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.\" $OpenBSD: pppd.8,v 1.8 1996/12/23 13:22:47 mickey Exp $
.\" manual page [] for pppd 2.3
.\" SH section heading
.\" SS subsection heading
.\" LP paragraph
.\" IP indented paragraph
.\" TP hanging label
.TH PPPD 8
.SH NAME
pppd \- Point to Point Protocol daemon
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B pppd
[
.I tty_name
] [
.I speed
] [
.I options
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) provides a method for transmitting
datagrams over serial point-to-point links.  PPP
is composed of three parts: a method for encapsulating datagrams over
serial links, an extensible Link Control Protocol (LCP), and
a family of Network Control Protocols (NCP) for establishing
and configuring different network-layer protocols.
.LP
The encapsulation scheme is provided by driver code in the kernel.
.B pppd
provides the basic LCP, authentication support, and an
NCP for establishing and configuring the Internet Protocol (IP)
(called the IP Control Protocol, IPCP).
.SH FREQUENTLY USED OPTIONS
.TP
.I <tty_name>
Communicate over the named device.  The string "/dev/"
is prepended if necessary.  If no device name is given,
or if the name of the controlling terminal is given,
.I pppd
will use the controlling terminal, and will not fork to put itself in
the background. This option is privileged if the \fInoauth\fR option is
used.
.TP
.I <speed>
Set the baud rate to <speed> (a decimal number).  On systems such as
4.4BSD and OpenBSD, any speed can be specified.  Other systems
(e.g. SunOS) allow only a limited set of speeds.
.TP
.B asyncmap \fI<map>
Set the async character map to <map>.  This map describes which
control characters cannot be successfully received over the serial
line.
.I pppd
will ask the peer to send these characters as a 2-byte escape sequence.
The argument is a 32 bit hex number with each bit representing a character
to escape. 
Bit 0 (00000001) represents the character 0x00;
bit 31 (80000000) represents the character 0x1f or ^_.
If multiple \fBasyncmap\fR options are
given, the values are ORed together.
If no \fBasyncmap\fR option is given, no async character map will be
negotiated for the receive direction; the peer should then escape
\fIall\fR control characters. To escape transmitted
characters, use the \fIescape\fR option.
.TP
.B auth
Require the peer to authenticate itself before allowing network
packets to be sent or received.
.TP
.B call \fIname
Read options from the file /etc/ppp/peers/\fIname\fR.  This file may
contain privileged options, such as \fInoauth\fR, even if pppd
is not being run by root.  The \fIname\fR string may not begin with /
or include .. as a pathname component.  The format of the options file
is described below.
.TP
.B connect \fI<p>
Use the executable or shell command specified by \fI<p>\fR to set
up the serial line.  This script would typically use the chat(8)
program to dial the modem and start the remote ppp session. This
option is privileged if the \fBnoauth\fR option is used.
.TP
.B crtscts
Use hardware flow control (i.e. RTS/CTS) to control the flow of data
on the serial port.  If neither the \fBcrtscts\fR nor the
\fB\-crtscts\fR option is given, the hardware flow control setting
for the serial port is left unchanged.
.TP
.B defaultroute
Add a default route to the system routing tables, using the peer as
the gateway, when IPCP negotiation is successfully completed.
This entry is removed when the PPP connection is broken.  This option
is privileged if the \fBnodefaultroute\fR option has been specified.
.TP
.B disconnect \fIscript
Run the executable or shell command specified by \fIscript\fR after
\fIpppd\fR has terminated the link.  This script could, for example,
issue commands to the modem to cause it to hang up if hardware modem
control signals were not available.  This option is privileged if the
\fBnoauth\fR option is used.
.TP
.B escape \fIxx,yy,...
Specifies that certain characters should be escaped on transmission
(regardless of whether the peer requests them to be escaped with its
async control character map).  The characters to be escaped are
specified as a list of hex numbers separated by commas.  Note that
almost any character can be specified for the \fBescape\fR option,
unlike the \fBasyncmap\fR option which only allows control characters
to be specified.  The characters which may not be escaped are those
with hex values 0x20 - 0x3f or 0x5e.
.TP
.B file \fIname
Read options from file \fIname\fR (the format is described below).
The file must be readable by the user who has invoked pppd.
.TP
.B lock
Specifies that \fIpppd\fR should create a UUCP-style lock file for the
serial device to ensure exclusive access to the device.
.TP
.B mru \fI<n>
Set the MRU [Maximum Receive Unit] value to <n> for negotiation.
.I pppd
will ask the peer to send packets of no more than <n> bytes.  The
minimum MRU value is 128.  The default MRU value is 1500.  A value of
296 is recommended for slow links (40 bytes for TCP/IP header + 256
bytes of data).
.TP
.B mtu \fI<n>
Set the MTU [Maximum Transmit Unit] value to \fI<n>\fR.  Unless the
peer requests a smaller value via MRU negotiation, \fIpppd\fR will
request that the kernel networking code send data packets of no more
than \fIn\fR bytes through the PPP network interface. 
