl dkeyform Cm der | pem
.Op Fl dpass Ar arg
.Op Fl dtls
.Op Fl dtls1
.Op Fl dtls1_2
.Op Fl groups Ar list
.Op Fl HTTP
.Op Fl id_prefix Ar arg
.Op Fl key Ar keyfile
.Op Fl key2 Ar keyfile
.Op Fl keyform Cm der | pem
.Op Fl keymatexport Ar label
.Op Fl keymatexportlen Ar len
.Op Fl msg
.Op Fl mtu Ar mtu
.Op Fl naccept Ar num
.Op Fl named_curve Ar arg
.Op Fl nbio
.Op Fl nbio_test
.Op Fl no_cache
.Op Fl no_dhe
.Op Fl no_ecdhe
.Op Fl no_ticket
.Op Fl no_tls1
.Op Fl no_tls1_1
.Op Fl no_tls1_2
.Op Fl no_tls1_3
.Op Fl no_tmp_rsa
.Op Fl nocert
.Op Fl pass Ar arg
.Op Fl quiet
.Op Fl servername Ar name
.Op Fl servername_fatal
.Op Fl serverpref
.Op Fl state
.Op Fl status
.Op Fl status_timeout Ar nsec
.Op Fl status_url Ar url
.Op Fl status_verbose
.Op Fl timeout
.Op Fl tls1
.Op Fl tls1_1
.Op Fl tls1_2
.Op Fl tls1_3
.Op Fl tlsextdebug
.Op Fl use_srtp Ar profiles
.Op Fl Verify Ar depth
.Op Fl verify Ar depth
.Op Fl verify_return_error
.Op Fl WWW
.Op Fl www
.Ek
.El
.Pp
The
.Nm s_server
command implements a generic SSL/TLS server which listens
for connections on a given port using SSL/TLS.
.Pp
If a connection request is established with a client and neither the
.Fl www
nor the
.Fl WWW
option has been used, then any data received
from the client is displayed and any key presses are sent to the client.
Certain single letter commands perform special operations:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "XXXX" -compact
.It Ic P
Send plain text, which should cause the client to disconnect.
.It Ic Q
End the current SSL connection and exit.
.It Ic q
End the current SSL connection, but still accept new connections.
.It Ic R
Renegotiate the SSL session and request a client certificate.
.It Ic r
Renegotiate the SSL session.
.It Ic S
Print out some session cache status information.
.El
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl accept Ar port
Listen on TCP
.Ar port
for connections.
The default is port 4433.
.It Fl alpn Ar protocols
Enable the Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation.
.Ar protocols
is a comma-separated list of supported protocol names.
.It Fl bugs
Enable various workarounds for buggy implementations.
.It Fl CAfile Ar file
A
.Ar file
containing trusted certificates to use during client authentication
and to use when attempting to build the server certificate chain.
The list is also used in the list of acceptable client CAs passed to the
client when a certificate is requested.
.It Fl CApath Ar directory
The
.Ar directory
to use for client certificate verification.
This directory must be in
.Qq hash format ;
see
.Fl verify
for more information.
These are also used when building the server certificate chain.
.It Fl cert Ar file
The certificate to use: most server's cipher suites require the use of a
certificate and some require a certificate with a certain public key type.
For example, the DSS cipher suites require a certificate containing a DSS
(DSA) key.
If not specified, the file
.Pa server.pem
will be used.
.It Fl cert2 Ar file
The certificate to use for servername.
.It Fl certform Cm der | pem
The certificate format.
The default is
.Cm pem .
.It Fl cipher Ar cipherlist
Modify the cipher list used by the server.
This allows the cipher list used by the server to be modified.
When the client sends a list of supported ciphers, the first client cipher
also included in the server list is used.
Because the client specifies the preference order, the order of the server
cipherlist is irrelevant.
See the
.Nm ciphers
command for more information.
.It Fl context Ar id
Set the SSL context ID.
It can be given any string value.
.It Fl crl_check , crl_check_all
Check the peer certificate has not been revoked by its CA.
The CRLs are appended to the certificate file.
.Fl crl_check_all
checks all CRLs of all CAs in the chain.
.It Fl crlf
Translate a line feed from the terminal into CR+LF.
.It Fl dcert Ar file , Fl dkey Ar file
Specify an additional certificate and private key; these behave in the
same manner as the
.Fl cert
and
.Fl key
options except there is no default if they are not specified
(no additional certificate or key is used).
By using RSA and DSS certificates and keys,
a server can support clients which only support RSA or DSS cipher suites
by using an appropriate certificate.
.It Fl dcertform Cm der | pem , Fl dkeyform Cm der | pem , Fl dpass Ar arg
Additional certificate and private key format, and private key password source,
respectively.
.It Fl debug
Print extensive debugging information, including a hex dump of all traffic.
.It Fl dhparam Ar file
The DH parameter file to use.
The ephemeral DH cipher suites generate keys
using a set of DH parameters.
If not specified, an attempt is made to
load the parameters from the server certificate file.
If this fails, a static set of parameters hard coded into the
.Nm s_server
program will be used.
.It Fl dtls
Permit any version of DTLS.
.It Fl dtls1
Permit only DTLS1.0.
.It Fl dtls1_2
Permit only DTLS1.2.
.It Fl groups Ar list
Set the supported elliptic curve groups to the colon separated
.Ar list
of group NIDs or names as documented in
.Xr SSL_CTX_set1_groups_list 3 .
.It Fl HTTP
Emulate a simple web server.
Pages are resolved relative to the current directory.
For example if the URL
.Pa https://myhost/page.html
is requested, the file
.Pa ./page.html
will be loaded.
The files loaded are assumed to contain a complete and correct HTTP
response (lines that are part of the HTTP response line and headers
must end with CRLF).
.It Fl id_prefix Ar arg
Generate SSL/TLS session IDs prefixed by
.Ar arg .
This is mostly useful for testing any SSL/TLS code
that wish to deal with multiple servers,
when each of which might be generating a unique range of session IDs.
.It Fl key Ar keyfile
The private key to use.
If not specified, the certificate file will be used.
.It Fl key2 Ar keyfile
The private key to use for servername.
.It Fl keyform Cm der | pem
The private key format.
The default is
.Cm pem .
.It Fl keymatexport Ar label
Export keying material using label.
.It Fl keymatexportlen Ar len
Export len bytes of keying material (default 20).
.It Fl msg
Show all protocol messages with hex dump.
.It Fl mtu Ar mtu
Set the link layer MTU.
.It Fl naccept Ar num
Terminate server after
.Ar num
connections.
.It Fl named_curve Ar arg
Specify the elliptic curve name to use for ephemeral ECDH keys.
This option is deprecated; use
.Fl groups
instead.
.It Fl nbio
Turn on non-blocking I/O.
.It Fl nbio_test
Test non-blocking I/O.
.It Fl no_cache
Disable session caching.
.It Fl no_dhe
Disable ephemeral DH cipher suites.
.It Fl no_ecdhe
Disable ephemeral ECDH cipher suites.
.It Fl no_ticket
Disable RFC 4507 session ticket support.
.It Fl no_tls1 | no_tls1_1 | no_tls1_2 | no_tls1_3
Disable the use of TLS1.0, 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3, respectively.
.It Fl no_tmp_rsa
Disable temporary RSA key generation.
.It Fl nocert
Do not use a certificate.
This restricts the cipher suites available to the anonymous ones
(currently just anonymous DH).
.It Fl pass Ar arg
The private key password source.
.It Fl quiet
Inhibit printing of session and certificate information.
.It Fl servername Ar name
Set the TLS Server Name Indication (SNI) extension with
.Ar name .
.It Fl servername_fatal
Send fatal alert if servername does not match.
The default is warning alert.
.It Fl serverpref
Use server's cipher preferences.
.It Fl state
Print the SSL session states.
.It Fl status
Enables certificate status request support (OCSP stapling).
.It Fl status_timeout Ar nsec
Sets the timeout for OCSP response in seconds.
.It Fl status_url Ar url
Sets a fallback responder URL to use if no responder URL is present in the
server certificate.
Without this option, an error is returned if the server certificate does not
contain a responder address.
.It Fl status_verbose
Enables certificate status request support (OCSP stapling) and gives a verbose
printout of the OCSP response.
.It Fl timeout
Enable send/receive timeout on DTLS connections.
.It Fl tls1 | tls1_1 | tls1_2 | tls1_3
Permit only TLS1.0, 1.1, 1.2, or 1.3, respectively.
.It Fl tlsextdebug
Print a hex dump of any TLS extensions received from the server.
.It Fl use_srtp Ar profiles
Offer SRTP key management with a colon-separated profile list.
.It Fl verify_return_error
Return verification error.
.It Fl WWW
Emulate a simple web server.
Pages are resolved relative to the current directory.
