diff options
author | Niklas Hallqvist <niklas@cvs.openbsd.org> | 1996-07-31 00:18:27 +0000 |
---|---|---|
committer | Niklas Hallqvist <niklas@cvs.openbsd.org> | 1996-07-31 00:18:27 +0000 |
commit | d4e8358893c7e14b553fa35310668999323dbfe4 (patch) | |
tree | ec6e25527a1e7fa8594c8162fb9165b2293efa1e /gnu/usr.bin | |
parent | 9a2516fc45f5a96899127139d9231ac1aa97197b (diff) |
Redid the info-file build slightly, but with kept semantics. Made g77
this style too. Added OpenBSD/alpha support
Diffstat (limited to 'gnu/usr.bin')
-rw-r--r-- | gnu/usr.bin/gcc/Makefile.bsd-wrapper | 6 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | gnu/usr.bin/gcc/Makefile.in | 14 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config/alpha/alpha.c | 2 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config/alpha/alpha.h | 18 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config/alpha/openbsd.h | 98 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config/alpha/xm-openbsd.h | 2 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | gnu/usr.bin/gcc/configure | 8 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/Make-lang.in | 13 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info | 164 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info-1 | 1045 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info-2 | 846 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info-3 | 1151 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info-4 | 1230 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info-5 | 1085 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info-6 | 1098 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info-7 | 1084 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info-8 | 916 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info-9 | 938 |
18 files changed, 147 insertions, 9571 deletions
diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/Makefile.bsd-wrapper b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/Makefile.bsd-wrapper index 0c89f626042..ba0ba87a183 100644 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/Makefile.bsd-wrapper +++ b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/Makefile.bsd-wrapper @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -# $Id: Makefile.bsd-wrapper,v 1.12 1996/07/27 02:50:15 downsj Exp $ +# $Id: Makefile.bsd-wrapper,v 1.13 1996/07/31 00:18:13 niklas Exp $ MAN= cccp.1 gcc.1 cp/g++.1 MLINKS+= gcc.1 cc.1 @@ -12,7 +12,8 @@ CLEANFILES= .gdbinit cp/.gdbinit *.info* bi-parser.c bi-parser.h \ objc-parse.c objc-parse.y all: config.status - ${MAKE} ${GNUCFLAGS} BISON=yacc LDFLAGS=${LDSTATIC} + ${MAKE} ${GNUCFLAGS} BISON=yacc LDFLAGS=${LDSTATIC} \ + build_infodir=. all doc .FORCE: .IGNORE @@ -28,6 +29,7 @@ config.status: install: maninstall ${MAKE} ${GNUCFLAGS} prefix=${DESTDIR}/usr \ infodir=${DESTDIR}/usr/share/info \ + build_infodir=. \ tooldir=/tmp assertdir=/tmp INSTALL_MAN= NO_TARGET_GCC=true \ bindir=${DESTDIR}/usr/bin install ln -f ${DESTDIR}/usr/bin/gcc ${DESTDIR}/usr/bin/cc diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/Makefile.in b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/Makefile.in index 87cd2cce939..4a2f8bd8adc 100644 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/Makefile.in +++ b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/Makefile.in @@ -208,6 +208,8 @@ includedir = $(local_prefix)/include assertdir = $(tooldir)/include # where the info files go infodir = $(prefix)/info +# where the info-files get built +build_infodir = $(srcdir) # Extension (if any) to put in installed man-page filename. manext = .1 objext = .o @@ -1870,14 +1872,14 @@ stmp-fixproto: fixhdr.ready fixproto stmp-headers # Remake the info files. doc: info -info: cpp.info gcc.info lang.info +info: $(build_infodir)/cpp.info $(build_infodir)/gcc.info lang.info -cpp.info: cpp.texi - $(MAKEINFO) $(srcdir)/cpp.texi -o cpp.info +$(build_infodir)/cpp.info: cpp.texi + $(MAKEINFO) $(srcdir)/cpp.texi -o $(build_infodir)/cpp.info -gcc.info: gcc.texi extend.texi install.texi invoke.texi \ +$(build_infodir)/gcc.info: gcc.texi extend.texi install.texi invoke.texi \ md.texi rtl.texi tm.texi - $(MAKEINFO) -I$(srcdir) $(srcdir)/gcc.texi -o gcc.info + $(MAKEINFO) -I$(srcdir) $(srcdir)/gcc.texi -o $(build_infodir)/gcc.info dvi: gcc.dvi cpp.dvi lang.dvi @@ -2139,7 +2141,7 @@ install-driver: xgcc # Install the info files. install-info: doc install-dir lang.install-info -rm -f $(infodir)/cpp.info* $(infodir)/gcc.info* - for f in cpp.info* gcc.info*; \ + cd $(build_infodir); for f in cpp.info* gcc.info*; \ do $(INSTALL_DATA) $$f $(infodir)/$$f; done -chmod a-x $(infodir)/cpp.info* $(infodir)/gcc.info* diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config/alpha/alpha.c b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config/alpha/alpha.c index d460e8bd2d1..b80717d41c1 100644 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config/alpha/alpha.c +++ b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config/alpha/alpha.c @@ -1238,7 +1238,7 @@ direct_return () /* Write a version stamp. Don't write anything if we are running as a cross-compiler. Otherwise, use the versions in /usr/include/stamp.h. */ -#if !defined(CROSS_COMPILE) && !defined(_WIN32) +#if !defined(CROSS_COMPILE) && !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__OpenBSD__) && !defined(__NetBSD__) #include <stamp.h> #endif diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config/alpha/alpha.h b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config/alpha/alpha.h index 0a42ef2d106..b179f1445a0 100644 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config/alpha/alpha.h +++ b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config/alpha/alpha.h @@ -22,12 +22,15 @@ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ /* Names to predefine in the preprocessor for this target machine. */ +#ifndef CPP_PREDEFINES #define CPP_PREDEFINES "\ -Dunix -D__osf__ -D__alpha -D__alpha__ -D_LONGLONG -DSYSTYPE_BSD \ -D_SYSTYPE_BSD -Asystem(unix) -Asystem(xpg4) -Acpu(alpha) -Amachine(alpha)" +#endif /* Write out the correct language type definition for the header files. Unless we have assembler language, write out the symbols for C. */ +#ifndef CPP_SPEC #define CPP_SPEC "\ %{!.S: -D__LANGUAGE_C__ -D__LANGUAGE_C %{!ansi:-DLANGUAGE_C}} \ %{.S: -D__LANGUAGE_ASSEMBLY__ -D__LANGUAGE_ASSEMBLY %{!ansi:-DLANGUAGE_ASSEMBLY}} \ @@ -35,24 +38,31 @@ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ %{.cxx: -D__LANGUAGE_C_PLUS_PLUS__ -D__LANGUAGE_C_PLUS_PLUS -D__cplusplus} \ %{.C: -D__LANGUAGE_C_PLUS_PLUS__ -D__LANGUAGE_C_PLUS_PLUS -D__cplusplus} \ %{.m: -D__LANGUAGE_OBJECTIVE_C__ -D__LANGUAGE_OBJECTIVE_C}" +#endif /* Set the spec to use for signed char. The default tests the above macro but DEC's compiler can't handle the conditional in a "constant" operand. */ +#ifndef SIGNED_CHAR_SPEC #define SIGNED_CHAR_SPEC "%{funsigned-char:-D__CHAR_UNSIGNED__}" +#endif /* Under OSF/1, -p and -pg require -lprof1. */ +#ifndef LIB_SPEC #define LIB_SPEC "%{p:-lprof1} %{pg:-lprof1} %{a:-lprof2} -lc" +#endif /* Pass "-G 8" to ld because Alpha's CC does. Pass -O3 if we are optimizing, -O1 if we are not. Pass -shared, -non_shared or -call_shared as appropriate. Also pass -pg. */ +#ifndef LINK_SPEC #define LINK_SPEC \ "-G 8 %{O*:-O3} %{!O*:-O1} %{static:-non_shared} \ %{!static:%{shared:-shared} %{!shared:-call_shared}} %{pg} %{taso} \ %{rpath*}" +#endif #define WORD_SWITCH_TAKES_ARG(STR) \ (!strcmp (STR, "rpath") || !strcmp (STR, "include") \ @@ -61,8 +71,10 @@ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ || !strcmp (STR, "iwithprefix") || !strcmp (STR, "iwithprefixbefore") \ || !strcmp (STR, "isystem")) +#ifndef STARTFILE_SPEC #define STARTFILE_SPEC \ "%{!shared:%{pg:gcrt0.o%s}%{!pg:%{p:mcrt0.o%s}%{!p:crt0.o%s}}}" +#endif /* Print subsidiary information on the compiler version in use. */ #define TARGET_VERSION @@ -74,7 +86,9 @@ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ /* Define the location for the startup file on OSF/1 for Alpha. */ +#ifndef MD_STARTFILE_PREFIX #define MD_STARTFILE_PREFIX "/usr/lib/cmplrs/cc/" +#endif /* Run-time compilation parameters selecting different hardware subsets. */ @@ -111,7 +125,9 @@ extern int target_flags; {"gas", MASK_GAS}, \ {"", TARGET_DEFAULT | TARGET_CPU_DEFAULT} } +#ifndef TARGET_DEFAULT #define TARGET_DEFAULT 3 +#endif #ifndef TARGET_CPU_DEFAULT #define TARGET_CPU_DEFAULT 0 @@ -2013,6 +2029,7 @@ do { \ #define PUT_SDB_EPILOGUE_END(NAME) +#ifndef ASM_SPEC /* No point in running CPP on our assembler output. */ #if ((TARGET_DEFAULT | TARGET_CPU_DEFAULT) & MASK_GAS) != 0 /* Don't pass -g to GNU as, because some versions don't accept this option. */ @@ -2026,6 +2043,7 @@ do { \ will need to be fixed to work in this case. */ #define ASM_SPEC "%{!mgas:-g} -nocpp %{pg}" #endif +#endif /* Specify to run a post-processor, mips-tfile after the assembler has run to stuff the ecoff debug information into the object file. diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config/alpha/openbsd.h b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config/alpha/openbsd.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..44acb1baf20 --- /dev/null +++ b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config/alpha/openbsd.h @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +/* Definitions for Alpha systems running BSD as target machine for GNU compiler. + Copyright (C) 1993, 1995 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + +This file is part of GNU CC. + +GNU CC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify +it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) +any later version. + +GNU CC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, +but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the +GNU General Public License for more details. + +You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +along with GNU CC; see the file COPYING. If not, write to +the Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, +Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ + +/* We settle for little endian for now */ + +#define TARGET_ENDIAN_DEFAULT 0 + +/* Look for the include files in the system-defined places. */ + +#ifndef CROSS_COMPILE +#undef GPLUSPLUS_INCLUDE_DIR +#define GPLUSPLUS_INCLUDE_DIR "/usr/include/g++" + +#undef GCC_INCLUDE_DIR +#define GCC_INCLUDE_DIR "/usr/include" + +#undef INCLUDE_DEFAULTS +#define INCLUDE_DEFAULTS \ + { \ + { GPLUSPLUS_INCLUDE_DIR, 1, 1 }, \ + { GCC_INCLUDE_DIR, 0, 0 }, \ + { 0, 0, 0 } \ + } + +/* Under OpenBSD, the normal location of the various *crt*.o files is the + /usr/lib directory. */ + +#undef STANDARD_STARTFILE_PREFIX +#define STANDARD_STARTFILE_PREFIX "/usr/lib/" +#endif + +/* Provide a LINK_SPEC appropriate for OpenBSD. Here we provide support + for the special GCC options -static, -assert, and -nostdlib. */ + +#undef LINK_SPEC +#define LINK_SPEC \ + "%{!nostdlib:%{!r*:%{!e*:-e __start}}} -dc -dp \ + %{static:-Bstatic} %{assert*}" + +/* We have atexit(3). */ + +#define HAVE_ATEXIT + +/* Implicit library calls should use memcpy, not bcopy, etc. */ + +#define TARGET_MEM_FUNCTIONS + +/* Define mips-specific OpenBSD predefines... */ +#ifndef CPP_PREDEFINES +#define CPP_PREDEFINES "-D__ANSI_COMPAT \ +-D__OpenBSD__ -D__NetBSD__ -D__alpha__ -D__alpha" +#endif + +/* Always uses gas. */ +#ifndef ASM_SPEC +#define ASM_SPEC "\ +%|" +#endif + +#ifndef CPP_SPEC +#define CPP_SPEC "\ +%{posix:-D_POSIX_SOURCE}" +#endif + +#define LIB_SPEC "%{!p:%{!pg:-lc}}%{p:-lc_p}%{pg:-lc_p}" +#define STARTFILE_SPEC \ + "%{!shared:%{pg:gcrt0.o%s}%{!pg:%{p:mcrt0.o%s}%{!p:crt0.o%s}}}" + +#ifndef MACHINE_TYPE +#define MACHINE_TYPE "OpenBSD/alpha" +#endif + +#define TARGET_DEFAULT MASK_GAS +#define PREFERRED_DEBUGGING_TYPE DBX_DEBUG + +#define LOCAL_LABEL_PREFIX "." + +#include "alpha/alpha.h" + +/* Since gas and gld are standard on OpenBSD, we don't need this */ +#undef ASM_FINAL_SPEC diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config/alpha/xm-openbsd.h b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config/alpha/xm-openbsd.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..145b2e2b5b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config/alpha/xm-openbsd.h @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +#include "alpha/xm-alpha.h" +#include "config/xm-openbsd.h" diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/configure b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/configure index 166eeede322..18d96fe52a2 100644 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/configure +++ b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/configure @@ -547,6 +547,14 @@ for machine in $canon_build $canon_host $canon_target; do a29k-*-*) # Default a29k environment. use_collect2=yes ;; + alpha-*-openbsd*) + tm_file=alpha/openbsd.h + xm_file=alpha/xm-openbsd.h + # On OpenBSD, the headers are already okay. + fixincludes=Makefile.in + tmake_file=t-libc-ok + xmake_file=x-openbsd + ;; alpha-dec-osf[23456789]*) tm_file=alpha/osf2.h if [ x$stabs = xyes ] diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/Make-lang.in b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/Make-lang.in index 4429fa30dbc..71fe1520691 100644 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/Make-lang.in +++ b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/Make-lang.in @@ -117,11 +117,13 @@ g77-cross: f/g77.c version.o $(LIBDEPS) -DGCC_NAME=\"$(GCC_CROSS_NAME)\" $(srcdir)/f/g77.c version.o $(LIBS) # g77 documentation. -$(srcdir)/f/g77.info: f/g77.texi f/bugs.texi f/install.texi f/news.texi - cd $(srcdir)/f; $(MAKEINFO) g77.texi +$(build_infodir)/f/g77.info: f/g77.texi f/bugs.texi f/install.texi f/news.texi + $(MAKEINFO) -I$(srcdir)/f $(srcdir)/f/g77.texi \ + -o $(build_infodir)/f/g77.info +# XXX OpenBSD What to do with dvi builds...? $(srcdir)/f/g77.dvi: f/g77.texi f/bugs.texi f/install.texi f/news.texi - cd $(srcdir)/f; $(TEXI2DVI) g77.texi + $(TEXI2DVI) $(srcdir)/f/g77.texi F77_SRCS = \ $(srcdir)/f/assert.j \ @@ -297,7 +299,8 @@ f77.all.cross: g77-cross maybe-f2c f77.start.encap: g77 maybe-f2c f77.rest.encap: -f77.info: $(srcdir)/f/g77.info +f77.info: $(build_infodir)/f/g77.info +# XXX OpenBSD What to do with dvi rules...? f77.dvi: $(srcdir)/f/g77.dvi $(srcdir)/f/BUGS: f/bugs0.texi f/bugs.texi @@ -402,7 +405,7 @@ f77.install-common: f77.install-info: -rm -f $(infodir)/g77.info* - cd $(srcdir)/f; for f in g77.info*; \ + cd $(build_infodir)/f; for f in g77.info*; \ do $(INSTALL_DATA) $$f $(infodir)/$$f; done -chmod a-x $(infodir)/g77.info* diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info deleted file mode 100644 index 68e6929476f..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info +++ /dev/null @@ -1,164 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file g77.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.64 from the input -file g77.texi. - - This file explains how to use the GNU Fortran system. - - Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 -Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - - Copyright (C) 1995, 1996 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for -Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are -included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public -License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight -`Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in -translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the -original English. - - Contributed by James Craig Burley (`burley@gnu.ai.mit.edu'). -Inspired by a first pass at translating `g77-0.5.16/f/DOC' that was -contributed to Craig by David Ronis (`ronis@onsager.chem.mcgill.ca'). - - -Indirect: -g77.info-1: 1548 -g77.info-2: 50373 -g77.info-3: 82640 -g77.info-4: 129737 -g77.info-5: 178815 -g77.info-6: 225545 -g77.info-7: 272677 -g77.info-8: 321177 -g77.info-9: 362647 - -Tag Table: -(Indirect) -Node: Top1548 -Node: Copying3235 -Node: Contributors22417 -Node: Funding25254 -Node: Funding GNU Fortran27757 -Node: Look and Feel30561 -Node: Getting Started31063 -Node: What is GNU Fortran?33381 -Node: G77 and GCC42918 -Node: Invoking G7744269 -Node: Option Summary46343 -Node: Overall Options50373 -Node: Fortran Dialect Options53695 -Node: Warning Options61426 -Node: Debugging Options70047 -Node: Optimize Options70880 -Node: Preprocessor Options73127 -Node: Directory Options73862 -Node: Code Gen Options75096 -Node: Environment Variables82182 -Node: News82640 -Node: Changes107165 -Node: Language113422 -Node: Standard Support114940 -Node: Extensions117336 -Node: Types120281 -Node: Constants124751 -Node: Source Form125905 -Node: Pedantic Compilation129737 -Node: Case Sensitivity133114 -Node: Intrinsics141681 -Node: Dialects144945 -Node: Object Compatibility146590 -Node: Dropping f2c Compatibility148901 -Node: Other Compilers151667 -Node: Distensions153439 -Node: Installation155769 -Node: Prerequisites156907 -Node: Problems Installing161444 -Node: General Problems162073 -Node: Cross-compiler Problems165145 -Node: Quick Start167162 -Node: Complete Installation175136 -Node: Unpacking175716 -Node: Merging Distributions178815 -Node: Installing f77184045 -Node: Installing f2c185390 -Node: Patching GNU Fortran188315 -Node: Where to Install189550 -Node: Configuring gcc192786 -Node: Building gcc194558 -Node: Bootstrap Build196565 -Node: Straight Build198473 -Node: Pre-installation Checks199862 -Node: Installation of Binaries203071 -Node: Updating Documentation204416 -Node: Missing bison?205237 -Node: Missing makeinfo?206589 -Node: Distributing Binaries207114 -Node: Settings212809 -Node: Maximum Stackable Size213641 -Node: Floating-point Bit Patterns214207 -Node: Large Initialization214953 -Node: Alpha Problems216535 -Node: Debugging and Interfacing217599 -Node: Names220157 -Node: Main Program Unit223203 -Node: Arrays225545 -Node: Procedures228872 -Node: Adjustable Arrays231233 -Node: Alternate Returns234091 -Node: Functions234963 -Node: Common Blocks236583 -Node: Local Equivalence Areas237743 -Node: Alternate Entry Points239247 -Node: Assigned Statement Labels246013 -Node: Collected Fortran Wisdom247852 -Node: Overly Convenient Options249288 -Node: Block Data and Libraries252273 -Node: Faster Programs254672 -Node: Working Programs256280 -Node: Loops258948 -Node: Advantages Over f2c264152 -Node: Language Extensions265042 -Node: Compiler Options265549 -Node: Compiler Speed266001 -Node: Program Speed266710 -Node: Ease of Debugging267993 -Node: Character and Hollerith Constants270431 -Node: Trouble271225 -Node: But-bugs272677 -Node: Actual Bugs277795 -Node: Missing Features285801 -Node: Disappointments299831 -Node: Non-bugs302230 -Node: Warnings and Errors313799 -Node: Open Questions315483 -Node: Bugs316771 -Node: Bug Criteria318161 -Node: Bug Lists320407 -Node: Bug Reporting321177 -Node: Sending Patches334589 -Node: Service340071 -Node: Adding Options340539 -Node: Projects344498 -Node: Efficiency345337 -Node: Better Optimization348234 -Node: Simplify Porting352050 -Node: More Extensions353805 -Node: Machine Model356513 -Node: Internals Documentation357799 -Node: Internals Improvements358031 -Node: Better Diagnostics361577 -Node: Index362647 - -End Tag Table diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info-1 b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info-1 deleted file mode 100644 index 08eb5fb9dc0..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info-1 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1045 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file g77.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.64 from the input -file g77.texi. - - This file explains how to use the GNU Fortran system. - - Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 -Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - - Copyright (C) 1995, 1996 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for -Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are -included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public -License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight -`Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in -translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the -original English. - - Contributed by James Craig Burley (`burley@gnu.ai.mit.edu'). -Inspired by a first pass at translating `g77-0.5.16/f/DOC' that was -contributed to Craig by David Ronis (`ronis@onsager.chem.mcgill.ca'). - - -File: g77.info, Node: Top, Next: Copying, Up: (DIR) - -Introduction -************ - - This manual documents how to run, install and port the GNU Fortran -compiler, as well as its new features and incompatibilities, and how to -report bugs. It corresponds to GNU Fortran version 0.5.18. - -* Menu: - -* Copying:: GNU General Public License says - how you can copy and share GNU Fortran. -* Contributors:: People who have contributed to GNU Fortran. -* Funding:: How to help assure continued work for free software. -* Funding GNU Fortran:: How to help assure continued work on GNU Fortran. -* Look and Feel:: Protect your freedom--fight "look and feel". - -* Getting Started:: Finding your way around this manual. -* What is GNU Fortran?:: How `g77' fits into the universe. -* G77 and GCC:: You can compile Fortran, C, or other programs. -* Invoking G77:: Command options supported by `g77'. -* News:: News about recent releases of `g77'. -* Changes:: User-visible changes to recent releases of `g77'. -* Language:: The GNU Fortran language. -* Installation:: How to configure, compile and install GNU Fortran. -* Debugging and Interfacing:: How `g77' generates code. -* Collected Fortran Wisdom:: How to avoid Trouble. -* Trouble:: If you have trouble with GNU Fortran. -* Open Questions:: Things we'd like to know. -* Bugs:: How, why, and where to report bugs. -* Service:: How to find suppliers of support for GNU Fortran. - -* Adding Options:: Guidance on teaching `g77' about new options. -* Projects:: Projects for `g77' internals hackers. - -* Index:: Index of concepts and symbol names. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Copying, Next: Contributors, Prev: Top, Up: Top - -GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE -************************** - - Version 2, June 1991 - - Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA - - Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies - of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. - -Preamble -======== - - The licenses for most software are designed to take away your -freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public -License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free -software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This -General Public License applies to most of the Free Software -Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to -using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by -the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to -your programs, too. - - When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not -price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you -have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for -this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it -if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in -new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. - - To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid -anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. -These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you -distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. - - For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether -gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that -you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the -source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their -rights. - - We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, -and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, -distribute and/or modify the software. - - Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain -that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free -software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we -want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so -that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original -authors' reputations. - - Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software -patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free -program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the -program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any -patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all. - - The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and -modification follow. - - TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION - - 0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a - notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed - under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", - below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on - the Program" means either the Program or any derivative work under - copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a - portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or - translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is - included without limitation in the term "modification".) Each - licensee is addressed as "you". - - Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are - not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act - of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the - Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on - the Program (independent of having been made by running the - Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does. - - 1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's - source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you - conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate - copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the - notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any - warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of - this License along with the Program. - - You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, - and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange - for a fee. - - 2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion - of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and - distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 - above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: - - a. You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices - stating that you changed the files and the date of any change. - - b. You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that - in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program - or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge - to all third parties under the terms of this License. - - c. If the modified program normally reads commands interactively - when run, you must cause it, when started running for such - interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display - an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and - a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you - provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the - program under these conditions, and telling the user how to - view a copy of this License. (Exception: if the Program - itself is interactive but does not normally print such an - announcement, your work based on the Program is not required - to print an announcement.) - - These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If - identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the - Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate - works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not - apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate - works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a - whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of - the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions - for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each - and every part regardless of who wrote it. - - Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or - contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the - intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of - derivative or collective works based on the Program. - - In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the - Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on - a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the - other work under the scope of this License. - - 3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, - under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms - of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the - following: - - a. Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable - source code, which must be distributed under the terms of - Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for - software interchange; or, - - b. Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three - years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your - cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete - machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be - distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a - medium customarily used for software interchange; or, - - c. Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer - to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is - allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you - received the program in object code or executable form with - such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.) - - The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for - making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete - source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, - plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts - used to control compilation and installation of the executable. - However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need - not include anything that is normally distributed (in either - source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, - kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable - runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable. - - If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering - access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent - access to copy the source code from the same place counts as - distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not - compelled to copy the source along with the object code. - - 4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program - except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt - otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is - void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this - License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, - from you under this License will not have their licenses - terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance. - - 5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not - signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify - or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions - are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. - Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work - based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this - License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, - distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it. - - 6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the - Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the - original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program - subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any - further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights - granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance - by third parties to this License. - - 7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent - infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent - issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, - agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this - License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this - License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously - your obligations under this License and any other pertinent - obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the - Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit - royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who - receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only - way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain - entirely from distribution of the Program. - - If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable - under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is - intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply - in other circumstances. - - It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any - patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of - any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting - the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is - implemented by public license practices. Many people have made - generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed - through that system in reliance on consistent application of that - system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is - willing to distribute software through any other system and a - licensee cannot impose that choice. - - This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed - to be a consequence of the rest of this License. - - 8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in - certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, - the original copyright holder who places the Program under this - License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation - excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only - in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this - License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of - this License. - - 9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new - versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such - new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but - may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. - - Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the - Program specifies a version number of this License which applies - to it and "any later version", you have the option of following - the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later - version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program - does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose - any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation. - - 10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free - programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the - author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted - by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software - Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision - will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of - all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing - and reuse of software generally. - - NO WARRANTY - - 11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO - WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE - LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT - HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT - WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT - NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND - FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE - QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE - PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY - SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. - - 12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN - WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY - MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE - LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, - INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR - INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF - DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU - OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY - OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN - ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. - - END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS - -How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs -============================================= - - If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest -possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it -free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these -terms. - - To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest -to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively -convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least -the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. - - ONE LINE TO GIVE THE PROGRAM'S NAME AND A BRIEF IDEA OF WHAT IT DOES. - Copyright (C) 19YY NAME OF AUTHOR - - This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify - it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by - the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or - (at your option) any later version. - - This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, - but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of - MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the - GNU General Public License for more details. - - You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License - along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software - Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. - - Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper -mail. - - If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like -this when it starts in an interactive mode: - - Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19YY NAME OF AUTHOR - Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details - type `show w'. - This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it - under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. - - The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the -appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the -commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show -c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your -program. - - You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or -your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, -if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: - - Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program - `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker. - - SIGNATURE OF TY COON, 1 April 1989 - Ty Coon, President of Vice - - This General Public License does not permit incorporating your -program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine -library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary -applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the -GNU Library General Public License instead of this License. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Contributors, Next: Funding, Prev: Copying, Up: Top - -Contributors to GNU Fortran -*************************** - - In addition to James Craig Burley, who wrote the front end, many -people have helped create and improve GNU Fortran. - - * The packaging and compiler portions of GNU Fortran are based - largely on the GNU CC compiler. *Note Contributors to GNU CC: - (gcc)Contributors, for more information. - - * The run-time library used by GNU Fortran is a minor repackaging of - the `libf2c' library (combined from the `libF77' and `libI77' - libraries) provided as part of `f2c', available for free from - `netlib' sites on the Internet. - - * Cygnus Support and The Free Software Foundation contributed - significant money and/or equipment to Craig's efforts. - - * The following individuals served as alpha testers prior to `g77''s - public release. This work consisted of testing, researching, - sometimes debugging, and occasionally providing small amounts of - code and fixes for `g77', plus offering plenty of helpful advice - to Craig: - - Jonathan Corbet - - Dr. Mark Fernyhough - - Takafumi Hayashi (The University of - AIzu)--`takafumi@u-aizu.ac.jp' - - Kate Hedstrom - - Michel Kern (INRIA and Rice - University)--`Michel.Kern@inria.fr' - - Dr. A. O. V. Le Blanc - - Dave Love - - Rick Lutowski - - Toon Moene - - Rick Niles - - Derk Reefman - - Wayne K. Schroll - - Bill Thorson - - Pedro A. M. Vazquez - - Ian Watson - - * Scott Snyder (`snyder@d0sgif.fnal.gov') provided the patch to add - rudimentary support for `INTEGER*1', `INTEGER*2', and `LOGICAL*1'. - This inspired Craig to add further support, even though the - resulting support would still be incomplete, because version 0.6 - is still a ways off. - - * David Ronis (`ronis@onsager.chem.mcgill.ca') inspired and - encouraged Craig to rewrite the documentation in texinfo format by - contributing a first pass at a translation of the old - `g77-0.5.16/f/DOC' file. - - * Toon Moene (`toon@moene.indiv.nluug.nl') performed some analysis - of generated code as part of an overall project to improve `g77' - code generation to at least be as good as `f2c' used in - conjunction with `gcc'. So far, this has resulted in the three, - somewhat experimental, options added by `g77' to the `gcc' - compiler and its back end. - - * Many other individuals have helped debug, test, and improve `g77' - over the past several years, and undoubtedly more people will be - doing so in the future. If you have done so, and would like to - see your name listed in the above list, please ask! The default - is that people wish to remain anonymous. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Funding, Next: Funding GNU Fortran, Prev: Contributors, Up: Top - -Funding Free Software -********************* - - If you want to have more free software a few years from now, it makes -sense for you to help encourage people to contribute funds for its -development. The most effective approach known is to encourage -commercial redistributors to donate. - - Users of free software systems can boost the pace of development by -encouraging for-a-fee distributors to donate part of their selling price -to free software developers--the Free Software Foundation, and others. - - The way to convince distributors to do this is to demand it and -expect it from them. So when you compare distributors, judge them -partly by how much they give to free software development. Show -distributors they must compete to be the one who gives the most. - - To make this approach work, you must insist on numbers that you can -compare, such as, "We will donate ten dollars to the Frobnitz project -for each disk sold." Don't be satisfied with a vague promise, such as -"A portion of the profits are donated," since it doesn't give a basis -for comparison. - - Even a precise fraction "of the profits from this disk" is not very -meaningful, since creative accounting and unrelated business decisions -can greatly alter what fraction of the sales price counts as profit. -If the price you pay is $50, ten percent of the profit is probably less -than a dollar; it might be a few cents, or nothing at all. - - Some redistributors do development work themselves. This is useful -too; but to keep everyone honest, you need to inquire how much they do, -and what kind. Some kinds of development make much more long-term -difference than others. For example, maintaining a separate version of -a program contributes very little; maintaining the standard version of a -program for the whole community contributes much. Easy new ports -contribute little, since someone else would surely do them; difficult -ports such as adding a new CPU to the GNU C compiler contribute more; -major new features or packages contribute the most. - - By establishing the idea that supporting further development is "the -proper thing to do" when distributing free software for a fee, we can -assure a steady flow of resources into making more free software. - - Copyright (C) 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - Verbatim copying and redistribution of this section is permitted - without royalty; alteration is not permitted. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Funding GNU Fortran, Next: Look and Feel, Prev: Funding, Up: Top - -Funding GNU Fortran -******************* - - Work on GNU Fortran is still being done mostly by its author, James -Craig Burley (`burley@gnu.ai.mit.edu'), who is a volunteer for, not an -employee of, the Free Software Foundation (FSF). As with other GNU -software, funding is important because it can pay for needed equipment, -personnel, and so on. - - The FSF provides information on the best way to fund ongoing -development of GNU software (such as GNU Fortran) in documents such as -the "GNUS Bulletin". Email `gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu' for information on -funding the FSF. - - To fund specific GNU Fortran work in particular, the FSF might -provide a means for that, but the FSF does not provide direct funding -to the author of GNU Fortran to continue his work. The FSF has -employee salary restrictions that can be incompatible with the -financial needs of some volunteers, who therefore choose to remain -volunteers and thus be able to be free to do contract work and -otherwise make their own schedules for doing GNU work. - - Still, funding the FSF at least indirectly benefits work on specific -projects like GNU Fortran because it ensures the continuing operation -of the FSF offices, their workstations, their network connections, and -so on, which are invaluable to volunteers. (Similarly, hiring Cygnus -Support can help a project like GNU Fortran--Cygnus has been a -long-time donor of equipment usage to the author of GNU Fortran, and -this too has been invaluable--*Note Contributors::.) - - Currently, the only way to directly fund the author of GNU Fortran -in his work on that project is to hire him for the work you want him to -do, or donate money to him. Several people have done this already, -with the result that he has not needed to immediately find contract -work on a few occasions. If more people did this, he would be able to -plan on not doing contract work for many months and could thus devote -that time to work on projects (such as the planned changes for -`g77-0.6') that require longer timeframes to complete. For the latest -information on the status of the author, do `finger -l -burley@gnu.ai.mit.edu', i.e. access `burley''s `.plan' file just as you -would `fortran''s to get `g77' status (except there's no public `ftp' -access to `burley''s `.plan' file--you can email him asking for it). - - Another important way to support work on GNU Fortran is to volunteer -to help out. Work is needed on documentation, testing, porting to -various machines, and in some cases, coding (although major changes -planned for version 0.6 make it difficult to add manpower to this area). -Email `fortran@gnu.ai.mit.edu' to volunteer for this work. - - *Note Funding Free Software: Funding, for more information. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Look and Feel, Next: Getting Started, Prev: Funding GNU Fortran, Up: Top - -Protect Your Freedom--Fight "Look And Feel" -******************************************* - - To preserve the ability to write free software, including -replacements for proprietary software, authors must be free to -replicate the user interface to which users of existing software have -become accustomed. - - *Note Protect Your Freedom--Fight "Look And Feel": (gcc)Look and -Feel, for more information. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Getting Started, Next: What is GNU Fortran?, Prev: Look and Feel, Up: Top - -Getting Started -*************** - - If you don't need help getting started reading the portions of this -manual that are most important to you, you should skip this portion of -the manual. - - If you are new to compilers, especially Fortran compilers, or new to -how compilers are structured under UNIX and UNIX-like systems, you'll -want to see *Note What is GNU Fortran?::. - - If you are new to GNU compilers, or have used only one GNU compiler -in the past and not had to delve into how it lets you manage various -versions and configurations of `gcc', you should see *Note G77 and -GCC::. - - Everyone except experienced `g77' users should see *Note Invoking -G77::. - - If you're acquainted with previous versions of `g77', you should see -*Note News::. Further, if you've actually used previous versions of -`g77', especially if you've written or modified Fortran code to be -compiled by previous versions of `g77', you should see *Note Changes::. - - If you intend to write or otherwise compile code that is not already -strictly conforming ANSI FORTRAN 77--and this is probably everyone--you -should see *Note Language::. - - If you don't already have `g77' installed on your system, you must -see *Note Installation::. - - If you run into trouble getting Fortran code to compile, link, run, -or work properly, you might find answers if you see *Note Debugging and -Interfacing::, see *Note Collected Fortran Wisdom::, and see *Note -Trouble::. You might also find that the problems you are encountering -are bugs in `g77'--see *Note Bugs::, for information on reporting them, -after reading the other material. - - If you need further help with `g77', or with freely redistributable -software in general, see *Note Service::. - - If you would like to help the `g77' project, see *Note Funding GNU -Fortran::, for information on helping financially, and see *Note -Projects::, for information on helping in other ways. - - If you're generally curious about the future of `g77', see *Note -Projects::. If you're curious about its past, see *Note Contributors::, -and see *Note Funding GNU Fortran::. - - To see a few of the questions maintainers of `g77' have, and that -you might be able to answer, see *Note Open Questions::. - - -File: g77.info, Node: What is GNU Fortran?, Next: G77 and GCC, Prev: Getting Started, Up: Top - -What is GNU Fortran? -******************** - - GNU Fortran, or `g77', is designed initially as a free replacement -for, or alternative to, the UNIX `f77' command. (Similarly, `gcc' is -designed as a replacement for the UNIX `cc' command.) - - `g77' also is designed to fit in well with the other fine GNU -compilers and tools. - - Sometimes these design goals conflict--in such cases, resolution -often is made in favor of fitting in well with Project GNU. These -cases are usually identified in the appropriate sections of this manual. - - As compilers, `g77', `gcc', and `f77' share the following -characteristics: - - * They read a user's program, stored in a file and containing - instructions written in the appropriate language (Fortran, C, and - so on). This file contains "source code". - - * They translate the user's program into instructions a computer can - carry out more quickly than it takes to translate the instructions - in the first place. These instructions are called "machine - code"--code designed to be efficiently translated and processed by - a machine such as a computer. Humans usually aren't as good - writing machine code as they are at writing Fortran or C, because - it is easy to make tiny mistakes writing machine code. When - writing Fortran or C, it is easy to make big mistakes. - - * They provide information in the generated machine code that can - make it easier to find bugs in the program (using a debugging - tool, called a "debugger", such as `gdb'). - - * They locate and gather machine code already generated to perform - actions requested by statements in the user's program. This - machine code is organized into "libraries" and is located and - gathered during the "link" phase of the compilation process. - (Linking often is thought of as a separate step, because it can be - directly invoked via the `ld' command. However, the `g77' and - `gcc' commands, as with most compiler commands, automatically - perform the linking step by calling on `ld' directly, unless asked - to not do so by the user.) - - * They attempt to diagnose cases where the user's program contains - incorrect usages of the language. The "diagnostics" produced by - the compiler indicate the problem and the location in the user's - source file where the problem was first noticed. The user can use - this information to locate and fix the problem. (Sometimes an - incorrect usage of the language leads to a situation where the - compiler can no longer make any sense of what follows--while a - human might be able to--and thus ends up complaining about many - "problems" it encounters that, in fact, stem from just one - problem, usually the first one reported.) - - * They attempt to diagnose cases where the user's program contains a - correct usage of the language, but instructs the computer to do - something questionable. These diagnostics often are in the form - of "warnings", instead of the "errors" that indicate incorrect - usage of the language. - - How these actions are performed is generally under the control of -the user. Using command-line options, the user can specify how -persnickety the compiler is to be regarding the program (whether to -diagnose questionable usage of the language), how much time to spend -making the generated machine code run faster, and so on. - - `g77' consists of several components: - - * A modified version of the `gcc' command, which also might be - installed as the system's `cc' command. (In many cases, `cc' - refers to the system's "native" C compiler, which might be a - non-GNU compiler, or an older version of `gcc' considered more - stable or that is used to build the operating system kernel.) - - * The `g77' command itself, which also might be installed as the - system's `f77' command. - - * The `libf2c' run-time library. This library contains the machine - code needed to support capabilities of the Fortran language that - are not directly provided by the machine code generated by the - `g77' compilation phase. - - * The compiler itself, internally named `f771'. - - Note that `f771' does not generate machine code directly--it - generates "assembly code" that is a more readable form of machine - code, leaving the conversion to actual machine code to an - "assembler", usually named `as'. - - `gcc' is often thought of as "the C compiler" only, but it does more -than that. Based on command-line options and the names given for files -on the command line, `gcc' determines which actions to perform, -including preprocessing, compiling (in a variety of possible -languages), assembling, and linking. - - For example, the command `gcc foo.c' "drives" the file `foo.c' -through the preprocessor `cpp', then the C compiler (internally named -`cc1'), then the assembler (usually `as'), then the linker (`ld'), -producing an executable program named `a.out' (on UNIX systems). - - As another example, the command `gcc foo.cc' would do much the same -as `gcc foo.c', but instead of using the C compiler named `cc1', `gcc' -would use the C++ compiler (named `cc1plus'). - - In a GNU Fortran installation, `gcc' recognizes Fortran source files -by name just like it does C and C++ source files. It knows to use the -Fortran compiler named `f771', instead of `cc1' or `cc1plus', to -compile Fortran files. - - Non-Fortran-related operation of `gcc' is generally unaffected by -installing the GNU Fortran version of `gcc'. However, without the -installed version of `gcc' being the GNU Fortran version, `gcc' will -not be able to compile and link Fortran programs--and since `g77' uses -`gcc' to do most of the actual work, neither will `g77'! - - The `g77' command is essentially just a front-end for the `gcc' -command. Fortran users will normally use `g77' instead of `gcc', -because `g77' knows how to specify the libraries needed to link with -Fortran programs (`libf2c' and `lm'). `g77' can still compile and link -programs and source files written in other languages, just like `gcc'. - - The command `g77 -v' is a quick way to display lots of version -information for the various programs used to compile a typical -preprocessed Fortran source file--this produces much more output than -`gcc -v' currently does. (It also produces an error message near the -end of the output, a diagnostic from the linker, usually `ld'--you can -safely ignore this error, but do include the entire output with any bug -report you submit.) In the output of this command, the line beginning -`GNU Fortran Front End' identifies the version number of GNU Fortran; -immediately preceding that line is a line identifying the version of -`gcc' with which that version of `g77' was built. - - The `libf2c' library is distributed with GNU Fortran for the -convenience of its users, but is not part of GNU Fortran. It contains -the procedures needed by Fortran programs while they are running. - - For example, while code generated by `g77' is likely to do -additions, subtractions, and multiplications "in line"--in the actual -compiled code--it is not likely to do trigonometric functions this way. - - Instead, operations like trigonometric functions are compiled by the -`f771' compiler (invoked by `g77' when compiling Fortran code) into -machine code that, when run, calls on functions in `libf2c', so -`libf2c' must be linked with almost every useful program having any -component compiled by GNU Fortran. (As mentioned above, the `g77' -command takes care of all this for you.) - - The `f771' program represents most of what is unique to GNU Fortran. -While the `libf2c' component is really part of `f2c', a free -Fortran-to-C converter distributed by Bellcore (AT&T), and the `g77' -command is just a small front-end to `gcc', `f771' is a combination of -two rather large chunks of code. - - One chunk is the so-called "GNU Back End", or GBE, which knows how -to generate fast code for a wide variety of processors. The same GBE -is used by the C, C++, and Fortran compiler programs `cc1', `cc1plus', -and `f771', plus others. Often the GBE is referred to as the "gcc back -end" or even just "gcc"--in this manual, the term GBE is used whenever -the distinction is important. - - The other chunk of `f771' is the majority of what is unique about -GNU Fortran--the code that knows how to interpret Fortran programs to -determine what they are intending to do, and then communicate that -knowledge to the GBE for actual compilation of those programs. This -chunk is called the "Fortran Front End" (FFE). The `cc1' and `cc1plus' -programs have their own front ends, for the C and C++ languages, -respectively. These fronts ends are responsible for diagnosing -incorrect usage of their respective languages by the programs the -process, and are responsible for most of the warnings about -questionable constructs as well. (The GBE handles producing some -warnings, like those concerning possible references to undefined -variables.) - - Because so much is shared among the compilers for various languages, -much of the behavior and many of the user-selectable options for these -compilers are similar. For example, diagnostics (error messages and -warnings) are similar in appearance; command-line options like `-Wall' -have generally similar effects; and the quality of generated code (in -terms of speed and size) is roughly similar (since that work is done by -the shared GBE). - - -File: g77.info, Node: G77 and GCC, Next: Invoking G77, Prev: What is GNU Fortran?, Up: Top - -Compile Fortran, C, or Other Programs -************************************* - - A GNU Fortran installation includes a modified version of the `gcc' -command. - - In a non-Fortran installation, `gcc' recognizes C, C++, and -Objective-C source files. - - In a GNU Fortran installation, `gcc' also recognizes Fortran source -files and accepts Fortran-specific command-line options, plus some -command-line options that are designed to cater to Fortran users but -apply to other languages as well. - - *Note Compile C; C++; or Objective-C: (gcc)G++ and GCC, for -information on the way different languages are handled by the GNU CC -compiler (`gcc'). - - Also provided as part of GNU Fortran is the `g77' command. The -`g77' command is designed to make compiling and linking Fortran -programs somewhat easier than when using the `gcc' command for these -tasks. It does this by analyzing the command line somewhat and -changing it appropriately before submitting it to the `gcc' command. - - Use the `-v' option with `g77' to see what is going on--the first -line of output is the invocation of the `gcc' command. Use -`--driver=true' to disable actual invocation of `gcc' (this works -because `true' is the name of a UNIX command that simply returns -success status). - - -File: g77.info, Node: Invoking G77, Next: News, Prev: G77 and GCC, Up: Top - -GNU Fortran Command Options -*************************** - - The `g77' command supports all the options supported by the `gcc' -command. *Note GNU CC Command Options: (gcc)Invoking GCC, for -information on the non-Fortran-specific aspects of the `gcc' command -(and, therefore, the `g77' command). - - The `g77' command supports one option not supported by the `gcc' -command: - -`--driver=COMMAND' - Specifies that COMMAND, rather than `gcc', is to be invoked by - `g77' to do its job. For example, within the gcc build directory - after building GNU Fortran (but without having to install it), - `./g77 --driver=./xgcc foo.f -B./'. - - All other options are supported both by `g77' and by `gcc' as -modified (and reinstalled) by the `g77' distribution. In some cases, -options have positive and negative forms; the negative form of `-ffoo' -would be `-fno-foo'. This manual documents only one of these two -forms, whichever one is not the default. - -* Menu: - -* Option Summary:: Brief list of all `g77' options, - without explanations. -* Overall Options:: Controlling the kind of output: - an executable, object files, assembler files, - or preprocessed source. -* Fortran Dialect Options:: Controlling the variant of Fortran language - compiled. -* Warning Options:: How picky should the compiler be? -* Debugging Options:: Symbol tables, measurements, and debugging dumps. -* Optimize Options:: How much optimization? -* Preprocessor Options:: Controlling header files and macro definitions. - Also, getting dependency information for Make. -* Directory Options:: Where to find header files and libraries. - Where to find the compiler executable files. -* Code Gen Options:: Specifying conventions for function calls, data layout - and register usage. -* Environment Variables:: Env vars that affect GNU Fortran. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Option Summary, Next: Overall Options, Up: Invoking G77 - -Option Summary -============== - - Here is a summary of all the options specific to GNU Fortran, grouped -by type. Explanations are in the following sections. - -*Overall Options* - *Note Options Controlling the Kind of Output: Overall Options. - --driver -fversion -fset-g77-defaults - -*Fortran Language Options* - *Note Options Controlling Fortran Dialect: Fortran Dialect Options. - -ffree-form -fno-fixed-form -ff90 -fvxt-not-f90 - -ff90-not-vxt -fdollar-ok -fno-backslash - -fintrin-case-initcap -fintrin-case-upper - -fintrin-case-lower -fintrin-case-any - -fmatch-case-initcap -fmatch-case-upper - -fmatch-case-lower -fmatch-case-any - -fsource-case-upper -fsource-case-lower -fsource-case-preserve - -fsymbol-case-initcap -fsymbol-case-upper - -fsymbol-case-lower -fsymbol-case-any - -fcase-strict-upper -fcase-strict-lower - -fcase-initcap -fcase-upper -fcase-lower -fcase-preserve - -fdcp-intrinsics-delete -fdcp-intrinsics-hide - -fdcp-intrinsics-disable -fdcp-intrinsics-enable - -ff2c-intrinsics-delete -ff2c-intrinsics-hide - -ff2c-intrinsics-disable -ff2c-intrinsics-enable - -ff90-intrinsics-delete -ff90-intrinsics-hide - -ff90-intrinsics-disable -ff90-intrinsics-enable - -fmil-intrinsics-delete -fmil-intrinsics-hide - -fmil-intrinsics-disable -fmil-intrinsics-enable - -funix-intrinsics-delete -funix-intrinsics-hide - -funix-intrinsics-disable -funix-intrinsics-enable - -fvxt-intrinsics-delete -fvxt-intrinsics-hide - -fvxt-intrinsics-disable -fvxt-intrinsics-enable - -ffixed-line-length-N -ffixed-line-length-none - -*Warning Options* - *Note Options to Request or Suppress Warnings: Warning Options. - -fsyntax-only -pedantic -pedantic-errors -fpedantic - -fugly -fno-ugly-args -fno-ugly-init -w -Wimplicit - -Wunused -Wuninitialized -Wall -Wsurprising -Werror - -W - -*Debugging Options* - *Note Options for Debugging Your Program or GCC: Debugging Options. - -g - -*Optimization Options* - *Note Options that Control Optimization: Optimize Options. - -ffloat-store -fforce-mem -fforce-addr -fno-inline - -ffast-math -fstrength-reduce -frerun-cse-after-loop - -fexpensive-optimizations -fdelayed-branch - -fschedule-insns -fschedule-insn2 -fcaller-saves - -funroll-loops -funroll-all-loops - -fno-move-all-movables -fno-reduce-all-givs - -fno-rerun-loop-opt - -*Directory Options* - *Note Options for Directory Search: Directory Options. - -IDIR -I- - -*Code Generation Options* - *Note Options for Code Generation Conventions: Code Gen Options. - -fno-automatic -finit-local-zero -fno-f2c - -ff2c-library -fno-underscoring -fno-ident - -fpcc-struct-return -freg-struct-return - -fshort-double -fno-common -fpack-struct - -fzeros - -* Menu: - -* Overall Options:: Controlling the kind of output: - an executable, object files, assembler files, - or preprocessed source. -* Fortran Dialect Options:: Controlling the variant of Fortran language - compiled. -* Warning Options:: How picky should the compiler be? -* Debugging Options:: Symbol tables, measurements, and debugging dumps. -* Optimize Options:: How much optimization? -* Preprocessor Options:: Controlling header files and macro definitions. - Also, getting dependency information for Make. -* Directory Options:: Where to find header files and libraries. - Where to find the compiler executable files. -* Code Gen Options:: Specifying conventions for function calls, data layout - and register usage. - diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info-2 b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info-2 deleted file mode 100644 index 5bc396ab532..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info-2 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,846 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file g77.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.64 from the input -file g77.texi. - - This file explains how to use the GNU Fortran system. - - Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 -Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - - Copyright (C) 1995, 1996 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for -Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are -included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public -License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight -`Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in -translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the -original English. - - Contributed by James Craig Burley (`burley@gnu.ai.mit.edu'). -Inspired by a first pass at translating `g77-0.5.16/f/DOC' that was -contributed to Craig by David Ronis (`ronis@onsager.chem.mcgill.ca'). - - -File: g77.info, Node: Overall Options, Next: Fortran Dialect Options, Prev: Option Summary, Up: Invoking G77 - -Options Controlling the Kind of Output -====================================== - - Compilation can involve as many as four stages: preprocessing, -compilation proper, assembly, and linking, always in that order. The -first three stages apply to an individual source file, and end by -producing an object file; linking combines all the object files (those -newly compiled, and those specified as input) into an executable file. - - For any given input file, the file name suffix determines what kind -of compilation is done. Suffixes specific to GNU Fortran are listed -below. *Note gcc: (Using and Porting GNU CC)Overall Options, for -information on suffixes recognized by GNU CC. - -`FILE.f' -`FILE.for' - Fortran source code that should not be preprocessed. - -`FILE.F' -`FILE.fpp' - Fortran source code that must be preprocessed (by the C - preprocessor `cpp', which is part of GNU CC). - - UNIX users typically use the `FILE.f' and `FILE.F' nomenclature. -Users of other operating systems, especially those that cannot -distinguish upper-case letters from lower-case letters in their file -names, typically use the `FILE.for' and `FILE.fpp' nomenclature. - - Use of the preprocessor `cpp' allows use of C-like constructs such -as `#define' and `#include', but can lead to unexpected, even mistaken, -results due to Fortran's source file format. It is recommended that -use of the C preprocessor be limited to `#include' and, in conjunction -with `#define', only `#if' and related directives, thus avoiding -in-line macro expansion entirely. This recommendation applies -especially when using the traditional fixed source form. With free -source form, fewer unexpected transformations are likely to happen, but -use of Hollerith and things like continued character constants can -nevertheless present problems. - - The following options that affect overall processing are recognized -by the `g77' and `gcc' commands in a GNU Fortran installation: - -`--driver=COMMAND' - This works only when invoking the `g77' command, not when invoking - the `gcc' command. *Note GNU Fortran Command Options: Invoking - G77, for information on this option. - -`-fversion' - Ensure that the `g77'-specific version of the compiler phase is - reported, if run. (This is supplied automatically when `-v' or - `--version' is specified as a command-line option for `g77' or - `gcc' and when the resulting commands compile Fortran source - files.) - -`-fset-g77-defaults' - Set up whatever `gcc' options are to apply to Fortran compilations. - For version 0.5.18, this is equivalent to `-fmove-all-movables - -freduce-all-givs -frerun-loop-opt'. (This is supplied - automatically when compiling Fortran code. The description of - this option is here so that users seeing it in the output of, say, - `g77 -v' understand why it is there. Also, developers who run - `f771' directly might want to specify it by hand to get the same - defaults as they would running `f771' via `g77' or `gcc'.) - - *Note Options Controlling the Kind of Output: (gcc)Overall Options, -for information on more options that control the overall operation of -the `gcc' command (and, by extension, the `g77' command). - - -File: g77.info, Node: Fortran Dialect Options, Next: Warning Options, Prev: Overall Options, Up: Invoking G77 - -Options Controlling Fortran Dialect -=================================== - - The following options control the dialect of Fortran that the -compiler accepts: - -`-ffree-form' -`-fno-fixed-form' - Specify that the source file is written in free form (introduced - in Fortran 90) instead of the more-traditional fixed form. - -`-ff90' - Allow certain Fortran-90 constructs. - - This option controls whether certain Fortran 90 constructs are - recognized. (Other Fortran 90 constructs might or might not be - recognized depending on other options such as `-fvxt-not-f90', - `-ff90-intrinsics-enable', and the current level of support for - Fortran 90.) - - *Note GNU Fortran Extensions: Extensions, for more information. - -`-fvxt-not-f90' -`-ff90-not-vxt' - Specify whether Fortran 90 or other popular extensions are to be - assumed for ambiguous constructs. The default is -fvxt-not-f90. - - For example, with `-ff90-not-vxt', `PRINT *,"double-quoted - string"' is valid, while with `-fvxt-not-f90', `PRINT *,"2000' is - valid. - - (There is no way to allow both constructs in the general case, - since statements like `PRINT *,"2000 !comment?"' would be - ambiguous.) - - *Note GNU Fortran Dialects: Dialects, for more information. - -`-fdollar-ok' - Allow `$' as a valid character in a symbol name. - -`-fno-backslash' - Specify that `\' is not to be specially interpreted in character - and Hollerith constants a la C and many UNIX Fortran compilers. - - For example, with `-fbackslash' in effect, `A\nB' specifies three - characters, with the second one being newline. With - `-fno-backslash', it specifies four characters, `A', `\', `n', and - `B'. - - Note that `g77' implements a fairly general form of backslash - processing that is incompatible with the narrower forms supported - by some other compilers. For example, `'A\003B'' is a - three-character string in `g77', whereas other compilers that - support backslash might not support the three-octal-digit form, - and thus treat that string as longer than three characters. - - *Note Certain Changes We Don't Want to Make: Non-bugs, for - information on why `-fbackslash' is the default instead of - `-fno-backslash'. - -`-fintrin-case-initcap' -`-fintrin-case-upper' -`-fintrin-case-lower' -`-fintrin-case-any' - Specify expected case for intrinsic names. `-fintrin-case-lower' - is the default. - -`-fmatch-case-initcap' -`-fmatch-case-upper' -`-fmatch-case-lower' -`-fmatch-case-any' - Specify expected case for keywords. `-fmatch-case-lower' is the - default. - -`-fsource-case-upper' -`-fsource-case-lower' -`-fsource-case-preserve' - Specify whether source text other than character and Hollerith - constants is to be translated to uppercase, to lowercase, or - preserved as is. `-fsource-case-lower' is the default. - -`-fsymbol-case-initcap' -`-fsymbol-case-upper' -`-fsymbol-case-lower' -`-fsymbol-case-any' - Specify valid cases for user-defined symbol names. - `-fsymbol-case-any' is the default. - -`-fcase-strict-upper' - Same as `-fintrin-case-upper -fmatch-case-upper - -fsource-case-preserve -fsymbol-case-upper'. (Requires all - pertinent source to be in uppercase.) - -`-fcase-strict-lower' - Same as `-fintrin-case-lower -fmatch-case-lower - -fsource-case-preserve -fsymbol-case-lower'. (Requires all - pertinent source to be in lowercase.) - -`-fcase-initcap' - Same as `-fintrin-case-initcap -fmatch-case-initcap - -fsource-case-preserve -fsymbol-case-initcap'. (Requires all - pertinent source to be in initial capitals, as in `Print - *,SqRt(Value)'.) - -`-fcase-upper' - Same as `-fintrin-case-any -fmatch-case-any -fsource-case-upper - -fsymbol-case-any'. (Maps all pertinent source to uppercase.) - -`-fcase-lower' - Same as `-fintrin-case-any -fmatch-case-any -fsource-case-lower - -fsymbol-case-any'. (Maps all pertinent source to lowercase.) - -`-fcase-preserve' - Same as `-fintrin-case-any -fmatch-case-any -fsource-case-preserve - -fsymbol-case-any'. (Preserves all case in user-defined symbols, - while allowing any-case matching of intrinsics and keywords. For - example, `call Foo(i,I)' would pass two *different* variables - named `i' and `I' to a procedure named `Foo'.) - -`-fdcp-intrinsics-delete' -`-fdcp-intrinsics-hide' -`-fdcp-intrinsics-disable' -`-fdcp-intrinsics-enable' - Specify status of Digital's COMPLEX-related intrinsics. - `-fdcp-intrinsics-enable' is the default. - -`-ff2c-intrinsics-delete' -`-ff2c-intrinsics-hide' -`-ff2c-intrinsics-disable' -`-ff2c-intrinsics-enable' - Specify status of f2c-specific intrinsics. - `-ff2c-intrinsics-enable' is the default. - -`-ff90-intrinsics-delete' -`-ff90-intrinsics-hide' -`-ff90-intrinsics-disable' -`-ff90-intrinsics-enable' - Specify status of F90-specific intrinsics. - `-ff90-intrinsics-delete' is the default. - -`-fmil-intrinsics-delete' -`-fmil-intrinsics-hide' -`-fmil-intrinsics-disable' -`-fmil-intrinsics-enable' - Specify status of MIL-STD-1753-specific intrinsics. - `-fmil-intrinsics-enable' is the default. - -`-funix-intrinsics-delete' -`-funix-intrinsics-hide' -`-funix-intrinsics-disable' -`-funix-intrinsics-enable' - Specify status of UNIX intrinsics. `-funix-intrinsics-enable' is - the default. - - For example, if your code invokes `FLUSH' as a library function - and thus works with other UNIX Fortran compilers or earlier - version of `g77', either add the `EXTERNAL FLUSH' statement or, - perhaps more convenient for you, compile with the - -funix-intrinsics-hide or -funix-intrinsics-delete option. - - Note that `ABORT', `EXIT', `FLUSH', `SIGNAL', and `SYSTEM' are - intrinsic subroutines, not functions (since they have side - effects), so to get the return values from `SIGNAL' and `SYSTEM', - append a final argument specifying an `INTEGER' variable or array - element to receive the returned status. (For example, `CALL - SYSTEM('rm foo',ISTAT)'.) - - `FLUSH()' accepts an optional single `INTEGER' argument, since - many Fortran implementations allow or require a unit number. - Currently, since `libf2c' does not flush a given unit number, this - argument is not used--all units are flushed by `libf2c''s - implementation of `FLUSH()'. Do not depend on this behavior--if - you want to flush all units, use `CALL FLUSH' (that is, specify no - arguments to `FLUSH'). - - `EXIT()' accepts an optional single `INTEGER' argument. If - omitted, zero is the default (as in `CALL EXIT(0)'). The default - might change on configurations where the "normal return status" is - not zero, however. If you want to return a "success" status, it - is best to call `EXIT' with no arguments in your code, and let - `g77' choose the appropriate default. - -`-fvxt-intrinsics-delete' -`-fvxt-intrinsics-hide' -`-fvxt-intrinsics-disable' -`-fvxt-intrinsics-enable' - Specify status of VXT intrinsics. `-fvxt-intrinsics-delete' is - the default. - -`-ffixed-line-length-N' - Set column after which characters are ignored in typical fixed-form - lines in the source file. - - Popular values for N include 72 (the standard and the default), 80 - (card image), and 132 (corresponds to "extended-source" options in - some popular compilers). N may be `none', meaning that the entire - line is meaningful and that continued character constants never - have implicit spaces appended to them to fill out the line. - `-ffixed-line-length-0' means the same thing as - `-ffixed-line-length-none'. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Warning Options, Next: Debugging Options, Prev: Fortran Dialect Options, Up: Invoking G77 - -Options to Request or Suppress Warnings -======================================= - - Warnings are diagnostic messages that report constructions which are -not inherently erroneous but which are risky or suggest there might -have been an error. - - You can request many specific warnings with options beginning `-W', -for example `-Wimplicit' to request warnings on implicit declarations. -Each of these specific warning options also has a negative form -beginning `-Wno-' to turn off warnings; for example, `-Wno-implicit'. -This manual lists only one of the two forms, whichever is not the -default. - - These options control the amount and kinds of warnings produced by -GNU Fortran: - -`-fsyntax-only' - Check the code for syntax errors, but don't do anything beyond - that. - -`-pedantic' - Issue warnings for uses of extensions to ANSI FORTRAN 77. - `-pedantic' also applies to C-language constructs where they occur - in GNU Fortran source files, such as use of `\e' in a character - constant within a directive like `#include'. - - Valid ANSI FORTRAN 77 programs should compile properly with or - without this option. However, without this option, certain GNU - extensions and traditional Fortran features are supported as well. - With this option, many of them are rejected. - - Some users try to use `-pedantic' to check programs for strict ANSI - conformance. They soon find that it does not do quite what they - want: it finds some non-ANSI practices, but not all--however, - improvements to `g77' in this area are welcome. - -`-pedantic-errors' - Like `-pedantic', except that errors are produced rather than - warnings. - -`-fpedantic' - Like `-pedantic', but applies only to Fortran constructs. - -`-fugly' - Specify that certain "ugly" constructs are to be quietly accepted. - Implies `-fugly-args' and `-fugly-init' as well. - - For example, with `-fno-ugly', `CALL FOO(,)' means to pass one - null argument, whereas with `-fugly', it means to pass two null - arguments. - -`-fno-ugly-args' - Disallow passing Hollerith and typeless constants as actual - arguments (for example, `CALL FOO(4HABCD)'). - -`-fno-ugly-init' - Disallow use of Hollerith and typeless constants as initial values - (in `PARAMETER' and `DATA' statements), and use of character - constants to initialize numeric types and vice versa. - - For example, `DATA I/'F'/, CHRVAR/65/, J/4HABCD/' is disallowed by - `-fno-ugly-init'. - -`-w' - Inhibit all warning messages. - -`-Wimplicit' - Warn whenever a variable, array, or function is implicitly - declared. Has an effect similar to using the `IMPLICIT NONE' - statement in every program unit. (Some Fortran compilers provide - this feature by an option named `-u' or `/WARNINGS=DECLARATIONS'.) - -`-Wunused' - Warn whenever a variable is unused aside from its declaration. - -`-Wuninitialized' - Warn whenever an automatic variable is used without first being - initialized. - - These warnings are possible only in optimizing compilation, - because they require data flow information that is computed only - when optimizing. If you don't specify `-O', you simply won't get - these warnings. - - These warnings occur only for variables that are candidates for - register allocation. Therefore, they do not occur for a variable - that is declared `volatile', or whose address is taken, or whose - size is other than 1, 2, 4 or 8 bytes. Also, they do not occur for - arrays, even when they are in registers. - - Note that there may be no warning about a variable that is used - only to compute a value that itself is never used, because such - computations may be deleted by data flow analysis before the - warnings are printed. - - These warnings are made optional because GNU Fortran is not smart - enough to see all the reasons why the code might be correct - despite appearing to have an error. Here is one example of how - this can happen: - - SUBROUTINE DISPAT(J) - IF (J.EQ.1) I=1 - IF (J.EQ.2) I=4 - IF (J.EQ.3) I=5 - CALL FOO(I) - END - - If the value of `J' is always 1, 2 or 3, then `I' is always - initialized, but GNU Fortran doesn't know this. Here is another - common case: - - SUBROUTINE MAYBE(FLAG) - LOGICAL FLAG - IF (FLAG) VALUE = 3.14 - ... - IF (FLAG) PRINT *, VALUE - END - - This has no bug because `VALUE' is used only if it is set. - -`-Wall' - The `-Wunused' and `-Wuninitialized' options combined. These are - all the options which pertain to usage that we recommend avoiding - and that we believe is easy to avoid. (As more warnings are added - to `g77', some might be added to the list enabled by `-Wall'.) - - The remaining `-W...' options are not implied by `-Wall' because -they warn about constructions that we consider reasonable to use, on -occasion, in clean programs. - -`-Wsurprising' - Warn about "suspicious" constructs that are interpreted by the - compiler in a way that might well be surprising to someone reading - the code. These differences can result in subtle, - compiler-dependent (even machine-dependent) behavioral differences. - The constructs warned about include: - - * Expressions having two arithmetic operators in a row, such as - `X*-Y'. Such a construct is nonstandard, and can produce - unexpected results in more complicated situations such as - `X**-Y*Z'. `g77', along with many other compilers, interprets - this example differently than many programmers, and a few - other compilers. Specifically, `g77' interprets `X**-Y*Z' as - `(X**(-Y))*Z', while others might think it should be - interpreted as `X**(-(Y*Z))'. - - A revealing example is the constant expression `2**-2*1.', - which `g77' evaluates to .25, while others might evaluate it - to 0., the difference being the way precedence affects type - promotion. - - (The `-fpedantic' option also warns about expressions having - two arithmetic operators in a row.) - - * Expressions with a unary minus followed by an operand and then - a binary operator other than plus or minus. For example, - `-2**2' produces a warning, because the precedence is - `-(2**2)', yielding -4, not `(-2)**2', which yields 4, and - which might represent what a programmer expects. Even cases - such as `-I*J' produce warnings, even though, in most - configurations and situations, there is no computational - difference between the results of the two - interpretations--the purpose of this warning is to warn about - differing interpretations and encourage a better style of - coding, not to identify only those places where bugs might - exist in the user's code. - - * `DO' loops with `DO' variables that are not of integral - type--that is, using `REAL' or `DOUBLE PRECISION' variables - as loop control variables. Although such loops can be - written to work in the "obvious" way, the way `g77' is - required by the Fortran standard to interpret such code is - likely to be quite different from the way many programmers - expect. (This is true of all `DO' loops, but the differences - are pronounced for non-integral loop control variables.) - - *Note Loops::, for more information. - -`-Werror' - Make all warnings into errors. - -`-W' - Turns on "extra warnings" and the `uninitialized' option. (This - might change in future versions of `g77'.) - - "Extra warnings" are issued for: - - * Unused parameters to a procedure (when `-Wunused' also is - specified). - - * Overflows involving floating-point constants (not available - for certain configurations?). - - *Note Options to Request or Suppress Warnings: (gcc)Warning Options, -for information on more options offered by the GBE shared by `g77', -`gcc', and other GNU compilers. - - Some of these have no effect when compiling programs written in -Fortran: - -`-Wcomment' -`-Wformat' -`-Wparentheses' -`-Wswitch' -`-Wtraditional' -`-Wshadow' -`-Wid-clash-LEN' -`-Wlarger-than-LEN' -`-Wconversion' -`-Waggregate-return' -`-Wredundant-decls' - These options all could have some relevant meaning for GNU Fortran - programs, but are not yet supported. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Debugging Options, Next: Optimize Options, Prev: Warning Options, Up: Invoking G77 - -Options for Debugging Your Program or GNU Fortran -================================================= - - GNU Fortran has various special options that are used for debugging -either your program or `g77'. - -`-g' - Produce debugging information in the operating system's native - format (stabs, COFF, XCOFF, or DWARF). GDB can work with this - debugging information. - - Support for this option in Fortran programs is incomplete. In - particular, names of variables and arrays in common blocks or that - are storage-associated via `EQUIVALENCE' are unavailable to the - debugger. - - *Note Options for Debugging Your Program or GNU CC: (gcc)Debugging -Options, for more information on debugging options. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Optimize Options, Next: Preprocessor Options, Prev: Debugging Options, Up: Invoking G77 - -Options That Control Optimization -================================= - - Most Fortran users will want to use no optimization when developing -and testing programs, and use `-O' or `-O2' when compiling programs for -late-cycle testing and for production use. - - The following flags have particular applicability when compiling -Fortran programs: - -`-ffloat-store' - Might help a Fortran program that depends on exact IEEE conformance - on some machines, but might slow down a program that doesn't. - -`-fforce-mem' -`-fforce-addr' - Might improve optimization of loops. - -`-fno-inline' - Don't compile statement functions inline. Might reduce the size - of a program unit--which might be at expense of some speed (though - it should compile faster). Note that if you are not optimizing, - no functions can be expanded inline. - -`-ffast-math' - Might allow some programs designed to not be too dependent on IEEE - behavior for floating-point to run faster, or die trying. - -`-fstrength-reduce' - Might make some loops run faster. - -`-frerun-cse-after-loop' -`-fexpensive-optimizations' -`-fdelayed-branch' -`-fschedule-insns' -`-fschedule-insns2' -`-fcaller-saves' - Might improve performance on some code. - -`-funroll-loops' - Definitely improves performance on some code. - -`-funroll-all-loops' - Definitely improves performance on some code. - -`-fno-move-all-movables' -`-fno-reduce-all-givs' -`-fno-rerun-loop-opt' - Each of these might improve performance on some code. - - Analysis of Fortran code optimization and the resulting - optimizations triggered by the above options were contributed by - Toon Moene (`toon@moene.indiv.nluug.nl'). - - Please let us know how use of these options affects the - performance of your production code. We're particularly - interested in code that runs faster when these options are - *disabled*, and in non-Fortran code that benefits when they are - *enabled* via the above `gcc' command-line options. - - *Note Options That Control Optimization: (gcc)Optimize Options, for -more information on options to optimize the generated machine code. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Preprocessor Options, Next: Directory Options, Prev: Optimize Options, Up: Invoking G77 - -Options Controlling the Preprocessor -==================================== - - These options control the C preprocessor, which is run on each C -source file before actual compilation. - - *Note Options Controlling the Preprocessor: (gcc)Preprocessor -Options, for information on C preprocessor options. - - Some of these options also affect how `g77' processes the `INCLUDE' -statement. Since this statement is processed even when preprocessing -is not requested, it is not described in this section. *Note Options -for Directory Search: Directory Options, for information on how `g77' -processes the `INCLUDE' statement. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Directory Options, Next: Code Gen Options, Prev: Preprocessor Options, Up: Invoking G77 - -Options for Directory Search -============================ - - These options affect how the `cpp' preprocessor searches for files -specified via the `#include' directive. Therefore, when compiling -Fortran programs, they are meaningful when the preproecssor is used. - - Some of these options also affect how `g77' searches for files -specified via the `INCLUDE' statement. These options are: - -`-I-' -`-IDIR' - These affect interpretation of the `INCLUDE' statement (as well as - of the `#include' directive of the `cpp' preprocessor). - - Note that `-IDIR' must be specified *without* any spaces between - `-I' and the directory name--that is, `-Ifoo/bar' is valid, but - `-I foo/bar' is rejected by the `g77' compiler (though the - preprocessor supports the latter form). Also note that the - general behavior of `-I' and `INCLUDE' is pretty much the same as - of `-I' with `#include' in the `cpp' preprocessor, with regard to - looking for `header.gcc' files and other such things. - - *Note Options for Directory Search: (gcc)Directory Optoins, for - information on the `-I' option. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Code Gen Options, Next: Environment Variables, Prev: Directory Options, Up: Invoking G77 - -Options for Code Generation Conventions -======================================= - - These machine-independent options control the interface conventions -used in code generation. - - Most of them have both positive and negative forms; the negative form -of `-ffoo' would be `-fno-foo'. In the table below, only one of the -forms is listed--the one which is not the default. You can figure out -the other form by either removing `no-' or adding it. - -`-fno-automatic' - Treat each program unit as if the `SAVE' statement was specified - for every local variable and array referenced in it. Does not - affect common blocks. (Some Fortran compilers provide this option - under the name `-static'.) - -`-finit-local-zero' - Specify that variables and arrays that are local to a program unit - (not in a common block and not passed as an argument) are to be - initialized to binary zeros. - - Since there is a run-time penalty for initialization of variables - that are not given the `SAVE' attribute, it might be a good idea - to also use `-fno-automatic' with `-finit-local-zero'. - -`-fno-f2c' - Do not generate code designed to be compatible with code generated - by `f2c'. - - This does not affect the generation of code that interfaces with - the `libf2c' library. - - *Caution:* If `-fno-f2c' is used when compiling any source file - used in a program, it must be used when compiling *all* Fortran - source files used in that program. - -`-ff2c-library' - Specify that use of `libf2c' is required. This is the default for - the current version of `g77'. - - Currently it is not valid to specify `-fno-f2c-library'. This - option is provided so users can specify it in shell scripts that - build programs and libraries that require the `libf2c' library, - even when being compiled by future versions of `g77' that might - otherwise default to generating code for an incompatible library. - -`-fno-underscoring' - Do not transform names of entities specified in the Fortran source - file by appending underscores to them. - - With `-funderscoring' in effect, `g77' appends two underscores to - names with underscores and one underscore to external names with - no underscores. (`g77' also appends two underscores to internal - names with underscores to avoid naming collisions with external - names.) - - This is done to ensure compatibility with code produced by many - UNIX Fortran compilers, including `f2c', which perform the same - transformations. - - Use of `-fno-underscoring' is not recommended unless you are - experimenting with issues such as integration of (GNU) Fortran into - existing system environments (vis-a-vis existing libraries, tools, - and so on). - - For example, with `-funderscoring', and assuming other defaults - like `-fcase-lower' and that `j()' and `max_count()' are external - functions while `my_var' and `lvar' are local variables, a - statement like - - I = J() + MAX_COUNT (MY_VAR, LVAR) - - is implemented as something akin to: - - i = j_() + max_count__(&my_var__, &lvar); - - With `-fno-underscoring', the same statement is implemented as: - - i = j() + max_count(&my_var, &lvar); - - Use of `-fno-underscoring' allows direct specification of - user-defined names while debugging and when interfacing - `g77'-compiled code with other languages. - - Note that just because the names match does *not* mean that the - interface implemented by `g77' for an external name matches the - interface implemented by some other language for that same name. - That is, getting code produced by `g77' to link to code produced - by some other compiler using this or any other method can be only a - small part of the overall solution--getting the code generated by - both compilers to agree on issues other than naming can require - significant effort, and, unlike naming disagreements, linkers - normally cannot detect disagreements in these other areas. - - Also, note that with `-fno-underscoring', the lack of appended - underscores introduces the very real possibility that a - user-defined external name will conflict with a name in a system - library, which could make finding unresolved-reference bugs quite - difficult in some cases--they might occur at program run time, and - show up only as buggy behavior at run time. - - In future versions of `g77', we hope to improve naming and linking - issues so that debugging always involves using the names as they - appear in the source, even if the names as seen by the linker are - mangled to prevent accidental linking between procedures with - incompatible interfaces. - -`-fno-second-underscore' - Do not append a second underscore to names of entities specified - in the Fortran source file. - - This option has no effect if `-fno-underscoring' is not in effect. - - Otherwise, with this option, an external name such as `MAX_COUNT' - is implemented as a reference to the link-time external symbol - `max_count_', instead of `max_count__'. - -`-fno-ident' - Ignore the `#ident' directive. - -`-fzeros' - Treat initial values of zero as if they were any other value. - - As of version 0.5.18, `g77' normally treats `DATA' and other - statements that are used specify initial values of zero for - variables and arrays as if no values were actually specified, in - the sense that no diagnostics regarding multiple initializations - are produced. - - This is done to speed up compiling of programs that initialize - large arrays to zeros. - - Use `-fzeros' to revert to the simpler, slower behavior that can - catch multiple initializations by keeping track of all - initializations, zero or otherwise. - - *Caution:* Future versions of `g77' might disregard this option - (and its negative form, the default) or interpret it somewhat - differently. The interpretation changes will affect only - non-standard programs; standard-conforming programs should not be - affected. - - *Note Options for Code Generation Conventions: (gcc)Code Gen -Options, for information on more options offered by the GBE shared by -`g77', `gcc', and other GNU compilers. - - Some of these do *not* work when compiling programs written in -Fortran: - -`-fpcc-struct-return' -`-freg-struct-return' - You should not use these except strictly the same way as you used - them to build the version of `libf2c' with which you will be - linking all code compiled by `g77' with the same option. - -`-fshort-double' - This probably either has no effect on Fortran programs, or makes - them act loopy. - -`-fno-common' - Do not use this when compiling Fortran programs, or there will be - Trouble. - -`-fpack-struct' - This probably will break any calls to the `libf2c' library, at the - very least, even if it is built with the same option. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Environment Variables, Prev: Code Gen Options, Up: Invoking G77 - -Environment Variables Affecting GNU Fortran -=========================================== - - GNU Fortran currently does not make use of any environment variables -to control its operation above and beyond those that affect the -operation of `gcc'. - - *Note Environment Variables Affecting GNU CC: (gcc)Environment -Variables, for information on environment variables. - diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info-3 b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info-3 deleted file mode 100644 index 09ada32403e..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info-3 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1151 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file g77.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.64 from the input -file g77.texi. - - This file explains how to use the GNU Fortran system. - - Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 -Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - - Copyright (C) 1995, 1996 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for -Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are -included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public -License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight -`Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in -translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the -original English. - - Contributed by James Craig Burley (`burley@gnu.ai.mit.edu'). -Inspired by a first pass at translating `g77-0.5.16/f/DOC' that was -contributed to Craig by David Ronis (`ronis@onsager.chem.mcgill.ca'). - - -File: g77.info, Node: News, Next: Changes, Prev: Invoking G77, Up: Top - -News About GNU Fortran -********************** - -In 0.5.18: -========== - - * Add some rudimentary support for `INTEGER*1', `INTEGER*2', - `INTEGER*8', and their `LOGICAL' equivalents. (This support works - on most, maybe all, `gcc' targets.) - - Thanks to Scott Snyder (`snyder@d0sgif.fnal.gov') for providing - the patch for this! - - Among the missing elements from the support for these features are - full intrinsic support and constants. - - * Add some rudimentary support for the `BYTE' and `WORD' - type-declaration statements. `BYTE' corresponds to `INTEGER*1', - while `WORD' corresponds to `INTEGER*2'. - - Thanks to Scott Snyder (`snyder@d0sgif.fnal.gov') for providing - the patch for this! - - * The compiler code handling intrinsics has been largely rewritten - to accommodate the new types. No new intrinsics or arguments for - existing intrinsics have been added, so there is, at this point, - no intrinsic to convert to `INTEGER*8', for example. - - * Support automatic arrays in procedures. - - * Reduce space/time requirements for handling large *sparsely* - initialized aggregate arrays. This improvement applies to only a - subset of the general problem to be addressed in 0.6. - - * Treat initial values of zero as if they weren't specified (in DATA - and type-declaration statements). The initial values will be set - to zero anyway, but the amount of compile time processing them - will be reduced, in some cases significantly (though, again, this - is only a subset of the general problem to be addressed in 0.6). - - A new option, `-fzeros', is introduced to enable the traditional - treatment of zeros as any other value. - - * With `-ff90' in force, `g77' incorrectly interpreted `REAL(Z)' as - returning a `REAL' result, instead of as a `DOUBLE PRECISION' - result. (Here, `Z' is `DOUBLE COMPLEX'.) - - With `-fno-f90' in force, the interpretation remains unchanged, - since this appears to be how at least some F77 code using the - `DOUBLE COMPLEX' extension expected it to work. - - Essentially, `REAL(Z)' in F90 is the same as `DBLE(Z)', while in - extended F77, it appears to be the same as `REAL(REAL(Z))'. - - * An expression involving exponentiation, where both operands were - type `INTEGER' and the right-hand operand was negative, was - erroneously evaluated. - - * Fix bugs involving `DATA' implied-`DO' constructs (these involved - an errant diagnostic and a crash, both on good code, one involving - subsequent statement-function definition). - - * Close `INCLUDE' files after processing them, so compiling source - files with lots of `INCLUDE' statements does not result in being - unable to open `INCLUDE' files after all the available file - descriptors are used up. - - * Speed up compiling, especially of larger programs, and perhaps - slightly reduce memory utilization while compiling (this is *not* - the improvement planned for 0.6 involving large aggregate - areas)--these improvements result from simply turning off some - low-level code to do self-checking that hasn't been triggered in a - long time. - - * Introduce three new options that implement optimizations in the - `gcc' back end (GBE). These options are `-fmove-all-movables', - `-freduce-all-givs', and `-frerun-loop-opt', which are enabled, by - default, for Fortran compilations. These optimizations are - intended to help toon Fortran programs. - - * Patch the GBE to do a better job optimizing certain kinds of - references to array elements. - - * Due to patches to the GBE, the version number of `gcc' also is - patched to make it easier to manage installations, especially - useful if it turns out a `g77' change to the GBE has a bug. - - The `g77'-modified version number is the `gcc' version number with - the string `.f.N' appended, where `f' identifies the version as - enhanced for Fortran, and N is `1' for the first Fortran patch for - that version of `gcc', `2' for the second, and so on. - - So, this introduces version `2.7.2.f.1' of `gcc'. - - * Make several improvements and fixes to diagnostics, including the - removal of two that were inappropriate or inadequate. - - * Warning about two successive arithmetic operators, produced by - `-Wsurprising', now produced *only* when both operators are, - indeed, arithmetic (not relational/boolean). - - * `-Wsurprising' now warns about the remaining cases of using - non-integral variables for implied-`DO' loops, instead of these - being rejected unless `-fpedantic' or `-fugly' specified. - - * Allow `SAVE' of a local variable or array, even after it has been - given an initial value via `DATA', for example. - - * Introduce an Info version of `g77' documentation, which supercedes - `gcc/f/CREDITS', `gcc/f/DOC', and `gcc/f/PROJECTS'. These files - will be removed in a future release. The files `gcc/f/BUGS', - `gcc/f/INSTALL', and `gcc/f/NEWS' now are automatically built from - the texinfo source when distributions are made. - - This effort was inspired by a first pass at translating - `g77-0.5.16/f/DOC' that was contributed to Craig by David Ronis - (`ronis@onsager.chem.mcgill.ca'). - - * New `-fno-second-underscore' option to specify that, when - `-funderscoring' is in effect, a second underscore is not to be - appended to Fortran names already containing an underscore. - - * Change the way iterative `DO' loops work to follow the F90 - standard. In particular, calculation of the iteration count is - still done by converting the start, end, and increment parameters - to the type of the `DO' variable, but the result of the - calculation is always converted to the default `INTEGER' type. - - (This should have no effect on existing code compiled by `g77', - but code written to assume that use of a *wider* type for the `DO' - variable will result in an iteration count being fully calculated - using that wider type (wider than default `INTEGER') must be - rewritten.) - - * Upgrade to `libf2c' as of 1996-03-23, and fix up some of the build - procedures. - - Note that the email addresses related to `f2c' have changed--the - distribution site now is named `netlib.bell-labs.com', and the - maintainer's new address is `dmg@bell-labs.com'. - -In 0.5.17: -========== - - * *Fix serious bug* in `g77 -v' command that can cause removal of a - system's `/dev/null' special file if run by user `root'. - - *All users* of version 0.5.16 should ensure that they have not - removed `/dev/null' or replaced it with an ordinary file (e.g. by - comparing the output of `ls -l /dev/null' with `ls -l /dev/zero'. - If the output isn't basically the same, contact your system - administrator about restoring `/dev/null' to its proper status). - - This bug is particularly insidious because removing `/dev/null' as - a special file can go undetected for quite a while, aside from - various applications and programs exhibiting sudden, strange - behaviors. - - I sincerely apologize for not realizing the implications of the - fact that when `g77 -v' runs the `ld' command with `-o /dev/null' - that `ld' tries to *remove* the executable it is supposed to build - (especially if it reports unresolved references, which it should - in this case)! - - * Fix crash on `CHARACTER*(*) FOO' in a main or block data program - unit. - - * Fix crash that can occur when diagnostics given outside of any - program unit (such as when input file contains `@foo'). - - * Fix crashes, infinite loops (hangs), and such involving diagnosed - code. - - * Fix `ASSIGN''ed variables so they can be `SAVE''d or dummy - arguments, and issue clearer error message in cases where target - of `ASSIGN' or `ASSIGN'ed `GOTO'/`FORMAT' is too small (which - should never happen). - - * Make `libf2c' build procedures work on more systems again by - eliminating unnecessary invocations of `ld -r -x' and `mv'. - - * Fix omission of `-funix-intrinsics-...' options in list of - permitted options to compiler. - - * Fix failure to always diagnose missing type declaration for - `IMPLICIT NONE'. - - * Fix compile-time performance problem (which could sometimes crash - the compiler, cause a hang, or whatever, due to a bug in the back - end) involving exponentiation with a large `INTEGER' constant for - the right-hand operator (e.g. `I**32767'). - - * Fix build procedures so cross-compiling `g77' (the `fini' utility - in particular) is properly built using the host compiler. - - * Add new `-Wsurprising' option to warn about constructs that are - interpreted by the Fortran standard (and `g77') in ways that are - surprising to many programmers. - - * Add `ERF()' and `ERFC()' as generic intrinsics mapping to existing - `ERF'/`DERF' and `ERFC'/`DERFC' specific intrinsics. - - *Note:* You should specify `INTRINSIC ERF,ERFC' in any code where - you might use these as generic intrinsics, to improve likelihood - of diagnostics (instead of subtle run-time bugs) when using a - compiler that doesn't support these as intrinsics (e.g. `f2c'). - - * Remove from `-fno-pedantic' the diagnostic about `DO' with - non-`INTEGER' index variable; issue that under `-Wsurprising' - instead. - - * Clarify some diagnostics that say things like "ignored" when that's - misleading. - - * Clarify diagnostic on use of `.EQ.'/`.NE.' on `LOGICAL' operands. - - * Minor improvements to code generation for various operations on - `LOGICAL' operands. - - * Minor improvement to code generation for some `DO' loops on some - machines. - - * Support `gcc' version 2.7.1. - - * Upgrade to `libf2c' as of 1995-11-15. - -In 0.5.16: -========== - - * Fix a code-generation bug involving complicated `EQUIVALENCE' - statements not involving `COMMON' - - * Fix code-generation bugs involving invoking "gratis" library - procedures in `libf2c' from code compiled with `-fno-f2c' by - making these procedures known to `g77' as intrinsics (not affected - by -fno-f2c). This is known to fix code invoking `ERF()', - `ERFC()', `DERF()', and `DERFC()'. - - * Update `libf2c' to include netlib patches through 1995-08-16, and - `#define' `WANT_LEAD_0' to 1 to make `g77'-compiled code more - consistent with other Fortran implementations by outputting - leading zeros in formatted and list-directed output. - - * Fix a code-generation bug involving adjustable dummy arrays with - high bounds whose primaries are changed during procedure - execution, and which might well improve code-generation - performance for such arrays compared to `f2c' plus `gcc' (but - apparently only when using `gcc-2.7.0' or later). - - * Fix a code-generation bug involving invocation of `COMPLEX' and - `DOUBLE COMPLEX' `FUNCTION's and doing `COMPLEX' and `DOUBLE - COMPLEX' divides, when the result of the invocation or divide is - assigned directly to a variable that overlaps one or more of the - arguments to the invocation or divide. - - * Fix crash by not generating new optimal code for `X**I' if `I' is - nonconstant and the expression is used to dimension a dummy array, - since the `gcc' back end does not support the necessary mechanics - (and the `gcc' front end rejects the equivalent construct, as it - turns out). - - * Fix crash on expressions like `COMPLEX**INTEGER'. - - * Fix crash on expressions like `(1D0,2D0)**2', i.e. raising a - `DOUBLE COMPLEX' constant to an `INTEGER' constant power. - - * Fix crashes and such involving diagnosed code. - - * Diagnose, instead of crashing on, statement function definitions - having duplicate dummy argument names. - - * Fix bug causing rejection of good code involving statement function - definitions. - - * Fix bug resulting in debugger not knowing size of local equivalence - area when any member of area has initial value (via `DATA', for - example). - - * Fix installation bug that prevented installation of `g77' driver. - Provide for easy selection of whether to install copy of `g77' as - `f77' to replace the broken code. - - * Fix `gcc' driver (affects `g77' thereby) to not gratuitously - invoke the `f771' program (e.g. when `-E' is specified). - - * Fix diagnostic to point to correct source line when it immediately - follows an `INCLUDE' statement. - - * Support more compiler options in `gcc'/`g77' when compiling - Fortran files. These options include `-p', `-pg', `-aux-info', - `-P', correct setting of version-number macros for preprocessing, - full recognition of `-O0', and automatic insertion of - configuration-specific linker specs. - - * Add new intrinsics that interface to existing routines in `libf2c': - `ABORT', `DERF', `DERFC', `ERF', `ERFC', `EXIT', `FLUSH', - `GETARG', `GETENV', `IARGC', `SIGNAL', and `SYSTEM'. Note that - `ABORT', `EXIT', `FLUSH', `SIGNAL', and `SYSTEM' are intrinsic - subroutines, not functions (since they have side effects), so to - get the return values from `SIGNAL' and `SYSTEM', append a final - argument specifying an `INTEGER' variable or array element (e.g. - `CALL SYSTEM('rm foo',ISTAT)'). - - * Add new intrinsic group named `unix' to contain the new intrinsics, - and by default enable this new group. - - * Move `LOC()' intrinsic out of the `vxt' group to the new `unix' - group. - - * Improve `g77' so that `g77 -v' by itself (or with certain other - options, including `-B', `-b', `-i', `-nostdlib', and `-V') - reports lots more useful version info, and so that long-form - options `gcc' accepts are understood by `g77' as well (even in - truncated, unambiguous forms). - - * Add new `g77' option `--driver=name' to specify driver when - default, `gcc', isn't appropriate. - - * Add support for `#' directives (as output by the preprocessor) in - the compiler, and enable generation of those directives by the - preprocessor (when compiling `.F' files) so diagnostics and - debugging info are more useful to users of the preprocessor. - - * Produce better diagnostics, more like `gcc', with info such as `In - function `foo':' and `In file included from...:'. - - * Support `gcc''s `-fident' and `-fno-ident' options. - - * When `-Wunused' in effect, don't warn about local variables used as - statement-function dummy arguments or `DATA' implied-`DO' iteration - variables, even though, strictly speaking, these are not uses of - the variables themselves. - - * When `-W -Wunused' in effect, don't warn about unused dummy - arguments at all, since there's no way to turn this off for - individual cases (`g77' might someday start warning about - these)--applies to `gcc' versions 2.7.0 and later, since earlier - versions didn't warn about unused dummy arguments. - - * New option `-fno-underscoring' that inhibits transformation of - names (by appending one or two underscores) so users may experiment - with implications of such an environment. - - * Minor improvement to `gcc/f/info' module to make it easier to build - `g77' using the native (non-`gcc') compiler on certain machines - (but definitely not all machines nor all non-`gcc' compilers). - Please do not report bugs showing problems compilers have with - macros defined in `gcc/f/target.h' and used in places like - `gcc/f/expr.c'. - - * Add warning to be printed for each invocation of the compiler if - the target machine `INTEGER', REAL, or `LOGICAL' size is not 32 - bits, since `g77' is known to not work well for such cases (to be - fixed in Version 0.6--*note Actual Bugs We Haven't Fixed Yet: - Actual Bugs.). - - * Lots of new documentation (though work is still needed to put it - into canonical GNU format). - - * Build `libf2c' with `-g0', not `-g2', in effect (by default), to - produce smaller library without lots of debugging clutter. - -In 0.5.15: -========== - - * Fix bad code generation involving `X**I' and temporary, internal - variables generated by `g77' and the back end (such as for `DO' - loops). - - * Fix crash given `CHARACTER A;DATA A/.TRUE./'. - - * Replace crash with diagnostic given `CHARACTER A;DATA A/1.0/'. - - * Fix crash or other erratic behavior when null character constant - (`''') is encountered. - - * Fix crash or other erratic behavior involving diagnosed code. - - * Fix code generation for external functions returning type `REAL' - when the `-ff2c' option is in force (which it is by default) so - that `f2c' compatibility is indeed provided. - - * Disallow `COMMON I(10)' if `I' has previously been specified with - an array declarator. - - * New `-ffixed-line-length-N' option, where N is the maximum length - of a typical fixed-form line, defaulting to 72 columns, such that - characters beyond column N are ignored, or N is `none', meaning no - characters are ignored. does not affect lines with `&' in column - 1, which are always processed as if `-ffixed-line-length-none' was - in effect. - - * No longer generate better code for some kinds of array references, - as `gcc' back end is to be fixed to do this even better, and it - turned out to slow down some code in some cases after all. - - * In `COMMON' and `EQUIVALENCE' areas with any members given initial - values (e.g. via `DATA'), uninitialized members now always - initialized to binary zeros (though this is not required by the - standard, and might not be done in future versions of `g77'). - Previously, in some `COMMON'/`EQUIVALENCE' areas (essentially - those with members of more than one type), the uninitialized - members were initialized to spaces, to cater to `CHARACTER' types, - but it seems no existing code expects that, while much existing - code expects binary zeros. - -In 0.5.14: -========== - - * Don't emit bad code when low bound of adjustable array is - nonconstant and thus might vary as an expression at run time. - - * Emit correct code for calculation of number of trips in `DO' loops - for cases where the loop should not execute at all. (This bug - affected cases where the difference between the begin and end - values was less than the step count, though probably not for - floating-point cases.) - - * Fix crash when extra parentheses surround item in `DATA' - implied-`DO' list. - - * Fix crash over minor internal inconsistencies in handling - diagnostics, just substitute dummy strings where necessary. - - * Fix crash on some systems when compiling call to `MVBITS()' - intrinsic. - - * Fix crash on array assignment `TYPEDDD(...)=...', where DDD is a - string of one or more digits. - - * Fix crash on `DCMPLX()' with a single `INTEGER' argument. - - * Fix various crashes involving code with diagnosed errors. - - * Support `-I' option for `INCLUDE' statement, plus `gcc''s - `header.gcc' facility for handling systems like MS-DOS. - - * Allow `INCLUDE' statement to be continued across multiple lines, - even allow it to coexist with other statements on the same line. - - * Incorporate Bellcore fixes to `libf2c' through 1995-03-15--this - fixes a bug involving infinite loops reading EOF with empty - list-directed I/O list. - - * Remove all the `g77'-specific auto-configuration scripts, code, - and so on, except for temporary substitutes for bsearch() and - strtoul(), as too many configure/build problems were reported in - these areas. People will have to fix their systems' problems - themselves, or at least somewhere other than `g77', which expects - a working ANSI C environment (and, for now, a GNU C compiler to - compile `g77' itself). - - * Complain if initialized common redeclared as larger in subsequent - program unit. - - * Warn if blank common initialized, since its size can vary and hence - related warnings that might be helpful won't be seen. - - * New `-fbackslash' option, on by default, that causes `\' within - `CHARACTER' and Hollerith constants to be interpreted a la GNU C. - Note that this behavior is somewhat different from `f2c''s, which - supports only a limited subset of backslash (escape) sequences. - - * Make `-fugly-args' the default. - - * New `-fugly-init' option, on by default, that allows - typeless/Hollerith to be specified as initial values for variables - or named constants (`PARAMETER'), and also allows - character<->numeric conversion in those contexts--turn off via - `-fno-ugly-init'. - - * New `-finit-local-zero' option to initialize local variables to - binary zeros. This does not affect whether they are `SAVE'd, i.e. - made automatic or static. - - * New `-Wimplicit' option to warn about implicitly typed variables, - arrays, and functions. (Basically causes all program units to - default to `IMPLICIT NONE'.) - - * `-Wall' now implies `-Wuninitialized' as with `gcc' (i.e. unless - `-O' not specified, since `-Wuninitialized' requires `-O'), and - implies `-Wunused' as well. - - * `-Wunused' no longer gives spurious messages for unused `EXTERNAL' - names (since they are assumed to refer to block data program - units, to make use of libraries more reliable). - - * Support `%LOC()' and `LOC()' of character arguments. - - * Support null (zero-length) character constants and expressions. - - * Support `f2c''s `IMAG()' generic intrinsic. - - * Support `ICHAR()', `IACHAR()', and `LEN()' of character - expressions that are valid in assignments but not normally as - actual arguments. - - * Support `f2c'-style `&' in column 1 to mean continuation line. - - * Allow `NAMELIST', `EXTERNAL', `INTRINSIC', and `VOLATILE' in - `BLOCK DATA', even though these are not allowed by the standard. - - * Allow `RETURN' in main program unit. - - * Changes to Hollerith-constant support to obey Appendix C of the - standard: - - - Now padded on the right with zeros, not spaces. - - - Hollerith "format specifications" in the form of arrays of - non-character allowed. - - - Warnings issued when non-blank truncation occurs when - converting to another type. - - - When specified as actual argument, now passed by reference to - `INTEGER' (padded on right with spaces if constant too small, - otherwise fully intact if constant wider the `INTEGER' type) - instead of by value. - - *Warning:* `f2c' differs on the interpretation of `CALL FOO(1HX)', - which it treats exactly the same as `CALL FOO('X')', but which the - standard and `g77' treat as `CALL FOO(%REF('X '))' (padded with - as many blanks as necessary to widen to `INTEGER'), essentially. - - * Changes and fixes to typeless-constant support: - - - Now treated as a typeless double-length `INTEGER' value. - - - Warnings issued when overflow occurs. - - - Padded on the left with zeros when converting to a larger - type. - - - Should be properly aligned and ordered on the target machine - for whatever type it is turned into. - - - When specified as actual argument, now passed as reference to - a default `INTEGER' constant. - - * `%DESCR()' of a non-`CHARACTER' expression now passes a pointer to - the expression plus a length for the expression just as if it were - a `CHARACTER' expression. For example, `CALL FOO(%DESCR(D))', - where `D' is `REAL*8', is the same as `CALL FOO(D,%VAL(8)))'. - - * Name of multi-entrypoint master function changed to incorporate - the name of the primary entry point instead of a decimal value, so - the name of the master function for `SUBROUTINE X' with alternate - entry points is now `__g77_masterfun_x'. - - * Remove redundant message about zero-step-count `DO' loops. - - * Clean up diagnostic messages, shortening many of them. - - * Fix typo in `g77' man page. - - * Clarify implications of constant-handling bugs in `f/BUGS'. - - * Generate better code for `**' operator with a right-hand operand of - type `INTEGER'. - - * Generate better code for `SQRT()' and `DSQRT()', also when - `-ffast-math' specified, enable better code generation for `SIN()' - and `COS()'. - - * Generate better code for some kinds of array references. - - * Speed up lexing somewhat (this makes the compilation phase - noticably faster). - - -File: g77.info, Node: Changes, Next: Language, Prev: News, Up: Top - -User-visible Changes -******************** - - To find out about existing bugs and ongoing plans for GNU Fortran, -on Internet do `finger -l fortran@gnu.ai.mit.edu' or whatever is the -equivalent on your system. (You might need to use the address -`fortran@gate-1.gnu.ai.mit.edu' instead, or use `gate-2', `gate-3', -`gate-4', and so on, instead of `gate-1'.) - - Alternatively, retrieve `gnu.ai.mit.edu:/g77.plan' via anonymous -ftp, or if you cannot do that, email `fortran@gnu.ai.mit.edu' asking -for a recent copy of the GNU Fortran `.plan' file. (The `finger' -command shown above obtains the most recent copy of all these methods.) - -In 0.5.18: -========== - - * The `BYTE' and `WORD' statements now are supported, to a limited - extent. - - * `INTEGER*1', `INTEGER*2', `INTEGER*8', and their `LOGICAL' - equivalents, now are supported to a limited extent. Among the - missing elements are complete intrinsic and constant support. - - * Support automatic arrays in procedures. For example, `REAL A(N)', - where `A' is not a dummy argument, specifies that `A' is an - automatic array. The size of `A' is calculated from the value of - `N' each time the procedure is called, that amount of space is - allocated, and that space is freed when the procedure returns to - its caller. - - * Add `-fno-zeros' option, enabled by default, to reduce - compile-time CPU and memory usage for code that provides initial - zero values for variables and arrays. - - * Introduce three new options that apply to all compilations by - `g77'-aware GNU compilers--`-fmove-all-movables', - `-freduce-all-givs', and `-frerun-loop-opt'--which can improve the - run-time performance of some programs. - - * Replace much of the existing documentation with a single Info - document. - - * New option `-fno-second-underscore'. - -In 0.5.17: -========== - - * The `ERF()' and `ERFC()' intrinsics now are generic intrinsics, - mapping to `ERF'/`DERF' and `ERFC'/`DERFC', respectively. *Note:* - Use `INTRINSIC ERF,ERFC' in any code that might reference these as - generic intrinsics, to improve the likelihood of diagnostics - (instead of subtle run-time bugs) when using compilers that don't - support these as intrinsics. - - * New option `-Wsurprising'. - - * DO loops with non-`INTEGER' variables now diagnosed only when - `-Wsurprising' specified. Previously, this was diagnosed *unless* - `-fpedantic' or `-fugly' was specified. - -In 0.5.16: -========== - - * `libf2c' changed to output a leading zero (0) digit for - floating-point values output via list-directed and formatted - output (to bring `g77' more in line with many existing Fortran - implementations--the ANSI FORTRAN 77 standard leaves this choice - to the implementation). - - * `libf2c' no longer built with debugging information intact, making - it much smaller. - - * Automatic installation of the `g77' command now works. - - * Diagnostic messages now more informative, a la `gcc', including - messages like `In function `foo':' and `In file included from...:'. - - * New group of intrinsics called `unix', including `ABORT', `DERF', - `DERFC', `ERF', `ERFC', `EXIT', `FLUSH', `GETARG', `GETENV', - `SIGNAL', and `SYSTEM'. - - * `-funix-intrinsics-{delete,hide,disable,enable}' options added. - - * `-fno-underscoring' option added. - - * `--driver' option added to the `g77' command. - - * Support for the `gcc' options `-fident' and `-fno-ident' added. - - * `g77 -v' returns much more version info, making the submission of - better bug reports easily. - - * Many improvements to the `g77' command to better fulfill its role - as a front-end to the `gcc' driver. For example, `g77' now - recognizes `--version' as a verbose way of specifying `-v'. - - * Compiling preprocessed (`*.F' and `*.fpp') files now results in - better diagnostics and debugging information, as the - source-location info now is passed all the way through the - compilation process instead of being lost. - -In 0.5.15: -========== - - * `-ffixed-line-length-N' option introduced. - -In 0.5.14: -========== - - * Support for gcc's `-I' option added. - - * `-fbackslash' option added. - - * `-fugly-args' option enabled by default (allows `CALL - FOO(4HABCD)'). - - * `-fugly-init' option added. - - * `-finit-local-zero' option added. - - * Support for the `gcc' option `-Wimplicit' added. - - * `-Wall' now implies `-Wunused' and, when `-O' is specified, - `-Wuninitialized'. - - * Hollerith constants as actual arguments now are passed by reference - instead of by value--so `CALL FOO(4HABCD)' now is compiled exactly - the same as `CALL FOO(%REF('ABCD'))', instead of as `CALL - FOO(%VAL('ABCD'))'. - - * Hollerith constants converted to larger types now are padded on the - right with spaces. When converted to smaller types, warnings are - issued if non-spaces are truncated on the right. - - * Format specifications of arrays of types other than `CHARACTER' are - allowed in I/O statements, such as when they contain Hollerith - data. - - * Typeless constants as actual arguments now are passed by reference - to an `INTEGER' version of the constant instead of by value. - - * Typeless constants converted to larger types are padded on the left - with zeros. When converted to smaller types, warnings are issued - if non-zero bits are truncated on the left. - - * `%DESCR()' of a non-`CHARACTER' expression treats the expression - as if it were `CHARACTER', passing both a pointer to the expression - and the length of the type of the expression in bytes, by value, - in the "hidden" list of lengths used for `CHARACTER' arguments. - - * The `ICHAR()', `IACHAR()', and `LEN()' intrinsics now accept - character expressions involving concatenation of assumed-length - dummy arguments. - - * Block data program units now may contain `NAMELIST', `EXTERNAL', - `INTRINSIC', and `VOLATILE' statements. - - * Zero-length character expressions now supported. - - * Support for the `f2c' intrinsic `IMAG()' added. - - * `INCLUDE' statement restrictions, such as no continuation lines - allowed, now lifted. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Language, Next: Installation, Prev: Changes, Up: Top - -The GNU Fortran Language -************************ - - GNU Fortran supports a variety of extensions to, and dialects of, -the Fortran language. Its primary base is the ANSI FORTRAN 77 standard. -It offers some extensions that are popular among users of UNIX `f77' -and `f2c' compilers, some that are popular among users of other -compilers (such as Digital products), some that are popular among users -of the newer Fortran 90 standard, and some that are introduced by GNU -Fortran. - - Part of what defines a particular implementation of a Fortran -system, such as `g77', is the particular characteristics of how it -supports types, constants, and so on. Much of this is left up to the -implementation by the various Fortran standards and accepted practice -in the industry. - -* Menu: - -* Standard Support:: Degree of support for the ANSI FORTRAN 77 standard. -* Extensions:: Extensions to GNU Fortran. -* Types:: Data types. -* Constants:: Constants and their types. -* Source Form:: Form of source files (fixed, free, and so on). -* Pedantic Compilation:: Warnings about non-standard constructs. -* Case Sensitivity:: Uppercase and lowercase in source files. -* Intrinsics:: How intrinsics are grouped for easy management. -* Dialects:: Dialects supported by GNU Fortran. -* Object Compatibility:: Compatibility issues for code generated by `g77'. -* Distensions:: Misfeatures supported by GNU Fortran. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Standard Support, Next: Extensions, Up: Language - -ANSI FORTRAN 77 Standard Support -================================ - - GNU Fortran supports ANSI FORTRAN 77 with the following caveats: - - * No passing of an external procedure as an actual argument if the - procedure's type is declared `CHARACTER*(*)'. For example: - - CHARACTER*(*) CFUNC - EXTERNAL CFUNC - CALL FOO(CFUNC) - END - - It isn't clear whether the standard considers this conforming. - - Note that it is unlikely that any production Fortran code tries to - use this unsupported construct. - - * No passing of a dummy procedure as an actual argument if the - procedure's type is declared `CHARACTER*(*)'. - - SUBROUTINE BAR(CFUNC) - CHARACTER*(*) CFUNC - EXTERNAL CFUNC - CALL FOO(CFUNC) - END - - It isn't clear whether the standard considers this conforming. - - Note that it is unlikely that any production Fortran code tries to - use this unsupported construct. - - * The `DO' variable for an implied-`DO' construct in a `DATA' - statement may not be used as the `DO' variable for an outer - implied-`DO' construct. For example, this fragment is disallowed - by `g77': - - DATA ((A(I, I), I= 1, 10), I= 1, 10)/.../ - - This also is disallowed by Fortran 90, as it offers no additional - capabilities and would have a variety of possible meanings. - - Note that it is *very* unlikely that any production Fortran code - tries to use this unsupported construct. - - * An array element initializer in an implied-`DO' construct in a - `DATA' statement must contain at least one reference to the `DO' - variables of each outer implied-`DO' construct. For example, this - fragment is disallowed by `g77': - - DATA (A, I= 1, 1)/1./ - - This also is disallowed by Fortran 90, as FORTRAN 77's more - permissive requirements offer no additional capabilities. - However, `g77' doesn't necessarily diagnose all cases where this - requirement is not met. - - Note that it is *very* unlikely that any production Fortran code - tries to use this unsupported construct. - - In summary, the only ANSI FORTRAN 77 features `g77' doesn't support -are those that are probably rarely used in actual code, some of which -are explicitly disallowed by the Fortran 90 standard. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Extensions, Next: Types, Prev: Standard Support, Up: Language - -GNU Fortran Extensions -====================== - - GNU Fortran supports ANSI FORTRAN 77 plus: - - * `LOC()', if `-funix-intrinsics-enable' is in force. - - * `%LOC', `%VAL', `%REF', and `%DESCR'--where `%DESCR' currently - means the same thing as passing the argument as if it were a - `CHARACTER' variable (with the phantom length argument appended to - the argument list). - - * MIL-STD 1753 features (`IAND', `IOR', `MVBITS', `DO WHILE', `END - DO', and so on). - - * `NAMELIST'. - - * Most `f2c' intrinsics (`AND', `OR', `LSHIFT', `RSHIFT', and so on). - - * `DOUBLE COMPLEX' and related intrinsics (standard and `f2c' - varieties). - - * Various Fortran 90 features, such as `CYCLE', `EXIT', `SELECT - CASE' (except for `CHARACTER' types). - - * Various DEC VAX/VMS FORTRAN v4.0 features (loosely called VXT - extensions). - - * Various `f2c' features. - - * Source files that are uppercase-only (enforced), lowercase-only - (enforced), caseless, and various other combinations as chosen via - command-line options. - - * Arbitrary (limited only by available memory) number of - continuation lines. - - * Use of `&' in column 1 to indicate a continuation line (as - supported by `f2c'). - - * Dollar signs (`$') in identifiers (other than as the first - character) when the `-fdollar-ok' option is specified. - - When `-ff90' is specified, the language dialect changes as follows: - - * The type of `REAL(Z)', where `Z' is type `DOUBLE COMPLEX', is - `DOUBLE PRECISION' instead of `REAL'. - - * Zero-length `CHARACTER' entities are accepted, even when - `-fpedantic' is specified. - - * Zero-size array dimensions (as in `INTEGER I(10,20,4:2)') are - accepted, although these are not supported by `libf2c', so - diagnostics are nevertheless produced for `g77'. - - * `DOUBLE COMPLEX' (explicit or implicit) is accepted, even when - `-fpedantic' is specified. - - * Substrings of constants (as in `'hello'(3:5)') are accepted, even - when `-fpedantic' is specified. - - * `DATA' statements are allowed to precede executable statements, - even when `-fpedantic' specified. - - Note that this does not allow all possible means of specifying - further attributes via specification statements for a variable - after it has been given an initial value via `DATA' or a - type-declaration statement. For example, after `DATA I/1/', - `INTEGER I' is not permitted, but `INTEGER J' is permitted. - - * Use of a semicolon (`;') as a statement separator is accepted, - even when `-fpedantic' specified (so `CALL FOO; CALL BAR' works). - - * Underscores (`_') are accepted in symbol names (except as the - first character, since Fortran 90 provides a different - interpretation for certain cases where that would occur--though - `g77' does not yet support that interpretation). - - -File: g77.info, Node: Types, Next: Constants, Prev: Extensions, Up: Language - -Types -===== - - Fortran implementations have a fair amount of freedom given them by -the standard as far as how much storage space is used and how much -precision is offered by the various types such as `LOGICAL', `INTEGER', -`REAL', `DOUBLE PRECISION', `COMPLEX', and `CHARACTER'. Further, many -compilers offer so-called `*N' notation, but the interpretation of N -varies across compilers and target architectures. - - The standard requires that `LOGICAL', `INTEGER', and `REAL' occupy -the same amount of storage space, and that `COMPLEX' and `DOUBLE -PRECISION' take twice as much storage space as `REAL'. Further, it -requires that `COMPLEX' entities be ordered such that when a `COMPLEX' -variable is storage-associated (such as via `EQUIVALENCE') with a -two-element `REAL' array named `R', `R(1)' corresponds to the real -element and `R(2)' to the imaginary element of the `COMPLEX' variable. -No particular requirements as to precision of any of these are placed on -the implementation, nor is the relationship of storage sizes of these -types to the `CHARACTER' type specified by the standard. - - `g77' follows the above requirements, warning when compiling a -program requires placement of items in memory that contradict the -requirements of the target architecture. (For example, a program can -require placement of a `DOUBLE PRECISION' on a boundary that is not an -even multiple of its size, but still an even multiple of the size of a -`REAL' variable. On some target architectures, using the canonical -mapping of Fortran types to underlying architectural types, such -placement is prohibited by the machine definition or the Application -Binary Interface (ABI) in force for the configuration defined for -building `gcc' and `g77'. `g77' warns about such situations when it -encounters them.) - - `g77' follows consistent rules for configuring the mapping between -Fortran types, including the `*N' notation, and the underlying -architectural types as accessed by a similarly-configured applicable -version of the `gcc' compiler. These rules offer a widely portable, -consistent Fortran/C environment, although they might well conflict -with the expectations of users of Fortran compilers designed and -written for particular architectures. - - These rules are based on the configuration that is in force for the -version of `gcc' built in the same release as `g77' (and which was -therefore used to build both the `g77' compiler components and the -`libf2c' run-time library): - -`REAL' - Same as `float' type. - -`DOUBLE PRECISION' - Same as whatever floating-point type that is twice the size of a - `float'--usually, this is a `double'. - -`INTEGER' - Same as an integral type that is occupies the same amount of - memory storage `float'--usually, this is either an `int' or a - `long int'. - -`LOGICAL' - Same `gcc' type as `INTEGER'. - -`COMPLEX' - Two `REAL' scalars (one for the real part followed by one for the - imaginary part). - -`DOUBLE COMPLEX' - Two `DOUBLE PRECISION' scalars. - -`NUMERIC-TYPE*N' - (Where NUMERIC-TYPE is any type other than `CHARACTER'.) Same as - whatever `gcc' type occupies N times the storage space of a `gcc' - `char' item. - -`NUMERIC-TYPE(KIND=N)' - N=1 corresponds to `REAL', `INTEGER', `LOGICAL', `COMPLEX'. N=2 - corresponds to `DOUBLE PRECISION', `DOUBLE COMPLEX', and, for - integral types, `char' (usually `INTEGER*1' and `LOGICAL*1'). N=3 - corresponds to `short' for integral types (usually `INTEGER*2' and - `LOGICAL*2'). N=4 corresponds to `long long' for integral types - (this usually means `INTEGER*8' and `LOGICAL*8'). - - Note that these are proposed correspondences and might change in - future versions of `g77'--avoid writing code depending on them. - - For now, `g77' does not support numeric types other than the ones -listed above. So, on a typical 32-bit machine, only `INTEGER*4', -`REAL*4', `LOGICAL*4', `COMPLEX*8', and so on, will work. Other types -supported by `g77' are derived from gcc types such as `char', `short', -`int', `long int', `long long int', `long double', and so on. That is, -whatever types `gcc' already supports, `g77' probably will support in a -future version. The rules for the `NUMERIC-TYPE*N' notation will apply -to the new types, and new values for `NUMERIC-TYPE(KIND=N)' will be -assigned in a way that encourages clarity, consistency, and portability. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Constants, Next: Source Form, Prev: Types, Up: Language - -Constants -========= - - `g77' strictly assigns types to all constants not documented as -"typeless" (the typeless constants include things like `Z'1''). -Context is never a determining factor for the type, and hence the -interpretation, of a typed constant. Examples: `1' is always type -`INTEGER', `3.141592653545256234' is always type `REAL' (even if the -additional precision specified is lost, and even when used in a `DOUBLE -PRECISION' context), `1E0' is always type `REAL', and `1D0' is always -type `DOUBLE PRECISION'. - - Many other Fortran compilers attempt to assign types to typed -constants based on their context. This results in hard-to-find bugs, -nonportable code, and is not in the spirit (though it strictly follows -the letter) of the 77 and 90 standards. `g77' will not support these -dangerous semantics, but might offer, in a future release, explicit -constructs by which a wider variety of typeless constants may be -specified, and/or user-requested warnings indicating places where `g77' -might differ from how other compilers assign types to constants. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Source Form, Next: Pedantic Compilation, Prev: Constants, Up: Language - -Source Form -=========== - - The `-ffree-form' (aka `-fno-fixed-form') and `-ffixed-form' (aka -`-fno-free-form') command-line options govern how the source file is -interpreted. Fixed form corresponds to classic ANSI FORTRAN 77 (plus -popular extensions, such as allowing tabs) and Fortran 90's fixed form. -Free form corresponds to Fortran 90's free form (though possibly not -entirely up-to-date, and without complaining about some things that for -which Fortran 90 requires diagnostics, such as `R = 3 . 1'). - - The way a Fortran compiler views source files depends entirely on the -implementation choices made for the compiler. GNU Fortran currently -tries to be somewhat like a few popular compilers (`f2c', DEC Fortran, -and so on), though a cleaner default definition along with more -flexibility offered by command-line options is likely to be offered in -version 0.6. - - Here are some facts regarding the way `g77' interprets source lines: - - * Carriage returns (`\r') in source lines are ignored. This is - somewhat different from `f2c', which seems to treat them as spaces - outside character/Hollerith constants, and encodes them as `\r' - inside such constants. - - * A source line with a TAB character anywhere in it is treated as - entirely significant--however long it is--instead of ending in - column 72 (for fixed-form source) or 132 (for free-form source). - This also is different from `f2c', which encodes tabs as `\t' (the - ASCII TAB character) inside character and Hollerith constants, but - nevertheless seems to treat the column position as if it had been - affected by the canonical tab positioning. - - `g77' effectively translates tabs to the appropriate number of - spaces (a la the default for the UNIX `expand' command) before - doing any other processing, other than (currently) noting whether - a tab was found on a line and using this info to decide how to - interpret the length of the line and continued constants. - - Note that this default behavior probably will change for version - 0.6, when it will presumably be available via a command-line - option. The default as of version 0.6 is planned to be a "pure - visual" model, where tabs are immediately converted to spaces and - otherwise have no effect, so the way a typical user sees source - lines produces a consistent result no matter how the spacing in - those source lines is actually implemented via tabs, spaces, and - trailing tabs/spaces before newline. Command-line options are - likely to be added to specify whether all or just-tabbed lines are - to be extended to 132 or full input-line length, and perhaps even - an option will be added to specify the truncated-line behavior to - which some Digital compilers default (and which affects the way - continued character/Hollerith constants are interpreted). - - * Source lines shorter than the applicable fixed length are treated - as if they were padded with spaces to that length. - - This affects only continued character and Hollerith constants, and - is a different interpretation than provided by some other popular - compilers (although a bit more consistent with the traditional - punched-card basis of Fortran and the way the Fortran standard - expressed fixed source form). - - `g77' might someday offer an option to warn about cases where - differences might be seen as a result of this treatment, and - perhaps an option to specify the alternate behavior as well. - - Note that this padding cannot apply to lines that are effectively - of infinite length--such lines are specified using command-line - options like `-ffixed-line-length-none', for example. - diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info-4 b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info-4 deleted file mode 100644 index 942fc911e8f..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info-4 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1230 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file g77.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.64 from the input -file g77.texi. - - This file explains how to use the GNU Fortran system. - - Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 -Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - - Copyright (C) 1995, 1996 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for -Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are -included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public -License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight -`Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in -translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the -original English. - - Contributed by James Craig Burley (`burley@gnu.ai.mit.edu'). -Inspired by a first pass at translating `g77-0.5.16/f/DOC' that was -contributed to Craig by David Ronis (`ronis@onsager.chem.mcgill.ca'). - - -File: g77.info, Node: Pedantic Compilation, Next: Case Sensitivity, Prev: Source Form, Up: Language - -Pedantic Compilation -==================== - - The `-fpedantic' command-line option specifies that `g77' is to warn -about certain non-standard constructs. This is useful for finding some -extensions `g77' accepts that other compilers might not accept. (Note -that the `-pedantic' and `-pedantic-errors' options always imply -`-fpedantic'.) - - With `-ff90' in force along with `-fpedantic', some constructs are -accepted that result in diagnostics when `-fno-f90' and `-fpedantic' -are both in force. *Note GNU Fortran Extensions: Extensions, for -information on those constructs. - - The constructs for which `g77' issues diagnostics when `-fpedantic' -and `-fno-f90' are in force are: - - * Automatic arrays, as in `REAL A(N)', where `A' is not a dummy - argument. - - * `READ (5), I' and `WRITE (10), J'--the standard disallows the - comma in each case, while allowing it in `READ 10, I', but many - compilers (including `f2c') allow the superfluous comma. - - * `DOUBLE COMPLEX', either explicitly (via explicit or `IMPLICIT' - statement) or implicitly (as in `C*D', where `C' is `COMPLEX' and - `D' is `DOUBLE PRECISION', which is prohibited by the standard - because it should produce a non-standard `DOUBLE COMPLEX' result). - - * Automatic conversion of numeric expressions to `INTEGER' in - contexts such as: - - Array-reference indexes. - - - Alternate-return values. - - - Computed `GOTO'. - - - `FORMAT' run-time expressions (not yet supported). - - - Dimension lists in specification statements. - - - Numbers for I/O statements (such as `READ (UNIT=3.2), I') - - - Sizes of `CHARACTER' entities in specification statements. - - - Kind types in specification entities (a Fortran 90 feature). - - - Initial, terminal, and incrementation parameters for - implied-`DO' constructs in `DATA' statements. - - * Automatic conversion of `LOGICAL' expressions to `INTEGER' in - contexts such as arithmetic `IF' (where `COMPLEX' expressions are - disallowed anyway). - - * Substring operators applied to character constants and named - constants (such as `PRINT *,'hello'(3:5)', which would print - `llo'). - - * Null argument passed to statement function (as in `PRINT - *,FOO(,3)'). - - * Differences between program units regarding whether a given - `COMMON' area is `SAVE'd (for targets where program units in a - single source file are "glued" together as they typically are for - UNIX development environments). - - * Differences between named-`COMMON'-block sizes between program - units. - - * Specification statements following first `DATA' statement (normally - `DATA I/1/' may be followed by `INTEGER J', though not `INTEGER - I', but `-fpedantic' disables use of both cases. - - * Semicolon as statement separator (as in `CALL FOO; CALL BAR'). - - * Use of `&' in column 1 of fixed-form source (indicates - continuation). - - * Use of `CHARACTER' constants to initialize numeric entities, and - vice versa. - - * Expressions having two arithmetic operators in a row, such as - `X*-Y'. - - If `-fpedantic' is specified along with `-ff90', the following -constructs result in diagnostics: - - * Use of semicolons on line with INCLUDE statement. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Case Sensitivity, Next: Intrinsics, Prev: Pedantic Compilation, Up: Language - -Case Sensitivity -================ - - GNU Fortran offers the programmer way too much flexibility in -deciding how source files are to be treated vis-a-vis uppercase and -lowercase characters. There are 66 useful settings that affect case -sensitivity, plus 10 settings that are nearly useless, with the -remaining 116 settings being either redundant or useless. - - None of these settings have any effect on the contents of comments -(the text after a `c' or `C' in Column 1, for example) or of character -or Hollerith constants. Note that things like the `E' in the statement -`CALL FOO(3.2E10)' and the `TO' in `ASSIGN 10 TO LAB' are considered -built-in keywords. - - Low-level switches are identified in this discussion thusly: - - A Source Case Conversion - 0 Preserve (see Note 1) - - 1 Convert to Upper Case - - 2 Convert to Lower Case - - B Built-in Keyword Matching: - 0 Match Any Case (per-character basis) - - 1 Match Upper Case Only - - 2 Match Lower Case Only - - 3 Match InitialCaps Only (see tables for spellings) - - C Built-in Intrinsic Matching: - 0 Match Any Case (per-character basis) - - 1 Match Upper Case Only - - 2 Match Lower Case Only - - 3 Match InitialCaps Only (see tables for spellings) - - D User-defined Symbol Possibilities (warnings only) - 0 Allow Any Case (per-character basis) - - 1 Allow Upper Case Only - - 2 Allow Lower Case Only - - 3 Allow InitialCaps Only (see Note 2) - - Note 1: `g77' eventually will support `NAMELIST' in a manner that is -consistent with these source switches--in the sense that input will be -expected to meet the same requirements as source code in terms of -matching symbol names and keywords (for the exponent letters). - - Currently, however, `NAMELIST' is supported `libf2c', which -uppercases `NAMELIST' input and symbol names for matching. This means -not only that `NAMELIST' output currently shows symbol (and keyword) -names in uppercase even if lower-case source conversion (option A2) is -selected, but that `NAMELIST' cannot be adequately supported when -source case preservation (option A0) is selected. - - If A0 is selected, a warning message will be output for each -`NAMELIST' statement to this effect. The behavior of the program is -undefined at run time if two or more symbol names appear in a given -`NAMELIST' such that the names are identical when converted to upper -case (e.g. `NAMELIST /X/ VAR, Var, var'). For complete and total -elegance, perhaps there should be a warning when option A2 is selected, -since the output of NAMELIST is currently in uppercase but will someday -be lowercase (when a `libg77' is written), but that seems to be -overkill for a product in beta test. - - Note 2: Rules for InitialCaps names are: - - Must be a single uppercase letter, *or* - - - Must start with an uppercase letter and contain at least one - lowercase letter. - - So `A', `Ab', `ABc', `AbC', and `Abc' are valid InitialCaps names, -but `AB', `A2', and `ABC' are not. Note that most, but not all, -built-in names meet these requirements--the exceptions are some of the -two-letter format specifiers, such as `BN' and `BZ'. - - Here are the names of the corresponding command-line options: - - A0: -fsource-case-preserve - A1: -fsource-case-upper - A2: -fsource-case-lower - - B0: -fmatch-case-any - B1: -fmatch-case-upper - B2: -fmatch-case-lower - B3: -fmatch-case-initcap - - C0: -fintrin-case-any - C1: -fintrin-case-upper - C2: -fintrin-case-lower - C3: -fintrin-case-initcap - - D0: -fsymbol-case-any - D1: -fsymbol-case-upper - D2: -fsymbol-case-lower - D3: -fsymbol-case-initcap - - Useful combinations of the above settings, along with abbreviated -option names that set some of these combinations all at once: - - 1: A0-- B0--- C0--- D0--- -fcase-preserve - 2: A0-- B0--- C0--- D-1-- - 3: A0-- B0--- C0--- D--2- - 4: A0-- B0--- C0--- D---3 - 5: A0-- B0--- C-1-- D0--- - 6: A0-- B0--- C-1-- D-1-- - 7: A0-- B0--- C-1-- D--2- - 8: A0-- B0--- C-1-- D---3 - 9: A0-- B0--- C--2- D0--- - 10: A0-- B0--- C--2- D-1-- - 11: A0-- B0--- C--2- D--2- - 12: A0-- B0--- C--2- D---3 - 13: A0-- B0--- C---3 D0--- - 14: A0-- B0--- C---3 D-1-- - 15: A0-- B0--- C---3 D--2- - 16: A0-- B0--- C---3 D---3 - 17: A0-- B-1-- C0--- D0--- - 18: A0-- B-1-- C0--- D-1-- - 19: A0-- B-1-- C0--- D--2- - 20: A0-- B-1-- C0--- D---3 - 21: A0-- B-1-- C-1-- D0--- - 22: A0-- B-1-- C-1-- D-1-- -fcase-strict-upper - 23: A0-- B-1-- C-1-- D--2- - 24: A0-- B-1-- C-1-- D---3 - 25: A0-- B-1-- C--2- D0--- - 26: A0-- B-1-- C--2- D-1-- - 27: A0-- B-1-- C--2- D--2- - 28: A0-- B-1-- C--2- D---3 - 29: A0-- B-1-- C---3 D0--- - 30: A0-- B-1-- C---3 D-1-- - 31: A0-- B-1-- C---3 D--2- - 32: A0-- B-1-- C---3 D---3 - 33: A0-- B--2- C0--- D0--- - 34: A0-- B--2- C0--- D-1-- - 35: A0-- B--2- C0--- D--2- - 36: A0-- B--2- C0--- D---3 - 37: A0-- B--2- C-1-- D0--- - 38: A0-- B--2- C-1-- D-1-- - 39: A0-- B--2- C-1-- D--2- - 40: A0-- B--2- C-1-- D---3 - 41: A0-- B--2- C--2- D0--- - 42: A0-- B--2- C--2- D-1-- - 43: A0-- B--2- C--2- D--2- -fcase-strict-lower - 44: A0-- B--2- C--2- D---3 - 45: A0-- B--2- C---3 D0--- - 46: A0-- B--2- C---3 D-1-- - 47: A0-- B--2- C---3 D--2- - 48: A0-- B--2- C---3 D---3 - 49: A0-- B---3 C0--- D0--- - 50: A0-- B---3 C0--- D-1-- - 51: A0-- B---3 C0--- D--2- - 52: A0-- B---3 C0--- D---3 - 53: A0-- B---3 C-1-- D0--- - 54: A0-- B---3 C-1-- D-1-- - 55: A0-- B---3 C-1-- D--2- - 56: A0-- B---3 C-1-- D---3 - 57: A0-- B---3 C--2- D0--- - 58: A0-- B---3 C--2- D-1-- - 59: A0-- B---3 C--2- D--2- - 60: A0-- B---3 C--2- D---3 - 61: A0-- B---3 C---3 D0--- - 62: A0-- B---3 C---3 D-1-- - 63: A0-- B---3 C---3 D--2- - 64: A0-- B---3 C---3 D---3 -fcase-initcap - 65: A-1- B01-- C01-- D01-- -fcase-upper - 66: A--2 B0-2- C0-2- D0-2- -fcase-lower - - Number 22 is the "strict" ANSI FORTRAN 77 model wherein all input -(except comments, character constants, and Hollerith strings) must be -entered in uppercase. Use `-fcase-strict-upper' to specify this -combination. - - Number 43 is like Number 22 except all input must be lowercase. Use -`-fcase-strict-lower' to specify this combination. - - Number 65 is the "classic" ANSI FORTRAN 77 model as implemented on -many non-UNIX machines whereby all the source is translated to -uppercase. Use `-fcase-upper' to specify this combination. - - Number 66 is the "canonical" UNIX model whereby all the source is -translated to lowercase. Use `-fcase-lower' to specify this -combination. - - There are a few nearly useless combinations: - - 67: A-1- B01-- C01-- D--2- - 68: A-1- B01-- C01-- D---3 - 69: A-1- B01-- C--23 D01-- - 70: A-1- B01-- C--23 D--2- - 71: A-1- B01-- C--23 D---3 - 72: A--2 B01-- C0-2- D-1-- - 73: A--2 B01-- C0-2- D---3 - 74: A--2 B01-- C-1-3 D0-2- - 75: A--2 B01-- C-1-3 D-1-- - 76: A--2 B01-- C-1-3 D---3 - - The above allow some programs to be compiled but with restrictions -that make most useful programs impossible: Numbers 67 and 72 warn about -*any* user-defined symbol names (such as `SUBROUTINE FOO'); Numbers 68 -and 73 warn about any user-defined symbol names longer than one -character that don't have at least one non-alphabetic character after -the first; Numbers 69 and 74 disallow any references to intrinsics; and -Numbers 70, 71, 75, and 76 are combinations of the restrictions in -67+69, 68+69, 72+74, and 73+74, respectively. - - All redundant combinations are shown in the above tables anyplace -where more than one setting is shown for a low-level switch. For -example, `B0-2-' means either setting 0 or 2 is valid for switch B. -The "proper" setting in such a case is the one that copies the setting -of switch A--any other setting might slightly reduce the speed of the -compiler, though possibly to an unmeasurable extent. - - All remaining combinations are useless in that they prevent -successful compilation of non-null source files (source files with -something other than comments). - - -File: g77.info, Node: Intrinsics, Next: Dialects, Prev: Case Sensitivity, Up: Language - -Intrinsics -========== - - A given specific intrinsic belongs in one or more groups. Each group -is deleted, disabled, hidden, or enabled by default or a command-line -option. The meaning of each term follows. - -Deleted - No intrinsics are recognized as belonging to that group. - -Disabled - Intrinsics are recognized as belonging to the group, but - references to them (other than via the `INTRINSIC' statement) are - disallowed through that group. - -Hidden - Intrinsics in that group are recognized and enabled (if - implemented) *only* if the first mention of the actual name of an - intrinsic in a program unit is in an `INTRINSIC' statement. - -Enabled - Intrinsics in that group are recognized and enabled (if - implemented). - - The distinction between deleting and disabling a group is illustrated -by the following example. Assume intrinsic `FOO' belongs only to group -`FGR'. If group `FGR' is deleted, the following program unit will -successfully compile, because `FOO()' will be seen as a reference to an -external function named `FOO': - - PRINT *, FOO() - END - -If group `FGR' is disabled, compiling the above program will produce -diagnostics, either because the `FOO' intrinsic is improperly invoked -or, if properly invoked, it is not enabled. To change the above -program so it references an external function `FOO' instead of the -disabled `FOO' intrinsic, add the following line to the top: - - EXTERNAL FOO - -So, deleting a group tells `g77' to pretend as though the intrinsics in -that group do not exist at all, whereas disabling it tells `g77' to -recognize them as (disabled) intrinsics in intrinsic-like contexts. - - Hiding a group is like enabling it, but the intrinsic must be first -named in an `INTRINSIC' statement to be considered a reference to the -intrinsic rather than to an external procedure. This might be the -"safest" way to treat a new group of intrinsics when compiling old -code, because it allows the old code to be generally written as if -those new intrinsics never existed, but to be changed to use them by -inserting `INTRINSIC' statements in the appropriate places. However, -it should be the goal of development to use `EXTERNAL' for all names of -external procedures that might be intrinsic names. - - If an intrinsic is in more than one group, it is enabled if any of -its containing groups are enabled; if not so enabled, it is hidden if -any of its containing groups are hidden; if not so hidden, it is -disabled if any of its containing groups are disabled; if not so -disabled, it is deleted. This extra complication is necessary because -some intrinsics, such as `IBITS', belong to more than one group, and -hence should be enabled if any of the groups to which they belong are -enabled, and so on. - - The groups are: - -`dcp' - `DOUBLE COMPLEX' intrinsics from the standards (F77, F90). - -`f2c' - Intrinsics supported by AT&T's `f2c' converter and/or `libf2c'. - -`f90' - Fortran 90 intrinsics. - -`mil' - MIL-STD 1753 intrinsics (`MVBITS', `IAND', `BTEST', and so on). - -`unix' - UNIX intrinsics (`IARGC', `EXIT', `ERF', and so on). - -`vxt' - VAX/VMS FORTRAN (current as of v4) intrinsics. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Dialects, Next: Object Compatibility, Prev: Intrinsics, Up: Language - -GNU Fortran Dialects -==================== - - The `-fvxt-not-f90' and `-ff90-not-vxt' command-line options control -how `g77' interprets certain tokens and constructs that have different -meanings in VAX FORTRAN (circa v4) and Fortran 90. (Generally, this -manual uses the invented acronym VXT to refer to many popular VAX -FORTRAN extensions, though not necessarily those that are specific to -the VAX processor architecture or the VMS operating system. An -extension offered by a Digital Fortran product that also is offered by -several other Fortran products for different kinds of systems is -probably going to be considered for inclusion in `g77' someday, and is -considered a VXT extension.) - - When `-ff90-not-vxt' is specified, the following interpretations are -made (and, when `-fvxt-not-f90' is in effect, the opposite -interpretations are made): - - * Double-quote character (`"') delimits character constant just as - does apostrophe (`''), rather than beginning an octal constant of - `INTEGER' type. - - * An exclamation point (`!') in column 5 of fixed-form source file - treated as a continuation character rather than the beginning of a - comment (as it does in any other column). - - * `TYPE FOO' and `TYPE (FOO), BAR' statements are recognized as the - Fortran 90 variety, not I/O statements. (However, the F90 variety - is *not* supported, so this really just ensures that `g77' will - produce a diagnostic instead of trying to implement the VXT `TYPE' - statement--which currently is not supported either.) - - -File: g77.info, Node: Object Compatibility, Next: Distensions, Prev: Dialects, Up: Language - -Object Compatibility -==================== - - An individual Fortran source file can be compiled to an object -(`*.o') file instead of to the final program executable. This allows -several portions of a program to be compiled at different times and -linked together whenever a new version of the program is needed. -However, it introduces the issue of "object compatibility" across the -various object files (and libraries, or `*.a' files) that are linked -together to produce any particular exectable file. - - Object compatibility is an issue when combining, in one program, -Fortran code compiled by more than one compiler (or more than one -configuration of a compiler). If the compilers disagree on how to -transform the names of procedures, there will normally be errors when -linking such programs. Worse, if the compilers agree on naming, but -disagree on issues like how to pass parameters, return arguments, and -lay out `COMMON' areas, the earliest detected errors might be the -incorrect results produced by the program (and that assumes these -errors are detected, which is not always the case). - - Normally, `g77' generates code that is object-compatible with code -generated by a version of `f2c' configured (with, for example, `f2c.h' -definitions) to be generally compatible with `g77' as built by `gcc'. -(Normally, `f2c' will, by default, conform to the appropriate -configuration, but it is possible that older or perhaps even newer -versions of `f2c', or versions having certain configuration changes to -`f2c' internals, will produce object files that are incompatible with -`g77'.) - - For example, a Fortran string subroutine argument will become two -arguments on the C side: a `char *' and an `int' length. - - Much of this compatibility results from the fact that `g77' uses the -same run-time library, `libf2c', used by `f2c'. - - Other compilers might or might not generate code that is -object-compatible with `libf2c' and current `g77', and some might offer -such compatibility only when explicitly selected via a command-line -option to the compiler. - -* Menu: - -* Dropping f2c Compatibility:: When speed is more important. -* Other Compilers:: Interoperation with code from other compilers. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Dropping f2c Compatibility, Next: Other Compilers, Up: Object Compatibility - -Dropping f2c Compatibility --------------------------- - - Specifying `-fno-f2c' allows `g77' to generate, in some cases, -faster code, by not needing to allow to the possibility of linking with -code compiled by `f2c'. - - For example, this affects how `REAL', `COMPLEX', and `DOUBLE -COMPLEX' functions are called. With `-fno-f2c', they are compiled as -returning the appropriate `gcc' type (`float', `__complex__ float', -`__complex__ double', in many configurations). - - With `-ff2c' in force, they are compiled differently (with perhaps -slower run-time performance) to accommodate the restrictions inherent -in `f2c''s use of K&R C as an intermediate language--`REAL' functions -return double, while `COMPLEX' functions return `void' and use an extra -argument pointing to a place for the functions to return their values. - - It is possible that, in some cases, leaving `-ff2c' in force might -produce faster code than using `-fno-f2c'. Feel free to experiment, -but remember to experiment with changing the way *entire programs and -their Fortran libraries are compiled* at a time, since this sort of -experimentation affects the interface of code generated for a Fortran -source file--that is, it affects object compatibility. - - Note that `f2c' compatibility is a fairly static target to achieve, -though not necessarily perfectly so, since, like `g77', it is still -being improved. However, specifying `-fno-f2c' causes `g77' to -generate code that will probably be incompatible with code generated by -future versions of `g77' when the same option is in force. You should -make sure you are always able to recompile complete programs from -source code when upgrading to new versions of `g77' or `f2c', -especially when using options such as `-fno-f2c'. - - Therefore, if you are using `g77' to compile libraries and other -object files for possible future use and you don't want to require -recompilation for future use with subsequent versions of `g77', you -might want to stick with `f2c' compatibility for now, and carefully -watch for any announcements about changes to the `f2c'/`libf2c' -interface that might affect existing programs (thus requiring -recompilation). - - It is probable that a future version of `g77' will not, by default, -generate object files compatible with `f2c' and not use `libf2c'. If -you expect to depend on this compatibility in the long term, use the -options `-ff2c -ff2c-library' when compiling all of the applicable code. -This should either cause `g77' to produce compatible code (at the -expense of the availability of some features and performance), or at -the very least trigger compiler warning messages, in future versions of -`g77'. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Other Compilers, Prev: Dropping f2c Compatibility, Up: Object Compatibility - -Other Compilers ---------------- - - On systems with Fortran compilers other than `f2c' and `g77', code -compiled by `g77' is not expected to work well with code compiled by -the native compiler. (This is true for `f2c'-compiled objects as well.) -Libraries compiled with the native compiler probably will have to be -recompiled with `g77' to be used with `g77'-compiled code. - - Reasons for such incompatibilities include: - - * There might be differences in the way names of Fortran procedures - are translated for use in the system's object-file format. For - example, the statement `CALL FOO' might be compiled by `g77' to - call a procedure the linker `ld' sees given the name `_foo_', - while the apparently corresponding statement `SUBROUTINE FOO' - might be compiled by the native compiler to define the - linker-visible name `_foo', or `_FOO_', and so on. - - * There might be subtle type mismatches which cause subroutine - arguments and function return values to get corrupted. - - This is why simply getting `g77' to transform procedure names the - same way a native compiler does is not usually a good idea--unless - some effort has been made to ensure that, aside from the way the - two compilers transform procedure names, everything else about the - way they generate code for procedure interfaces is identical. - - * Native compilers use libraries of private I/O routines which will - not be available at link time unless you have the native - compiler--and you would have to explicitly ask for them. - - For example, on the Sun you would have to add `-L/usr/lang/SCx.x - -lF77 -lV77' to the link command. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Distensions, Prev: Object Compatibility, Up: Language - -Distensions -=========== - - The `-fugly' command-line options determine whether certain features -supported by VAX FORTRAN and other such compilers, but considered too -ugly to be in code that can be changed to use safer and/or more -portable constructs, are accepted. These are humorously referred to as -"distensions", extensions that just plain look ugly in the harsh light -of day. - - The constructs enabled via `-fugly' include: - - * Automatic conversion between `INTEGER' and `LOGICAL' as dictated by - context (typically implies nonportable dependencies on how a - particular implementation encodes `.TRUE.' and `.FALSE.'). - - * Use of typeless and Hollerith constants in non-standard places - (the "standard" here being the appendix in ANSI FORTRAN 77 and the - descriptions in MIL-STD 1753), plus in places controlled by - `-fugly-args' and `-fugly-init'. - - * Use of a `LOGICAL' variable in `ASSIGN' and assigned-`GOTO' - statements. - - * Use of a single trailing comma to mean "pass an extra trailing null - argument" in a list of actual arguments to a procedure other than a - statement function. - - For example, `CALL FOO(,)' means "pass two null arguments" when - `-fugly' is used, rather than "pass one null argument". - - The construct disabled via `-fno-ugly-args' is: - - * Passing of typeless and Hollerith constants as actual arguments in - procedure invocations. - - For example, `CALL FOO(4HABCD)'. - - The constructs disabled by `-fno-ugly-init' are: - - * Use of Hollerith and typeless constants in contexts where they set - initial (compile-time) values for variables, arrays, and named - constants--that is, `DATA' and `PARAMETER' statements, plus - type-declaration statements specifying initial values. - - * In the same contexts as above, use of character constants to - initialize numeric items and vice versa (one constant per item). - - * Use of Hollerith and typeless constants on the right-hand side of - assignment statements to numeric types, and in other contexts - (such as passing arguments to in invocations of intrinsic - procedures and statement functions) that are treated as - assignments to known types (the dummy arguments, in these cases). - - -File: g77.info, Node: Installation, Next: Debugging and Interfacing, Prev: Language, Up: Top - -Installing GNU Fortran -********************** - -* Menu: - -* Prerequisites:: Make sure your system is ready for `g77'. -* Problems Installing:: Known trouble areas. -* Quick Start:: The easier procedure for non-experts. -* Complete Installation:: For experts, or those who want to be: the details. -* Distributing Binaries:: If you plan on distributing your `g77'. -* Settings:: Some notes on `g77' internals. - - The following information describes how to install `g77'. - - The information in this file generally pertains to dealing with -*source* distributions of `g77' and `gcc'. It is possible that some of -this information will be applicable to some *binary* distributions of -these products--however, since these distributions are not made by the -maintainers of `g77', responsibility for binary distributions rests with -whoever built and first distributed them. - - Nevertheless, efforts to make `g77' easier to both build and install -from source and package up as a binary distribution are ongoing. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Prerequisites, Next: Problems Installing, Up: Installation - -Prerequisites -============= - - The procedures described to unpack, configure, build, and install -`g77' assume your system has certain programs already installed. - - The following prerequisites should be met by your system before you -follow the `g77' installation instructions: - -`gzip' - To unpack the `gcc' and `g77' distributions, you'll need the - `gunzip' utility in the `gzip' distribution. Most UNIX systems - already have `gzip' installed. If yours doesn't, you can get it - from the FSF. - - Note that you'll need `tar' and other utilities as well, but all - UNIX systems have these. There are GNU versions of all these - available--in fact, a complete GNU UNIX system can be put together - on most systems, if desired. - -`gcc-2.7.2.tar.gz' - You need to have this, or some other applicable, version of `gcc' - on your system. The version should be an exact copy of a - distribution from the FSF. It is approximately 7MB large. - - If you've already unpacked `gcc-2.7.2.tar.gz' into a directory - (named `gcc-2.7.2') called the "source tree" for `gcc', you can - delete the distribution itself, but you'll need to remember to - skip any instructions to unpack this distribution. - - Without an applicable `gcc' source tree, you cannot build `g77'. - You can obtain an FSF distribution of `gcc' from the FSF. - -`g77-0.5.18.tar.gz' - You probably have already unpacked this distribution, or you are - reading an advanced copy of this manual, which is contained in - this distribution. This distribution approximately 1MB large. - - You can obtain an FSF distribution of `g77' from the FSF, the same - way you obtained `gcc'. - -100MB disk space - For a complete "bootstrap" build, about 100MB of disk space is - required for `g77' by the author's current Linux system. - - Some juggling can reduce the amount of space needed; during the - bootstrap process, once Stage 3 starts, during which the version - of `gcc' that has been copied into the `stage2/' directory is used - to rebuild the system, you can delete the `stage1/' directory to - free up some space. - - It is likely that many systems don't require the complete - bootstrap build, as they already have a recent version of `gcc' - installed. Such systems might be able to build `g77' with only - about 75MB of free space. - -`patch' - Although you can do everything `patch' does yourself, by hand, - without much trouble, having `patch' installed makes installation - of new versions of GNU utilities such as `g77' so much easier that - it is worth getting. You can obtain `patch' the same way you - obtained `gcc' and `g77'. - - In any case, you can apply patches by hand--patch files are - designed for humans to read them. - -`make' - Your system must have `make', and you will probably save yourself - a lot of trouble if it is GNU `make' (sometimes referred to as - `gmake'). - -`cc' - Your system must have a working C compiler. - - *Note Installing GNU CC: (gcc)Installation, for more information - on prerequisites for installing `gcc'. - -`bison' - If you do not have `bison' installed, you can usually work around - any need for it, since `g77' itself does not use it, and `gcc' - normally includes all files generated by running it in its - distribution. You can obtain `bison' the same way you obtained - `gcc' and `g77'. - - *Note Missing bison?::, for information on how to work around not - having `bison'. - -`makeinfo' - If you are missing `makeinfo', you can usually work around any - need for it. You can obtain `makeinfo' the same way you obtained - `gcc' and `g77'. - - *Note Missing makeinfo?::, for information on getting around the - lack of `makeinfo'. - -`root' access - To perform the complete installation procedures on a system, you - need to have `root' access to that system, or equivalent access. - - Portions of the procedure (such as configuring and building `g77') - can be performed by any user with enough disk space and virtual - memory. - - However, these instructions are oriented towards less-experienced - users who want to install `g77' on their own personal systems. - - System administrators with more experience will want to determine - for themselves how they want to modify the procedures described - below to suit the needs of their installation. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Problems Installing, Next: Quick Start, Prev: Prerequisites, Up: Installation - -Problems Installing -=================== - - This is a list of problems (and some apparent problems which don't -really mean anything is wrong) that show up when configuring, building, -installing, or porting GNU Fortran. - - *Note Installation Problems: (gcc)Installation Problems, for more -information on installation problems that can afflict either `gcc' or -`g77'. - -* Menu: - -* General Problems:: Problems afflicting most or all systems. -* Cross-compiler Problems:: Problems afflicting cross-compilation setups. - - -File: g77.info, Node: General Problems, Next: Cross-compiler Problems, Up: Problems Installing - -General Problems ----------------- - - * On SunOS systems, linking the `f771' program produces an error - message concerning an undefined symbol named `_strtoul'. - - This is not a `g77' bug. *Note Patching GNU Fortran::, for - information on a workaround provided by `g77'. - - The proper fix is either to upgrade your system to one that - provides a complete ANSI C environment, or improve `gcc' so that - it provides one for all the languages and configurations it - supports. - - *Note:* In earlier versions of `g77', an automated workaround for - this problem was attempted. It worked for systems without - `_strtoul', substituting the incomplete-yet-sufficient version - supplied with `g77' for those systems. However, the automated - workaround failed mysteriously for systems that appeared to have - conforming ANSI C environments, and it was decided that, lacking - resources to more fully investigate the problem, it was better to - not punish users of those systems either by requiring them to work - around the problem by hand or by always substituting an incomplete - `strtoul()' implementation when their systems had a complete, - working one. Unfortunately, this meant inconveniencing users of - systems not having `strtoul()', but they're using obsolete (and - generally unsupported) systems anyway. - - * It'd be helpful if `g77''s `Makefile.in' or `Make-lang.in' would - create the various `stageN' directories and their subdirectories, - so expert installers wouldn't have to reconfigure after cleaning - up. - - * Improvements to the way `libf2c' is built could make building - `g77' as a cross-compiler easier--for example, passing and using - `LD' and `AR' in the appropriate ways. - - * `g77' currently requires application of a patch file to the gcc - compiler tree (at least up through gcc version 2.7.0). The - necessary patches should be folded in to the mainline gcc - distribution. - - (Some combinations of versions of `g77' and `gcc' might actually - *require* no patches, but the patch files will be provided anyway - as long as there are more changes expected in subsequent releases. - These patch files might contain unnecessary, but possibly helpful, - patches. As a result, it is possible this issue might never be - resolved, except by eliminating the need for the person - configuring `g77' to apply a patch by hand, by going to a more - automated approach (such as configure-time patching). - - * It should be possible to build the runtime without building `cc1' - and other non-Fortran items, but, for now, an easy way to do that - is not yet established. - - * Compiling `g77' requires GNU C, not just ANSI C. Fixing this - wouldn't be very hard (just tedious), but the code using GNU - extensions to the C language is expected to be rewritten for 0.6 - anyway, so there are no plans for an interim fix. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Cross-compiler Problems, Prev: General Problems, Up: Problems Installing - -Cross-compiler Problems ------------------------ - - `g77' has been in alpha testing since September of 1992, and in -public beta testing since February of 1995. Alpha testing was done by -a small number of people worldwide on a fairly wide variety of -machines, involving self-compilation in most or all cases. Beta -testing has been done primarily via self-compilation, but in more and -more cases, cross-compilation (and "criss-cross compilation", where a -version of a compiler is built on one machine to run on a second and -generate code that runs on a third) has been tried and has succeeded, -to varying extents. - - Generally, `g77' can be ported to any configuration to which `gcc', -`f2c', and `libf2c' can be ported and made to work together, aside from -the known problems described in this manual. If you want to port `g77' -to a particular configuration, you should first make sure `gcc' and -`libf2c' can be ported to that configuration before focusing on `g77', -because `g77' is so dependent on them. - - Even for cases where `gcc' and `libf2c' work, you might run into -problems with cross-compilation on certain machines, for several -reasons. - - * There is one known bug (a design bug to be fixed in 0.6) that - prevents configuration of `g77' as a cross-compiler in some cases, - though there are assumptions made during configuration that - probably make doing non-self-hosting builds a hassle, requiring - manual intervention. - - * `gcc' might still have some trouble being configured for certain - combinations of machines. For example, it might not know how to - handle floating-point constants. - - * There are still some challenges putting together the right - run-time libraries (needed by `libf2c') for a target system, - depending on the systems involved in the configuration. (This is - a general problem with cross-compilation, and with `gcc' in - particular.) - - -File: g77.info, Node: Quick Start, Next: Complete Installation, Prev: Problems Installing, Up: Installation - -Quick Start -=========== - - This procedure configures, builds, and installs `g77' "out of the -box" and works on most UNIX systems. Each command is identified by a -unique number, used in the explanatory text that follows. For the most -part, the output of each command is not shown, though indications of -the types of responses are given in a few cases. - - To perform this procedure, the installer must be logged in as user -`root'. Much of it can be done while not logged in as `root', and -users experienced with UNIX administration should be able to modify the -procedure properly to do so. - - Following traditional UNIX conventions, it is assumed that the -source trees for `g77' and `gcc' will be placed in `/usr/src'. It also -is assumed that the source distributions themselves already reside in -`/usr/FSF', a naming convention used by the author of `g77' on his own -system: - - /usr/FSF/gcc-2.7.2.tar.gz - /usr/FSF/g77-0.5.18.tar.gz - - Users of the following systems should not blindly follow these -quick-start instructions, because of problems their systems have coping -with straightforward installation of `g77': - - * SunOS - - * Alpha - - Instead, see *Note Complete Installation::, for detailed information -on how to configure, build, and install `g77' for your particular -system. Also, see *Note Known Causes of Trouble with GNU Fortran: -Trouble, for information on bugs and other problems known to afflict the -installation process, and how to report newly discovered ones. - - If your system is *not* on the above list, and *is* a UNIX system or -one of its variants, you should be able to follow the instructions -below. If you vary *any* of the steps below, you might run into -trouble, including possibly breaking existing programs for other users -of your system. Before doing so, it is wise to review the explanations -of some of the steps. These explanations follow this list of steps. - - sh[ 1]# `cd /usr/src' - - sh[ 2]# `gunzip -c < /usr/FSF/gcc-2.7.2.tar.gz | tar xf -' - - [Might say "Broken pipe"...that is normal on some systems.] - sh[ 3]# `gunzip -c < /usr/FSF/g77-0.5.18.tar.gz | tar xf -' - - ["Broken pipe" again possible.] - sh[ 4]# `ln -s gcc-2.7.2 gcc' - - sh[ 5]# `ln -s g77-0.5.18 g77' - - sh[ 6]# `mv -i g77/* gcc' - - [No questions should be asked by mv here; or, you made a mistake.] - sh[ 7]# `patch -p1 -V t -d gcc-2.7.2 < gcc-2.7.2/f/gbe/2.7.2.diff' - - [Unless patch complains about rejected patches, this step worked.] - sh[ 8]# `cd gcc' - sh[ 9]# `touch f77-install-ok' - - [Do not do the above if your system already has an f77 - command, unless you've checked that overwriting it - is okay.] - sh[10]# `touch f2c-install-ok' - - [Do not do the above if your system already has an f2c - command, unless you've checked that overwriting it - is okay. Else, `touch f2c-exists-ok'.] - sh[11]# `./configure --prefix=/usr' - - [Do not do the above if gcc is not installed in /usr/bin. - You might need a different `--prefix=...', as - described below.] - sh[12]# `make bootstrap' - - [This takes a long time, and is where most problems occur.] - sh[13]# `rm -fr stage1' - - sh[14]# `make -k install' - - [The actual installation.] - sh[15]# `g77 -v' - - [Verify that g77 is installed, obtain version info.] - sh[16]# - - *Note Updating Your Info Directory: Updating Documentation, for -information on how to update your system's top-level `info' directory -to contain a reference to this manual, so that users of `g77' can -easily find documentation instead of having to ask you for it. - - Elaborations of many of the above steps follows: - -Step 1: `cd /usr/src' - You can build `g77' pretty much anyplace. By convention, this - manual assumes `/usr/src'. It might be helpful if other users on - your system knew where to look for the source code for the - installed version of `g77' and `gcc' in any case. - -Step 4: `ln -s gcc-2.7.2 gcc' -Step 5: `ln -s g77-0.5.18 g77' - These commands mainly help reduce typing, and help reduce visual - clutter in examples in this manual showing what to type to install - `g77'. - - *Note Unpacking::, for information on using distributions of `g77' - made by organizations other than the FSF. - -Step 6: `mv -i g77/* gcc' - After doing this, you can, if you like, type `rm g77' and `rmdir - g77-0.5.18' to remove the empty directory and the symbol link to - it. But, it might be helpful to leave them around as quick - reminders of which version(s) of `g77' are installed on your - system. - - *Note Unpacking::, for information on the contents of the `g77' - directory (as merged into the `gcc' directory). - -Step 7: `patch -p1 ...' - This can produce a wide variety of printed output, from `Hmm, I - can't seem to find a patch in there anywhere...' to long lists of - messages indicated that patches are being found, applied - successfully, and so on. - - If messages about "fuzz", "offset", or especially "reject files" - are printed, it might mean you applied the wrong patch file. If - you believe this is the case, it is best to restart the sequence - after deleting (or at least renaming to unused names) the - top-level directories for `g77' and `gcc' and their symbolic links. - - After this command finishes, the `gcc' directory might have old - versions of several files as saved by `patch'. To remove these, - after `cd gcc', type `rm -i *.~*~'. - - *Note Merging Distributions::, for more information. - -Step 9: `touch f77-install-ok' - Don't do this if you don't want to overwrite an existing version - of `f77' (such as a native compiler, or a script that invokes - `f2c'). Otherwise, installation will overwrite the `f77' command - and the `f77' man pages with copies of the corresponding `g77' - material. - - *Note Installing `f77': Installing f77, for more information. - -Step 10: `touch f2c-install-ok' - Don't do this if you don't want to overwrite an existing - installation of `libf2c' (though, chances are, you do). Instead, - `touch f2c-exists-ok' to allow the installation to continue - without any error messages about `/usr/lib/libf2c.a' already - existing. - - *Note Installing `f2c': Installing f2c, for more information. - -Step 11: `./configure --prefix=/usr' - This is where you specify that the `g77' executable is to be - installed in `/usr/bin/', the `libf2c.a' library is to be - installed in `/usr/lib/', and so on. - - You should ensure that any existing installation of the `gcc' - executable is in `/usr/bin/'. Otherwise, installing `g77' so that - it does not fully replace the existing installation of `gcc' is - likely to result in the inability to compile Fortran programs. - - *Note Where in the World Does Fortran (and GNU C) Go?: Where to - Install, for more information on determining where to install - `g77'. *Note Configuring gcc::, for more information on the - configuration process triggered by invoking the `./configure' - script. - -Step 12: `make bootstrap' - *Note Installing GNU CC: (gcc)Installation, for information on the - kinds of diagnostics you should expect during this procedure. - - *Note Building gcc::, for complete `g77'-specific information on - this step. - -Step 13: `rm -fr stage1' - You don't need to do this, but it frees up disk space. - -Step 14: `make -k install' - If this doesn't seem to work, try: - - make -k install install-libf77 install-f2c-all - - *Note Installation of Binaries::, for more information. - - *Note Updating Your Info Directory: Updating Documentation, for - information on entering this manual into your system's list of - texinfo manuals. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Complete Installation, Next: Distributing Binaries, Prev: Quick Start, Up: Installation - -Complete Installation -===================== - - Here is the complete `g77'-specific information on how to configure, -build, and install `g77'. - -* Menu: - -* Unpacking:: -* Merging Distributions:: -* f77: Installing f77. -* f2c: Installing f2c. -* Patching GNU Fortran:: -* Where to Install:: -* Configuring gcc:: -* Building gcc:: -* Pre-installation Checks:: -* Installation of Binaries:: -* Updating Documentation:: -* bison: Missing bison?. -* makeinfo: Missing makeinfo?. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Unpacking, Next: Merging Distributions, Up: Complete Installation - -Unpacking ---------- - - The `gcc' source distribution is a stand-alone distribution. It is -designed to be unpacked (producing the `gcc' source tree) and built as -is, assuming certain prerequisites are met (including the availability -of compatible UNIX programs such as `make', `cc', and so on). - - However, before building `gcc', you will want to unpack and merge -the `g77' distribution in with it, so that you build a Fortran-capable -version of `gcc', which includes the `g77' command, the necessary -run-time libraries, and this manual. - - Unlike `gcc', the `g77' source distribution is *not* a stand-alone -distribution. It is designed to be unpacked and, afterwards, -immediately merged into an applicable `gcc' source tree. That is, the -`g77' distribution *augments* a `gcc' distribution--without `gcc', -generally only the documentation is immediately usable. - - A sequence of commands typically used to unpack `gcc' and `g77' is: - - sh# `cd /usr/src' - sh# `gunzip -d < /usr/FSF/gcc-2.7.2.tar.gz | tar xf -' - sh# `gunzip -d < /usr/FSF/g77-0.5.18.tar.gz | tar xf -' - sh# `ln -s gcc-2.7.2 gcc' - sh# `ln -s g77-0.5.18 g77' - sh# `mv -i g77/* gcc' - - *Notes:* The commands beginning with `gunzip...' might print `Broken -pipe...' as they complete. That is nothing to worry about, unless you -actually *hear* a pipe breaking. The `ln' commands are helpful in -reducing typing and clutter in installation examples in this manual. -Hereafter, the top level of `gcc' source tree is referred to as `gcc', -and the top level of just the `g77' source tree (prior to issuing the -`mv' command, above) is referred to as `g77'. - - There are three top-level names in a `g77' distribution: - - g77/COPYING.g77 - g77/README.g77 - g77/f - - All three entries should be moved (or copied) into a `gcc' source -tree (typically named after its version number and as it appears in the -FSF distributions--e.g. `gcc-2.7.2'). - - `g77/f' is the subdirectory containing all of the code, -documentation, and other information that is specific to `g77'. The -other two files exist to provide information on `g77' to someone -encountering a `gcc' source tree with `g77' already present, who has -not yet read these installation instructions and thus needs help -understanding that the source tree they are looking at does not come -from a single FSF distribution. They also help people encountering an -unmerged `g77' source tree for the first time. - - *Note:* Please use *only* `gcc' and `g77' source trees as -distributed by the FSF. Use of modified versions, such as the -Pentium-specific-optimization port of `gcc', is likely to result in -problems that appear to be in the `g77' code but, in fact, are not. Do -not use such modified versions unless you understand all the -differences between them and the versions the FSF distributes--in which -case you should be able to modify the `g77' (or `gcc') source trees -appropriately so `g77' and `gcc' can coexist as they do in the stock -FSF distributions. - diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info-5 b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info-5 deleted file mode 100644 index de90bb41ba6..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info-5 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1085 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file g77.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.64 from the input -file g77.texi. - - This file explains how to use the GNU Fortran system. - - Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 -Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - - Copyright (C) 1995, 1996 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for -Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are -included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public -License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight -`Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in -translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the -original English. - - Contributed by James Craig Burley (`burley@gnu.ai.mit.edu'). -Inspired by a first pass at translating `g77-0.5.16/f/DOC' that was -contributed to Craig by David Ronis (`ronis@onsager.chem.mcgill.ca'). - - -File: g77.info, Node: Merging Distributions, Next: Installing f77, Prev: Unpacking, Up: Complete Installation - -Merging Distributions ---------------------- - - After merging the `g77' source tree into the `gcc' source tree, the -final merge step is done by applying the pertinent patches the `g77' -distribution provides for the `gcc' source tree. - - Read the file `gcc/f/gbe/README', and apply the appropriate patch -file for the version of the GNU CC compiler you have, if that exists. -If the directory exists but the appropriate file does not exist, you -are using either an old, unsupported version, or a release one that is -newer than the newest `gcc' version supported by the version of `g77' -you have. - - GNU version numbers make it easy to figure out whether a particular -version of a distribution is newer or older than some other version of -that distribution. The format is, generally, MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH, with -each field being a decimal number. (You can safely ignore leading -zeros; for example, 1.5.3 is the same as 1.5.03.) The MAJOR field only -increases with time. The other two fields are reset to 0 when the -field to their left is incremented; otherwise, they, too, only increase -with time. So, version 2.6.2 is newer than version 2.5.8, and version -3.0 is newer than both. (Trailing `.0' fields often are omitted in -announcements and in names for distributions and the directories they -create.) - - If your version of `gcc' is older than the oldest version supported -by `g77' (as casually determined by listing the contents of -`gcc/f/gbe/'), you should obtain a newer, supported version of `gcc'. -(You could instead obtain an older version of `g77', or try and get -your `g77' to work with the old `gcc', but neither approach is -recommended, and you shouldn't bother reporting any bugs you find if you -take either approach, because they're probably already fixed in the -newer versions you're not using.) - - If your version of `gcc' is newer than the newest version supported -by `g77', it is possible that your `g77' will work with it anyway. If -the version number for `gcc' differs only in the PATCH field, you might -as well try applying the `g77' patch that is for the newest version of -`gcc' having the same MAJOR and MINOR fields, as this is likely to work. - - So, for example, if `g77' has support for versions 2.7.0 and 2.7.1, -it is likely that `gcc-2.7.2' would work well with `g77' by using the -`2.7.1.diff' patch file provided with `g77' (aside from some offsets -reported by `patch', which usually are harmless). - - However, `gcc-2.8.0' would almost certainly not work with that -version of `g77' no matter which patch file was used, so a new version -of `g77' would be needed (and you should wait for it rather than -bothering the maintainers--*note User-Visible Changes: Changes.). - - This complexity is the result of `gcc' and `g77' being separate -distributions. By keeping them separate, each product is able to be -independently improved and distributed to its user base more frequently. - - However, `g77' often requires changes to contemporary versions of -`gcc'. Also, the GBE interface defined by `gcc' typically undergoes -some incompatible changes at least every time the MINOR field of the -version number is incremented, and such changes require corresponding -changes to the `g77' front end (FFE). - - It is hoped that the GBE interface, and the `gcc' and `g77' products -in general, will stabilize sufficiently for the need for hand-patching -to disappear. - - Invoking `patch' as described in `gcc/f/gbe/README' can produce a -wide variety of printed output, from `Hmm, I can't seem to find a patch -in there anywhere...' to long lists of messages indicated that patches -are being found, applied successfully, and so on. - - If messages about "fuzz", "offset", or especially "reject files" are -printed, it might mean you applied the wrong patch file. If you -believe this is the case, it is best to restart the sequence after -deleting (or at least renaming to unused names) the top-level -directories for `g77' and `gcc' and their symbolic links. That is -because `patch' might have partially patched some `gcc' source files, -so reapplying the correct patch file might result in the correct -patches being applied incorrectly (due to the way `patch' necessarily -works). - - After `patch' finishes, the `gcc' directory might have old versions -of several files as saved by `patch'. To remove these, after `cd gcc', -type `rm -i *.~*~'. - - *Note:* `g77''s configuration file `gcc/f/config-lang.in' ensures -that the source code for the version of `gcc' being configured has at -least one GBE function required specifically by `g77'. This function -was added to `gcc-2.7.1', making the patch file -`g77-0.5.17/f/gbe/2.7.1.diff' empty of actual patches. - - For `gcc-2.7.0' and earlier, this configuration-time checking should -catch failure to apply the correct patch and, if so caught, it should -abort the configuration with an explanation. *Please* do not try to -disable the check, otherwise `g77' might well appear to build and -install correctly, and even appear to compile correctly, but could -easily produce broken code. - - `diff -rcp2N' is used to create the patch files in `gcc/f/gbe/'. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Installing f77, Next: Installing f2c, Prev: Merging Distributions, Up: Complete Installation - -Installing `f77' ----------------- - - You should decide whether you want installation of `g77' to also -install an `f77' command. On systems with a native `f77', this is not -normally desired, so `g77' does not do this by default. - - If you want `f77' installed, create the file `f77-install-ok' (e.g. -via the UNIX command `touch f77-install-ok') in the source or build -top-level directory (the same directory in which the `g77' `f' -directory resides, not the `f' directory itself), or edit -`gcc/f/Make-lang.in' and change the definition of the -`F77_INSTALL_FLAG' macro appropriately. - - Usually, this means that, after typing `cd gcc', you would type -`touch f77-install-ok'. - - When you enable installation of `f77', either a link to or a direct -copy of the `g77' command is made. Similarly, `f77.1' is installed as -a man page. - - (The `uninstall' target in the `gcc/Makefile' also tests this macro -and file, when invoked, to determine whether to delete the installed -copies of `f77' and `f77.1'.) - - *Note:* No attempt is yet made to install a program (like a shell -script) that provides compatibility with any other `f77' programs. -Only the most rudimentary invocations of `f77' will work the same way -with `g77'. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Installing f2c, Next: Patching GNU Fortran, Prev: Installing f77, Up: Complete Installation - -Installing `f2c' ----------------- - - Currently, `g77' does not include `f2c' itself in its distribution. -However, it does include a modified version of the `libf2c'. This -version is normally compatible with `f2c', but has been modified to -meet the needs of `g77' in ways that might possibly be incompatible -with some versions or configurations of `f2c'. - - Decide how installation of `g77' should affect any existing -installation of `f2c' on your system. - - If you do not have `f2c' on your system (e.g. no `/usr/bin/f2c', no -`/usr/include/f2c.h', and no `/usr/lib/libf2c.a', `/usr/lib/libF77.a', -or `/usr/lib/libI77.a'), you don't need to be concerned with this item. - - If you do have `f2c' on your system, you need to decide how users of -`f2c' will be affected by your installing `g77'. Since `g77' is -currently designed to be object-code-compatible with `f2c' (with very -few, clear exceptions), users of `f2c' might want to combine -`f2c'-compiled object files with `g77'-compiled object files in a -single executable. - - To do this, users of `f2c' should use the same copies of `f2c.h' and -`libf2c.a' that `g77' uses (and that get built as part of `g77'). - - If you do nothing here, the `g77' installation process will not -overwrite the `include/f2c.h' and `lib/libf2c.a' files with its own -versions, and in fact will not even install `libf2c.a' for use with the -newly installed versions of `gcc' and `g77' if it sees that -`lib/libf2c.a' exists--instead, it will print an explanatory message -and skip this part of the installation. - - To install `g77''s versions of `f2c.h' and `libf2c.a' in the -appropriate places, create the file `f2c-install-ok' (e.g. via the UNIX -command `touch f2c-install-ok') in the source or build top-level -directory (the same directory in which the `g77' `f' directory resides, -not the `f' directory itself), or edit `gcc/f/Make-lang.in' and change -the definition of the `F2C_INSTALL_FLAG' macro appropriately. - - Usually, this means that, after typing `cd gcc', you would type -`touch f2c-install-ok'. - - Make sure that when you enable the overwriting of `f2c.h' and -`libf2c.a' as used by `f2c', you have a recent and properly configured -version of `bin/f2c' so that it generates code that is compatible with -`g77'. - - If you don't want installation of `g77' to overwrite `f2c''s existing -installation, but you do want `g77' installation to proceed with -installation of its own versions of `f2c.h' and `libf2c.a' in places -where `g77' will pick them up (even when linking `f2c'-compiled object -files--which might lead to incompatibilities), create the file -`f2c-exists-ok' (e.g. via the UNIX command `touch f2c-exists-ok') in -the source or build top-level directory, or edit `gcc/f/Make-lang.in' -and change the definition of the `F2CLIBOK' macro appropriately. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Patching GNU Fortran, Next: Where to Install, Prev: Installing f2c, Up: Complete Installation - -Patching GNU Fortran --------------------- - - If you're using a SunOS system, you'll need to make the following -change to `gcc/f/proj.h': edit the line reading - - #define FFEPROJ_STRTOUL 1 ... - -by replacing the `1' with `0'. - - This causes a minimal version of `strtoul()' provided as part of the -`g77' distribution to be compiled and linked into whatever `g77' -programs need it, since some systems (like SunOS) do not provide this -function in their system libraries. - - Similarly, a minimal version of `bsearch()' is available and can be -enabled by editing a line similar to the one for `strtoul()' above in -`gcc/f/proj.h', if your system libraries lack `bsearch()'. - - These are not problems with `g77', which requires an ANSI C -environment. You should upgrade your system to one that provides a -full ANSI C environment, or encourage the maintainers of `gcc' to -provide one to all `gcc'-based compilers in future `gcc' distributions. - - *Note Problems Installing::, for more information on why `strtoul()' -comes up missing and on approaches to dealing with this problem that -have already been tried. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Where to Install, Next: Configuring gcc, Prev: Patching GNU Fortran, Up: Complete Installation - -Where in the World Does Fortran (and GNU C) Go? ------------------------------------------------ - - Before configuring, you should make sure you know where you want the -`g77' and `gcc' binaries to be installed after they're built, because -this information is given to the configuration tool and used during the -build itself. - - A `g77' installation necessarily requires installation of a -`g77'-aware version of `gcc', so that the `gcc' command recognizes -Fortran source files and knows how to compile them. - - For this to work, the version of `gcc' that you will be building as -part of `g77' *must* be installed as the "active" version of `gcc' on -the system. - - Sometimes people make the mistake of installing `gcc' as -`/usr/local/bin/gcc', leaving an older, non-Fortran-aware version in -`/usr/bin/gcc'. (Or, the opposite happens.) This can result in `g77' -being unable to compile Fortran source files, because when it calls on -`gcc' to do the actual compilation, `gcc' complains that it does not -recognize the language, or the file name suffix. - - So, determine whether `gcc' already is installed on your system, -and, if so, *where* it is installed, and prepare to configure the new -version of `gcc' you'll be building so that it installs over the -existing version of `gcc'. - - You might want to back up your existing copy of `bin/gcc', and the -entire `lib/' directory, before you perform the actual installation (as -described in this manual). - - Existing `gcc' installations typically are found in `/usr' or -`/usr/local'. If you aren't certain where the currently installed -version of `gcc' and its related programs reside, look at the output of -this command: - - gcc -v -o /tmp/delete-me -xc /dev/null -xnone - - All sorts of interesting information on the locations of various -`gcc'-related programs and data files should be visible in the output -of the above command. However, you do have to sift through it -yourself; `gcc' currently provides no easy way to ask it where it is -installed and where it looks for the various programs and data files it -calls on to do its work. - - Just *building* `g77' should not overwrite any installed -programs--but, usually, after you build `g77', you will want to install -it, so backing up anything it might overwrite is a good idea. (This is -true for any package, not just `g77', though in this case it is -intentional that `g77' overwrites `gcc' if it is already installed--it -is unusual that the installation process for one distribution -intentionally overwrites a program or file installed by another -distribution.) - - Another reason to back up the existing version first, or make sure -you can restore it easily, is that it might be an older version on -which other users have come to depend for certain behaviors. However, -even the new version of `gcc' you install will offer users the ability -to specify an older version of the actual compilation programs if -desired, and these older versions need not include any `g77' components. -*Note Specifying Target Machine and Compiler Version: (gcc)Target -Options, for information on the `-V' option of `gcc'. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Configuring gcc, Next: Building gcc, Prev: Where to Install, Up: Complete Installation - -Configuring GNU CC ------------------- - - `g77' is configured automatically when you configure `gcc'. There -are two parts of `g77' that are configured in two different -ways--`g77', which "camps on" to the `gcc' configuration mechanism, and -`libf2c', which uses a variation of the GNU `autoconf' configuration -system. - - Generally, you shouldn't have to be concerned with either `g77' or -`libf2c' configuration, unless you're configuring `g77' as a -cross-compiler. In this case, the `libf2c' configuration, and possibly -the `g77' and `gcc' configurations as well, might need special -attention. (This also might be the case if you're porting `gcc' to a -whole new system--even if it is just a new operating system on an -existing, supported CPU.) - - To configure the system, see *Note Installing GNU CC: -(gcc)Installation, following the instructions for running `./configure'. -Pay special attention to the `--prefix=' option, which you almost -certainly will need to specify. - - (Note that `gcc' installation information is provided as a straight -text file in `gcc/INSTALL'.) - - The information printed by the invocation of `./configure' should -show that the `f' directory (the Fortran language) has been configured. -If it does not, there is a problem. - - *Note:* Configuring with the `--srcdir' argument is known to work -with GNU `make', but it is not known to work with other variants of -`make'. Irix5.2 and SunOS4.1 versions of `make' definitely won't work -outside the source directory at present. `g77''s portion of the -`configure' script issues a warning message about this when you -configure for building binaries outside the source directory. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Building gcc, Next: Pre-installation Checks, Prev: Configuring gcc, Up: Complete Installation - -Building GNU CC ---------------- - - Building `g77' requires building enough of `gcc' that these -instructions assume you're going to build all of `gcc', including -`g++', `protoize', and so on. You can save a little time and disk -space by changes the `LANGUAGES' macro definition in `gcc/Makefile.in' -or `gcc/Makefile', but if you do that, you're on your own. One change -is almost *certainly* going to cause failures: removing `c' or `f77' -from the definition of the `LANGUAGES' macro. - - After configuring `gcc', which configures `g77' and `libf2c' -automatically, you're ready to start the actual build by invoking -`make'. - - *Note:* You *must* have run `./configure' before you run `make', -even if you're using an already existing `gcc' development directory, -because `./configure' does the work to recognize that you've added -`g77' to the configuration. - - There are two general approaches to building GNU CC from scratch: - -"bootstrap" - This method uses minimal native system facilities to build a - barebones, unoptimized `gcc', that is then used to compile - ("bootstrap") the entire system. - -"straight" - This method assumes a more complete native system exists, and uses - that just once to build the entire system. - - On all systems without a recent version of `gcc' already installed, -the bootstrap method must be used. In particular, `g77' uses -extensions to the C language offered, apparently, only by `gcc'. - - On most systems with a recent version of `gcc' already installed, -the straight method can be used. This is an advantage, because it -takes less CPU time and disk space for the build. However, it does -require that the system have fairly recent versions of many GNU -programs and other programs, which are not enumerated here. - -* Menu: - -* Bootstrap Build:: For all systems. -* Straight Build:: For systems with a recent version of `gcc'. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Bootstrap Build, Next: Straight Build, Up: Building gcc - -Bootstrap Build -............... - - A complete bootstrap build is done by issuing a command beginning -with `make bootstrap ...', as described in *Note Installing GNU CC: -(gcc)Installation. This is the most reliable form of build, but it -does require the most disk space and CPU time, since the complete system -is built twice (in Stages 2 and 3), after an initial build (during -Stage 1) of a minimal `gcc' compiler using the native compiler and -libraries. - - You might have to, or want to, control the way a bootstrap build is -done by entering the `make' commands to build each stage one at a time, -as described in the `gcc' manual. For example, to save time or disk -space, you might want to not bother doing the Stage 3 build, in which -case you are assuming that the `gcc' compiler you have built is -basically sound (because you are giving up the opportunity to compare a -large number of object files to ensure they're identical). - - To save some disk space during installation, after Stage 2 is built, -you can type `rm -fr stage1' to remove the binaries built during Stage -1. - - *Note:* If you do build Stage 3 and you compare the object files -produced by various stages, the file `gcc/f/zzz.o' *will* be different. -That is because it contains a string with an expansion of the -`__TIME__' macro, which expands to the current time of day. It is -nothing to worry about, since `gcc/f/zzz.c' doesn't contain any actual -code. It does allow you to override its use of `__DATE__' and -`__TIME__' by defining macros for the compilation--see the source code -for details. - - *Note Installing GNU CC: (gcc)Installation, for important -information on building `gcc' that is not described in this `g77' -manual. For example, explanations of diagnostic messages and whether -they're expected, or indicate trouble, are found there. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Straight Build, Prev: Bootstrap Build, Up: Building gcc - -Straight Build -.............. - - If you have a recent version of `gcc' already installed on your -system, and if you're reasonably certain it produces code that is -object-compatible with the version of `gcc' you want to build as part -of building `g77', you can save time and disk space by doing a straight -build. - - To build just the C and Fortran compilers and the necessary run-time -libraries, issue the following command: - - make -k CC=gcc LANGUAGES=f77 all g77 - - (The `g77' target is necessary because the `gcc' build procedures -apparently do not automatically build command drivers for languages in -subdirectories. It's the `all' target that triggers building -everything except, apparently, the `g77' command itself.) - - If you run into problems using this method, you have two options: - - * Abandon this approach and do a bootstrap build. - - * Try to make this approach work by diagnosing the problems you're - running into and retrying. - - Especially if you do the latter, you might consider submitting any -solutions as bug/fix reports. *Note Known Causes of Trouble with GNU -Fortran: Trouble. - - However, understand that many problems preventing a straight build -from working are not `g77' problems, and, in such cases, are not likely -to be addressed in future versions of `g77'. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Pre-installation Checks, Next: Installation of Binaries, Prev: Building gcc, Up: Complete Installation - -Pre-installation Checks ------------------------ - - Before installing the system, which includes installing `gcc', you -might want to do some minimum checking to ensure that some basic things -work. - - Here are some commands you can try, and output typically printed by -them when they work: - - sh# `cd /usr/src/gcc' - sh# `./g77 --driver=./xgcc -B./ -v' - ./xgcc -B./ -v -fnull-version -o /tmp/gfa03648 ... - Reading specs from ./specs - gcc version 2.7.1 - ./cpp -lang-c -v -isystem ./include -undef ... - GNU CPP version 2.7.1 (80386, BSD syntax) - #include "..." search starts here: - #include <...> search starts here: - ./include - /usr/include - /usr/i486-unknown-linuxaout/include - /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i486-unknown-linuxaout/2.7.1/include - /usr/include - End of search list. - ./f771 /tmp/cca03648.i -quiet -dumpbase null.F -version ... - GNU F77 version 2.7.1 (80386, BSD syntax) compiled ... - GNU Fortran Front End version 0.5.18 compiled: ... - as -o /tmp/cca036481.o /tmp/cca03648.s - ld -m i386linux -o /tmp/gfa03648 /usr/lib/crt0.o -L. ... - /usr/lib/crt0.o(.text+0x35): undefined reference to `main' - sh# `./xgcc -B./ -v -o /tmp/delete-me -xc /dev/null -xnone' - Reading specs from ./specs - gcc version 2.7.1 - ./cpp -lang-c -v -isystem ./include -undef ... - GNU CPP version 2.7.1 (80386, BSD syntax) - #include "..." search starts here: - #include <...