.TP
.B passive
Enables the "passive" option in the LCP.  With this option,
.I pppd
will attempt to initiate a connection; if no reply is received from
the peer,
.I pppd
will then just wait passively for a valid LCP packet from the peer
(instead of exiting, as it does without this option).
.SH OPTIONS
.TP
.I <local_IP_address>\fB:\fI<remote_IP_address>
Set the local and/or remote interface IP addresses.  Either one may be
omitted.  The IP addresses can be specified with a host name or in
decimal dot notation (e.g. 150.234.56.78).  The default local
address is the (first) IP address of the system (unless the
\fInoipdefault\fR
option is given).  The remote address will be obtained from the peer
if not specified in any option.  Thus, in simple cases, this option is
not required.  If a local and/or remote IP address is specified with
this option,
.I pppd
will not accept a different value from the peer in the IPCP
negotiation, unless the \fBipcp-accept-local\fR and/or
\fBipcp-accept-remote\fR options are given, respectively.
.TP
.B bsdcomp \fInr,nt
Request that the peer compress packets that it sends, using the
BSD-Compress scheme, with a maximum code size of \fInr\fR bits, and
agree to compress packets sent to the peer with a maximum code size of
\fInt\fR bits.  If \fInt\fR is not specified, it defaults to the value
given for \fInr\fR.  Values in the range 9 to 15 may be used for
\fInr\fR and \fInt\fR; larger values give better compression but
consume more kernel memory for compression dictionaries.
Alternatively, a value of 0 for \fInr\fR or \fInt\fR disables
compression in the corresponding direction.
.TP
.B chap-interval \fI<n>
If this option is given,
.I pppd
will rechallenge the peer every <n> seconds.
.TP
.B chap-max-challenge \fI<n>
Set the maximum number of CHAP challenge transmissions to <n> (default
10).
.TP
.B chap-restart \fI<n>
Set the CHAP restart interval (retransmission timeout for challenges)
to <n> seconds (default 3).
.TP
.B debug
Increase debugging level (same as \fB\-d\fR).
If this option is given, \fIpppd\fR will log the contents of all
control packets sent or received in a readable form.  The packets are
logged through syslog with facility \fIdaemon\fR and level
\fIdebug\fR.  This information can be directed to a file by setting up
/etc/syslog.conf appropriately (see syslog.conf(5)).
.TP
.B default-asyncmap
Disable asyncmap negotiation, forcing all control characters to be
escaped for both the transmit and the receive direction.
.TP
.B default-mru
Disable MRU [Maximum Receive Unit] negotiation.  With this option,
pppd will use the default MRU value of 1500 bytes for both the
transmit and receive direction.
.TP
.B deflate \fInr,nt
Request that the peer compress packets that it sends, using the
Deflate scheme, with a maximum window size of \fI2**nr\fR bits, and
agree to compress packets sent to the peer with a maximum window size of
\fI2**nt\fR bits.  If \fInt\fR is not specified, it defaults to the value
given for \fInr\fR.  Values in the range 8 to 15 may be used for
\fInr\fR and \fInt\fR; larger values give better compression but
consume more kernel memory for compression dictionaries.
Alternatively, a value of 0 for \fInr\fR or \fInt\fR disables
compression in the corresponding direction.  (Note: \fBpppd\fR
requests Deflate compression in preference to BSD-Compress
if the peer can do either.)
.TP
.B demand
Initiate the link only on demand, i.e. when data traffic is present.
With this option, the remote IP address must be specific by the user
on the command line or in an options file.  \fBpppd\fR will initially
configure the interface and enable it for IP traffic without
connecting to the peer.  When traffic is available, \fBpppd\fR will
connect to the peer and perform negotiation, authentication, etc.
When this is completed, \fBpppd\fR will commence passing data packets
(i.e., IP packets) across the link.  The persist, idle and holdoff
options are often useful in conjuction with this option.
.TP
.B domain \fI<d>
Append the domain name <d> to the local host name for authentication
purposes.  For example, if gethostname() returns the name porsche, but the
fully qualified domain name is porsche.Quotron.COM, you could use the
specify \fIdomain Quotron.COM\fR.  Pppd would then use the name
\fIporsche.Quotron.COM\fR for looking up secrets in the secrets file,
and as the default name to send to the peer when authenticating itself
to the peer.  This option is privileged.
.TP
.B holdoff \fI<n>
Specifies how many seconds to wait before re-initiating the link after
it terminates.  This option only has effect if the persist option is
used.
.TP
.B idle \fI<n>
Specifies that \fBpppd\fR should disconnect if it is idle for
\fI<n>\fR seconds.  The link is idle when no data packets (i.e. IP
packets) are being sent or received.  If the \fBactive-filter\fR
option is given, data packets which are rejected by the specified
activity filter also count as the link being idle.