For example if the URL
.Pa https://myhost/page.html
is requested, the file
.Pa ./page.html
will be loaded.
.It Fl www
Send a status message to the client when it connects,
including information about the ciphers used and various session parameters.
The output is in HTML format so this option will normally be used with a
web browser.
.It Fl Verify Ar depth , Fl verify Ar depth
Request a certificate chain from the client,
with a maximum length of
.Ar depth .
With
.Fl Verify ,
the client must supply a certificate or an error occurs;
with
.Fl verify ,
a certificate is requested but the client does not have to send one.
.El
.Tg s_time
.Sh S_TIME
.Bl -hang -width "openssl s_time"
.It Nm openssl s_time
.Bk -words
.Op Fl bugs
.Op Fl CAfile Ar file
.Op Fl CApath Ar directory
.Op Fl cert Ar file
.Op Fl cipher Ar cipherlist
.Op Fl connect Ar host Ns Op : Ns Ar port
.Op Fl key Ar keyfile
.Op Fl nbio
.Op Fl new
.Op Fl no_shutdown
.Op Fl reuse
.Op Fl time Ar seconds
.Op Fl verify Ar depth
.Op Fl www Ar page
.Ek
.El
.Pp
The
.Nm s_time
command implements a generic SSL/TLS client which connects to a
remote host using SSL/TLS.
It can request a page from the server and includes
the time to transfer the payload data in its timing measurements.
It measures the number of connections within a given timeframe,
the amount of data transferred
.Pq if any ,
and calculates the average time spent for one connection.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl bugs
Enable various workarounds for buggy implementations.
.It Fl CAfile Ar file
A
.Ar file
containing trusted certificates to use during server authentication
and to use when attempting to build the client certificate chain.
.It Fl CApath Ar directory
The directory to use for server certificate verification.
This directory must be in
.Qq hash format ;
see
.Nm verify
for more information.
These are also used when building the client certificate chain.
.It Fl cert Ar file
The certificate to use, if one is requested by the server.
The default is not to use a certificate.
.It Fl cipher Ar cipherlist
Modify the cipher list sent by the client.
Although the server determines which cipher suite is used,
it should take the first supported cipher in the list sent by the client.
See the
.Nm ciphers
command for more information.
.It Fl connect Ar host Ns Op : Ns Ar port
The host and port to connect to.
.It Fl key Ar keyfile
The private key to use.
If not specified, the certificate file will be used.
.It Fl nbio
Turn on non-blocking I/O.
.It Fl new
Perform the timing test using a new session ID for each connection.
If neither
.Fl new
nor
.Fl reuse
are specified,
they are both on by default and executed in sequence.
.It Fl no_shutdown
Shut down the connection without sending a
.Qq close notify
shutdown alert to the server.
.It Fl reuse
Perform the timing test using the same session ID for each connection.
If neither
.Fl new
nor
.Fl reuse
are specified,
they are both on by default and executed in sequence.
.It Fl time Ar seconds
Limit
.Nm s_time
benchmarks to the number of
.Ar seconds .
The default is 30 seconds.
.It Fl verify Ar depth
Turn on server certificate verification,
with a maximum length of
.Ar depth .
Currently the verify operation continues after errors, so all the problems
with a certificate chain can be seen.
As a side effect,
the connection will never fail due to a server certificate verify failure.
.It Fl www Ar page
The page to GET from the server.
A value of
.Sq /
gets the index.htm[l] page.
If this parameter is not specified,
.Nm s_time
will only perform the handshake to establish SSL connections
but not transfer any payload data.
.El
.Tg sess_id
.Sh SESS_ID
.Bl -hang -width "openssl sess_id"
.It Nm openssl sess_id
.Bk -words
.Op Fl cert
.Op Fl context Ar ID
.Op Fl in Ar file
.Op Fl inform Cm der | pem
.Op Fl noout
.Op Fl out Ar file
.Op Fl outform Cm der | pem
.Op Fl text
.Ek
.El
.Pp
The
.Nm sess_id
program processes the encoded version of the SSL session structure and
optionally prints out SSL session details
(for example the SSL session master key)
in human-readable format.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl cert
If a certificate is present in the session,
it will be output using this option;
if the
.Fl text
option is also present, then it will be printed out in text form.
.It Fl context Ar ID
Set the session
.Ar ID .
The ID can be any string of characters.
.It Fl in Ar file
The input file to read from,
or standard input if not specified.
.It Fl inform Cm der | pem
The input format.
.Cm der
uses an ASN.1 DER-encoded format containing session details.
The precise format can vary from one version to the next.
.Cm pem
is the default format: it consists of the DER
format base64-encoded with additional header and footer lines.
.It Fl noout
Do not output the encoded version of the session.
.It Fl out Ar file
The output file to write to,
or standard output if not specified.
.It Fl outform Cm der | pem
The output format.
.It Fl text
Print the various public or private key components in plain text,
in addition to the encoded version.
.El
.Pp
The output of
.Nm sess_id
is composed as follows:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "Verify return code " -offset 3n -compact
.It Protocol
The protocol in use.
.It Cipher
The actual raw SSL or TLS cipher code.
.It Session-ID
The SSL session ID, in hex format.
.It Session-ID-ctx
The session ID context, in hex format.
.It Master-Key
The SSL session master key.
.It Key-Arg
The key argument; this is only used in SSL v2.
.It Start Time
The session start time.
.Ux
format.
.It Timeout
The timeout, in seconds.
.It Verify return code
The return code when a certificate is verified.
.El
.Pp
Since the SSL session output contains the master key, it is possible to read
the contents of an encrypted session using this information.
Therefore appropriate security precautions
should be taken if the information is being output by a
.Qq real
application.
This is, however, strongly discouraged and should only be used for
debugging purposes.
.Tg smime
.Sh SMIME
.Bl -hang -width "openssl smime"
.It Nm openssl smime
.Bk -words
.Oo
.Fl aes128 | aes192 | aes256 | des |
.Fl des3 | rc2-40 | rc2-64 | rc2-128
.Oc
.Op Fl binary
.Op Fl CAfile Ar file
.Op Fl CApath Ar directory
.Op Fl certfile Ar file
.Op Fl check_ss_sig
.Op Fl content Ar file
.Op Fl crl_check
.Op Fl crl_check_all
.Op Fl decrypt
.Op Fl encrypt
.Op Fl extended_crl
.Op Fl from Ar addr
.Op Fl ignore_critical
.Op Fl in Ar file
.Op Fl indef
.Op Fl inform Cm der | pem | smime
.Op Fl inkey Ar file
.Op Fl issuer_checks
.Op Fl keyform Cm der | pem
.Op Fl md Ar digest
.Op Fl noattr
.Op Fl nocerts
.Op Fl nochain
.Op Fl nodetach
.Op Fl noindef
.Op Fl nointern
.Op Fl nosigs
.Op Fl nosmimecap
.Op Fl noverify
.Op Fl out Ar file
.Op Fl outform Cm der | pem | smime
.Op Fl passin Ar arg
.Op Fl pk7out
.Op Fl policy_check
.Op Fl recip Ar file
.Op Fl resign
.Op Fl sign
.Op Fl signer Ar file
.Op Fl stream
.Op Fl subject Ar s
.Op Fl text
.Op Fl to Ar addr
.Op Fl verify
.Op Fl x509_strict
.Op Ar cert.pem ...
.Ek
.El
.Pp
The
.Nm smime
command handles S/MIME mail.
It can encrypt, decrypt, sign, and verify S/MIME messages.
.Pp
The MIME message must be sent without any blank lines between the
headers and the output.
Some mail programs will automatically add a blank line.
Piping the mail directly to an MTA is one way to
achieve the correct format.
.Pp
The supplied message to be signed or encrypted must include the necessary
MIME headers or many S/MIME clients won't display it properly (if at all).
Use the
.Fl text
option to automatically add plain text headers.
.Pp
A
.Qq signed and encrypted
message is one where a signed message is then encrypted.
This can be produced by encrypting an already signed message.
.Pp
There are a number of operations that can be performed, as follows:
.Bl -tag -width "XXXX"
.It Fl decrypt
Decrypt mail using the supplied certificate and private key.
The input file is an encrypted mail message in MIME format.
The decrypted mail is written to the output file.
.It Fl encrypt
Encrypt mail for the given recipient certificates.
The input is the message to be encrypted.
The output file is the encrypted mail, in MIME format.
.It Fl pk7out
Take an input message and write out a PEM-encoded PKCS#7 structure.
.It Fl resign
Resign a message: take an existing message and one or more new signers.
.It Fl sign
Sign mail using the supplied certificate and private key.
The input file is the message to be signed.
The signed message, in MIME format, is written to the output file.
.It Fl verify
Verify signed mail.
The input is a signed mail message and the output is the signed data.
Both clear text and opaque signing is supported.