.TP
.B ipcp-accept-local
With this option,
.I pppd
will accept the peer's idea of our local IP address, even if the
local IP address was specified in an option.
.TP
.B ipcp-accept-remote
With this option,
.I pppd
will accept the peer's idea of its (remote) IP address, even if the
remote IP address was specified in an option.
.TP
.B ipcp-max-configure \fI<n>
Set the maximum number of IPCP configure-request transmissions to <n>
(default 10).
.TP
.B ipcp-max-failure \fI<n>
Set the maximum number of IPCP configure-NAKs returned before starting
to send configure-Rejects instead to <n> (default 10).
.TP
.B ipcp-max-terminate \fI<n>
Set the maximum number of IPCP terminate-request transmissions to <n>
(default 3).
.TP
.B ipcp-restart \fI<n>
Set the IPCP restart interval (retransmission timeout) to <n> seconds
(default 3).
.TP
.B ipparam \fIstring
Provides an extra parameter to the ip-up and ip-down scripts.  If this
option is given, the \fIstring\fR supplied is given as the 6th
parameter to those scripts.
.TP
.B ipx
Enable the IPXCP and IPX protocols.  Under Linux, this is the default
condition if your kernel supports IPX.  This option is presently only
supported under Linux and OpenBSD.
.TP
.B ipx-network \fI<n>
Set the IPX network number in the IPXCP configure request frame to
\fI<n>\fR, a hexadecimal number (without a leading 0x).  There is no
valid default.  If this option is not specified, the network number is
obtained from the peer.  If the peer does not have the network number,
the IPX protocol will not be started.
.TP
.B ipx-node \fI<n>\fB:\fI<m>
Set the IPX node numbers. The two node numbers are separated from each
other with a colon character. The first number \fI<n>\fR is the local
node number. The second number \fI<m>\fR is the peer's node number. Each
node number is a hexadecimal number, at most 10 digits long. The node
numbers on the ipx-network must be unique. There is no valid
default. If this option is not specified then the node numbers are
obtained from the peer.
.TP
.B ipx-router-name \fI<string>
Set the name of the router. This is a string and is sent to the peer
as information data.
.TP
.B ipx-routing \fI<n>
Set the routing protocol to be received by this option. More than one
instance of \fIipx-routing\fR may be specified. The '\fInone\fR'
option (0) may be specified as the only instance of ipx-routing. The
values may be \fI0\fR for \fINONE\fR, \fI2\fR for \fIRIP/SAP\fR, and
\fI4\fR for \fINLSP\fR.
.TP
.B ipxcp-accept-local
Accept the peer's NAK for the node number specified in the ipx-node
option. If a node number was specified, and non-zero, the default is
to insist that the value be used. If you include this option then you
will permit the peer to override the entry of the node number.
.TP
.B ipxcp-accept-network
Accept the peer's NAK for the network number specified in the
ipx-network option. If a network number was specified, and non-zero, the
default is to insist that the value be used. If you include this
option then you will permit the peer to override the entry of the node
number.
.TP
.B ipxcp-accept-remote
Use the peer's network number specified in the configure request
frame. If a node number was specified for the peer and this option was
not specified, the peer will be forced to use the value which you have
specified.
.TP
.B ipxcp-max-configure \fI<n>
Set the maximum number of IPXCP configure request frames which the
system will send to \fI<n>\fR. The default is 10.
.TP
.B ipxcp-max-failure \fI<n>
Set the maximum number of IPXCP NAK frames which the local system will
send before it rejects the options. The default value is 3.
.TP
.B ipxcp-max-terminate \fI<n>
Set the maximum nuber of IPXCP terminate request frames before the
local system considers that the peer is not listening to them. The
default value is 3.
.TP
.B kdebug \fI<n>
Enable debugging code in the kernel-level PPP driver.  The argument
\fI<n>\fR is a number which is the sum of the following values: 1 to
enable general debug messages, 2 to request that the contents of
received packets be printed, and 4 to request that the contents of
transmitted packets be printed.  On most systems, messages printed by
the kernel are logged by syslog(1) to a file as directed in the
/etc/syslog.conf configuration file.
.TP
.B lcp-echo-failure \fI<n>
If this option is given, \fIpppd\fR will presume the peer to be dead
if \fIn\fR LCP echo-requests are sent without receiving a valid LCP
echo-reply.  If this happens, \fIpppd\fR will terminate the
connection.  Use of this option requires a non-zero value for the
\fIlcp-echo-interval\fR parameter.  This option can be used to enable
\fIpppd\fR to terminate after the physical connection has been broken
(e.g., the modem has hung up) in situations where no hardware modem
control lines are available.
.TP
.B lcp-echo-interval \fI<n>
If this option is given, \fIpppd\fR will send an LCP echo-request
frame to the peer every \fIn\fR seconds.  Under Linux, the
echo-request is sent when no packets have been received from the peer
for \fIn\fR seconds.  Normally the peer should respond to the
echo-request by sending an echo-reply.  This option can be used with
the \fIlcp-echo-failure\fR option to detect that the peer is no longer
connected.
.TP
.B lcp-max-configure \fI<n>
Set the maximum number of LCP configure-request transmissions to <n>
(default 10).
.TP
.B lcp-max-failure \fI<n>
Set the maximum number of LCP configure-NAKs returned before starting
to send configure-Rejects instead to <n> (default 10).
.TP
.B lcp-max-terminate \fI<n>
Set the maximum number of LCP terminate-request transmissions to <n>
(default 3).
.TP
.B lcp-restart \fI<n>
Set the LCP restart interval (retransmission timeout) to <n> seconds
(default 3).
.TP
.B local
Don't use the modem control lines.  With this option,
.B pppd
will ignore the state of the CD (Carrier Detect) signal from the modem and
will not change the state of the DTR (Data Terminal Ready) signal.
.TP
.B login
Use the system password database for authenticating the peer using
PAP, and record the user in the system wtmp file.
.TP
.B modem
Use the modem control lines.  This option is the default.  With this
option,
.B pppd
will wait for the CD (Carrier Detect) signal from the modem to be asserted
when opening the serial device
(unless a connect script is specified), and it will drop the DTR (Data
Terminal Ready) signal briefly when the connection is terminated and before
executing the connect script.
On Ultrix, this option implies hardware
flow control, as for the \fBcrtscts\fR option.  
.TP
.B ms-dns \fI<addr>
If
.I pppd
is acting as a server for Microsoft Windows clients, this option
allows
.I pppd
to supply one or two DNS (Domain Name Server) addresses to the
clients.  The first instance of this option specifies the primary DNS
address; the second instance (if given) specifies the secondary DNS
address.
.TP
.B name \fI<n>
Set the name of the local system for authentication purposes to <n>.
.TP
.B netmask \fI<n>
Set the interface netmask to \fI<n>\fR, a 32 bit netmask in "decimal dot"
notation (e.g. 255.255.255.0).  If this option is given, the value
specified is ORed with the default netmask.  The default netmask is
chosen based on the negotiated remote IP address; it is the
appropriate network mask for the class of the remote IP address, ORed
with the netmasks for any non point-to-point network interfaces in the
system which are on the same network.
.TP
.B noaccomp
Disable Address/Control compression in both directions (send and
receive).
.TP
.B noauth
Do not require the peer to authenticate itself.  This option is
privileged if the \fBauth\fR option is specified in /etc/ppp/options.
.TP
.B nobsdcomp
Disables BSD-Compress compression;
.I pppd
will not request or agree to compress packets using the BSD-Compress scheme.
.TP
.B noccp
Disable CCP (Compression Control Protocol) negotiation.  This option
should only be required if the peer is buggy and gets confused by
requests from
.I pppd
for CCP negotiation.
.B nocrtscts
Disable hardware flow control (i.e. RTS/CTS) on the serial port.  If
neither the \fBcrtscts\fR nor the \fB\nocrtscts\fR option is given,
the hardware flow control setting for the serial port is left
unchanged.
.B nodefaultroute
Disable the \fBdefaultroute\fR option.  The system administrator who
wishes to prevent users from creating default routes with pppd
can do so by placing this option in the /etc/ppp/options file.
.TP
.B nodeflate
Disables Deflate compression; pppd will not request or agree to
compress packets using the Deflate scheme.
.TP
.B nodetach
Don't detach from the controlling terminal.  Without this option, if a
serial device other than the terminal on the standard input is
specified, pppd will fork to become a background process.
.TP
.B noip
Disable IPCP negotiation and IP communication.  This option should
only be required if the peer is buggy and gets confused by requests
from pppd for IPCP negotiation.
.TP
.B noipdefault
Disables the default behaviour when no local IP address is specified,
which is to determine (if possible) the local IP address from the
hostname.  With this option, the peer will have to supply the local IP
address during IPCP negotiation (unless it specified explicitly on the
command line or in an options file).
.TP
.B noipx
Disable the IPXCP and IPX protocols.  This option should only be
required if the peer is buggy and gets confused by requests from
.I pppd
for IPXCP negotiation.
.TP
.B nomagic
Disable magic number negotiation.  With this option, pppd cannot
detect a looped-back line.  This option should only be needed if the
peer is buggy.
.TP
.B nopcomp
Disable protocol field compression negotiation in both the receive and
the transmit direction.
.TP
.B nopersist
Exit once a connection has been made and terminated.  This is the
default unless the \fIpersist\fR or \fIdemand\fR option has been
specified.
.TP
.B nopredictor1
Do not accept or agree to Predictor-1 comprssion.
.TP
.B noproxyarp
Disable the \fBproxyarp\fR option.  The system administrator who
wishes to prevent users from creating proxy ARP entries with pppd can
do so by placing this option in the /etc/ppp/options file.