.El
.Pp
The remaining options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width "XXXX"
.It Xo
.Fl aes128 | aes192 | aes256 | des |
.Fl des3 | rc2-40 | rc2-64 | rc2-128
.Xc
The encryption algorithm to use.
128-, 192-, or 256-bit AES, DES (56 bits), triple DES (168 bits),
or 40-, 64-, or 128-bit RC2, respectively;
if not specified, 40-bit RC2 is
used.
Only used with
.Fl encrypt .
.It Fl binary
Normally, the input message is converted to
.Qq canonical
format which uses CR/LF as end of line,
as required by the S/MIME specification.
When this option is present, no translation occurs.
This is useful when handling binary data which may not be in MIME format.
.It Fl CAfile Ar file
A
.Ar file
containing trusted CA certificates; only used with
.Fl verify .
.It Fl CApath Ar directory
A
.Ar directory
containing trusted CA certificates; only used with
.Fl verify .
This directory must be a standard certificate directory:
that is, a hash of each subject name (using
.Nm x509 -hash )
should be linked to each certificate.
.It Ar cert.pem ...
One or more certificates of message recipients: used when encrypting
a message.
.It Fl certfile Ar file
Allows additional certificates to be specified.
When signing, these will be included with the message.
When verifying, these will be searched for the signers' certificates.
The certificates should be in PEM format.
.It Xo
.Fl check_ss_sig ,
.Fl crl_check ,
.Fl crl_check_all ,
.Fl extended_crl ,
.Fl ignore_critical ,
.Fl issuer_checks ,
.Fl policy_check ,
.Fl x509_strict
.Xc
Set various certificate chain validation options.
See the
.Nm verify
command for details.
.It Fl content Ar file
A file containing the detached content.
This is only useful with the
.Fl verify
option,
and only usable if the PKCS#7 structure is using the detached
signature form where the content is not included.
This option will override any content if the input format is S/MIME
and it uses the multipart/signed MIME content type.
.It Xo
.Fl from Ar addr ,
.Fl subject Ar s ,
.Fl to Ar addr
.Xc
The relevant mail headers.
These are included outside the signed
portion of a message so they may be included manually.
When signing, many S/MIME
mail clients check that the signer's certificate email
address matches the From: address.
.It Fl in Ar file
The input file to read from.
.It Fl indef
Enable streaming I/O for encoding operations.
This permits single pass processing of data without
the need to hold the entire contents in memory,
potentially supporting very large files.
Streaming is automatically set for S/MIME signing with detached
data if the output format is SMIME;
it is currently off by default for all other operations.
.It Fl inform Cm der | pem | smime
The input format.
.It Fl inkey Ar file
The private key to use when signing or decrypting,
which must match the corresponding certificate.
If this option is not specified, the private key must be included
in the certificate file specified with
the
.Fl recip
or
.Fl signer
file.
When signing,
this option can be used multiple times to specify successive keys.
.It Fl keyform Cm der | pem
Input private key format.
The default is
.Cm pem .
.It Fl md Ar digest
The digest algorithm to use when signing or resigning.
If not present then the default digest algorithm for the signing key is used
(usually SHA1).
.It Fl noattr
Do not include attributes.
.It Fl nocerts
Do not include the signer's certificate.
This will reduce the size of the signed message but the verifier must
have a copy of the signer's certificate available locally (passed using the
.Fl certfile
option, for example).
.It Fl nochain
Do not do chain verification of signers' certificates: that is,
don't use the certificates in the signed message as untrusted CAs.
.It Fl nodetach
When signing a message use opaque signing: this form is more resistant
to translation by mail relays but it cannot be read by mail agents that
do not support S/MIME.
Without this option cleartext signing with the MIME type
multipart/signed is used.
.It Fl noindef
Disable streaming I/O where it would produce an encoding of indefinite length
(currently has no effect).
.It Fl nointern
Only use certificates specified in the
.Fl certfile .
The supplied certificates can still be used as untrusted CAs.
.It Fl nosigs
Do not try to verify the signatures on the message.
.It Fl nosmimecap
Exclude the list of supported algorithms from signed attributes,
other options such as signing time and content type are still included.
.It Fl noverify
Do not verify the signer's certificate of a signed message.
.It Fl out Ar file
The output file to write to.
.It Fl outform Cm der | pem | smime
The output format.
The default is smime, which writes an S/MIME format message.
.Cm pem
and
.Cm der
change this to write PEM and DER format PKCS#7 structures instead.
This currently only affects the output format of the PKCS#7
structure; if no PKCS#7 structure is being output (for example with
.Fl verify
or
.Fl decrypt )
this option has no effect.
.It Fl passin Ar arg
The key password source.
.It Fl recip Ar file
The recipients certificate when decrypting a message.
This certificate
must match one of the recipients of the message or an error occurs.
.It Fl signer Ar file
A signing certificate when signing or resigning a message;
this option can be used multiple times if more than one signer is required.
If a message is being verified, the signer's certificates will be
written to this file if the verification was successful.
.It Fl stream
The same as
.Fl indef .
.It Fl text
Add plain text (text/plain) MIME
headers to the supplied message if encrypting or signing.
If decrypting or verifying, it strips off text headers:
if the decrypted or verified message is not of MIME type text/plain
then an error occurs.
.El
.Pp
The exit codes for
.Nm smime
are as follows:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "XXXX" -offset 3n -compact
.It 0
The operation was completely successful.
.It 1
An error occurred parsing the command options.
.It 2
One of the input files could not be read.
.It 3
An error occurred creating the file or when reading the message.
.It 4
An error occurred decrypting or verifying the message.
.It 5
An error occurred writing certificates.
.El
.Tg speed
.Sh SPEED
.Bl -hang -width "openssl speed"
.It Nm openssl speed
.Bk -words
.Op Ar algorithm
.Op Fl decrypt
.Op Fl elapsed
.Op Fl evp Ar algorithm
.Op Fl mr
.Op Fl multi Ar number
.Ek
.El
.Pp
The
.Nm speed
command is used to test the performance of cryptographic algorithms.
.Bl -tag -width "XXXX"
.It Ar algorithm
Perform the test using
.Ar algorithm .
The default is to test all algorithms.
.It Fl decrypt
Time decryption instead of encryption;
must be used with
.Fl evp .
.It Fl elapsed
Measure time in real time instead of CPU user time.
.It Fl evp Ar algorithm
Perform the test using one of the algorithms accepted by
.Xr EVP_get_cipherbyname 3 .
.It Fl mr
Produce machine readable output.
.It Fl multi Ar number
Run
.Ar number
benchmarks in parallel.
.El
.Tg spkac
.Sh SPKAC
.Bl -hang -width "openssl spkac"
.It Nm openssl spkac
.Bk -words
.Op Fl challenge Ar string
.Op Fl in Ar file
.Op Fl key Ar keyfile
.Op Fl noout
.Op Fl out Ar file
.Op Fl passin Ar arg
.Op Fl pubkey
.Op Fl spkac Ar spkacname
.Op Fl spksect Ar section
.Op Fl verify
.Ek
.El
.Pp
The
.Nm spkac
command processes signed public key and challenge (SPKAC) files.
It can print out their contents, verify the signature,
and produce its own SPKACs from a supplied private key.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl challenge Ar string
The challenge string, if an SPKAC is being created.
.It Fl in Ar file
The input file to read from,
or standard input if not specified.
Ignored if the
.Fl key
option is used.
.It Fl key Ar keyfile
Create an SPKAC file using the private key in
.Ar keyfile .
The
.Fl in , noout , spksect ,
and
.Fl verify
options are ignored, if present.
.It Fl noout
Do not output the text version of the SPKAC.
.It Fl out Ar file
The output file to write to,
or standard output if not specified.
.It Fl passin Ar arg
The key password source.
.It Fl pubkey
Output the public key of an SPKAC.
.It Fl spkac Ar spkacname
An alternative name for the variable containing the SPKAC.
The default is "SPKAC".
This option affects both generated and input SPKAC files.
.It Fl spksect Ar section
An alternative name for the
.Ar section
containing the SPKAC.
.It Fl verify
Verify the digital signature on the supplied SPKAC.