.TP
.B novj
Disable Van Jacobson style TCP/IP header compression in both the
transmit and the receive direction.
.TP
.B novjccomp
Disable the connection-ID compression option in Van Jacobson style
TCP/IP header compression.  With this option, pppd will not omit the
connection-ID byte from Van Jacobson compressed TCP/IP headers, nor
ask the peer to do so.
.B papcrypt
Indicates that all secrets in the /etc/ppp/pap-secrets file which
are used for checking the identity of the peer are encrypted, and thus
pppd should not accept a password which (before encryption) is
identical to the secret from the /etc/ppp/pap-secrets file.
.TP
.B pap-max-authreq \fI<n>
Set the maximum number of PAP authenticate-request transmissions to
<n> (default 10).
.TP
.B pap-restart \fI<n>
Set the PAP restart interval (retransmission timeout) to <n> seconds
(default 3).
.TP
.B pap-timeout \fI<n>
Set the maximum time that
.I pppd
will wait for the peer to authenticate itself with PAP to
<n> seconds (0 means no limit).
.TP
.B persist
Do not exit after a connection is terminated; instead try to reopen
the connection.
.TP
.B predictor1
Request that the peer compress frames that it sends using Predictor-1
compression, and agree to compress transmitted frames with Predictor-1
if requested.  This option has no effect unless the kernel driver
supports Predictor-1 compression.
.TP
.B proxyarp
Add an entry to this system's ARP [Address Resolution Protocol] table
with the IP address of the peer and the Ethernet address of this
system.
.TP
.B remotename \fI<n>
Set the assumed name of the remote system for authentication purposes
to <n>.
.TP
.B refuse-chap
With this option, pppd will not agree to authenticate itself to the
peer using CHAP.
.TP
.B refuse-pap
With this option, pppd will not agree to authenticate itself to the
peer using PAP.
.TP
.B require-chap
Require the peer to authenticate itself using CHAP [Challenge
Handshake Authentication Protocol] authentication
.TP
.B require-pap
Require the peer to authenticate itself using PAP [Password
Authentication Protocol] authentication.
.TP
.B silent
With this option,
.I pppd
will not transmit LCP packets to initiate a connection until a valid
LCP packet is received from the peer (as for the `passive' option with
ancient versions of \fIpppd\fR).
.TP
.B usehostname
Enforce the use of the hostname as the name of the local system for
authentication purposes (overrides the
.B name
option).
.TP
.B user \fI<u>
Set the user name to use for authenticating this machine with the peer
using PAP to <u>.
.TP
.B vj-max-slots \fIn
Sets the number of connection slots to be used by the Van Jacobson
TCP/IP header compression and decompression code to \fIn\fR, which
must be between 2 and 16 (inclusive).
.TP
.B welcome \fIscript
Run the executable or shell command specified by \fIscript\fR before
initiating PPP negotiation, after the connect script (if any) has
completed.  This option is privileged if the \fBnoauth\fR option is
used.
.TP
.B xonxoff
Use software flow control (i.e. XON/XOFF) to control the flow of data on
the serial port.  This option is only implemented on Linux systems
at present.
.SH OPTIONS FILES
Options can be taken from files as well as the command line.  
.I pppd
reads options from the files /etc/ppp/options, ~/.ppprc and
/etc/ppp/options.\fBttyname\fR (in that order) before processing the
option on the command line.  (In fact, the command-line options are
scanned to find the terminal name before the options.\fIttyname\fR
file is read.)  In forming the name of the options.\fIttyname\fR file,
the initial /dev/ is removed from the terminal name, and any remaining
/ characters are replaced with dots.
.PP
An options file is parsed into a series of words, delimited by
whitespace.  Whitespace can be included in a word by enclosing the
word in quotes (").  A backslash (\\) quotes the following character.
A hash (#) starts a comment, which continues until the end of the
line. There is no restriction on using the \fBfile\fR or \fBcall\fR
options within an options file.
.SH PRIVILEGED OPTIONS
As indicated above, some security-sensitive options are privileged,
which means that they may not be used by an ordinary non-privileged
user running a setuid-root pppd, either on the command line, in the
user's ~/.ppprc file, or in an options file read using the \fBfile\fR
option.  Privileged options may be used in /etc/ppp/options file or in
an options file read using the \fBcall\fR option.  If pppd is being
run by the root user, privileged options can be used without
restriction.
.PP
The normal way that pppd should be set up is to have the \fBauth\fR
option in the /etc/ppp/options file.  (This may become the default in
later releases.)  If users wish to use pppd to dial out to a peer
which will refuse to authenticate itself (such as an internet service
provider), the system administrator should create an options file
under /etc/ppp/peers containing the \fBnoauth\fR option, the name of
the serial port to use, and the \fBconnect\fR option (if required),
plus any other appropriate options.  In this way, pppd can be set up
to allow non-privileged users to make unauthenticated connections only
to trusted peers.
.SH AUTHENTICATION
.I pppd
provides system administrators with sufficient access control that PPP
access to a server machine can be provided to legitimate users without
fear of compromising the security of the server or the network it's
on.  In part this is provided by the /etc/ppp/options file, where the
administrator can place options to require authentication whenever
.I pppd
is run, and in part by the PAP and CHAP secrets files, where the
administrator can restrict the set of IP addresses which individual
users may use.
.LP
The default behaviour of
.I pppd
is to agree to authenticate if requested, and to not
require authentication from the peer.  However, 
.I pppd
will not agree to
authenticate itself with a particular protocol if it has no secrets
which could be used to do so.
.LP
Authentication is based on secrets, which are selected from secrets
files (/etc/ppp/pap-secrets for PAP, /etc/ppp/chap-secrets for CHAP).
Both secrets files have the same format, and both can store secrets
for several combinations of server (authenticating peer) and client
(peer being authenticated).  Note that
.I pppd
can be both a server
and client, and that different protocols can be used in the two
directions if desired.
.LP
A secrets file is parsed into words as for a options file.  A secret
is specified by a line containing at least 3 words, in the order
client name, server name, secret.  Any following words on the same
line are taken to be a list of acceptable IP addresses for that
client.  If there are only 3 words on the line, it is assumed that any
IP address is OK; to disallow all IP addresses, use "-".  A word
starting with "!" indicates that the specified address is \fInot\fR
acceptable.  An address may be followed by "/" and a number \fIn\fR,
to indicate a whole subnet, i.e. all addresses which have the same
value in the most significant \fIn\fR bits.  Note that case is
significant in the client and server names and in the secret.
.LP
If the secret starts with an `@', what follows is assumed to be the
name of a file from which to read the secret.  A "*" as the client or
server name matches any name.  When selecting a secret, \fIpppd\fR takes the
best match, i.e. the match with the fewest wildcards.
.LP
Thus a secrets file contains both secrets for use in authenticating
other hosts, plus secrets which we use for authenticating ourselves to
others.  Which secret to use is chosen based on the names of the host
(the `local name') and its peer (the `remote name').  The local name
is set as follows:
.TP 3
if the \fBusehostname\fR option is given,
then the local name is the hostname of this machine
(with the domain appended, if given)
.TP 3
else if the \fBname\fR option is given,
then use the argument of the first \fBname\fR option seen
.TP 3
else if the local IP address is specified with a hostname,
then use that name
.TP 3
else use the hostname of this machine (with the domain appended, if given)
.LP
When authenticating ourselves using PAP, there is also a `username'
which is the local name by default, but can be set with the \fBuser\fR
option or the \fB+ua\fR option.
.LP
The remote name is set as follows:
.TP 3
if the \fBremotename\fR option is given,
then use the argument of the last \fBremotename\fR option seen
.TP 3
else if the remote IP address is specified with a hostname,
then use that host name
.TP 3
else the remote name is the null string "".
.LP
Secrets are selected from the PAP secrets file as follows:
.TP 2
*
For authenticating the peer, look for a secret with client ==
username specified in the PAP authenticate-request, and server ==
local name.
.TP 2
*
For authenticating ourselves to the peer, look for a secret with
client == our username, server == remote name.
.LP
When authenticating the peer with PAP, a secret of "" matches any
password supplied by the peer.  If the password doesn't match the
secret, the password is encrypted using crypt() and checked against
the secret again; thus secrets for authenticating the peer can be
stored in encrypted form.  If the \fBpapcrypt\fR option is given, the
first (unencrypted) comparison is omitted, for better security.
.LP
If the \fBlogin\fR option was specified, the
username and password are also checked against the system password
database.  Thus, the system administrator can set up the pap-secrets
file to allow PPP access only to certain users, and to restrict the
set of IP addresses that each user can use.  Typically, when using the
\fBlogin\fR option, the secret in /etc/ppp/pap-secrets would be "", to
avoid the need to have the same secret in two places.
.LP
Secrets are selected from the CHAP secrets file as follows:
.TP 2
*
For authenticating the peer, look for a secret with client == name
specified in the CHAP-Response message, and server == local name.
.TP 2
*
For authenticating ourselves to the peer, look for a secret with
client == local name, and server == name specified in the
CHAP-Challenge message.
.LP
Authentication must be satisfactorily completed before IPCP (or any
other Network Control Protocol) can be started.  If authentication
fails, \fIpppd\fR will terminated the link (by closing LCP).  If IPCP
negotiates an unacceptable IP address for the remote host, IPCP will
be closed.  IP packets can only be sent or received when IPCP is open.
.LP
In some cases it is desirable to allow some hosts which can't
authenticate themselves to connect and use one of a restricted set of
IP addresses, even when the local host generally requires
authentication.  If the peer refuses to authenticate itself when
requested, \fIpppd\fR takes that as equivalent to authenticating with
PAP using the empty string for the username and password.  Thus, by
adding a line to the pap-secrets file which specifies the empty string
for the client and password, it is possible to allow restricted access
to hosts which refuse to authenticate themselves.