.El
.Tg ts
.Sh TS
.Bk -words
.Bl -hang -width "openssl ts"
.It Nm openssl ts
.Fl query
.Op Fl md4 | md5 | ripemd160 | sha1
.Op Fl cert
.Op Fl config Ar configfile
.Op Fl data Ar file_to_hash
.Op Fl digest Ar digest_bytes
.Op Fl in Ar request.tsq
.Op Fl no_nonce
.Op Fl out Ar request.tsq
.Op Fl policy Ar object_id
.Op Fl text
.It Nm openssl ts
.Fl reply
.Op Fl chain Ar certs_file.pem
.Op Fl config Ar configfile
.Op Fl in Ar response.tsr
.Op Fl inkey Ar private.pem
.Op Fl out Ar response.tsr
.Op Fl passin Ar arg
.Op Fl policy Ar object_id
.Op Fl queryfile Ar request.tsq
.Op Fl section Ar tsa_section
.Op Fl signer Ar tsa_cert.pem
.Op Fl text
.Op Fl token_in
.Op Fl token_out
.It Nm openssl ts
.Fl verify
.Op Fl CAfile Ar trusted_certs.pem
.Op Fl CApath Ar trusted_cert_path
.Op Fl data Ar file_to_hash
.Op Fl digest Ar digest_bytes
.Op Fl in Ar response.tsr
.Op Fl queryfile Ar request.tsq
.Op Fl token_in
.Op Fl untrusted Ar cert_file.pem
.El
.Ek
.Pp
The
.Nm ts
command is a basic Time Stamping Authority (TSA) client and server
application as specified in RFC 3161 (Time-Stamp Protocol, TSP).
A TSA can be part of a PKI deployment and its role is to provide long
term proof of the existence of specific data.
Here is a brief description of the protocol:
.Bl -enum
.It
The TSA client computes a one-way hash value for a data file and sends
the hash to the TSA.
.It
The TSA attaches the current date and time to the received hash value,
signs them and sends the time stamp token back to the client.
By creating this token the TSA certifies the existence of the original
data file at the time of response generation.
.It
The TSA client receives the time stamp token and verifies the
signature on it.
It also checks if the token contains the same hash
value that it had sent to the TSA.
.El
.Pp
There is one DER-encoded protocol data unit defined for transporting a time
stamp request to the TSA and one for sending the time stamp response
back to the client.
The
.Nm ts
command has three main functions:
creating a time stamp request based on a data file;
creating a time stamp response based on a request;
and verifying if a response corresponds
to a particular request or a data file.
.Pp
There is no support for sending the requests/responses automatically
over HTTP or TCP yet as suggested in RFC 3161.
Users must send the requests either by FTP or email.
.Pp
The
.Fl query
switch can be used for creating and printing a time stamp
request with the following options:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl cert
Expect the TSA to include its signing certificate in the response.
.It Fl config Ar configfile
Specify an alternative configuration file.
Only the OID section is used.
.It Fl data Ar file_to_hash
The data file for which the time stamp request needs to be created.
The default is standard input.
.It Fl digest Ar digest_bytes
Specify the message imprint explicitly without the data file.
The imprint must be specified in a hexadecimal format,
two characters per byte,
the bytes optionally separated by colons.
The number of bytes must match the message digest algorithm in use.
.It Fl in Ar request.tsq
A previously created time stamp request in DER
format that will be printed into the output file.
Useful for examining the content of a request in human-readable format.
.It Fl md4 | md5 | ripemd160 | sha | sha1
The message digest to apply to the data file.
It supports all the message digest algorithms that are supported by the
.Nm dgst
command.
The default is SHA1.
.It Fl no_nonce
Specify no nonce in the request.
The default, to include a 64-bit long pseudo-random nonce,
is recommended to protect against replay attacks.
.It Fl out Ar request.tsq
The output file to write to,
or standard output if not specified.
.It Fl policy Ar object_id
The policy that the client expects the TSA to use for creating the
time stamp token.
Either dotted OID notation or OID names defined
in the config file can be used.
If no policy is requested, the TSA uses its own default policy.
.It Fl text
Output in human-readable text format instead of DER.
.El
.Pp
A time stamp response (TimeStampResp) consists of a response status
and the time stamp token itself (ContentInfo),
if the token generation was successful.
The
.Fl reply
command is for creating a time stamp
response or time stamp token based on a request and printing the
response/token in human-readable format.
If
.Fl token_out
is not specified the output is always a time stamp response (TimeStampResp),
otherwise it is a time stamp token (ContentInfo).
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl chain Ar certs_file.pem
The collection of PEM certificates
that will be included in the response
in addition to the signer certificate if the
.Fl cert
option was used for the request.
This file is supposed to contain the certificate chain
for the signer certificate from its issuer upwards.
The
.Fl reply
command does not build a certificate chain automatically.
.It Fl config Ar configfile
Specify an alternative configuration file.
.It Fl in Ar response.tsr
Specify a previously created time stamp response (or time stamp token, if
.Fl token_in
is also specified)
in DER format that will be written to the output file.
This option does not require a request;
it is useful, for example,
to examine the content of a response or token
or to extract the time stamp token from a response.
If the input is a token and the output is a time stamp response a default
.Qq granted
status info is added to the token.
.It Fl inkey Ar private.pem
The signer private key of the TSA in PEM format.
Overrides the
.Cm signer_key
config file option.
.It Fl out Ar response.tsr
The response is written to this file.
The format and content of the file depends on other options (see
.Fl text
and
.Fl token_out ) .
The default is stdout.
.It Fl passin Ar arg
The key password source.
.It Fl policy Ar object_id
The default policy to use for the response.
Either dotted OID notation or OID names defined
in the config file can be used.
If no policy is requested the TSA uses its own default policy.
.It Fl queryfile Ar request.tsq
The file containing a DER-encoded time stamp request.
.It Fl section Ar tsa_section
The config file section containing the settings for response generation.
.It Fl signer Ar tsa_cert.pem
The PEM signer certificate of the TSA.
The TSA signing certificate must have exactly one extended key usage
assigned to it: timeStamping.
The extended key usage must also be critical,
otherwise the certificate is going to be refused.
Overrides the
.Cm signer_cert
variable of the config file.
.It Fl text
Output in human-readable text format instead of DER.
.It Fl token_in
The input is a DER-encoded time stamp token (ContentInfo)
instead of a time stamp response (TimeStampResp).
.It Fl token_out
The output is a time stamp token (ContentInfo)
instead of a time stamp response (TimeStampResp).
.El
.Pp
The
.Fl verify
command is for verifying if a time stamp response or time stamp token
is valid and matches a particular time stamp request or data file.
The
.Fl verify
command does not use the configuration file.
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl CAfile Ar trusted_certs.pem
The file containing a set of trusted self-signed PEM CA certificates.
See
.Nm verify
for additional details.
Either this option or
.Fl CApath
must be specified.
.It Fl CApath Ar trusted_cert_path
The directory containing the trusted CA certificates of the client.
See
.Nm verify
for additional details.
Either this option or
.Fl CAfile
must be specified.
.It Fl data Ar file_to_hash
The response or token must be verified against
.Ar file_to_hash .
The file is hashed with the message digest algorithm specified in the token.
The
.Fl digest
and
.Fl queryfile
options must not be specified with this one.
.It Fl digest Ar digest_bytes
The response or token must be verified against the message digest specified
with this option.
The number of bytes must match the message digest algorithm
specified in the token.
The
.Fl data
and
.Fl queryfile
options must not be specified with this one.
.It Fl in Ar response.tsr
The time stamp response that needs to be verified, in DER format.
This option in mandatory.
.It Fl queryfile Ar request.tsq
The original time stamp request, in DER format.
The
.Fl data
and
.Fl digest
options must not be specified with this one.
.It Fl token_in
The input is a DER-encoded time stamp token (ContentInfo)
instead of a time stamp response (TimeStampResp).
.It Fl untrusted Ar cert_file.pem
Additional untrusted PEM certificates which may be needed
when building the certificate chain for the TSA's signing certificate.
This file must contain the TSA signing certificate and
all intermediate CA certificates unless the response includes them.
.El
.Pp
Options specified on the command line always override
the settings in the config file:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Cm tsa Ar section , Cm default_tsa
This is the main section and it specifies the name of another section
that contains all the options for the
.Fl reply
option.
This section can be overridden with the
.Fl section
command line switch.
.It Cm oid_file
See
.Nm ca
for a description.
.It Cm oid_section
See
.Nm ca
for a description.
.It Cm serial
The file containing the hexadecimal serial number of the
last time stamp response created.
This number is incremented by 1 for each response.
If the file does not exist at the time of response generation
a new file is created with serial number 1.
This parameter is mandatory.
.It Cm signer_cert
TSA signing certificate, in PEM format.
The same as the
.Fl signer
command line option.
.It Cm certs
A set of PEM-encoded certificates that need to be
included in the response.
The same as the
.Fl chain
command line option.
.It Cm signer_key
The private key of the TSA, in PEM format.
The same as the
.Fl inkey
command line option.
.It Cm default_policy
The default policy to use when the request does not mandate any policy.
The same as the
.Fl policy
command line option.
.It Cm other_policies
Comma separated list of policies that are also acceptable by the TSA
and used only if the request explicitly specifies one of them.
.It Cm digests
The list of message digest algorithms that the TSA accepts.
At least one algorithm must be specified.
This parameter is mandatory.
.It Cm accuracy
The accuracy of the time source of the TSA in seconds, milliseconds
and microseconds.
For example, secs:1, millisecs:500, microsecs:100.