.SH ROUTING
.LP
When IPCP negotiation is completed successfully,
.I pppd
will inform the kernel of the local and remote IP addresses for the
ppp interface.  This is sufficient to create a
host route to the remote end of the link, which will enable the peers
to exchange IP packets.  Communication with other machines generally
requires further modification to routing tables and/or ARP (Address
Resolution Protocol) tables.  In some cases this will be done
automatically through the actions of the \fIrouted\fR or \fIgated\fR
daemons, but in most cases some further intervention is required.
.LP
Sometimes it is desirable
to add a default route through the remote host, as in the case of a
machine whose only connection to the Internet is through the ppp
interface.  The \fBdefaultroute\fR option causes \fIpppd\fR to create such a
default route when IPCP comes up, and delete it when the link is
terminated.
.LP
In some cases it is desirable to use proxy ARP, for example on a
server machine connected to a LAN, in order to allow other hosts to
communicate with the remote host.  The \fBproxyarp\fR option causes \fIpppd\fR
to look for a network interface on the same subnet as the remote host
(an interface supporting broadcast and ARP, which is up and not a
point-to-point or loopback interface).  If found, \fIpppd\fR creates a
permanent, published ARP entry with the IP address of the remote host
and the hardware address of the network interface found.
.SH EXAMPLES
.LP
In the simplest case, you can connect the serial ports of two machines
and issue a command like
.IP
pppd /dev/ttya 9600 passive
.LP
to each machine, assuming there is no \fIgetty\fR running on the
serial ports.  If one machine has a \fIgetty\fR running, you can use
\fIkermit\fR or \fItip\fR on the other machine to log in to the first
machine and issue a command like
.IP
pppd passive
.LP
Then exit from the communications program (making sure the connection
isn't dropped), and issue a command like
.IP
pppd /dev/ttya 9600
.LP
The process of logging in to the other machine and starting \fIpppd\fR
can be automated by using the \fBconnect\fR option to run \fIchat\fR,
for example:
.IP
pppd /dev/ttya 38400 connect 'chat "" "" "login:" "username"
"Password:" "password" "% " "exec pppd passive"'
.LP
(Note however that running chat like this will leave the password
visible in the parameter list of pppd and chat.)
.LP
If your serial connection is any more complicated than a piece of
wire, you may need to arrange for some control characters to be
escaped.  In particular, it is often useful to escape XON (^Q) and
XOFF (^S), using \fBasyncmap a0000\fR.  If the path includes a telnet,
you probably should escape ^] as well (\fBasyncmap 200a0000\fR).
If the path includes an rlogin, you will need to use the \fBescape
ff\fR option on the end which is running the rlogin client, since many
rlogin implementations are not
transparent; they will remove the sequence [0xff, 0xff, 0x73, 0x73,
followed by any 8 bytes] from the stream.
.SH DIAGNOSTICS
.LP
Messages are sent to the syslog daemon using facility LOG_DAEMON.
(This can be overriden by recompiling \fIpppd\fR with the macro
LOG_PPP defined as the desired facility.)  In order to see the error
and debug messages, you will need to edit your /etc/syslog.conf file
to direct the messages to the desired output device or file.
.LP
The \fBdebug\fR option causes the contents of all control packets sent
or received to be logged, that is, all LCP, PAP, CHAP or IPCP packets.
This can be useful if the PPP negotiation does not succeed.
If debugging is enabled at compile time, the \fBdebug\fR option also
causes other debugging messages to be logged.
.LP
Debugging can also be enabled or disabled by sending a
SIGUSR1 to the
.I pppd
process.  This signal acts as a toggle.
.SH FILES
.TP
.B /var/run/ppp\fIn\fB.pid \fR(BSD or Linux), \fB/etc/ppp/ppp\fIn\fB.pid \fR(others)
Process-ID for \fIpppd\fR process on ppp interface unit \fIn\fR.
.TP
.B /etc/ppp/auth-up
A program or script which is executed after the remote system
successfully authenticates itself.  It is executed with the parameters
.IP
\fIinterface-name peer-name user-name tty-device speed\fR
.IP
and with its standard input, output and error redirected to
/dev/null.  This program or script is executed with the real and
effective user-IDs set to root, and with an empty environment.  (Note
that this script is not executed if the peer doesn't authenticate
itself, for example when the \fInoauth\fR option is used.)
.TP
.B /etc/ppp/auth-down
A program or script which is executed when the link goes down, if
/etc/ppp/auth-up was previously executed.  It is executed in the same
manner with the same parameters as /etc/ppp/auth-up.
.TP
.B /etc/ppp/ip-up
A program or script which is executed when the link is available for
sending and receiving IP packets (that is, IPCP has come up).  It is
executed with the parameters
.IP
\fIinterface-name tty-device speed local-IP-address
remote-IP-address\fR
.IP
and with its standard input,
output and error streams redirected to \fB/dev/null\fR.
.IP
This program or script is executed with the same real and effective
user-ID as \fIpppd\fR, that is, at least the effective user-ID and
possibly the real user-ID will be \fBroot\fR.  This is so that it can
be used to manipulate routes, run privileged daemons (e.g.
\fBsendmail\fR), etc.  Be careful that the contents of the
/etc/ppp/ip-up and /etc/ppp/ip-down scripts do not compromise your
system's security.
.IP
This program or script is executed without an environment, so you
must either specify a PATH or use full pathnames (e.g. \fI/sbin/route\fR,
as opposed to \fIroute\fR).
.TP
.B /etc/ppp/ip-down
A program or script which is executed when the link is no longer
available for sending and receiving IP packets.  This script can be
used for undoing the effects of the /etc/ppp/ip-up script.  It is
invoked with the same parameters as the ip-up script, and the same
security considerations apply, since it is executed with the same
effective and real user-IDs as \fIpppd\fR.
.TP
.B /etc/ppp/ipx-up
A program or script which is executed when the link is available for
sending and receiving IPX packets (that is, IPXCP has come up).  It is
executed with the parameters
.IP
\fIinterface-name tty-device speed network-number local-IPX-node-address
remote-IPX-node-address local-IPX-routing-protocol remote-IPX-routing-protocol
local-IPX-router-name remote-IPX-router-name ipparam pppd-pid\fR
.IP
and with its standard input,
output and error streams redirected to /dev/null.
.br
.IP
The local-IPX-routing-protocol and remote-IPX-routing-protocol field
may be one of the following:
.IP
NONE      to indicate that there is no routing protocol
.br
RIP       to indicate that RIP/SAP should be used
.br
NLSP      to indicate that Novell NLSP should be used
.br
RIP NLSP  to indicate that both RIP/SAP and NLSP should be used
.br
.IP
This program or script is executed with the real and effective
user-IDs set to root, and with an empty environment.  This is so
that it can be used to manipulate routes, run privileged daemons (e.g.
\fIripd\fR), etc.  Be careful that the contents of the /etc/ppp/ipx-up
and /etc/ppp/ipx-down scripts do not compromise your system's
security.
.TP
.B /etc/ppp/ipx-down
A program or script which is executed when the link is no longer
available for sending and receiving IPX packets.  This script can be
used for undoing the effects of the /etc/ppp/ipx-up script.  It is
invoked in the same manner and with the same parameters as the ipx-up
script, and the same security considerations apply.
.TP
.B /etc/ppp/pap-secrets
Usernames, passwords and IP addresses for PAP authentication.
.TP
.B /etc/ppp/chap-secrets
Names, secrets and IP addresses for CHAP authentication.
.TP
.B /etc/ppp/options
System default options for
.I pppd,
read before user default options or command-line options.
.TP
.B ~/.ppprc
User default options, read before command-line options.
.TP
.B /etc/ppp/options.\fIttyname
System default options for the serial port being used, read after
command-line options.  In forming the \fIttyname\fR part of this
filename, an initial /dev/ is stripped from the port name (if
present), and any slashes in the remaining part are converted to
dots.
.SH SEE ALSO
.TP
.B RFC1144
Jacobson, V.
.I Compressing TCP/IP headers for low-speed serial links.
February 1990.
.TP
.B RFC1321
Rivest, R.
.I The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm.
April 1992.
.TP
.B RFC1332
McGregor, G.
.I PPP Internet Protocol Control Protocol (IPCP).
May 1992.
.TP
.B RFC1334
Lloyd, B.; Simpson, W.A.
.I PPP authentication protocols.
October 1992.
.TP
.B RFC1661
Simpson, W.A.
.I The Point\-to\-Point Protocol (PPP).
July 1994.
.TP
.B RFC1662
Simpson, W.A.
.I PPP in HDLC-like Framing.
July 1994.
.SH NOTES
The following signals have the specified effect when sent to the
.I pppd
process.
.TP
.B SIGINT, SIGTERM
These signals cause \fBpppd\fR to terminate the link (by closing LCP),
restore the serial device settings, and exit.
.TP
.B SIGHUP
This signal causes \fBpppd\fR to terminate the link, restore the
serial device settings, and close the serial device.  If the
\fBpersist\fR option has been specified, \fBpppd\fR will try to reopen
the serial device and start another connection.  Otherwise \fBpppd\fR
will exit.
.TP
.B SIGUSR2
This signal causes
.B pppd
to renegotiate compression.  This can be useful to re-enable
compression after it has been disabled as a result of a fatal
decompression error.  With the BSD Compress scheme, fatal
decompression errors generally indicate a bug in one or other
implementation.

.SH AUTHORS
Paul Mackerras (paulus@cs.anu.edu.au), based on earlier work by
Drew Perkins,
Brad Clements,
Karl Fox,
Greg Christy,
and
Brad Parker.