If any of the components is missing,
zero is assumed for that field.
.It Cm clock_precision_digits
The maximum number of digits, which represent the fraction of seconds,
that need to be included in the time field.
The trailing zeroes must be removed from the time,
so there might actually be fewer digits
or no fraction of seconds at all.
The maximum value is 6;
the default is 0.
.It Cm ordering
If this option is yes,
the responses generated by this TSA can always be ordered,
even if the time difference between two responses is less
than the sum of their accuracies.
The default is no.
.It Cm tsa_name
Set this option to yes if the subject name of the TSA must be included in
the TSA name field of the response.
The default is no.
.It Cm ess_cert_id_chain
The SignedData objects created by the TSA always contain the
certificate identifier of the signing certificate in a signed
attribute (see RFC 2634, Enhanced Security Services).
If this option is set to yes and either the
.Cm certs
variable or the
.Fl chain
option is specified then the certificate identifiers of the chain will also
be included in the SigningCertificate signed attribute.
If this variable is set to no,
only the signing certificate identifier is included.
The default is no.
.El
.Tg verify
.Sh VERIFY
.Bl -hang -width "openssl verify"
.It Nm openssl verify
.Bk -words
.Op Fl CAfile Ar file
.Op Fl CApath Ar directory
.Op Fl check_ss_sig
.Op Fl CRLfile Ar file
.Op Fl crl_check
.Op Fl crl_check_all
.Op Fl explicit_policy
.Op Fl extended_crl
.Op Fl help
.Op Fl ignore_critical
.Op Fl inhibit_any
.Op Fl inhibit_map
.Op Fl issuer_checks
.Op Fl legacy_verify
.Op Fl policy_check
.Op Fl purpose Ar purpose
.Op Fl trusted Ar file
.Op Fl untrusted Ar file
.Op Fl verbose
.Op Fl x509_strict
.Op Ar certificates
.Ek
.El
.Pp
The
.Nm verify
command verifies certificate chains.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl CAfile Ar file
A
.Ar file
of trusted certificates.
The
.Ar file
should contain multiple certificates in PEM format, concatenated together.
.It Fl CApath Ar directory
A
.Ar directory
of trusted certificates.
The certificates, or symbolic links to them,
should have names of the form
.Ar hash Ns .0 ,
where
.Ar hash
is the hashed certificate subject name
(see the
.Fl hash
option of the
.Nm x509
utility).
.It Fl check_ss_sig
Verify the signature on the self-signed root CA.
This is disabled by default
because it doesn't add any security.
.It Fl CRLfile Ar file
The
.Ar file
should contain one or more CRLs in PEM format.
.It Fl crl_check
Check end entity certificate validity by attempting to look up a valid CRL.
If a valid CRL cannot be found, an error occurs.
.It Fl crl_check_all
Check the validity of all certificates in the chain by attempting
to look up valid CRLs.
.It Fl explicit_policy
Set policy variable require-explicit-policy (RFC 3280).
.It Fl extended_crl
Enable extended CRL features such as indirect CRLs and alternate CRL
signing keys.
.It Fl help
Print a usage message.
.It Fl ignore_critical
Ignore critical extensions instead of rejecting the certificate.
.It Fl inhibit_any
Set policy variable inhibit-any-policy (RFC 3280).
.It Fl inhibit_map
Set policy variable inhibit-policy-mapping (RFC 3280).
.It Fl issuer_checks
Print diagnostics relating to searches for the issuer certificate
of the current certificate
showing why each candidate issuer certificate was rejected.
The presence of rejection messages
does not itself imply that anything is wrong:
during the normal verify process several rejections may take place.
.It Fl legacy_verify
Use the legacy X.509 certificate chain verification code.
.It Fl policy_check
Enable certificate policy processing.
.It Fl purpose Ar purpose
The intended use for the certificate.
Without this option no chain verification will be done.
Currently accepted uses are
.Cm sslclient , sslserver ,
.Cm nssslserver , smimesign ,
.Cm smimeencrypt , crlsign ,
.Cm any ,
and
.Cm ocsphelper .
.It Fl trusted Ar file
A
.Ar file
of trusted certificates.
The
.Ar file
should contain multiple certificates.
.It Fl untrusted Ar file
A
.Ar file
of untrusted certificates.
The
.Ar file
should contain multiple certificates.
.It Fl verbose
Print extra information about the operations being performed.
.It Fl x509_strict
Disable workarounds for broken certificates which have to be disabled
for strict X.509 compliance.
.It Ar certificates
One or more PEM
.Ar certificates
to verify.
If no certificate files are included, an attempt is made to read
a certificate from standard input.
If the first certificate filename begins with a dash,
use a lone dash to mark the last option.
.El
.Pp
The
.Nm verify
program uses the same functions as the internal SSL and S/MIME verification,
with one crucial difference:
wherever possible an attempt is made to continue after an error,
whereas normally the verify operation would halt on the first error.
This allows all the problems with a certificate chain to be determined.
.Pp
The verify operation consists of a number of separate steps.
Firstly a certificate chain is built up starting from the supplied certificate
and ending in the root CA.
It is an error if the whole chain cannot be built up.
The chain is built up by looking up the issuer's certificate of the current
certificate.
If a certificate is found which is its own issuer, it is assumed
to be the root CA.
.Pp
All certificates whose subject name matches the issuer name
of the current certificate are subject to further tests.
The relevant authority key identifier components of the current certificate
(if present) must match the subject key identifier (if present)
and issuer and serial number of the candidate issuer;
in addition the
.Cm keyUsage
extension of the candidate issuer (if present) must permit certificate signing.
.Pp
The lookup first looks in the list of untrusted certificates and if no match
is found the remaining lookups are from the trusted certificates.
The root CA is always looked up in the trusted certificate list:
if the certificate to verify is a root certificate,
then an exact match must be found in the trusted list.
.Pp
The second operation is to check every untrusted certificate's extensions for
consistency with the supplied purpose.
If the
.Fl purpose
option is not included, then no checks are done.
The supplied or
.Qq leaf
certificate must have extensions compatible with the supplied purpose
and all other certificates must also be valid CA certificates.
The precise extensions required are described in more detail in
the
.Nm X509
section below.
.Pp
The third operation is to check the trust settings on the root CA.
The root CA should be trusted for the supplied purpose.
A certificate with no trust settings is considered to be valid for
all purposes.
.Pp
The final operation is to check the validity of the certificate chain.
The validity period is checked against the current system time and the
.Cm notBefore
and
.Cm notAfter
dates in the certificate.
The certificate signatures are also checked at this point.
.Pp
If all operations complete successfully, the certificate is considered
valid.
If any operation fails then the certificate is not valid.
When a verify operation fails, the output messages can be somewhat cryptic.
The general form of the error message is:
.Bd -literal
server.pem: /C=AU/ST=Queensland/O=CryptSoft Pty Ltd/CN=Test CA (1024-bit)
error 24 at 1 depth lookup:invalid CA certificate
.Ed
.Pp
The first line contains the name of the certificate being verified, followed by
the subject name of the certificate.
The second line contains the error number and the depth.
The depth is the number of the certificate being verified when a
problem was detected starting with zero for the certificate being verified
itself, then 1 for the CA that signed the certificate and so on.
Finally a text version of the error number is presented.
.Pp
An exhaustive list of the error codes and messages is shown below; this also
includes the name of the error code as defined in the header file
.In openssl/x509_vfy.h .
Some of the error codes are defined but never returned: these are described as
.Qq unused .
.Bl -tag -width "XXXX"
.It 0 X509_V_OK
The operation was successful.
.It 2 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT
The issuer certificate of an untrusted certificate could not be found.
.It 3 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_CRL
The CRL of a certificate could not be found.
.It 4 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECRYPT_CERT_SIGNATURE
The certificate signature could not be decrypted.
This means that the actual signature value could not be determined
rather than it not matching the expected value.
This is only meaningful for RSA keys.
.It 5 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECRYPT_CRL_SIGNATURE
The CRL signature could not be decrypted.
This means that the actual signature value could not be determined
rather than it not matching the expected value.
Unused.
.It 6 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECODE_ISSUER_PUBLIC_KEY
The public key in the certificate
.Cm SubjectPublicKeyInfo
could not be read.
.It 7 X509_V_ERR_CERT_SIGNATURE_FAILURE
The signature of the certificate is invalid.
.It 8 X509_V_ERR_CRL_SIGNATURE_FAILURE
The signature of the certificate is invalid.
.It 9 X509_V_ERR_CERT_NOT_YET_VALID
The certificate is not yet valid: the
.Cm notBefore
date is after the current time.
.It 10 X509_V_ERR_CERT_HAS_EXPIRED
The certificate has expired; that is, the
.Cm notAfter
date is before the current time.
.It 11 X509_V_ERR_CRL_NOT_YET_VALID
The CRL is not yet valid.
.It 12 X509_V_ERR_CRL_HAS_EXPIRED
The CRL has expired.
.It 13 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CERT_NOT_BEFORE_FIELD
The certificate
.Cm notBefore
field contains an invalid time.
.It 14 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CERT_NOT_AFTER_FIELD
The certificate
.Cm notAfter
field contains an invalid time.
.It 15 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CRL_LAST_UPDATE_FIELD
The CRL
.Cm lastUpdate
field contains an invalid time.
.It 16 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CRL_NEXT_UPDATE_FIELD
The CRL
.Cm nextUpdate
field contains an invalid time.
.It 17 X509_V_ERR_OUT_OF_MEM
An error occurred trying to allocate memory.
This should never happen.
.It 18 X509_V_ERR_DEPTH_ZERO_SELF_SIGNED_CERT
The passed certificate is self-signed and the same certificate cannot be
found in the list of trusted certificates.
.It 19 X509_V_ERR_SELF_SIGNED_CERT_IN_CHAIN
The certificate chain could be built up using the untrusted certificates but
the root could not be found locally.
.It 20 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT_LOCALLY
The issuer certificate of a locally looked up certificate could not be found.
This normally means the list of trusted certificates is not complete.
.It 21 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_VERIFY_LEAF_SIGNATURE
No signatures could be verified because the chain contains only one
certificate and it is not self-signed.
.It 22 X509_V_ERR_CERT_CHAIN_TOO_LONG
The certificate chain length is greater than the supplied maximum depth.
Unused.
.It 23 X509_V_ERR_CERT_REVOKED
The certificate has been revoked.
.It 24 X509_V_ERR_INVALID_CA
A CA certificate is invalid.
Either it is not a CA or its extensions are not consistent
with the supplied purpose.
.It 25 X509_V_ERR_PATH_LENGTH_EXCEEDED
The
.Cm basicConstraints
pathlength parameter has been exceeded.
.It 26 X509_V_ERR_INVALID_PURPOSE
The supplied certificate cannot be used for the specified purpose.
.It 27 X509_V_ERR_CERT_UNTRUSTED
The root CA is not marked as trusted for the specified purpose.
.It 28 X509_V_ERR_CERT_REJECTED
The root CA is marked to reject the specified purpose.
.It 29 X509_V_ERR_SUBJECT_ISSUER_MISMATCH
The current candidate issuer certificate was rejected because its subject name
did not match the issuer name of the current certificate.
Only displayed when the
.Fl issuer_checks
option is set.
.It 30 X509_V_ERR_AKID_SKID_MISMATCH
The current candidate issuer certificate was rejected because its subject key
identifier was present and did not match the authority key identifier current
certificate.
Only displayed when the
.Fl issuer_checks
option is set.
.It 31 X509_V_ERR_AKID_ISSUER_SERIAL_MISMATCH
The current candidate issuer certificate was rejected because its issuer name
and serial number were present and did not match the authority key identifier
of the current certificate.
Only displayed when the
.Fl issuer_checks
option is set.
.It 32 X509_V_ERR_KEYUSAGE_NO_CERTSIGN
The current candidate issuer certificate was rejected because its
.Cm keyUsage
extension does not permit certificate signing.
.It 50 X509_V_ERR_APPLICATION_VERIFICATION
An application specific error.
Unused.
.El
.Tg version
.Sh VERSION
.Nm openssl version
.Op Fl abdfopv
.Pp
The
.Nm version
command is used to print out version information about
.Nm openssl .
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl a
All information: this is the same as setting all the other flags.
.It Fl b
The date the current version of
.Nm openssl
was built.
.It Fl d
.Ev OPENSSLDIR
setting.
.It Fl f
Compilation flags.
.It Fl o
Option information: various options set when the library was built.
.It Fl p
Platform setting.
.It Fl v
The current
.Nm openssl
version.
.El
.Tg x509
.Sh X509
.Bl -hang -width "openssl x509"
.It Nm openssl x509
.Bk -words
.Op Fl C
.Op Fl addreject Ar arg
.Op Fl addtrust Ar arg
.Op Fl alias
.Op Fl CA Ar file
.Op Fl CAcreateserial
.Op Fl CAform Cm der | pem
.Op Fl CAkey Ar file
.Op Fl CAkeyform Cm der | pem
.Op Fl CAserial Ar file
.Op Fl certopt Ar option
.Op Fl checkend Ar arg
.Op Fl clrext
.Op Fl clrreject
.Op Fl clrtrust
.Op Fl dates
.Op Fl days Ar arg
.Op Fl email
.Op Fl enddate
.Op Fl extensions Ar section
.Op Fl extfile Ar file
.Op Fl fingerprint
.Op Fl hash
.Op Fl in Ar file
.Op Fl inform Cm der | net | pem
.Op Fl issuer
.Op Fl issuer_hash
.Op Fl issuer_hash_old
.Op Fl keyform Cm der | pem
.Op Fl md5 | sha1
.Op Fl modulus
.Op Fl nameopt Ar option
.Op Fl next_serial
.Op Fl noout
.Op Fl ocsp_uri
.Op Fl ocspid
.Op Fl out Ar file
.Op Fl outform Cm der | net | pem
.Op Fl passin Ar arg
.Op Fl pubkey
.Op Fl purpose
.Op Fl req
.Op Fl serial
.Op Fl set_serial Ar n
.Op Fl setalias Ar arg
.Op Fl signkey Ar file
.Op Fl sigopt Ar nm:v
.Op Fl startdate
.Op Fl subject
.Op Fl subject_hash
.Op Fl subject_hash_old
.Op Fl text
.Op Fl trustout
.Op Fl x509toreq
.Ek
.El
.Pp
The
.Nm x509
command is a multi-purpose certificate utility.
It can be used to display certificate information, convert certificates to
various forms, sign certificate requests like a
.Qq mini CA ,
or edit certificate trust settings.
.Pp
The following are x509 input, output, and general purpose options:
.Bl -tag -width "XXXX"
.It Fl in Ar file
The input file to read from,
or standard input if not specified.
.It Fl inform Cm der | net | pem
The input format.
Normally, the command will expect an X.509 certificate,
but this can change if other options such as
.Fl req
are present.
.It Fl md5 | sha1
The digest to use.
This affects any signing or display option that uses a message digest,
such as the
.Fl fingerprint , signkey ,
and
.Fl CA
options.
If not specified, MD5 is used.
SHA1 is always used with DSA keys.
.It Fl out Ar file
The output file to write to,
or standard output if none is specified.
.It Fl outform Cm der | net | pem
The output format.
.It Fl passin Ar arg
The key password source.
.El
.Pp
The following are x509 display options:
.Bl -tag -width "XXXX"
.It Fl C
Output the certificate in the form of a C source file.
.It Fl certopt Ar option
Customise the output format used with
.Fl text ,
either using a list of comma-separated options or by specifying
.Fl certopt
multiple times.
The default behaviour is to print all fields.
The options are as follows:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "no_extensions" -offset indent -compact
.It Cm ca_default
Equivalent to
.Cm no_issuer , no_pubkey , no_header ,
.Cm no_version , no_sigdump ,
and
.Cm no_signame .
.It Cm compatible
Equivalent to no output options at all.
.It Cm ext_default
Print unsupported certificate extensions.
.It Cm ext_dump
Hex dump unsupported extensions.
.It Cm ext_error
Print an error message for unsupported certificate extensions.
.It Cm ext_parse
ASN.1 parse unsupported extensions.
.It Cm no_aux
Do not print certificate trust information.
.It Cm no_extensions
Do not print X509V3 extensions.
.It Cm no_header
Do not print header (Certificate and Data) information.
.It Cm no_issuer
Do not print the issuer name.
.It Cm no_pubkey
Do not print the public key.
.It Cm no_serial
Do not print the serial number.
.It Cm no_sigdump
Do not give a hexadecimal dump of the certificate signature.
.It Cm no_signame
Do not print the signature algorithm used.
.It Cm no_subject
Do not print the subject name.
.It Cm no_validity
Do not print the
.Cm notBefore
and
.Cm notAfter
(validity) fields.
.It Cm no_version
Do not print the version number.
.El
.It Fl dates
Print the start and expiry date of a certificate.
.It Fl email
Output the email addresses, if any.
.It Fl enddate
Print the expiry date of the certificate; that is, the
.Cm notAfter
date.
.It Fl fingerprint
Print the digest of the DER-encoded version of the whole certificate.
.It Fl hash
A synonym for
.Fl subject_hash .
.It Fl issuer
Print the issuer name.
.It Fl issuer_hash
Print the hash of the certificate issuer name.
.It Fl issuer_hash_old
Print the hash of the certificate issuer name
using the older algorithm as used by
.Nm openssl
versions before 1.0.0.
.It Fl modulus
Print the value of the modulus of the public key contained in the certificate.
.It Fl nameopt Ar option
Customise how the subject or issuer names are displayed,
either using a list of comma-separated options or by specifying
.Fl nameopt
multiple times.
The default behaviour is to use the
.Cm oneline
format.
The options,
which can be preceded by a dash to turn them off,
are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width "XXXX"
.It Cm align
Align field values for a more readable output.
Only usable with
.Ar sep_multiline .
.It Cm compat
Use the old format,
equivalent to specifying no options at all.
.It Cm dn_rev
Reverse the fields of the DN, as required by RFC 2253.
As a side effect, this also reverses the order of multiple AVAs.
.It Cm dump_all
Dump all fields.
When used with
.Ar dump_der ,
it allows the DER encoding of the structure to be unambiguously determined.
.It Cm dump_der
Any fields that need to be hexdumped are
dumped using the DER encoding of the field.
Otherwise just the content octets will be displayed.
Both options use the RFC 2253 #XXXX... format.
.It Cm dump_nostr
Dump non-character string types
(for example OCTET STRING);
usually, non-character string types are displayed
as though each content octet represents a single character.
.It Cm dump_unknown
Dump any field whose OID is not recognised by
.Nm openssl .
.It Cm esc_2253
Escape the
.Qq special
characters required by RFC 2253 in a field that is
.Dq \& ,+"<>; .
Additionally,
.Sq #
is escaped at the beginning of a string
and a space character at the beginning or end of a string.
.It Cm esc_ctrl
Escape control characters.
That is, those with ASCII values less than 0x20 (space)
and the delete (0x7f) character.
They are escaped using the RFC 2253 \eXX notation (where XX are two hex
digits representing the character value).
.It Cm esc_msb
Escape characters with the MSB set; that is, with ASCII values larger than
127.
.It Cm multiline
A multiline format.
Equivalent to
.Cm esc_ctrl , esc_msb , sep_multiline ,
.Cm space_eq , lname ,
and
.Cm align .
.It Cm no_type
Do not attempt to interpret multibyte characters.
That is, content octets are merely dumped as though one octet
represents each character.
This is useful for diagnostic purposes
but results in rather odd looking output.
.It Cm nofname , sname , lname , oid
Alter how the field name is displayed:
.Cm nofname
does not display the field at all;
.Cm sname
uses the short name form (CN for
.Cm commonName ,
for example);
.Cm lname
uses the long form.
.Cm oid
represents the OID in numerical form and is useful for diagnostic purpose.
.It Cm oneline
A one line format which is more readable than
.Cm RFC2253 .
Equivalent to
.Cm esc_2253 , esc_ctrl , esc_msb , utf8 ,
.Cm dump_nostr , dump_der , use_quote , sep_comma_plus_spc ,
.Cm space_eq ,
and
.Cm sname .
.It Cm RFC2253
Displays names compatible with RFC 2253.
Equivalent to
.Cm esc_2253 , esc_ctrl ,
.Cm esc_msb , utf8 , dump_nostr , dump_unknown ,
.Cm dump_der , sep_comma_plus , dn_rev ,
and
.Cm sname .
.It Cm sep_comma_plus , sep_comma_plus_space , sep_semi_plus_space , sep_multiline
Determine the field separators:
the first character is between RDNs and the second between multiple AVAs
(multiple AVAs are very rare and their use is discouraged).
The options ending in
.Qq space
additionally place a space after the separator to make it more readable.
.Cm sep_multiline
uses a linefeed character for the RDN separator and a spaced
.Sq +
for the AVA separator,
as well as indenting the fields by four characters.
.It Cm show_type
Show the type of the ASN.1 character string.
The type precedes the field contents.
For example
.Qq BMPSTRING: Hello World .
.It Cm space_eq
Place spaces round the
.Sq =
character which follows the field name.
.It Cm use_quote
Escape some characters by surrounding the whole string with
.Sq \&"
characters.
Without the option, all escaping is done with the
.Sq \e
character.
.It Cm utf8
Convert all strings to UTF8 format first, as required by RFC 2253.
On a UTF8 compatible terminal,
the use of this option (and not setting
.Cm esc_msb )
may result in the correct display of multibyte characters.
Usually, multibyte characters larger than 0xff
are represented using the format \eUXXXX for 16 bits and \eWXXXXXXXX
for 32 bits,
and any UTF8Strings are converted to their character form first.
.El
.It Fl next_serial
Print the next serial number.
.It Fl noout
Do not output the encoded version of the request.
.It Fl ocsp_uri
Print the OCSP responder addresses, if any.
.It Fl ocspid
Print OCSP hash values for the subject name and public key.
.It Fl pubkey
Print the public key.
.It Fl serial
Print the certificate serial number.
.It Fl sigopt Ar nm:v
Pass options to the signature algorithm during sign or certify operations.
The names and values of these options are algorithm-specific.
.It Fl startdate
Print the start date of the certificate; that is, the
.Cm notBefore
date.
.It Fl subject
Print the subject name.
.It Fl subject_hash
Print the hash of the certificate subject name.
This is used in
.Nm openssl
to form an index to allow certificates in a directory to be looked up
by subject name.
.It Fl subject_hash_old
Print the hash of the certificate subject name
using the older algorithm as used by
.Nm openssl
versions before 1.0.0.
.It Fl text
Print the full certificate in text form.
.El
.Pp
A trusted certificate is a certificate which has several
additional pieces of information attached to it such as the permitted
and prohibited uses of the certificate and an alias.
When a certificate is being verified, at least one certificate must be trusted.
By default, a trusted certificate must be stored locally and be a root CA.
The following are x509 trust settings options:
.Bl -tag -width "XXXX"
.It Fl addreject Ar arg
Add a prohibited use.
Accepts the same values as the
.Fl addtrust
option.
.It Fl addtrust Ar arg
Add a trusted certificate use.
Any object name can be used here, but currently only
.Cm clientAuth
(SSL client use),
.Cm serverAuth
(SSL server use),
and
.Cm emailProtection
(S/MIME email) are used.
.It Fl alias
Output the certificate alias.
.It Fl clrreject
Clear all the prohibited or rejected uses of the certificate.
.It Fl clrtrust
Clear all the permitted or trusted uses of the certificate.
.It Fl purpose
Perform tests on the certificate extensions.
The same code is used when verifying untrusted certificates in chains,
so this section is useful if a chain is rejected by the verify code.
.Pp
The
.Cm basicConstraints
extension CA flag is used to determine whether the
certificate can be used as a CA.
If the CA flag is true, it is a CA;
if the CA flag is false, it is not a CA.
All CAs should have the CA flag set to true.
.Pp
If the
.Cm basicConstraints
extension is absent, then the certificate is
considered to be a possible CA;
other extensions are checked according to the intended use of the certificate.
A warning is given in this case because the certificate should really not
be regarded as a CA.
However it is allowed to be a CA to work around some broken software.
.Pp
If the certificate is a V1 certificate
(and thus has no extensions) and it is self-signed,
it is also assumed to be a CA but a warning is again given.
This is to work around the problem of Verisign roots
which are V1 self-signed certificates.
.Pp
If the
.Cm keyUsage
extension is present, then additional restraints are
made on the uses of the certificate.
A CA certificate must have the
.Cm keyCertSign
bit set if the
.Cm keyUsage
extension is present.
.Pp
The extended key usage extension places additional restrictions on the
certificate uses.
If this extension is present, whether critical or not,
the key can only be used for the purposes specified.
.Pp
A complete description of each test is given below.
The comments about
.Cm basicConstraints
and
.Cm keyUsage
and V1 certificates above apply to all CA certificates.
.Bl -tag -width "XXXX"
.It SSL Client
The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the
web client authentication OID.
.Cm keyUsage
must be absent or it must have the
.Cm digitalSignature
bit set.
The Netscape certificate type must be absent
or it must have the SSL client bit set.
.It SSL Client CA
The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the
web client authentication OID.
The Netscape certificate type must be absent
or it must have the SSL CA bit set:
this is used as a workaround if the
.Cm basicConstraints
extension is absent.
.It SSL Server
The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the
web server authentication and/or one of the SGC OIDs.
.Cm keyUsage
must be absent or it must have the
.Cm digitalSignature
set, the
.Cm keyEncipherment
set, or both bits set.
The Netscape certificate type must be absent or have the SSL server bit set.
.It SSL Server CA
The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the
web server authentication and/or one of the SGC OIDs.
The Netscape certificate type must be absent or the SSL CA bit must be set:
this is used as a workaround if the
.Cm basicConstraints
extension is absent.
.It Netscape SSL Server
For Netscape SSL clients to connect to an SSL server; it must have the
.Cm keyEncipherment
bit set if the
.Cm keyUsage
extension is present.
This isn't always valid because some cipher suites use the key for
digital signing.
Otherwise it is the same as a normal SSL server.
.It Common S/MIME Client Tests
The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the
email protection OID.
The Netscape certificate type must be absent or should have the S/MIME bit set.
If the S/MIME bit is not set in Netscape certificate type, then the SSL
client bit is tolerated as an alternative but a warning is shown:
this is because some Verisign certificates don't set the S/MIME bit.
.It S/MIME Signing
In addition to the common S/MIME client tests, the
.Cm digitalSignature
bit must be set if the
.Cm keyUsage
extension is present.
.It S/MIME Encryption
In addition to the common S/MIME tests, the
.Cm keyEncipherment
bit must be set if the
.Cm keyUsage
extension is present.
.It S/MIME CA
The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the
email protection OID.
The Netscape certificate type must be absent
or must have the S/MIME CA bit set:
this is used as a workaround if the
.Cm basicConstraints
extension is absent.
.It CRL Signing
The
.Cm keyUsage
extension must be absent or it must have the CRL signing bit set.
.It CRL Signing CA
The normal CA tests apply, except the
.Cm basicConstraints
extension must be present.
.El
.It Fl setalias Ar arg
Set the alias of the certificate,
allowing the certificate to be referred to using a nickname,
such as
.Qq Steve's Certificate .
.It Fl trustout
Output a trusted certificate
(the default if any trust settings are modified).
An ordinary or trusted certificate can be input, but by default an ordinary
certificate is output and any trust settings are discarded.
.El
.Pp
The
.Nm x509
utility can be used to sign certificates and requests:
it can thus behave like a mini CA.
The following are x509 signing options:
.Bl -tag -width "XXXX"
.It Fl CA Ar file
The CA certificate to be used for signing.
When this option is present,
.Nm x509
behaves like a mini CA.
The input file is signed by the CA using this option;
that is, its issuer name is set to the subject name of the CA and it is
digitally signed using the CA's private key.
.Pp
This option is normally combined with the
.Fl req
option.
Without the
.Fl req
option, the input is a certificate which must be self-signed.
.It Fl CAcreateserial
Create the CA serial number file if it does not exist
instead of generating an error.
The file will contain the serial number
.Sq 02
and the certificate being signed will have
.Sq 1
as its serial number.
.It Fl CAform Cm der | pem
The format of the CA certificate file.
The default is
.Cm pem .
.It Fl CAkey Ar file
Set the CA private key to sign a certificate with.
Otherwise it is assumed that the CA private key is present
in the CA certificate file.
.It Fl CAkeyform Cm der | pem
The format of the CA private key.
The default is
.Cm pem .
.It Fl CAserial Ar file
Use the serial number in
.Ar file
to sign a certificate.
The file should consist of one line containing an even number of hex digits
with the serial number to use.
After each use the serial number is incremented and written out
to the file again.
.Pp
The default filename consists of the CA certificate file base name with
.Pa .srl
appended.
For example, if the CA certificate file is called
.Pa mycacert.pem ,
it expects to find a serial number file called
.Pa mycacert.srl .
.It Fl checkend Ar arg
Check whether the certificate expires in the next
.Ar arg
seconds.
If so, exit with return value 1;
otherwise exit with return value 0.
.It Fl clrext
Delete any extensions from a certificate.
This option is used when a certificate is being created from another
certificate (for example with the
.Fl signkey
or the
.Fl CA
options).
Normally, all extensions are retained.
.It Fl days Ar arg
The number of days to make a certificate valid for.
The default is 30 days.
.It Fl extensions Ar section
The section to add certificate extensions from.
If this option is not specified, the extensions should either be
contained in the unnamed (default) section
or the default section should contain a variable called
.Qq extensions
which contains the section to use.
.It Fl extfile Ar file
File containing certificate extensions to use.
If not specified, no extensions are added to the certificate.
.It Fl keyform Cm der | pem
The format of the private key file used in the
.Fl signkey
option.
.It Fl req
Expect a certificate request on input instead of a certificate.
.It Fl set_serial Ar n
The serial number to use.
This option can be used with either the
.Fl signkey
or
.Fl CA
options.
If used in conjunction with the
.Fl CA
option, the serial number file (as specified by the
.Fl CAserial
or
.Fl CAcreateserial
options) is not used.
.Pp
The serial number can be decimal or hex (if preceded by
.Sq 0x ) .
Negative serial numbers can also be specified but their use is not recommended.
.It Fl signkey Ar file
Self-sign
.Ar file
using the supplied private key.
.Pp
If the input file is a certificate, it sets the issuer name to the
subject name (i.e. makes it self-signed),
changes the public key to the supplied value,
and changes the start and end dates.
The start date is set to the current time and the end date is set to
a value determined by the
.Fl days
option.
Any certificate extensions are retained unless the
.Fl clrext
option is supplied.
.Pp
If the input is a certificate request, a self-signed certificate
is created using the supplied private key using the subject name in
the request.
.It Fl x509toreq
Convert a certificate into a certificate request.
The
.Fl signkey
option is used to pass the required private key.
.El
.Sh COMMON NOTATION
Several commands share a common syntax,
as detailed below.
.Pp
Password arguments, typically specified using
.Fl passin
and
.Fl passout
for input and output passwords,
allow passwords to be obtained from a variety of sources.
Both of these options take a single argument, described below.
If no password argument is given and a password is required,
then the user is prompted to enter one:
this will typically be read from the current terminal with echoing turned off.
.Bl -tag -width "pass:password" -offset indent
.It Cm pass : Ns Ar password
The actual password is
.Ar password .
Since the password is visible to utilities,
this form should only be used where security is not important.
.It Cm env : Ns Ar var
Obtain the password from the environment variable
.Ar var .
Since the environment of other processes is visible,
this option should be used with caution.
.It Cm file : Ns Ar path
The first line of
.Ar path
is the password.
If the same
.Ar path
argument is supplied to
.Fl passin
and
.Fl passout ,
then the first line will be used for the input password and the next line
for the output password.
.Ar path
need not refer to a regular file:
it could, for example, refer to a device or named pipe.
.It Cm fd : Ns Ar number
Read the password from the file descriptor
.Ar number .
This can be used to send the data via a pipe, for example.
.It Cm stdin
Read the password from standard input.
.El
.Pp
Input/output formats,
typically specified using
.Fl inform
and
.Fl outform ,
indicate the format being read from or written to.
The argument is case insensitive.
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
.It Cm der
Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER)
is a binary format.
.It Cm net
Insecure legacy format.
.It Cm pem
Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM)
is base64-encoded.
.It Cm pvk
Private Key format.
.It Cm smime
An SMIME format message.
.It Cm txt
Plain ASCII text.
.El
.Sh ENVIRONMENT
The following environment variables affect the execution of
.Nm openssl :
.Bl -tag -width "/etc/ssl/openssl.cnf"
.It Ev OPENSSL_CONF
The location of the master configuration file.
.El
.Sh FILES
.Bl -tag -width "/etc/ssl/openssl.cnf" -compact
.It Pa /etc/ssl/
Default config directory for
.Nm openssl .
.It Pa /etc/ssl/lib/
Unused.
.It Pa /etc/ssl/private/
Default private key directory.
.It Pa /etc/ssl/openssl.cnf
Default configuration file for
.Nm openssl .
.It Pa /etc/ssl/x509v3.cnf
Default configuration file for
.Nm x509
certificates.
.El
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr acme-client 1 ,
.Xr nc 1 ,
.Xr openssl.cnf 5 ,
.Xr x509v3.cnf 5 ,
.Xr ssl 8 ,
.Xr starttls 8
.Sh STANDARDS
.Rs
.%A T. Dierks
.%A C. Allen
.%D January 1999
.%R RFC 2246
.%T The TLS Protocol Version 1.0
.Re
.Pp
.Rs
.%A M. Wahl
.%A S. Killie
.%A T. Howes
.%D December 1997
.%R RFC 2253
.%T Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (v3): UTF-8 String Representation of Distinguished Names
.Re
.Pp
.Rs
.%A B. Kaliski
.%D March 1998
.%R RFC 2315
.%T PKCS #7: Cryptographic Message Syntax Version 1.5
.Re
.Pp
.Rs
.%A R. Housley
.%A W. Ford
.%A W. Polk
.%A D. Solo
.%D January 1999
.%R RFC 2459
.%T Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and CRL Profile
.Re
.Pp
.Rs
.%A M. Myers
.%A R. Ankney
.%A A. Malpani
.%A S. Galperin
.%A C. Adams
.%D June 1999
.%R RFC 2560
.%T X.509 Internet Public Key Infrastructure Online Certificate Status Protocol \(en OCSP
.Re
.Pp
.Rs
.%A R. Housley
.%D June 1999
.%R RFC 2630
.%T Cryptographic Message Syntax
.Re
.Pp
.Rs
.%A P. Chown
.%D June 2002
.%R RFC 3268
.%T Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Ciphersuites for Transport Layer Security (TLS)
.Re
|