> search starts here: - ./include - /usr/include - /usr/i486-unknown-linuxaout/include - /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i486-unknown-linuxaout/2.7.1/include - /usr/include - End of search list. - ./cc1 /tmp/cca03659.i -quiet -dumpbase null.c -version ... - GNU C version 2.7.1 (80386, BSD syntax) compiled ... - as -o /tmp/cca036591.o /tmp/cca03659.s - ld -m i386linux -o /tmp/delete-me /usr/lib/crt0.o -L. ... - /usr/lib/crt0.o(.text+0x35): undefined reference to `main' - sh# - - (Note that long lines have been truncated, and `...' used to -indicate such truncations.) - - The above two commands test whether `g77' and `gcc', respectively, -are able to compile empty (null) source files, whether invocation of -the C preprocessor works, whether libraries can be linked (even though -there is an undefined reference due to there being no main program -unit), and so on. - - If the output you get from either of the above two commands is -noticably different, especially if it is shorter or longer in ways that -do not look consistent with the above sample output, you probably -should not install `gcc' and `g77' until you have investigated further. - - For example, you could try compiling actual applications and seeing -how that works. (You might want to do that anyway, even if the above -tests work.) - - To compile using the not-yet-installed versions of `gcc' and `g77', -use the following commands to invoke them. - - To invoke `g77', type: - - /usr/src/gcc/g77 --driver=/usr/src/gcc/xgcc -B/usr/src/gcc/ ... - - To invoke `gcc', type: - - /usr/src/gcc/xgcc -B/usr/src/gcc/ ... - - -File: g77.info, Node: Installation of Binaries, Next: Updating Documentation, Prev: Pre-installation Checks, Up: Complete Installation - -Installation of Binaries ------------------------- - - After configuring, building, and testing `g77' and `gcc', when you -are ready to install them on your system, type: - - make -k CC=gcc LANGUAGES=f77 install - - As described in *Note Installing GNU CC: (gcc)Installation, the -values for the `CC' and `LANGUAGES' macros should be the same as those -you supplied for the build itself. - - So, the details of the above command might vary if you used a -bootstrap build (where you might be able to omit both definitions, or -might have to supply the same definitions you used when building the -final stage) or if you deviated from the instructions for a straight -build. - - If the above command does not install `libf2c.a' as expected, try -this: - - make -k ... install install-libf77 install-f2c-all - - We don't know why some non-GNU versions of `make' sometimes require -this alternate command, but they do. (Remember to supply the -appropriate definitions for `CC' and `LANGUAGES' where you see `...' in -the above command.) - - Note that using the `-k' option tells `make' to continue after some -installation problems, like not having `makeinfo' installed on your -system. It might not be necessary. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Updating Documentation, Next: Missing bison?, Prev: Installation of Binaries, Up: Complete Installation - -Updating Your Info Directory ----------------------------- - - As part of installing `g77', you should make sure users of `info' -can easily access this manual on-line. Do this by making sure a line -such as the following exists in `/usr/info/dir', or in whatever file is -the top-level file in the `info' directory on your system (perhaps -`/usr/local/info/dir': - - * g77: (g77). The GNU Fortran programming language. - - If the menu in `dir' is organized into sections, `g77' probably -belongs in a section with a name such as the following: - - * Writing Programs - - * Programming Languages - - * Languages Other Than C - - * Scientific/Engineering Tools - - * GNU Compilers - - -File: g77.info, Node: Missing bison?, Next: Missing makeinfo?, Prev: Updating Documentation, Up: Complete Installation - -Missing `bison'? ----------------- - - If you cannot install `bison', make sure you have started with a -*fresh* distribution of `gcc', do *not* do `make maintainer-clean' (in -other versions of `gcc', this was called `make realclean'), and, to -ensure that `bison' is not invoked by `make' during the build, type -these commands: - - sh# `cd gcc' - sh# `touch bi-parser.c bi-parser.h c-parse.c c-parse.h cexp.c' - sh# `touch cp/parse.c cp/parse.h objc-parse.c' - sh# - - These commands update the date-time-modified information for all the -files produced by the various invocations of `bison' in the current -versions of `gcc', so that `make' no longer believes it needs to update -them. All of these files should already exist in a `gcc' distribution, -but the application of patches to upgrade to a newer version can leave -the modification information set such that the `bison' input files look -more "recent" than the corresponding output files. - - *Note:* New versions of `gcc' might change the set of files it -generates by invoking `bison'--if you cannot figure out for yourself -how to handle such a situation, try an older version of `gcc' until you -find someone who can (or until you obtain and install `bison'). - - -File: g77.info, Node: Missing makeinfo?, Prev: Missing bison?, Up: Complete Installation - -Missing `makeinfo'? -------------------- - - If you cannot install `makeinfo', either use the `-k' option when -invoking make to specify any of the `install' or related targets, or -specify `MAKEINFO=echo' on the `make' command line. - - If you fail to do one of these things, some files, like `libf2c.a', -might not be installed, because the failed attempt by `make' to invoke -`makeinfo' causes it to cancel any further processing. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Distributing Binaries, Next: Settings, Prev: Complete Installation, Up: Installation - -Distributing Binaries -===================== - - If you are building `g77' for distribution to others in binary form, -first make sure you are aware of your legal responsibilities (read the -file `gcc/COPYING' thoroughly). - - Then, consider your target audience and decide where `g77' should be -installed. - - For systems like Linux that have no native Fortran compiler (or -where `g77' could be considered the native compiler for Fortran and -`gcc' for C, etc.), you should definitely configure `g77' for -installation in `/usr/bin' instead of `/usr/local/bin'. Specify the -`--prefix=/usr' option when running `./configure'. You might also want -to set up the distribution so the `f77' command is a link to -`g77'--just make an empty file named `f77-install-ok' in the source or -build directory (the one in which the `f' directory resides, not the -`f' directory itself) when you specify one of the `install' or -`uninstall' targets in a `make' command. - - For a system that might already have `f2c' installed, you definitely -will want to make another empty file (in the same directory) named -either `f2c-exists-ok' or `f2c-install-ok'. Use the former if you -don't want your distribution to overwrite `f2c'-related files in -existing systems; use the latter if you want to improve the likelihood -that users will be able to use both `f2c' and `g77' to compile code for -a single program without encountering link-time or run-time -incompatibilities. - - (Make sure you clearly document, in the "advertising" for your -distribution, how installation of your distribution will affect -existing installations of `gcc', `f2c', `f77', `libf2c.a', and so on. -Similarly, you should clearly document any requirements you assume are -met by users of your distribution.) - - For other systems with native `f77' (and `cc') compilers, configure -`g77' as you (or most of your audience) would configure `gcc' for their -installations. Typically this is for installation in `/usr/local', and -would not include a copy of `g77' named `f77', so users could still use -the native `f77'. - - In any case, for `g77' to work properly, you *must* ensure that the -binaries you distribute include: - -`bin/g77' - This is the command most users use to compile Fortran. - -`bin/gcc' - This is the command all users use to compile Fortran, either - directly or indirectly via the `g77' command. The `bin/gcc' - executable file must have been built from a `gcc' source tree into - which a `g77' source tree was merged and configured, or it will - not know how to compile Fortran programs. - -`bin/f77' - In installations with no non-GNU native Fortran compiler, this is - the same as `bin/g77'. Otherwise, it should be omitted from the - distribution, so the one on already on a particular system does - not get overwritten. - -`info/g77.info*' - This is the documentation for `g77'. - - Please edit this documentation (by editing `gcc/f/*.texi' and - doing `make doc' from the `/usr/src/gcc' directory) to reflect any - changes you've made to `g77', or at least to encourage users of - your binary distribution to report bugs to you first. - - Also, whether you distribute binaries or install `g77' on your own - system, it might be helpful for everyone to add a line listing - this manual by name and topic to the top-level `info' node in - `/usr/info/dir'. That way, users can find `g77' documentation more - easily. *Note Updating Your Info Directory: Updating - Documentation. - -`man/man1/g77.1' - This is the short man page for `g77'. - -`man/man1/f77.1' - In installations where `f77' is the same as `g77', this is the - same as `man/man1/g77.1'. Otherwise, it should be omitted from - the distribution, so the one already on a particular system does - not get overwritten. - -`lib/gcc-lib/.../f771' - This is the actual Fortran compiler. - -`lib/gcc-lib/.../libf2c.a' - This is the run-time library for `g77'-compiled programs. - - Whether you want to include the slightly updated (and possibly -improved) versions of `cc1', `cc1plus', and whatever other binaries get -rebuilt with the changes the GNU Fortran distribution makes to the GNU -back end, is up to you. These changes are highly unlikely to break any -compilers, and it is possible they'll fix back-end bugs that can be -demonstrated using front ends other than GNU Fortran's. - - Please assure users that unless they have a specific need for their -existing, older versions of `gcc' command, they are unlikely to -experience any problems by overwriting it with your version--though -they could certainly protect themselves by making backup copies first! -Otherwise, users might try and install your binaries in a "safe" place, -find they cannot compile Fortran programs with your distribution -(because, perhaps, they're picking up their old version of the `gcc' -command, which does not recognize Fortran programs), and assume that -your binaries (or, more generally, GNU Fortran distributions in -general) are broken, at least for their system. - - Finally, *please* ask for bug reports to go to you first, at least -until you're sure your distribution is widely used and has been well -tested. This especially goes for those of you making any changes to -the `g77' sources to port `g77', e.g. to OS/2. -`fortran@gnu.ai.mit.edu' has received a fair amount of bug reports that -turned out to be problems with other peoples' ports and distributions, -about which nothing could be done for the user. Once you are quite -certain a bug report does not involve your efforts, you can forward it -to us. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Settings, Prev: Distributing Binaries, Up: Installation - -Changing Settings Before Building -================================= - - Here are some internal `g77' settings that can be changed by editing -source files in `gcc/f/' before building. - - This information, and perhaps even these settings, represent -stop-gap solutions to problems people doing various ports of `g77' have -encountered. As such, none of the following information is expected to -be pertinent in future versions of `g77'. - -* Menu: - -* Maximum Stackable Size:: Large arrays are forced off the stack frame. -* Floating-point Bit Patterns:: Possible programs building cross-compiler. -* Large Initialization:: Large arrays with `DATA' initialization. -* Alpha Problems:: Problems with 64-bit systems like Alphas. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Maximum Stackable Size, Next: Floating-point Bit Patterns, Up: Settings - -Maximum Stackable Size ----------------------- - - `g77', on most machines, puts many variables and arrays on the stack -where possible, and can be configured (by changing -`FFECOM_sizeMAXSTACKITEM' in `gcc/f/com.c') to force smaller-sized -entities into static storage (saving on stack space) or permit -larger-sized entities to be put on the stack (which can improve -run-time performance, as it presents more opportunities for the GBE to -optimize the generated code). - - -File: g77.info, Node: Floating-point Bit Patterns, Next: Large Initialization, Prev: Maximum Stackable Size, Up: Settings - -Floating-point Bit Patterns ---------------------------- - - The `g77' build will crash if an attempt is made to build it as a -cross-compiler for a target when `g77' cannot reliably determine the -bit pattern of floating-point constants for the target. Planned -improvements for g77-0.6 will give it the capabilities it needs to not -have to crash the build but rather generate correct code for the target. -(Currently, `g77' would generate bad code under such circumstances if -it didn't crash during the build, e.g. when compiling a source file -that does something like `EQUIVALENCE (I,R)' and `DATA -R/3.1415926535/'.) - - -File: g77.info, Node: Large Initialization, Next: Alpha Problems, Prev: Floating-point Bit Patterns, Up: Settings - -Initialization of Large Aggregate Areas ---------------------------------------- - - A warning message is issued when `g77' sees code that provides -initial values (e.g. via `DATA') to an aggregate area (`COMMON' or -`EQUIVALENCE', or even a large enough array or `CHARACTER' variable) -that is large enough to increase `g77''s compile time by roughly a -factor of 10. - - This size currently is quite small, since `g77' currently has a -known bug requiring too much memory and time to handle such cases. In -`gcc/f/data.c', the macro `FFEDATA_sizeTOO_BIG_INIT_' is defined to the -minimum size for the warning to appear. The size is specified in -storage units, which can be bytes, words, or whatever, on a -case-by-case basis. - - After changing this macro definition, you must (of course) rebuild -and reinstall `g77' for the change to take effect. - - Note that, as of version 0.5.18, improvements have reduced the scope -of the problem for *sparse* initialization of large arrays, especially -those with large, contiguous uninitialized areas. However, the warning -is issued at a point prior to when `g77' knows whether the -initialization is sparse, and delaying the warning could mean it is -produced too late to be helpful. - - Therefore, the macro definition should not be adjusted to reflect -sparse cases. Instead, adjust it to generate the warning when densely -initialized arrays begin to cause responses noticably slower than -linear performance would suggest. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Alpha Problems, Prev: Large Initialization, Up: Settings - -Alpha Problems --------------- - - `g77' might warn when it is used to compile Fortran code for a -target configuration that is not basically a 32-bit machine (such as an -Alpha, which is a 64-bit machine, especially if it has a 64-bit -operating system running on it). This is because `g77' is known to not -work properly on such configurations, although the reasons for this are -not fully explored. This is expected to be fixed at 0.6, at which -point the warning would be dropped. (The reason the unexplored -problems are expected to be fixed at 0.6 is because some known internal -design problems `g77' has, which reduce portability and the ability to -configure it as a cross-compiler, are presumed to be at least partly -responsible for the problems being encountered on the Alpha. The -problems remain unexplored partly because the known problems exist and -are scheduled to be addressed anyway. Plus, the `g77' maintainer does -not yet possess an Alpha workstation of his own.) - - -File: g77.info, Node: Debugging and Interfacing, Next: Collected Fortran Wisdom, Prev: Installation, Up: Top - -Debugging and Interfacing -************************* - - GNU Fortran currently generates code that is object-compatible with -the `f2c' converter. Also, it avoids limitations in the current GBE, -such as the inability to generate a procedure with multiple entry -points, by generating code that is structured differently (in terms of -procedure names, scopes, arguments, and so on) than might be expected. - - As a result, writing code in other languages that calls on, is -called by, or shares in-memory data with `g77'-compiled code generally -requires some understanding of the way `g77' compiles code for various -constructs. - - Similarly, using a debugger to debug `g77'-compiled code, even if -that debugger supports native Fortran debugging, generally requires -this sort of information. - - This section describes some of the basic information on how `g77' -compiles code for constructs involving interfaces to other languages -and to debuggers. - - *Caution:* Much or all of this information pertains to only the -current release of `g77', sometimes even to using certain compiler -options with `g77' (such as `-fno-f2c'). Do not write code that -depends on this information without clearly marking said code as -nonportable and subject to review for every new release of `g77'. This -information is provided primarily to make debugging of code generated -by this particular release of `g77' easier for the user, and partly to -make writing (generally nonportable) interface code easier. Both of -these activities require tracking changes in new version of `g77' as -they are installed, because new versions can change the behaviors -described in this section. - -* Menu: - -* Names:: Naming of user-defined variables, procedures, etc. -* Main Program Unit:: How `g77' compiles a main program unit. -* Arrays:: Dealing with (possibly multi-dimensional) arrays. -* Procedures:: How `g77' constructs parameter lists - for procedures. -* Adjustable Arrays:: Special consideration for adjustable arrays. -* Alternate Returns:: How `g77' handles alternate returns. -* Functions:: Functions returning floating-point or character data. -* Common Blocks:: Accessing common variables while debugging. -* Local Equivalence Areas:: Accessing `EQUIVALENCE' while debugging. -* Alternate Entry Points:: How `g77' implements alternate `ENTRY'. -* Assigned Statement Labels:: How `g77' handles `ASSIGN'. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Names, Next: Main Program Unit, Up: Debugging and Interfacing - -Names -===== - - Fortran permits each implementation to decide how to represent names -as far as how they're seen in other contexts, such as debuggers and -when interfacing to other languages, and especially as far as how -casing is handled. - - External names--names of entities that are public, or "accessible", -to all modules in a program--normally have an underscore (`_') appended -by `g77', to generate code that is compatible with f2c. External names -include names of Fortran things like common blocks, external procedures -(subroutines and functions, but not including statement functions, -which are internal procedures), and entry point names. - - However, use of the `-fno-underscoring' option disables this kind of -transformation of external names (though inhibiting the transformation -certainly improves the chances of colliding with incompatible externals -written in other languages--but that might be intentional. - - When `-funderscoring' is in force, any name (external or local) that -already has at least one underscore in it is implemented by `g77' by -appending two underscores. External names are changed this way for -`f2c' compatibility. Local names are changed this way to avoid -collisions with external names that are different in the source -code--`f2c' does the same thing, but there's no compatibility issue -there except for user expectations while debugging. - - For example: - - Max_Cost = 0 - -Here, a user would, in the debugger, refer to this variable using the -name `max_cost__' (or `MAX_COST__' or `Max_Cost__', as described below). -(We hope to improve `g77' in this regard in the future--don't write -scripts depending on this behavior! Also, consider experimenting with -the `-fno-underscoring' option to try out debugging without having to -massage names by hand like this.) - - `g77' provides a number of command-line options that allow the user -to control how case mapping is handled for source files. The default -is the traditional UNIX model for Fortran compilers--names are mapped -to lower case. Other command-line options can be specified to map -names to upper case, or to leave them exactly as written in the source -file. - - For example: - - Foo = 3.14159 - -Here, it is normally the case that the variable assigned will be named -`foo'. This would be the name to enter when using a debugger to access -the variable. - - However, depending on the command-line options specified, the name -implemented by `g77' might instead be `FOO' or even `Foo', thus -affecting how debugging is done. - - Also: - - Call Foo - -This would normally call a procedure that, if it were in a separate C -program, be defined starting with the line: - - void foo_() - -However, `g77' command-line options could be used to change the casing -of names, resulting in the name `FOO_' or `Foo_' being given to the -procedure instead of `foo_', and the `-fno-underscoring' option could -be used to inhibit the appending of the underscore to the name. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Main Program Unit, Next: Arrays, Prev: Names, Up: Debugging and Interfacing - -Main Program Unit (PROGRAM) -=========================== - - When `g77' compiles a main program unit, it gives it the public -procedure name `MAIN__'. The `libf2c' library has the actual `main()' -procedure as is typical of C-based environments, and it is this -procedure that performs some initial start-up activity and then calls -`MAIN__'. - - Generally, `g77' and `libf2c' are designed so that you need not -include a main program unit written in Fortran in your program--it can -be written in C or some other language. Especially for I/O handling, -this is the case, although `g77-0.5.16' includes a bug fix for `libf2c' -that solved a problem with using the `OPEN' statement as the first -Fortran I/O activity in a program without a Fortran main program unit. - - However, if you don't intend to use `g77' (or `f2c') to compile your -main program unit--that is, if you intend to compile a `main()' -procedure using some other language--you should carefully examine the -code for `main()' in `libf2c', found in the source file -`gcc/f/runtime/libF77/main.c', to see what kinds of things might need -to be done by your `main()' in order to provide the Fortran environment -your Fortran code is expecting. - - For example, `libf2c''s `main()' sets up the information used by the -`IARGC' and `GETARG' intrinsics. Bypassing `libf2c''s `main()' without -providing a substitute for this activity would mean that invoking -`IARGC' and `GETARG' would produce undefined results. - - When debugging, one implication of the fact that `main()', which is -the place where the debugged program "starts" from the debugger's point -of view, is in `libf2c' is that you won't be starting your Fortran -program at a point you recognize as your Fortran code. - - The standard way to get around this problem is to set a break point -(a one-time, or temporary, break point will do) at the entrance to -`MAIN__', and then run the program. - - After doing this, the debugger will see the current execution point -of the program as at the beginning of the main program unit of your -program. - - Of course, if you really want to set a break point at some other -place in your program and just start the program running, without first -breaking at `MAIN__', that should work fine. - diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info-6 b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info-6 deleted file mode 100644 index 0c8fbac7768..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info-6 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1098 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file g77.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.64 from the input -file g77.texi. - - This file explains how to use the GNU Fortran system. - - Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 -Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - - Copyright (C) 1995, 1996 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for -Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are -included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public -License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight -`Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in -translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the -original English. - - Contributed by James Craig Burley (`burley@gnu.ai.mit.edu'). -Inspired by a first pass at translating `g77-0.5.16/f/DOC' that was -contributed to Craig by David Ronis (`ronis@onsager.chem.mcgill.ca'). - - -File: g77.info, Node: Arrays, Next: Procedures, Prev: Main Program Unit, Up: Debugging and Interfacing - -Arrays (DIMENSION) -================== - - Fortran uses "column-major ordering" in its arrays. This differs -from other languages, such as C, which use "row-major ordering". The -difference is that, with Fortran, array elements adjacent to each other -in memory differ in the *first* subscript instead of the last; -`A(5,10,20)' immediately follows `A(4,10,20)', whereas with row-major -ordering it would follow `A(5,10,19)'. - - This consideration affects not only interfacing with and debugging -Fortran code, it can greatly affect how code is designed and written, -especially when code speed and size is a concern. - - Fortran also differs from C, a popular language for interfacing and -to support directly in debuggers, in the way arrays are treated. In C, -arrays are single-dimensional and have interesting relationships to -pointers, neither of which is true for Fortran. As a result, dealing -with Fortran arrays from within an environment limited to C concepts -can be challenging. - - For example, accessing the array element `A(5,10,20)' is easy enough -in Fortran (use `A(5,10,20)'), but in C some difficult machinations are -needed. First, C would treat the A array as a single-dimension array. -Second, C does not understand low bounds for arrays as does Fortran. -Third, C assumes a low bound of zero (0), while Fortran defaults to a -low bound of one (1) and can supports an arbitrary low bound. -Therefore, calculations must be done to determine what the C equivalent -of `A(5,10,20)' would be, and these calculations require knowing the -dimensions of `A'. - - For `DIMENSION A(2:11,21,0:29)', the calculation of the offset of -`A(5,10,20)' would be: - - (5-2) - + (10-1)*(11-2+1) - + (20-0)*(11-2+1)*(21-1+1) - = 4293 - -So the C equivalent in this case would be `a[4293]'. - - When using a debugger directly on Fortran code, the C equivalent -might not work, because some debuggers cannot understand the notion of -low bounds other than zero. However, unlike `f2c', `g77' does inform -the GBE that a multi-dimensional array (like `A' in the above example) -is really multi-dimensional, rather than a single-dimensional array, so -at least the dimensionality of the array is preserved. - - Debuggers that understand Fortran should have no trouble with -non-zero low bounds, but for non-Fortran debuggers, especially C -debuggers, the above example might have a C equivalent of `a[4305]'. -This calculation is arrived at by eliminating the subtraction of the -lower bound in the first parenthesized expression on each line--that -is, for `(5-2)' substitute `(5)', for `(10-1)' substitute `(10)', and -for `(20-0)' substitute `(20)'. Actually, the implication of this can -be that the expression `*(&a[2][1][0] + 4293)' works fine, but that -`a[20][10][5]' produces the equivalent of `*(&a[0][0][0] + 4305)' -because of the missing lower bounds. - - Come to think of it, perhaps the behavior is due to the debugger -internally compensating for the lower bounds by offsetting the base -address of `a', leaving `&a' set lower, in this case, than -`&a[2][1][0]' (the address of its first element as identified by -subscripts equal to the corresponding lower bounds). - - You know, maybe nobody really needs to use arrays. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Procedures, Next: Adjustable Arrays, Prev: Arrays, Up: Debugging and Interfacing - -Procedures (SUBROUTINE and FUNCTION) -==================================== - - Procedures that accept `CHARACTER' arguments are implemented by -`g77' so that each `CHARACTER' argument has two actual arguments. - - The first argument occupies the expected position in the argument -list and has the user-specified name. This argument is a pointer to an -array of characters, passed by the caller. - - The second argument is appended to the end of the user-specified -calling sequence and is named `__g77_length_X', where X is the -user-specified name. This argument is of the C type `ftnlen' (see -`gcc/f/runtime/f2c.h.in' for information on that type) and is the -number of characters the caller has allocated in the array pointed to -by the first argument. - - A procedure will ignore the length argument if `X' is not declared -`CHARACTER*(*)', because for other declarations, it knows the length. -Not all callers necessarily "know" this, however, which is why they all -pass the extra argument. - - The contents of the `CHARACTER' argument are specified by the -address passed in the first argument (named after it). The procedure -can read or write these contents as appropriate. - - When more than one `CHARACTER' argument is present in the argument -list, the length arguments are appended in the order the orginal -arguments appear. So `CALL FOO('HI','THERE')' is implemented in C as -`foo("hi","there",2,5);', ignoring the fact that `g77' does not provide -the trailing null bytes on the constant strings (`f2c' does provide -them, but they are unnecessary in a Fortran environment, and you should -not expect them to be there). - - Note that the above information applies to `CHARACTER' variables and -arrays *only*. It does *not* apply to external `CHARACTER' functions -or to intrinsic `CHARACTER' functions. That is, no second length -argument is passed to `FOO' in this case: - - CHARACTER X - EXTERNAL X - CALL FOO(X) - -Nor does `FOO' expect such an argument in this case: - - SUBROUTINE FOO(X) - CHARACTER X - EXTERNAL X - - Because of this implementation detail, if a program has a bug such -that there is disagreement as to whether an argument is a procedure, -and the type of the argument is `CHARACTER', subtle symptoms might -appear. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Adjustable Arrays, Next: Alternate Returns, Prev: Procedures, Up: Debugging and Interfacing - -Adjustable Arrays (DIMENSION) -============================= - - Adjustable and automatic arrays in Fortran require the implementation -(in this case, the `g77' compiler) to "memorize" the expressions that -dimension the arrays each time the procedure is invoked. This is so -that subsequent changes to variables used in those expressions, made -during execution of the procedure, do not have any effect on the -dimensions of those arrays. - - For example: - - REAL ARRAY(5) - DATA ARRAY/5*2/ - CALL X(ARRAY, 5) - END - SUBROUTINE X(A, N) - DIMENSION A(N) - N = 20 - PRINT *, N, A - END - -Here, the implementation should, when running the program, print -something like: - - 20 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. - -Note that this shows that while the value of `N' was successfully -changed, the size of the `A' array remained at 5 elements. - - To support this, `g77' generates code that executes before any user -code (and before the internally generated computed `GOTO' to handle -alternate entry points, as described below) that evaluates each -(nonconstant) expression in the list of subscripts for an array, and -saves the result of each such evaluation to be used when determining -the size of the array (instead of re-evaluating the expressions). - - So, in the above example, when `X' is first invoked, code is -executed that copies the value of `N' to a temporary. And that same -temporary serves as the actual high bound for the single dimension of -the `A' array (the low bound being the constant 1). Since the user -program cannot (legitimately) change the value of the temporary during -execution of the procedure, the size of the array remains constant -during each invocation. - - For alternate entry points, the code `g77' generates takes into -account the possibility that a dummy adjustable array is not actually -passed to the actual entry point being invoked at that time. In that -case, the public procedure implementing the entry point passes to the -master private procedure implementing all the code for the entry points -a `NULL' pointer where a pointer to that adjustable array would be -expected. The `g77'-generated code doesn't attempt to evaluate any of -the expressions in the subscripts for an array if the pointer to that -array is `NULL' at run time in such cases. (Don't depend on this -particular implementation by writing code that purposely passes `NULL' -pointers where the callee expects adjustable arrays, even if you know -the callee won't reference the arrays--nor should you pass `NULL' -pointers for any dummy arguments used in calculating the bounds of such -arrays or leave undefined any values used for that purpose in -COMMON--because the way `g77' implements these things might change in -the future!) - - -File: g77.info, Node: Alternate Returns, Next: Functions, Prev: Adjustable Arrays, Up: Debugging and Interfacing - -Alternate Returns (SUBROUTINE and RETURN) -========================================= - - Subroutines with alternate returns (e.g. `SUBROUTINE X(*)' and `CALL -X(*50)') are implemented by `g77' as functions returning the C `int' -type. The actual alternate-return arguments are omitted from the -calling sequence. Instead, the caller uses the return value to do a -rough equivalent of the Fortran computed-`GOTO' statement, as in `GOTO -(50), X()' in the example above (where `X' is quietly declared as an -`INTEGER' function), and the callee just returns whatever integer is -specified in the `RETURN' statement for the subroutine For example, -`RETURN 1' is implemented as `X = 1' followed by `RETURN' in C, and -`RETURN' by itself is `X = 0' and `RETURN'). - - -File: g77.info, Node: Functions, Next: Common Blocks, Prev: Alternate Returns, Up: Debugging and Interfacing - -Functions (FUNCTION and RETURN) -=============================== - - `g77' handles in a special way functions that return the following -types: - - * `CHARACTER' - - * `COMPLEX' (and `DOUBLE COMPLEX') - - * `REAL' - - For `CHARACTER', `g77' implements a subroutine (a C function -returning `void') with two arguments prepended: `__g77_result', which -the caller passes as a pointer to a `char' array expected to hold the -return value, and `__g77_length', which the caller passes as an -`ftnlen' value specifying the length of the return value as declared in -the calling program. For `CHARACTER'*(*), the called function uses -`__g77_length' to determine the size of the array that `__g77_result' -points to; otherwise, it ignores that argument. - - For `COMPLEX' and `DOUBLE COMPLEX', when `-ff2c' is in force, `g77' -implements a subroutine with one argument prepended: `__g77_result', -which the caller passes as a pointer to a variable of the type of the -function. The called function writes the return value into this -variable instead of returning it as a function value. When `-fno-f2c' -is in force, `g77' implements a `COMPLEX' function as `gcc''s -`__complex__ float' function, returning the result of the function in -the same way as `gcc' would, and implements a `DOUBLE COMPLEX' function -similarly. - - For `REAL', when `-ff2c' is in force, `g77' implements a function -that actually returns `DOUBLE PRECISION' (usually C's `double' type). -When `-fno-f2c' is in force, `REAL' functions return `float'. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Common Blocks, Next: Local Equivalence Areas, Prev: Functions, Up: Debugging and Interfacing - -Common Blocks (COMMON) -====================== - - `g77' names and lays out `COMMON' areas the same way f2c does, for -compatibility with f2c. - - Currently, `g77' does not emit any debugging information for items -in a `COMMON' area, due to an apparent bug in the GBE. - - Moreover, `g77' currently implements a `COMMON' area such that its -type is an array of the C `char' data type. - - So, when debugging, you must know the offset into a `COMMON' area -for a particular item in that area, and you have to take into account -the appropriate multiplier for the respective sizes of the types (as -declared in your code) for the items preceding the item in question as -compared to the size of the `char' type. - - For example, using default implicit typing, the statement - - COMMON I(15), R(20), T - -results in a public 144-byte `char' array named `_BLNK__' with `I' -placed at `_BLNK__[0]', `R' at `_BLNK__[60]', and `T' at `_BLNK__[140]'. -(This is assuming that the target machine for the compilation has -4-byte `INTEGER' and `REAL' types.) - - -File: g77.info, Node: Local Equivalence Areas, Next: Alternate Entry Points, Prev: Common Blocks, Up: Debugging and Interfacing - -Local Equivalence Areas (EQUIVALENCE) -===================================== - - `g77' treats storage-associated areas involving a `COMMON' block as -explained in the section on common blocks. - - A local `EQUIVALENCE' area is a collection of variables and arrays -connected to each other in any way via `EQUIVALENCE', none of which are -listed in a `COMMON' statement. - - Currently, `g77' does not emit any debugging information for items -in a local `EQUIVALENCE' area, due to an apparent bug in the GBE. - - Moreover, `g77' implements a local `EQUIVALENCE' area such that its -type is an array of the C `char' data type. - - The name `g77' gives this array of `char' type is `__g77_equiv_X', -where X is the name of the first item listed in the `EQUIVALENCE' -statements for that area that is placed at the beginning (offset 0) of -this array. - - When debugging, you must therefore access members of `EQUIVALENCE' -areas by specifying the appropriate `__g77_equiv_X' array section with -the appropriate offset. See the explanation of debugging `COMMON' -blocks for info applicable to debugging local `EQUIVALENCE' areas. - - (Note: `g77' version 0.5.16 fixed a bug in how certain `EQUIVALENCE' -cases were handled. The bug caused the debugger to not know the size -of the array if any variable or array in the `EQUIVALENCE' was given an -initial value via `DATA' or similar.) - - -File: g77.info, Node: Alternate Entry Points, Next: Assigned Statement Labels, Prev: Local Equivalence Areas, Up: Debugging and Interfacing - -Alternate Entry Points (ENTRY) -============================== - - The GBE does not understand the general concept of alternate entry -points as Fortran provides via the ENTRY statement. `g77' gets around -this by using an approach to compiling procedures having at least one -`ENTRY' statement that is almost identical to the approach used by -`f2c'. (An alternate approach could be used that would probably -generate faster, but larger, code that would also be a bit easier to -debug.) - - Information on how `g77' implements `ENTRY' is provided for those -trying to debug such code. The choice of implementation seems unlikely -to affect code (compiled in other languages) that interfaces to such -code. - - `g77' compiles exactly one public procedure for the primary entry -point of a procedure plus each `ENTRY' point it specifies, as usual. -That is, in terms of the public interface, there is no difference -between - - SUBROUTINE X - END - SUBROUTINE Y - END - -and: - - SUBROUTINE X - ENTRY Y - END - - The difference between the above two cases lies in the code compiled -for the `X' and `Y' procedures themselves, plus the fact that, for the -second case, an extra internal procedure is compiled. - - For every Fortran procedure with at least one `ENTRY' statement, -`g77' compiles an extra procedure named `__g77_masterfun_X', where X is -the name of the primary entry point (which, in the above case, using -the standard compiler options, would be `x_' in C). - - This extra procedure is compiled as a private procedure--that is, a -procedure not accessible by name to separately compiled modules. It -contains all the code in the program unit, including the code for the -primary entry point plus for every entry point. (The code for each -public procedure is quite short, and explained later.) - - The extra procedure has some other interesting characteristics. - - The argument list for this procedure is invented by `g77'. It -contains a single integer argument named `__g77_which_entrypoint', -passed by value (as in Fortran's `%VAL()' intrinsic), specifying the -entry point index--0 for the primary entry point, 1 for the first entry -point (the first `ENTRY' statement encountered), 2 for the second entry -point, and so on. - - It also contains, for functions returning `CHARACTER' and (when -`-ff2c' is in effect) `COMPLEX' functions, and for functions returning -different types among the `ENTRY' statements (e.g. `REAL FUNCTION R()' -containing `ENTRY I()'), an argument named `__g77_result' that is -expected at run time to contain a pointer to where to store the result -of the entry point. For `CHARACTER' functions, this storage area is an -array of the appropriate number of characters; for `COMPLEX' functions, -it is the appropriate area for the return type (currently either -`COMPLEX' or `DOUBLE COMPLEX'); for multiple- return-type functions, it -is a union of all the supported return types (which cannot include -`CHARACTER', since combining `CHARACTER' and non-`CHARACTER' return -types via `ENTRY' in a single function is not supported by `g77'). - - For `CHARACTER' functions, the `__g77_result' argument is followed -by yet another argument named `__g77_length' that, at run time, -specifies the caller's expected length of the returned value. Note -that only `CHARACTER*(*)' functions and entry points actually make use -of this argument, even though it is always passed by all callers of -public `CHARACTER' functions (since the caller does not generally know -whether such a function is `CHARACTER*(*)' or whether there are any -other callers that don't have that information). - - The rest of the argument list is the union of all the arguments -specified for all the entry points (in their usual forms, e.g. -`CHARACTER' arguments have extra length arguments, all appended at the -end of this list). This is considered the "master list" of arguments. - - The code for this procedure has, before the code for the first -executable statement, code much like that for the following Fortran -statement: - - GOTO (100000,100001,100002), __g77_which_entrypoint - 100000 ...code for primary entry point... - 100001 ...code immediately following first ENTRY statement... - 100002 ...code immediately following second ENTRY statement... - -(Note that invalid Fortran statement labels and variable names are used -in the above example to highlight the fact that it represents code -generated by the `g77' internals, not code to be written by the user.) - - It is this code that, when the procedure is called, picks which -entry point to start executing. - - Getting back to the public procedures (`x' and `Y' in the original -example), those procedures are fairly simple. Their interfaces are -just like they would be if they were self-contained procedures (without -`ENTRY'), of course, since that is what the callers expect. Their code -consists of simply calling the private procedure, described above, with -the appropriate extra arguments (the entry point index, and perhaps a -pointer to a multiple-type- return variable, local to the public -procedure, that contains all the supported returnable non-character -types). For arguments that are not listed for a given entry point that -are listed for other entry points, and therefore that are in the -"master list" for the private procedure, null pointers (in C, the -`NULL' macro) are passed. Also, for entry points that are part of a -multiple-type- returning function, code is compiled after the call of -the private procedure to extract from the multi-type union the -appropriate result, depending on the type of the entry point in -question, returning that result to the original caller. - - When debugging a procedure containing alternate entry points, you -can either set a break point on the public procedure itself (e.g. a -break point on `X' or `Y') or on the private procedure that contains -most of the pertinent code (e.g. `__g77_masterfun_X'). If you do the -former, you should use the debugger's command to "step into" the called -procedure to get to the actual code; with the latter approach, the -break point leaves you right at the actual code, skipping over the -public entry point and its call to the private procedure (unless you -have set a break point there as well, of course). - - Further, the list of dummy arguments that is visible when the -private procedure is active is going to be the expanded version of the -list for whichever particular entry point is active, as explained -above, and the way in which return values are handled might well be -different from how they would be handled for an equivalent single-entry -function. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Assigned Statement Labels, Prev: Alternate Entry Points, Up: Debugging and Interfacing - -Assigned Statement Labels (ASSIGN and GOTO) -=========================================== - - For portability to machines where a pointer (such as to a label, -which is how `g77' implements `ASSIGN' and its cousin, the assigned -`GOTO') is wider (bitwise) than an `INTEGER', `g77' does not -necessarily use the same memory location to hold the `ASSIGN'ed value -of a variable as it does the numerical value in that variable, unless -the variable is wide enough (can hold enough bits). - - In particular, while `g77' implements - - I = 10 - -as, in C notation, `i = 10;', it might implement - - ASSIGN 10 TO I - -as, in GNU's extended C notation (for the label syntax), -`__g77_ASSIGN_I = &&L10;' (where `L10' is just a massaging of the -Fortran label `10' to make the syntax C-like; `g77' doesn't actually -generate the name `L10' or any other name like that, since debuggers -cannot access labels anyway). - - While this currently means that an `ASSIGN' statement might not -overwrite the numeric contents of its target variable, *do not* write -any code depending on this feature. `g77' has already changed this -implementation across versions and might do so in the future. This -information is provided only to make debugging Fortran programs -compiled with the current version of `g77' somewhat easier. If there's -no debugger-visible variable named `__g77_ASSIGN_I' in a program unit -that does `ASSIGN 10 TO I', that probably means `g77' has decided it -can store the pointer to the label directly into `I' itself. - - (Currently, `g77' always chooses to make the separate variable, to -improve the likelihood that `-O -Wuninitialized' will diagnose failures -to do things like `GOTO I' without `ASSIGN 10 TO I' despite doing -`I=5'.) - - -File: g77.info, Node: Collected Fortran Wisdom, Next: Trouble, Prev: Debugging and Interfacing, Up: Top - -Collected Fortran Wisdom -************************ - - Most users of `g77' can be divided into two camps: - - * Those writing new Fortran code to be compiled by `g77'. - - * Those using `g77' to compile existing, "legacy" code. - - Users writing new code generally understand most of the necessary -aspects of Fortran to write "mainstream" code, but often need help -deciding how to handle problems, such as the construction of libraries -containing `BLOCK DATA'. - - Users dealing with "legacy" code sometimes don't have much -experience with Fortran, but believe that the code they're compiling -already works when compiled by other compilers (and might not -understand why, as is sometimes the case, it doesn't work when compiled -by `g77'). - - The following information is designed to help users do a better job -coping with existing, "legacy" Fortran code, and with writing new code -as well. - -* Menu: - -* Overly Convenient Options:: Temptations to avoid, habits to not form. -* Block Data and Libraries:: How `g77' solves a common problem. -* Faster Programs:: Everybody wants these, but at what cost? -* Working Programs:: Getting programs to work should be done first. -* Loops:: Fortran `DO' loops surprise many people. -* Advantages Over f2c:: If `f2c' is so great, why `g77'? - - -File: g77.info, Node: Overly Convenient Options, Next: Block Data and Libraries, Up: Collected Fortran Wisdom - -Overly Convenient Command-line Options -====================================== - - These options should be used only as a quick-and-dirty way to -determine how well your program will run under different compilation -models without having to change the source. Some are more problematic -than others, depending on how portable and maintainable you want the -program to be (and, of course, whether you are allowed to change it at -all is crucial). - - You should not continue to use these command-line options to compile -a given program, but rather should make changes to the source code: - -`-finit-local-zero' - (This option specifies that any uninitialized local variables and - arrays have default initialization to binary zeros.) - - Many other compilers do this automatically, which means lots of - Fortran code developed with those compilers depends on it. - - It is safer (and probably would produce a faster program) to find - the variables and arrays that need such initialization and provide - it explicitly via `DATA', so that `-finit-local-zero' is not - needed. - - Consider using `-Wuninitialized' (which requires `-O') to find - likely candidates, but do not specify `-finit-local-zero' or - `-fno-automatic', or this technique won't work. - -`-fno-automatic' - (This option specifies that all local variables and arrays are to - be treated as if they were named in `SAVE' statements.) - - Many other compilers do this automatically, which means lots of - Fortran code developed with those compilers depends on it. - - The effect of this is that all variables and arrays are made - static, that is, not placed on the stack or in heap storage. This - might cause a buggy program to appear to work better. If so, - rather than relying on this command-line option (and hoping all - compilers provide the equivalent one), add `SAVE' statements to - some or all program unit sources, as appropriate. Consider using - `-Wuninitialized' (which requires `-O') to find likely candidates, - but do not specify `-finit-local-zero' or `-fno-automatic', or - this technique won't work. - - The default is `-fautomatic', which tells `g77' to try and put - variables and arrays on the stack (or in fast registers) where - possible and reasonable. This tends to make programs faster. - -`-fugly' - Fix the source code so that `-fno-ugly' will work. Note that, for - many programs, it is difficult to practically avoid using the - features enabled via `-fugly-init', and these features pose the - lowest risk of writing nonportable code, among the various "ugly" - features. - -`-fGROUP-intrinsics-hide' - Change the source code to use `EXTERNAL' for any external procedure - that might be the name of an intrinsic. It is easy to find these - using `-fGROUP-intrinsics-disable'. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Block Data and Libraries, Next: Faster Programs, Prev: Overly Convenient Options, Up: Collected Fortran Wisdom - -Block Data and Libraries -======================== - - To ensure that block data program units are linked, especially a -concern when they are put into libraries, give each one a name (as in -`BLOCK DATA FOO') and make sure there is an `EXTERNAL FOO' statement in -every program unit that uses any common block initialized by the -corresponding `BLOCK DATA'. `g77' currently compiles a `BLOCK DATA' as -if it were a `SUBROUTINE', that is, it generates an actual procedure -having the appropriate name. The procedure does nothing but return -immediately if it happens to be called. For `EXTERNAL FOO', where -`FOO' is not otherwise referenced in the same program unit, `g77' -assumes there exists a `BLOCK DATA FOO' in the program and ensures that -by generating a reference to it so the linker will make sure it is -present. (Specifically, `g77' outputs in the data section a static -pointer to the external name `FOO'.) - - The implementation `g77' currently uses to make this work is one of -the few things not compatible with `f2c' as currently shipped. `f2c' -currently does nothing with `EXTERNAL FOO' except issue a warning that -`FOO' is not otherwise referenced, and for `BLOCK DATA FOO', f2c -doesn't generate a dummy procedure with the name `FOO'. The upshot is -that you shouldn't mix `f2c' and `g77' in this particular case. If you -use f2c to compile `BLOCK DATA FOO', then any `g77'-compiled program -unit that says `EXTERNAL FOO' will result in an unresolved reference -when linked. If you do the opposite, then `FOO' might not be linked in -under various circumstances (such as when `FOO' is in a library, or -you're using a "clever" linker--so clever, it produces a broken program -with little or no warning by omitting initializations of global data -because they are contained in unreferenced procedures). - - The changes you make to your code to make `g77' handle this -situation, however, appear to be a widely portable way to handle it. -That is, many systems permit it (as they should, since the FORTRAN 77 -standard permits `EXTERNAL FOO' when `FOO' is a block data program -unit), and of the ones that might not link `BLOCK DATA FOO' under some -circumstances, most of them appear to do so once `EXTERNAL FOO' is -present in the appropriate program units. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Faster Programs, Next: Working Programs, Prev: Block Data and Libraries, Up: Collected Fortran Wisdom - -Faster Programs -=============== - - Aside from the usual `gcc' options, such as `-O', `-ffast-math', and -so on, consider trying: - -`-fno-f2c' - Use this if you aren't linking with any code compiled using `f2c'. - (Note that `libf2c' is *not* an example of code that is compiled - using `f2c'--it is compiled by a C compiler, usually `gcc'.) - - If you're using `-fno-automatic' already, you probably should change -your code to allow compilation with `-fautomatic' (the default), to -allow the program to run faster. - - Similarly, you should be able to use `-fno-init-local-zero' (the -default) instead of `-finit-local-zero'. This is because it is rare -that every variable affected by these options in a given program -actually needs to be so affected. - - For example, `-fno-automatic', which effectively `SAVE's every local -variable and array, affects even things like `DO' iteration variables, -which rarely need to be `SAVE'd, and this often reduces run-time -performances. Similarly, `-fno-init-local-zero' forces such variables -to be initialized to zero--when `SAVE'd (such as when -`-fno-automatic'), this by itself generally affects only startup time -for a program, but when not `SAVE'd, it can slow down the procedure -every time it is called. - - *Note Overly Convenient Command-Line Options: Overly Convenient -Options, for information on the `-fno-automatic' and -`-finit-local-zero' options and how to convert their use into selective -changes in your own code. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Working Programs, Next: Loops, Prev: Faster Programs, Up: Collected Fortran Wisdom - -Working Programs -================ - - Getting Fortran programs to work in the first place can be quite a -challenge--even when the programs already work on other systems, or -when using other compilers. - - `g77' offers some options that might be useful for tracking down -bugs in such programs. *Note Option Summary::, for a summary of these -and other options, and cross-references for each such option to the -pertinent material in this manual. - -`-finit-local-zero' - A program that works better when compiled with this option is - depending on a particular system's, or compiler's, tendency to - initialize some variables to zero. It might be worthwhile finding - such cases and fixing them. - -`-fno-automatic' - A program that works better when compiled with this option is - depending on not having to use the `SAVE' statement as required by - the Fortran standard. It might be worthwhile finding such cases - and fixing them. - -`-Wimplicit' - This might catch failures to properly specify the types of - variables, arrays, and functions in the code. However, in code - that makes heavy use of Fortran's implicit-typing facility, this - option might produce so many warnings about cases that are - working, it would be hard to find the one or two that represent - bugs. - -`-Wunused' - This can find bugs involving implicitly typing, sometimes more - easily than using -Wimplicit in code that makes heavy use of - implicit typing. An unused variable or array might indicate that - the spelling for its declaration is different from that of its - intended uses. - -`-Wuninitialized' - This can find bugs involving uninitialized variables, which can in - turn result from misspellings in declaration statements. - -`-Wsurprising' - This can find bugs involving expression evaluation or in the way - `DO' loops with non-integral iteration variables are handled. - Cases found by this option might indicate a difference of - interpretation between the author of the code involved, and a - standard-conforming compiler such as `g77'. Such a difference - might produce actual bugs. - - In any case, changing the code to explicitly do what the - programmer might have expected it to do, so `g77' and other - compilers are more likely to follow the programmer's expectations, - might be worthwhile, especially if such changes make the program - work better. - -`-W' - It is possible that the "extra" warnings enabled by this option - could expose bugs in the code. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Loops, Next: Advantages Over f2c, Prev: Working Programs, Up: Collected Fortran Wisdom - -Loops -===== - - The meaning of a `DO' loop in Fortran is precisely specified in the -Fortran standard...and is quite different from what many programmers -might expect. - - In particular, Fortran `DO' loops are implemented as if the number -of trips through the loop is calculated *before* the loop is entered. - - The number of trips for a loop is calculated from the START, END, -and INCREMENT values specified in a statement such as: - - DO ITER = START, END, INCREMENT - - The trip count is evaluated using a fairly simple formula based on -the three values following the `=' in the statement, and it is that -trip count that is effectively decremented during each iteration of the -loop. If, at the beginning of an iteration of the loop, the trip count -is zero or negative, the loop terminates. The per-loop-iteration -modifications to ITER are not related to determining whether to -terminate the loop. - - There are two important things to remember about the trip count: - - * It can be *negative*, in which case it is treated as if it was - zero--meaning the loop is not executed at all. - - * The type used to *calculate* the trip count the same type as ITER, - but the final calculation, and thus the type of the trip count - itself, always is `INTEGER'. - - These two items mean that there are loops that cannot be written in -straightforward fashion using the Fortran `DO'. - - For example, on a system with the canonical 32-bit two's-complement -implementation of `INTEGER', the following loop will not work: - - DO I = -2000000000, 2000000000 - -Although the START and END values are well within the range of -`INTEGER', the *trip count* is not. The expected trip count is -40000000001, which is outside the range of `INTEGER' on many systems. - - Instead, the above loop should be constructed this way: - - I = -2000000000 - DO - IF (I .GT. 2000000000) EXIT - ... - I = I + 1 - END DO - -The simple `DO' construct and the `EXIT' statement (used to leave the -innermost loop) are F90 features that `g77' supports. - - Some Fortran compilers have buggy implementations of `DO', in that -they don't follow the standard. They implement `DO' as a -straightforward translation to what, in C, would be a `for' statement. -Instead of creating a temporary variable to hold the trip count as -calculated at run time, these compilers use the iteration variable ITER -to control whether the loop continues at each iteration. - - The bug in such an implementation shows up when the trip count is -within the range of the type of ITER, but the magnitude of `ABS(END) + -ABS(INCR)' exceeds that range. For example: - - DO I = 2147483600, 2147483647 - -A loop started by the above statement will work as implemented by -`g77', but the use, by some compilers, of a more C-like implementation -akin to - - for (i = 2147483600; i <= 2147483647; ++i) - -produces a loop that does not terminate, because `i' can never be -greater than 2147483647, since incrementing it beyond that value -overflows `i', setting it to -2147483648. This is a large, negative -number that still is less than 2147483647. - - Another example of unexpected behavior of `DO' involves using a -nonintegral iteration variable ITER, such as a `REAL' or `DOUBLE -PRECISION' variable. Consider the following program: - - DATA BEGIN, END, STEP /.1, .31, .007/ - DO 10 R = BEGIN, END, STEP - IF (R .GT. END) PRINT *, R, ' .GT. ', END, '!!' - PRINT *,R - 10 CONTINUE - PRINT *,'LAST = ',R - IF (R .LE. END) PRINT *, R, ' .LE. ', END, '!!' - END - -A C-like view of `DO' would hold that the two "exclamatory" `PRINT' are -never executed. However, this is the output of running the above -program as compiled by `g77' on a Linux ix86 system: - - .100000001 - .107000001 - .114 - .120999999 - ... - .289000005 - .296000004 - .303000003 - LAST = .310000002 - .310000002 .LE. .310000002!! - - Note that one of the two checks in the program turned up an apparent -violation of the programmer's expectation--yet, the loop is correctly -implemented by `g77', in that it has 30 iterations. This trip count of -30 is correct when evaluated using the floating-point representations -for the BEGIN, END, and INCR values (.1, .31, .007) on Linux ix86 are -used. On other systems, an apparently more accurate trip count of 31 -might result, but, nevertheless, `g77' is faithfully following the -Fortran standard, and the result is not what the author of the sample -program above apparently expected. (Such other systems might, for -different values in the `DATA' statement, violate the other -programmer's expectation, for example.) - - Due to this combination of imprecise representation of -floating-point values and the often-misunderstood interpretation of -`DO' by standard-conforming compilers such as `g77', use of `DO' loops -with `REAL' or `DOUBLE PRECISION' iteration variables is not -recommended. Such use can be caught by specifying `-Wsurprising'. -*Note Warning Options::, for more information on this option. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Advantages Over f2c, Prev: Loops, Up: Collected Fortran Wisdom - -Advantages Over f2c -=================== - - Without `f2c', `g77' would have taken much longer to do and probably -not been as good for quite a while. Sometimes people who notice how -much `g77' depends on, and documents encouragement to use, `f2c' ask -why `g77' was created if `f2c' already existed. - - This section gives some basic answers to these questions, though it -is not intended to be comprehensive. - -* Menu: - -* Language Extensions:: Features used by Fortran code. -* Compiler Options:: Features helpful during development. -* Compiler Speed:: Speed of the compilation process. -* Program Speed:: Speed of the generated, optimized code. -* Ease of Debugging:: Debugging ease-of-use at the source level. -* Character and Hollerith Constants:: A byte saved is a byte earned. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Language Extensions, Next: Compiler Options, Up: Advantages Over f2c - -Language Extensions -------------------- - - `g77' offers several extensions to the Fortran language that `f2c' -doesn't. - - However, `f2c' offers a few that `g77' doesn't, like fairly complete -support for `INTEGER*2'. It is expected that `g77' will offer some or -all of these missing features at some time in the future. (Version -0.5.18 of `g77' offers some rudimentary support for some of these -features.) - - -File: g77.info, Node: Compiler Options, Next: Compiler Speed, Prev: Language Extensions, Up: Advantages Over f2c - -Compiler Options ----------------- - - `g77' offers a whole bunch of compiler options that `f2c' doesn't. - - However, `f2c' offers a few that `g77' doesn't, like an option to -generate code to check array subscripts at run time. It is expected -that `g77' will offer some or all of these missing options at some time -in the future. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Compiler Speed, Next: Program Speed, Prev: Compiler Options, Up: Advantages Over f2c - -Compiler Speed --------------- - - Saving the steps of writing and then rereading C code is a big reason -why `g77' should be able to compile code much faster than using `f2c' -in conjunction with the equivalent invocation of `gcc'. - - However, due to `g77''s youth, lots of self-checking is still being -performed. As a result, this improvement is as yet unrealized (though -the potential seems to be there for quite a big speedup in the future). -It is possible that, as of version 0.5.18, `g77' is noticably faster -compiling many Fortran source files than using `f2c' in conjunction -with `gcc'. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Program Speed, Next: Ease of Debugging, Prev: Compiler Speed, Up: Advantages Over f2c - -Program Speed -------------- - - `g77' has the potential to better optimize code than `f2c', even -when `gcc' is used to compile the output of `f2c', because `f2c' must -necessarily translate Fortran into a somewhat lower-level language (C) -that cannot preserve all the information that is potentially useful for -optimization, while `g77' can gather, preserve, and transmit that -information directly to the GBE. - - For example, `g77' implements `ASSIGN' and assigned `GOTO' using -direct assignment of pointers to labels and direct jumps to labels, -whereas `f2c' maps the assigned labels to integer values and then uses -a C `switch' statement to encode the assigned `GOTO' statements. - - However, as is typical, theory and reality don't quite match, at -least not in all cases, so it is still the case that `f2c' plus `gcc' -can generate code that is faster than `g77'. - - It is hoped that version 0.5.18 of `g77' will offer default settings -and options that allow for better program speed, though it is not yet -known whether these same options, when applied to a `gcc' compilation -of `f2c' output, will improve the speed of programs compiled using that -method as well. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Ease of Debugging, Next: Character and Hollerith Constants, Prev: Program Speed, Up: Advantages Over f2c - -Ease of Debugging ------------------ - - Because `g77' compiles directly to assembler code like `gcc', -instead of translating to an intermediate language (C) as does `f2c', -support for debugging can be better for `g77' than `f2c'. - - However, although `g77' might be somewhat more "native" in terms of -debugging support than `f2c' plus `gcc', there still are a lot of -things "not quite right". Many of the important ones should be -resolved in the near future. - - For example, `g77' doesn't have to worry about reserved names like -`f2c' does. Given `FOR = WHILE', `f2c' must necessarily translate this -to something *other* than `for = while;', because C reserves those -words. - - However, `g77' does still uses things like an extra level of -indirection for `ENTRY'-laden procedures--in this case, because the -back end doesn't yet support multiple entry points. - - Another example is that, given - - COMMON A, B - EQUIVALENCE (B, C) - -the `g77' user should be able to access the variables directly, by name, -without having to traverse C-like structures and unions, while `f2c' is -unlikely to ever offer this ability (due to limitations in the C -language). - - However, due to apparent bugs in the back end, `g77' currently -doesn't take advantage of this facility at all--it doesn't emit any -debugging information for `COMMON' and `EQUIVALENCE' areas, other than -information on the array of `char' it creates (and, in the case of -local `EQUIVALENCE', names) for each such area. - - Yet another example is arrays. `g77' represents them to the debugger -using the same "dimensionality" as in the source code, while `f2c' must -necessarily convert them all to one-dimensional arrays to fit into the -confines of the C language. However, the level of support offered by -debuggers for interactive Fortran-style access to arrays as compiled by -`g77' can vary widely. In some cases, it can actually be an advantage -that `f2c' converts everything to widely supported C semantics. - - In fairness, `g77' could do many of the things `f2c' does to get -things working at least as well as `f2c'--for now, the maintainers have -tended to prefer making `g77' work the way they think it is supposed -to, and find help improving the other products (the GBE of `gcc'; -`gdb'; and so on) to get things working properly. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Character and Hollerith Constants, Prev: Ease of Debugging, Up: Advantages Over f2c - -Character and Hollerith Constants ---------------------------------- - - To avoid the extensive hassle that would be needed to avoid this, -`f2c' uses C character constants to encode character and Hollerith -constants. That means a constant like `'HELLO'' is translated to -`"hello"' in C, which further means that an extra null byte is present -at the end of the constant. This null byte is superfluous. - - `g77' does not generate such null bytes. This represents significant -savings of resources, such as on systems where `/dev/null' or -`/dev/zero' represent bottlenecks in the systems' performance, because -`g77' simply asks for fewer zeros from the operating system than `f2c'. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Trouble, Next: Open Questions, Prev: Collected Fortran Wisdom, Up: Top - -Known Causes of Trouble with GNU Fortran -**************************************** - - This section describes known problems that affect users of GNU -Fortran. Most of these are not GNU Fortran bugs per se--if they were, -we would fix them. But the result for a user may be like the result of -a bug. - - Some of these problems are due to bugs in other software, some are -missing features that are too much work to add, and some are places -where people's opinions differ as to what is best. - - Information on bugs that show up when configuring, porting, building, -or installing `g77' is not provided here. *Note Problems Installing::. - - (Note that some of this portion of the manual is lifted directly -from the `gcc' manual, with minor modifications to tailor it to users -of `g77'. Anytime a bug seems to have more to do with the `gcc' -portion of `g77', *Note Known Causes of Trouble with GNU CC: -(gcc)Trouble.) - -* Menu: - -* But-bugs:: Bugs really in other programs. -* Actual Bugs:: Bugs and misfeatures we will fix later. -* Missing Features:: Features we already know we want to add later. -* Disappointments:: Regrettable things we can't change. -* Non-bugs:: Things we think are right, but some others disagree. -* Warnings and Errors:: Which problems in your code get warnings, - and which get errors. - diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info-7 b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info-7 deleted file mode 100644 index 04597b0ad1f..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info-7 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1084 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file g77.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.64 from the input -file g77.texi. - - This file explains how to use the GNU Fortran system. - - Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 -Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - - Copyright (C) 1995, 1996 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for -Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are -included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public -License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight -`Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in -translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the -original English. - - Contributed by James Craig Burley (`burley@gnu.ai.mit.edu'). -Inspired by a first pass at translating `g77-0.5.16/f/DOC' that was -contributed to Craig by David Ronis (`ronis@onsager.chem.mcgill.ca'). - - -File: g77.info, Node: But-bugs, Next: Actual Bugs, Up: Trouble - -Bugs Not In GNU Fortran -======================= - - These are bugs to which the maintainers often have to reply, "but -that isn't a bug in `g77'...". Some of these already are fixed in new -versions of other software; some still need to be fixed; some are -problems with how `g77' is installed or is being used; some just cannot -be addressed at this time until more is known about the problem. - - Please don't re-report these bugs to the `g77' maintainers--if you -must remind someone how important it is to you that the problem be -fixed, talk to the people responsible for the other products identified -below, but preferably only after you've tried the latest versions of -those products. The `g77' maintainers have their hands full working on -just fixing and improving `g77', without serving as a clearinghouse for -all bugs that happen to affect `g77' users. - - *Note Collected Fortran Wisdom::, for information on behavior of -Fortran programs, and the programs that compile them, that might be -*thought* to indicate bugs. - - * On some older Linux systems, programs with common blocks larger - than 16MB cannot be linked without some kind of error message - being produced. - - This is a bug in older versions of `ld', fixed in more recent - versions of `binutils', such as version 2.6. - - * There are some known problems when using `gdb' on code compiled by - `g77'. Inadequate investigation as of the release of 0.5.16 - results in not knowing which products are the culprit, but - `gdb-4.14' definitely crashes when, for example, an attempt is - made to print the contents of a `COMPLEX*16' dummy array, on at - least some Linux machines, plus some others. - - * On some systems, perhaps just those with out-of-date (shared?) - libraries, unresolved-reference errors happen when linking - `g77'-compiled programs (which should be done using `g77'). - - If this happens to you, try appending `-lc' to the command you use - to link the program, e.g. `g77 foo.f -lc'. `g77' already - specifies `-lf2c -lm' when it calls the linker, but it cannot also - specify `-lc' because not all systems have a file named `libc.a'. - - It is unclear at this point whether there are legitimately - installed systems where `-lf2c -lm' is insufficient to resolve - code produced by `g77'. - - * If your program doesn't link, due to unresolved references to names - like `_main', make sure you're using the `g77' command to do the - link, since this command ensures that the necessary libraries are - loaded by specifying `-lf2c -lm' when it invokes the `gcc' command - to do the actual link. (Use the `-v' option to discover more - about what actually happens when you use the `g77' and `gcc' - commands.) - - Also, try specifying `-lc' as the last item on the `g77' command - line, because some systems need it and `g77' doesn't do it - automatically. - - * Developers of Fortran code on NeXTStep (all architectures) have to - watch out for the following problem when writing programs with - large, statically allocated (i.e. non-stack based) data structures - (common blocks, saved arrays). - - Due to the way the native loader (`/bin/ld') lays out data - structures in virtual memory, it is very easy to create an - executable wherein the `__DATA' segment overlaps (has addresses in - common) with the `UNIX STACK' segment. - - This leads to all sorts of trouble, from the executable simply not - executing, to bus errors. The NeXTStep command line tool - `ebadexec' points to the problem as follows: - - % `/bin/ebadexec a.out' - /bin/ebadexec: __LINKEDIT segment (truncated address = 0x3de000 - rounded size = 0x2a000) of executable file: a.out overlaps with UNIX - STACK segment (truncated address = 0x400000 rounded size = - 0x3c00000) of executable file: a.out - - (In the above case, it is the `__LINKEDIT' segment that overlaps - the stack segment.) - - This can be cured by assigning the `__DATA' segment (virtual) - addresses beyond the stack segment. A conservative estimate for - this is from address 6000000 (hexadecimal) onwards--this has - always worked for me [Toon Moene]: - - % `g77 -segaddr __DATA 6000000 test.f' - % `ebadexec a.out' - ebadexec: file: a.out appears to be executable - % - - Browsing through `gcc/f/Makefile.in', you will find that the - `f771' program itself also has to be linked with these flags--it - has large statically allocated data structures. (Version 0.5.18 - reduces this somewhat, but probably not enough.) - - (The above item was contributed by Toon Moene - (`toon@moene.indiv.nluug.nl').) - - * `g77' rejects some particularly nonportable, silent data-type - conversions such as `LOGICAL' to `REAL' (as in `A=.FALSE.', where - `A' is type `REAL'), that other compilers might quietly accept. - - Some of these conversions are accepted by `g77' when the `-fugly' - option is specified. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Actual Bugs, Next: Missing Features, Prev: But-bugs, Up: Trouble - -Actual Bugs We Haven't Fixed Yet -================================ - - This section identifies bugs that `g77' *users* might run into. -This includes bugs that are actually in the `gcc' back end (GBE) or in -`libf2c', because those sets of code are at least somewhat under the -control of (and necessarily intertwined with) `g77', so it isn't worth -separating them out. - - For information on bugs that might afflict people who configure, -port, build, and install `g77', *Note Problems Installing::. - - * When using `-fugly', `g77' assumes an extra `%VAL(0)' argument is - to be passed to intrinsics taking no arguments, such as `IARGC()', - which in turn reject such a call. Although this has been worked - around for 0.5.18 due to changes in the handling of intrinsics, - `g77' needs to do the ugly-argument-appending trick only for - external-function invocation, as this would probably be more - consistent with compilers that default to using that trick. - - * Although `g77' generally supports `SELECT CASE', it doesn't do so - for `CHARACTER' types. Worse, it just crashes with a barely - servicable diagnostic. If the time can't be taken soon to finish - implementing this feature, at least a better way of diagnosing the - problem should be provided. - - * To accept a lot of fine code, `g77' needs to accept `FORMAT' and - `ENTRY' before an `IMPLICIT NONE'. - - * Some crashes occur when compiling under Solaris on x86 machines. - - * Something about `g77''s straightforward handling of label - references and definitions sometimes prevents the GBE from - unrolling loops. Until this is solved, try inserting or removing - `CONTINUE' statements as the terminal statement, using the `END DO' - form instead, and so on. - - * The `g77' command itself should more faithfully process options - the way the `gcc' command does. For example, `gcc' accepts - abbreviated forms of long options, `g77' generally doesn't. - - * `g77' could use a `--help' option of some sort. - - * Some confusion in diagnostics concerning failing `INCLUDE' - statements from within `INCLUDE''d or `#include''d files. - - * Some problems on RS/6000 regarding statement functions and/or - `COMPLEX' arithmetic? - - * `g77' assumes that `INTEGER' constants range from `-2**31' to - `2**31-1' (the range for two's-complement 32-bit values), instead - of determining their range from the actual range of the `INTEGER' - type for the configuration (and, someday, for the constant). - - Further, it generally doesn't implement the handling of constants - very well in that it makes assumptions about the configuration - that it no longer makes regarding variables (types). - - Included with this item is the fact that `g77' doesn't recognize - that, on IEEE-754/854-compliant systems, `0./0.' should produce a - NaN and no warning instead of the value `0.' and a warning. This - is to be fixed in version 0.6, when `g77' will use the `gcc' back - end's constant-handling mechanisms to replace its own. - - * `g77' uses way too much memory and CPU time to process large - aggregate areas having any initialized elements. - - For example, `REAL A(1000000)' followed by `DATA A(1)/1/' takes up - way too much time and space, including the size of the generated - assembler file. This is to be mitigated somewhat in version 0.6. - - Version 0.5.18 improves cases like this--specifically, cases of - *sparse* initialization that leave large, contiguous areas - uninitialized--significantly. However, even with the - improvements, these cases still require too much memory and CPU - time. - - (Version 0.5.18 also improves cases where the initial values are - zero to a much greater degree, so if the above example ends with - `DATA A(1)/0/', the compile-time performance will be about as good - as it will ever get, aside from unrelated improvements to the - compiler.) - - Note that `g77' does display a warning message to notify the user - before the compiler appears to hang. *Note Initialization of - Large Aggregate Areas: Large Initialization, for information on - how to change the point at which `g77' decides to issue this - warning. - - * `g77' doesn't emit variable and array members of common blocks for - use with a debugger (the `-g' command-line option). The code is - present to do this, but doesn't work with at least one debug - format--perhaps it works with others. And it turns out there's a - similar bug for local equivalence areas, so that has been disabled - as well. - - * When debugging, after starting up the debugger but before being - able to see the source code for the main program unit, the user - must currently set a breakpoint at `MAIN__' (or `MAIN___' or - `MAIN_' if `MAIN__' doesn't exist) and run the program until it - hits the breakpoint. At that point, the main program unit is - activated and about to execute its first executable statement, but - that's the state in which the debugger should start up, as is the - case for languages like C. - - * `g77' currently inserts needless padding for things like `COMMON - A,IPAD' where `A' is `CHARACTER*1' and `IPAD' is `INTEGER*4' on - machines like x86, because the back end insists that `IPAD' be - aligned to a 4-byte boundary, but the processor has no such - requirement (though it's good for performance). - - It is possible that this is not a real bug, and could be considered - a performance feature, but it might be important to provide the - ability to Fortran code to specify minimum padding for aggregate - areas such as common blocks--and, certainly, there is the - potential, with the current setup, for interface differences in - the way such areas are laid out between `g77' and other compilers. - - * RS/6000 support is not complete as of the gcc 2.6.3 back end. The - 2.7.0 back end appears to fix this problem, or at least mitigate - it significantly, but there is at least one known problem that is - likely to be a code-generation bug in `gcc-2.7.0' plus - `g77-0.5.16'. This problem shows up only when compiling the - Fortran program with `-O'. - - * SGI support is known to be a bit buggy. The known problem shows - up only when compiling the Fortran program with `-O'. - - * `g77' doesn't work on 64-bit configurations such as the Alpha. - The problem is not yet adequately investigated, and some Alpha - users are having quite a bit of success, so perhaps it depends on - the OS and configuration of `gcc' they are using. - - * Maintainers of gcc report that the back end definitely has "broken" - support for `COMPLEX' types. Based on their input, it seems many - of the problems affect only the more-general facilities for gcc's - `__complex__' type, such as `__complex__ int' (where the real and - imaginary parts are integers) that GNU Fortran does not use. - - But there might well be some problems with the portions of - `__complex__' support in the back end that `g77' uses to implement - `COMPLEX' and `DOUBLE COMPLEX'. More investigation is needed, but - bug reports are definitely welcome, since that can help speed - investigation of problem areas. - - * There seem to be some problems with passing constants, and perhaps - general expressions (other than simple variables/arrays), to - procedures when compiling on some systems (such as i386) with - `-fPIC', as in when compiling for ELF targets. The symptom is - that the assembler complains about invalid opcodes. More - investigation is needed, but the problem is almost certainly in - the gcc back end, and it apparently occurs only when compiling - sufficiently complicated functions *without* the `-O' option. - - This might be fixed in version 2.7.2 of `gcc'. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Missing Features, Next: Disappointments, Prev: Actual Bugs, Up: Trouble - -Missing Features -================ - - This section lists features we know are missing from `g77', and -which we want to add someday. (There is no priority implied in the -ordering below.) - - * `g77' does not support many of the features that distinguish - Fortran 90 (and, now, Fortran 95) from ANSI FORTRAN 77. - - Some Fortran 90 features are listed here, because they make sense - to offer even to die-hard users of F77. For example, many of them - codify various ways F77 has been extended to meet users' needs - during its tenure, so `g77' might as well offer them as the primary - way to meet those same needs, even if it offers compatibility with - one or more of the ways those needs were met by other F77 - compilers in the industry. - - Still, many important F90 features are not listed here, because no - attempt has been made to research each and every feature and - assess its viability in `g77'. In the meantime, users who need - those features must use Fortran 90 compilers anyway, and the best - approach to adding some F90 features to GNU Fortran might well be - to fund a comprehensive project to create GNU Fortran 95. - - * `g77' does not allow `REAL' and other non-integral types for - arguments to intrinsics like `AND', `OR', and `SHIFT'. - - * `g77' doesn't support `INTEGER*2', `LOGICAL*1', and similar. - Version 0.6 will provide full support for this extremely important - set of features. In the meantime, version 0.5.18 provides - rudimentary support for them. - - * `g77' rejects things other compilers accept, like `INTRINSIC - SIN,SIN'. As time permits in the future, some of these things - that are easy for humans to read and write and unlikely to be - intended to mean something else will be accepted by `g77' (though - `-fpedantic' should trigger warnings about such non-standard - constructs). - - In the meantime, you might as well fix your code to be more - standard-conforming and portable. - - The kind of case that is important to except from the - recommendation to change your code is one where following good - coding rules would force you to write non-standard code that - nevertheless has a clear meaning. - - For example, when writing an `INCLUDE' file that defines a common - block, it might be appropriate to include a `SAVE' statement for - the common block (such as `SAVE /CBLOCK/'), so that variables - defined in the common block retain their values even when all - procedures declaring the common block become inactive (return to - their callers). - - However, putting `SAVE' statements in an `INCLUDE' file would - prevent otherwise standard-conforming code from also specifying - the `SAVE' statement, by itself, to indicate that all local - variables and arrays are to have the `SAVE' attribute. - - For this reason, `g77' already has been changed to allow this - combination, because although the general problem of gratuitously - rejecting unambiguous and "safe" constructs still exists in `g77', - this particular construct was deemed useful enough that it was - worth fixing `g77' for just this case. - - So, while there is no need to change your code to avoid using this - particular construct, there might be other, equally appropriate - but non-standard constructs, that you shouldn't have to stop using - just because `g77' (or any other compiler) gratuitously rejects it. - - Until the general problem is solved, if you have any such - construct you believe is worthwhile using (e.g. not just an - arbitrary, redundant specification of an attribute), please submit - a bug report with an explanation, so we can consider fixing `g77' - just for cases like yours. - - * `g77' doesn't accept `PARAMETER I=1'. Supporting this obsolete - form of the `PARAMETER' statement would not be particularly hard, - as most of the parsing code is already in place and working. - - Until time/money is spent implementing it, you might as well fix - your code to use the standard form, `PARAMETER (I=1)' (possibly - needing `INTEGER I' preceding the `PARAMETER' statement as well, - otherwise, in the obsolete form of `PARAMETER', the type of the - variable is set from the type of the constant being assigned to - it). - - * `g77' doesn't support pointers or allocatable objects. This set - of features is probably considered just behind `INTEGER*2' and - intrinsics in `PARAMETER' statements on the list of large, - important things to add to `g77'. - - * `g77' doesn't support the I/O statements `TYPE' and `ACCEPT'. - These are common extensions that should be easy to support, but - also are fairly easy to work around in user code. - - * `g77' doesn't support `STRUCTURE', `UNION', `RECORD', `MAP'. This - set of extensions is quite a bit lower on the list of large, - important things to add to `g77', partly because it requires a - great deal of work either upgrading or replacing `libf2c'. - - * There is no support for keywords such as `DISP='DELETE'' in the - `OPEN', `CLOSE', and `INQUIRE' statements. These extensions are - easy to add to `g77' itself, but require much more work on - `libf2c'. - - * `g77' doesn't allow intrinsics in `PARAMETER' statements. This - feature is considered to be absolutely vital, even though it is - not standard-conforming, and is scheduled for version 0.6. - - Related to this, `g77' doesn't allow non-integral exponentiation - in `PARAMETER' statements, such as `PARAMETER (R=2**.25)'. It is - unlikely `g77' will ever support this feature, as doing it - properly requires complete emulation of a target computer's - floating-point facilities when building `g77' as a cross-compiler. - But, if the `gcc' back end is enhanced to provide such a facility, - `g77' will likely use that facility in implementing this feature - soon afterwards. - - * `g77' doesn't support `FORMAT(I<J>)' and the like. Supporting - this requires a significant redesign or replacement of `libf2c'. - - * Need option to suppress information messages (notes). `-w' does - this but also suppresses warnings. The default should be to - suppress info messages. - - * Provide some way, a la `gcc', for `g77' code to specify assembler - code. - - * Support `INTEGER', `REAL', and `COMPLEX' equivalents for all - applicable back-end-supported types (`char', `short int', `int', - `long int', `long long int', and `long double'). This means - providing intrinsic support, and maybe constant support (using F90 - syntax) as well, and, for most machines will result in automatic - support of `INTEGER*1', `INTEGER*2', `INTEGER*8', and so on. This - is scheduled for version 0.6. - - * Provide as the default source-line model a "pure visual" mode, - where the interpretation of a source program in this mode can be - accurately determined by a user looking at a traditionally - displayed rendition of the program (assuming the user knows - whether the program is fixed or free form). - - That is, assume the user cannot tell tabs from spaces and cannot - see trailing spaces on lines, but has canonical tab stops and, for - fixed-form source, has the ability to always know exactly where - column 72 is. - - This would change the default treatment of fixed-form source to - not treat lines with tabs as if they were infinitely long--instead, - they would end at column 72 just as if the tabs were replaced by - spaces in the canonical way. - - As part of this, provide common alternate models (Digital, `f2c', - and so on) via command-line options. This includes allowing - arbitrarily long lines for free-form source as well as fixed-form - source and providing various limits and diagnostics as appropriate. - - * Support more general expressions to dimension arrays, such as - array element references, function references, etc. - - * A `FLUSH' statement that does what many systems provide via `CALL - FLUSH', but that supports `*' as the unit designator (same unit as - for `PRINT'). - - * Finish support for old-style `PARAMETER' statement (like F77 - `PARAMETER', but type of destination is set from type of source - expression). - - * Character-type selector/cases for `SELECT CASE'. - - * Option to initialize everything not explicitly initialized to - "weird" (machine-dependent) values, e.g. NANs, bad (non-`NULL') - pointers, and largest-magnitude integers. - - * Add run-time bounds-checking of array/subscript references a la - `f2c'. - - * Output labels for use by debuggers that know how to support them. - Same with weirder things like construct names. It is not yet - known if any debug formats or debuggers support these. - - * Support the POSIX standard for Fortran. - - * Support Digital-style lossage of virtual blanks at end of source - line if some command-line option specified. - - This affects cases where a character constant is continued onto - the next line in a fixed-form source file, as in the following - example: - - 10 PRINT *,'HOW MANY - 1 SPACES?' - - `g77', and many other compilers, virtually extend the continued - line through column 72 with blanks that become part of the - character constant, but Digital Fortran normally didn't, leaving - only one space between `MANY' and `SPACES?' in the output of the - above statement. - - Fairly recently, at least one version of Digital Fortran was - enhanced to provide the other behavior when a command-line option - is specified, apparently due to demand from readers of the USENET - group `comp.lang.fortran' to offer conformance to this widespread - practice in the industry. `g77' should return the favor by - offering conformance to Digital's approach to handling the above - example. - - * Consider a preprocessor designed specifically for Fortran to - replace `cpp -traditional'. There are several out there worth - evaluating, at least. - - * Have `-Wunused' warn about unused labels. - - * Warn about assigned `GOTO'/`FORMAT' usage without any `ASSIGN' to - variable. (Actually, use of `-O -Wuninitialized' should take care - of most of these.) - - * Add `-Wintrinsics' to warn about use of non-standard intrinsics - without explicit `INTRINSIC' statements for them (to help find - code that might fail silently when ported to another compiler). - - * Support `-fpedantic' more thoroughly, and use it only to generate - warnings instead of rejecting constructs outright. Have it warn: - if a variable that dimensions an array is not a dummy or placed - explicitly in `COMMON' (F77 does not allow it to be placed in - `COMMON' via `EQUIVALENCE'); if specification statements follow - statement-function-definition statements; about all sorts of - syntactic extensions. - - * Warn about modifying `DO' variables via `EQUIVALENCE'. (This test - might be useful in setting the internal "doiter" flag for a - variable or even array reference within a loop, since that might - produce faster code someday.) - - * Add `-Wpromotions' to warn if source code appears to expect - automatic, silent, and somewhat dangerous compiler-assisted - conversion of `REAL' constants to `DOUBLE PRECISION' based on - context. - - For example, warn about cases like this: - - DOUBLE PRECISION FOO - PARAMETER (PI = 3.14159) - FOO = PI * 3D0 - - * Generally continue processing for warnings and recoverable (user) - errors whenever possible--don't gratuitously make bad code. - - For example: - - INTRINSIC ZABS - CALL FOO(ZABS) - END - - When compiling the above with `-ff2c-intrinsics-disable', `g77' - should indeed complain about passing `ZABS', but it still should - compile, instead of rejecting the entire `CALL' statement. (Some - of this is related to improving the compiler internals to improve - how statements are analyzed.) - - * If `-fno-ugly', reject badly designed trailing-radix quoted - (typeless) numbers, such as `'123'O'. - - * Add `-Wugly*', `-Wautomatic', `-Wvxt-not-f90', `-Wf90', and so on. - These would warn about places in the user's source where - ambiguities are found. - - One especially interesting case that `-Wf90' would catch is use of - `REAL(Z)', where `Z' is `DOUBLE COMPLEX'. Apparently, traditional - extended F77 compilers treat this as what all compilers should - agree is `REAL(REAL(Z))', while F90 compilers are required to - treat `REAL(Z)' as the same as `DBLE(Z)', returning a `DOUBLE - PRECISION' result rather than a `REAL' result. - - * `-Wconversion' and related should flag places where non-standard - conversions are found. Perhaps much of this would be part of - `-Wugly*'. - - * Complain when list of dummies containing an adjustable dummy array - does not also contain every variable listed in the dimension list - of the adjustable array. - - Currently, `g77' does complain about a variable that dimensions an - array but doesn't appear in any dummy list or `COMMON' area, but - this needs to be extended to catch cases where it doesn't appear in - every dummy list that also lists any arrays it dimensions. - - * Make sure things like `RETURN 2HAB' are invalid in both source - forms (must be `RETURN (2HAB)', which probably still makes no - sense but at least can be reliably parsed). Fixed form rejects - it, but not free form, except in a way that is a bit difficult to - understand. - - * The sort of routines usually found in the BSD-ish `libU77' should - be provided in addition to the few utility routines in `libf2c'. - Much of this work has already been done, and is awaiting - integration into `g77'. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Disappointments, Next: Non-bugs, Prev: Missing Features, Up: Trouble - -Disappointments and Misunderstandings -===================================== - - These problems are perhaps regrettable, but we don't know any -practical way around them for now. - - * `g77' disallows `IMPLICIT CHARACTER*(*)'. This is not - standard-conforming, and there are some very good reasons for that. - When I next remember any, I'll try to write them down. - - * `g77' doesn't allow a common block and an external procedure or - `BLOCK DATA' to have the same name. Some systems allow this, but - `g77' does not, to be compatible with `f2c'. - - `g77' could special-case the way it handles `BLOCK DATA', since it - is not compatible with `f2c' in this particular area (necessarily, - since `g77' offers an important feature here), but it is likely - that such special-casing would be very annoying to people with - programs that use `EXTERNAL FOO', with no other mention of `FOO' - in the same program unit, to refer to external procedures, since - the result would be that `g77' would treat these references as - requests to force-load BLOCK DATA program units. - - In that case, if `g77' modified names of `BLOCK DATA' so they - could have the same names as `COMMON', users would find that their - programs wouldn't link because the `FOO' procedure didn't have its - name translated the same way. - - (Strictly speaking, `g77' could emit a - null-but-externally-satisfying definition of `FOO' with its name - transformed as if it had been a `BLOCK DATA', but that probably - invites more trouble than it's worth.) - - * The current external-interface design, which includes naming of - external procedures, COMMON blocks, and the library interface, has - various usability problems, including things like adding - underscores where not really necessary (and preventing easier - inter-language operability) and yet not providing complete - namespace freedom for user C code linked with Fortran apps (due to - the naming of functions in the library, among other things). - - Project GNU should at least get all this "right" for systems it - fully controls, such as the Hurd, and provide defaults and options - for compatibility with existing systems and interoperability with - popular existing compilers. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Non-bugs, Next: Warnings and Errors, Prev: Disappointments, Up: Trouble - -Certain Changes We Don't Want to Make -===================================== - - This section lists changes that people frequently request, but which -we do not make because we think GNU Fortran is better without them. - - * `-fno-backslash' should be the default, not `-fbackslash'. - - First of all, you can always specify `-fno-backslash' to turn off - this processing. - - Despite not being within the spirit (though apparently within the - letter) of the ANSI FORTRAN 77 standard, `g77' defaults to - `-fbackslash' because that is what most UNIX `f77' commands - default to, and apparently lots of code depends on this feature. - - This is a particularly troubling issue. The use of a C construct - in the midst of Fortran code is bad enough, worse when it makes - existing Fortran programs stop working (as happens when programs - written for non-UNIX systems are ported to UNIX systems with - compilers that provide the `-fbackslash' feature as the - default--sometimes with no option to turn it off). - - The author of GNU Fortran wished, for reasons of linguistic - purity, to make `-fno-backslash' the default for GNU Fortran and - thus require users of UNIX `f77' and `f2c' to specify - `-fbackslash' to get the UNIX behavior. - - However, the realization that `g77' is intended as a replacement - for *UNIX* `f77', caused the author to choose to make `g77' as - compatible with `f77' as feasible, which meant making `-fbackslash' - the default. - - The primary focus on compatibility is at the source-code level, - and the question became "What will users expect a replacement for - `f77' to do, by default?" Although at least one UNIX `f77' does - not provide `-fbackslash' as a default, it appears that, by far, - the majority of them do, which suggests that, by far, the majority - of code that is compiled by UNIX `f77' compilers expects - `-fbackslash' to be the default. - - It is probably the case that more code exists that would *not* - work with `-fbackslash' in force than code that requires it be in - force. - - However, most of *that* code is not being compiled with `f77', and - when it is, new build procedures (shell scripts, makefiles, and so - on) must be set up anyway so that they work under UNIX. That - makes a much more natural and safe opportunity for non-UNIX users - to adapt their build procedures for `g77''s default of - `-fbackslash' than would exist for the majority of UNIX `f77' - users who would have to modify existing, working build procedures - to explicitly specify `-fbackslash' if that was not the default. - - One suggestion has been to configure the default for `-fbackslash' - (and perhaps other options as well) based on the configuration of - `g77'. - - This is technically quite straightforward, but will be avoided - even in cases where not configuring defaults to be dependent on a - particular configuration greatly inconveniences some users of - legacy code. - - Many users appreciate the GNU compilers because they provide an - environment that is uniform across machines. These users would be - inconvenienced if the compiler treated things like the format of - the source code differently on certain machines. - - Occasionally users write programs intended only for a particular - machine type. On these occasions, the users would benefit if the - GNU Fortran compiler were to support by default the same dialect - as the other compilers on that machine. But such applications are - rare. And users writing a program to run on more than one type of - machine cannot possibly benefit from this kind of compatibility. - (This is consistent with the design goals for `gcc'. To change - them for `g77', you must first change them for `gcc'. Do not ask - the maintainers of `g77' to do this for you, or to disassociate - `g77' from the widely understood, if not widely agreed-upon, goals - for GNU compilers in general.) - - This is why GNU Fortran does and will treat backslashes in the same - fashion on all types of machines (by default). - - Of course, users strongly concerned about portability should - indicate explicitly in their build procedures which options are - expected by their source code, or write source code that has as - few such expectations as possible. - - For example, avoid writing code that depends on backslash (`\') - being interpreted either way in particular, such as by starting a - program unit with: - - CHARACTER BACKSL - PARAMETER (BACKSL = '\\') - - Then, use concatenation of `BACKSL' anyplace a backslash is - desired. (However, this technique does not work for Hollerith - constants--which is good, since the only generally portable uses - for Hollerith constants are in places where character constants - can and should be used instead, for readability.) - - In this way, users can write programs which have the same meaning - in many Fortran dialects. - - * `g77' does not use context to determine the types of constants or - named constants (`PARAMETER'). - - For example, consider the following statement: - - PRINT *, 3.1415926535 * 2D0 - - `g77' will interpret the (truncated) constant `3.1415926535' as a - `REAL', not `DOUBLE PRECISION', constant, because the suffix `D0' - is not specified. - - As a result, the output of the above statement when compiled by - `g77' will appear to have "less precision" than when compiled by - other compilers. - - In these and other cases, some compilers detect the fact that a - single-precision constant is used in a double-precision context - and therefore interpret the single-precision constant as if it was - *explicitly* specified as a double-precision constant. (This has - the effect of appending *decimal*, not *binary*, zeros to the - fractional part of the number--producing different computational - results.) - - The reason this misfeature is dangerous is that a slight, - apparently innocuous change to the source code can change the - computational results. Consider: - - REAL ALMOST, CLOSE - DOUBLE PRECISION FIVE - PARAMETER (ALMOST = 5.000000000001) - FIVE = 5 - CLOSE = 5.000000000001 - PRINT *, 5.000000000001 - FIVE - PRINT *, ALMOST - FIVE - PRINT *, CLOSE - FIVE - END - - Running the above program should result in the same value being - printed three times. With `g77' as the compiler, it does. - - However, compiled by many other compilers, running the above - program would print two or three distinct values, because in two - or three of the statements, the constant `5.000000000001', which - on most systems is exactly equal to `5.' when interpreted as a - single-precision constant, is instead interpreted as a - double-precision constant, preserving the represented precision. - However, this "clever" promotion of type does not extend to - variables or, in some compilers, to named constants. - - Since programmers often are encouraged to replace manifest - constants or permanently-assigned variables with named constants - (`PARAMETER' in Fortran), and might need to replace some constants - with variables having the same values for pertinent portions of - code, it is important that compilers treat code so modified in the - same way so that the results of such programs are the same. `g77' - helps in this regard by treating constants just the same as - variables in terms of determining their types in a - context-independent way. - - Still, there is a lot of existing Fortran code that has been - written to depend on the way other compilers freely interpret - constants' types based on context, so anything `g77' can do to - help flag cases of this in such code could be very helpful. - - * `g77' treats procedure references to *possible* intrinsic names as - always enabling their intrinsic nature, regardless of whether the - *form* of the reference is valid for that intrinsic. - - For example, `CALL IFIX' is interpreted by `g77' first as a - reference to the `IFIX' intrinsic, because the reference is a - procedure invocation (as compared to `J=IFIX'); only after - establishing that, in the program unit being compiled, `IFIX' is - in fact an intrinsic and not a local name that happens to have the - same name as an intrinsic, does `g77' recognize that the form of - the reference is invalid for that particular intrinsic. At that - point, `g77' issues a diagnostic. - - Some users claim that it is "obvious" that `CALL IFIX' references - an external subroutine of their own, not an intrinsic function. - - However, `g77' knows about intrinsic subroutines, not just - functions, and is able to support both having the same names, for - example. - - As a result of this, `g77' rejects calls to intrinsics that are - not subroutines, and function invocations of intrinsics that are - not functions, just as it (and most compilers) rejects invocations - of intrinsics with the wrong number (or types) of arguments. - - Use the `EXTERNAL IFIX' statement in a program unit that calls a - user-written subroutine named `IFIX'. - - * Allow `DATA VAR/.../' to come before `COMMON /.../ ...,VAR,...'. - - It is *possible* `g77' will someday allow this. - - Then again, maybe it is better to have `g77' always require - placement of `DATA' so that it can possibly immediately write - constants to the output file, thus saving time and space. - - That is, `DATA A/1000000*1/' should perhaps always be immediately - writable to canonical assembler, unless it's already known to be - in a `COMMON' area following as-yet-uninitialized stuff, and to do - this it cannot be followed by `COMMON A'. - - * Making side effects happen in the same order as in some other - compiler. - - It is never safe to depend on the order of evaluation of side - effects. For example, an expression like this may very well - behave differently from one compiler to another: - - J = IFUNC() - IFUNC() - - There is no guarantee that `IFUNC' will be evaluated in any - particular order. Either invocation might happen first. If - `IFUNC' returns 5 the first time it is invoked, and returns 12 the - second time, `J' might end up with the value `7', or it might end - up with `-7'. - - Generally, in Fortran, procedures with side-effects intended to be - visible to the caller are best designed as *subroutines*, not - functions. Examples of such side-effects include: - - * The generation of random numbers that are intended to - influence return values. - - * Performing I/O (other than internal I/O to local variables). - - * Updating information in common blocks. - - An example of a side-effect that is not intended to be visible to - the caller is a function that maintains a cache of recently - calculated results, intended solely to speed repeated invocations - of the function with identical arguments. Such a function can be - safely used in expressions, because if the compiler optimizes away - one or more calls to the function, operation of the program is - unaffected (aside from being speeded up). - - -File: g77.info, Node: Warnings and Errors, Prev: Non-bugs, Up: Trouble - -Warning Messages and Error Messages -=================================== - - The GNU compiler can produce two kinds of diagnostics: errors and -warnings. Each kind has a different purpose: - - *Errors* report problems that make it impossible to compile your - program. GNU Fortran reports errors with the source file name, - line number, and column within the line where the problem is - apparent. - - *Warnings* report other unusual conditions in your code that - *might* indicate a problem, although compilation can (and does) - proceed. Warning messages also report the source file name, line - number, and column information, but include the text `warning:' to - distinguish them from error messages. - - Warnings might indicate danger points where you should check to make -sure that your program really does what you intend; or the use of -obsolete features; or the use of nonstandard features of GNU Fortran. -Many warnings are issued only if you ask for them, with one of the `-W' -options (for instance, `-Wall' requests a variety of useful warnings). - - *Note:* Currently, the text of the line and a pointer to the column -is printed in most `g77' diagnostics. Probably, as of version 0.6, -`g77' will no longer print the text of the source line, instead printing -the column number following the file name and line number in a form -that GNU Emacs recognizes. This change is expected to speed up and -reduce the memory usage of the `g77' compiler. - - *Note Options to Request or Suppress Warnings: Warning Options, for -more detail on these and related command-line options. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Open Questions, Next: Bugs, Prev: Trouble, Up: Top - -Open Questions -************** - - Please consider offering useful answers to these questions! - - * `g77' treats constants like `Z'ABCD'' and `'ABCD'Z' as typeless. - It seems like maybe the prefix-letter form, `Z'ABCD'', should be - `INTEGER' instead. - - You can test for yourself whether a particular compiler treats the - prefix form as `INTEGER' or typeless by running the following - program: - - EQUIVALENCE (I, R) - R = Z'ABCD' - J = Z'ABCD' - IF (J .EQ. I) PRINT *, 'Prefix form is TYPELESS' - IF (J .NE. I) PRINT *, 'Prefix form is INTEGER' - END - - If you wish to report the results of this test to the maintainers - of `g77', please include full information on the compiler, system, - and version information you're using. (We already know how `g77' - handles it, of course.) - - Perhaps this will be changed in version 0.6. - - * `LOC()' and other intrinsics are probably somewhat misclassified. - Is the a need for more precise classification of intrinsics, and - if so, what are the appropriate groupings? Is there a need to - individually enable/disable/delete/hide intrinsics from the - command line? - - -File: g77.info, Node: Bugs, Next: Service, Prev: Open Questions, Up: Top - -Reporting Bugs -************** - - Your bug reports play an essential role in making GNU Fortran -reliable. - - When you encounter a problem, the first thing to do is to see if it -is already known. *Note Trouble::. If it isn't known, then you should -report the problem. - - Reporting a bug might help you by bringing a solution to your -problem, or it might not. (If it does not, look in the service -directory; see *Note Service::.) In any case, the principal function of -a bug report is to help the entire community by making the next version -of GNU Fortran work better. Bug reports are your contribution to the -maintenance of GNU Fortran. - - Since the maintainers are very overloaded, we cannot respond to every -bug report. However, if the bug has not been fixed, we are likely to -send you a patch and ask you to tell us whether it works. - - In order for a bug report to serve its purpose, you must include the -information that makes for fixing the bug. - -* Menu: - -* Criteria: Bug Criteria. Have you really found a bug? -* Where: Bug Lists. Where to send your bug report. -* Reporting: Bug Reporting. How to report a bug effectively. -* Patches: Sending Patches. How to send a patch for GNU Fortran. -* Known: Trouble. Known problems. -* Help: Service. Where to ask for help. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Bug Criteria, Next: Bug Lists, Up: Bugs - -Have You Found a Bug? -===================== - - If you are not sure whether you have found a bug, here are some -guidelines: - - * If the compiler gets a fatal signal, for any input whatever, that - is a compiler bug. Reliable compilers never crash--they just - remain obsolete. - - * If the compiler produces invalid assembly code, for any input - whatever (except an `asm' statement), that is a compiler bug, - unless the compiler reports errors (not just warnings) which would - ordinarily prevent the assembler from being run. - - * If the compiler produces valid assembly code that does not - correctly execute the input source code, that is a compiler bug. - - However, you must double-check to make sure, because you might - have run into an incompatibility between GNU Fortran and - traditional Fortran. These incompatibilities might be considered - bugs, but they are inescapable consequences of valuable features. - - Or you might have a program whose behavior is undefined, which - happened by chance to give the desired results with another - Fortran compiler. It is best to check the relevant Fortran - standard thoroughly if it is possible that the program indeed does - something undefined. - - After you have localized the error to a single source line, it - should be easy to check for these things. If your program is - correct and well defined, you have found a compiler bug. - - It might help if, in your submission, you identified the specific - language in the relevant Fortran standard that specifies the - desired behavior, if it isn't likely to be obvious and agreed-upon - by all Fortran users. - - * If the compiler produces an error message for valid input, that is - a compiler bug. - - * If the compiler does not produce an error message for invalid - input, that is a compiler bug. However, you should note that your - idea of "invalid input" might be someone else's idea of "an - extension" or "support for traditional practice". - - * If you are an experienced user of Fortran compilers, your - suggestions for improvement of GNU Fortran are welcome in any case. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Bug Lists, Next: Bug Reporting, Prev: Bug Criteria, Up: Bugs - -Where to Report Bugs -==================== - - Send bug reports for GNU Fortran to `fortran@gnu.ai.mit.edu'. - - Often people think of posting bug reports to a newsgroup instead of -mailing them. This sometimes appears to work, but it has one problem -which can be crucial: a newsgroup posting does not contain a mail path -back to the sender. Thus, if maintainers need more information, they -may be unable to reach you. For this reason, you should always send -bug reports by mail to the proper mailing list. - - As a last resort, send bug reports on paper to: - - GNU Compiler Bugs - Free Software Foundation - 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 - Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA - diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info-8 b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info-8 deleted file mode 100644 index e9b2aa50333..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info-8 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,916 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file g77.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.64 from the input -file g77.texi. - - This file explains how to use the GNU Fortran system. - - Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 -Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - - Copyright (C) 1995, 1996 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for -Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are -included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public -License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight -`Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in -translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the -original English. - - Contributed by James Craig Burley (`burley@gnu.ai.mit.edu'). -Inspired by a first pass at translating `g77-0.5.16/f/DOC' that was -contributed to Craig by David Ronis (`ronis@onsager.chem.mcgill.ca'). - - -File: g77.info, Node: Bug Reporting, Next: Sending Patches, Prev: Bug Lists, Up: Bugs - -How to Report Bugs -================== - - The fundamental principle of reporting bugs usefully is this: -*report all the facts*. If you are not sure whether to state a fact or -leave it out, state it! - - Often people omit facts because they think they know what causes the -problem and they conclude that some details don't matter. Thus, you -might assume that the name of the variable you use in an example does -not matter. Well, probably it doesn't, but one cannot be sure. -Perhaps the bug is a stray memory reference which happens to fetch from -the location where that name is stored in memory; perhaps, if the name -were different, the contents of that location would fool the compiler -into doing the right thing despite the bug. Play it safe and give a -specific, complete example. That is the easiest thing for you to do, -and the most helpful. - - Keep in mind that the purpose of a bug report is to enable someone to -fix the bug if it is not known. It isn't very important what happens if -the bug is already known. Therefore, always write your bug reports on -the assumption that the bug is not known. - - Sometimes people give a few sketchy facts and ask, "Does this ring a -bell?" This cannot help us fix a bug, so it is rarely helpful. We -respond by asking for enough details to enable us to investigate. You -might as well expedite matters by sending them to begin with. -(Besides, there are enough bells ringing around here as it is.) - - Try to make your bug report self-contained. If we have to ask you -for more information, it is best if you include all the previous -information in your response, as well as the information that was -missing. - - Please report each bug in a separate message. This makes it easier -for us to track which bugs have been fixed and to forward your bugs -reports to the appropriate maintainer. - - Do not compress and encode any part of your bug report using programs -such as `uuencode'. If you do so it will slow down the processing of -your bug. If you must submit multiple large files, use `shar', which -allows us to read your message without having to run any decompression -programs. - - (As a special exception for GNU Fortran bug-reporting, at least for -now, if you are sending more than a few lines of code, if your -program's source file format contains "interesting" things like -trailing spaces or strange characters, or if you need to include binary -data files, it is acceptable to put all the files together in a `tar' -archive, and, whether you need to do that, it is acceptable to then -compress the single file (`tar' archive or source file) using `gzip' -and encode it via `uuencode'. Do not use any MIME stuff--the current -maintainer can't decode this. Using `compress' instead of `gzip' is -acceptable, assuming you have licensed the use of the patented -algorithm in `compress' from Unisys.) - - To enable someone to investigate the bug, you should include all -these things: - - * The version of GNU Fortran. You can get this by running `g77' - with the `-v' option. (Ignore any error messages that might be - displayed when the linker is run.) - - Without this, we won't know whether there is any point in looking - for the bug in the current version of GNU Fortran. - - * A complete input file that will reproduce the bug. If the bug is - in the compiler proper (`f771') and you are using the C - preprocessor, run your source file through the C preprocessor by - doing `g77 -E SOURCEFILE > OUTFILE', then include the contents of - OUTFILE in the bug report. (When you do this, use the same `-I', - `-D' or `-U' options that you used in actual compilation.) - - A single statement is not enough of an example. In order to - compile it, it must be embedded in a complete file of compiler - input; and the bug might depend on the details of how this is done. - - Without a real example one can compile, all anyone can do about - your bug report is wish you luck. It would be futile to try to - guess how to provoke the bug. For example, bugs in register - allocation and reloading frequently depend on every little detail - of the function they happen in. - - * Note that you should include with your bug report any files - included by the source file (via the `INCLUDE' statement) that you - send, and any files they `INCLUDE', and so on. - - It is not necessary to replace the `INCLUDE' statements with the - actual files in the version of the source file that you send, but - it might make submitting the bug report easier on the ends. - However, be sure to *reproduce* the bug using the *exact* version - of the source material you submit, to avoid wild-goose chases. - - * The command arguments you gave GNU Fortran to compile that example - and observe the bug. For example, did you use `-O'? To guarantee - you won't omit something important, list all the options. - - If we were to try to guess the arguments, we would probably guess - wrong and then we would not encounter the bug. - - * The type of machine you are using, and the operating system name - and version number. (Much of this information is printed by `g77 - -v'--if you include that, send along any additional info you have - that you don't see clearly represented in that output.) - - * The operands you gave to the `configure' command when you installed - the compiler. - - * A complete list of any modifications you have made to the compiler - source. (We don't promise to investigate the bug unless it - happens in an unmodified compiler. But if you've made - modifications and don't tell us, then you are sending us on a - wild-goose chase.) - - Be precise about these changes. A description in English is not - enough--send a context diff for them. - - Adding files of your own (such as a machine description for a - machine we don't support) is a modification of the compiler source. - - * Details of any other deviations from the standard procedure for - installing GNU Fortran. - - * A description of what behavior you observe that you believe is - incorrect. For example, "The compiler gets a fatal signal," or, - "The assembler instruction at line 208 in the output is incorrect." - - Of course, if the bug is that the compiler gets a fatal signal, - then one can't miss it. But if the bug is incorrect output, the - maintainer might not notice unless it is glaringly wrong. None of - us has time to study all the assembler code from a 50-line Fortran - program just on the chance that one instruction might be wrong. - We need *you* to do this part! - - Even if the problem you experience is a fatal signal, you should - still say so explicitly. Suppose something strange is going on, - such as, your copy of the compiler is out of synch, or you have - encountered a bug in the C library on your system. (This has - happened!) Your copy might crash and the copy here would not. If - you said to expect a crash, then when the compiler here fails to - crash, we would know that the bug was not happening. If you don't - say to expect a crash, then we would not know whether the bug was - happening. We would not be able to draw any conclusion from our - observations. - - If the problem is a diagnostic when building GNU Fortran with some - other compiler, say whether it is a warning or an error. - - Often the observed symptom is incorrect output when your program - is run. Sad to say, this is not enough information unless the - program is short and simple. None of us has time to study a large - program to figure out how it would work if compiled correctly, - much less which line of it was compiled wrong. So you will have - to do that. Tell us which source line it is, and what incorrect - result happens when that line is executed. A person who - understands the program can find this as easily as finding a bug - in the program itself. - - * If you send examples of assembler code output from GNU Fortran, - please use `-g' when you make them. The debugging information - includes source line numbers which are essential for correlating - the output with the input. - - * If you wish to mention something in the GNU Fortran source, refer - to it by context, not by line number. - - The line numbers in the development sources don't match those in - your sources. Your line numbers would convey no convenient - information to the maintainers. - - * Additional information from a debugger might enable someone to - find a problem on a machine which he does not have available. - However, you need to think when you collect this information if - you want it to have any chance of being useful. - - For example, many people send just a backtrace, but that is never - useful by itself. A simple backtrace with arguments conveys little - about GNU Fortran because the compiler is largely data-driven; the - same functions are called over and over for different RTL insns, - doing different things depending on the details of the insn. - - Most of the arguments listed in the backtrace are useless because - they are pointers to RTL list structure. The numeric values of the - pointers, which the debugger prints in the backtrace, have no - significance whatever; all that matters is the contents of the - objects they point to (and most of the contents are other such - pointers). - - In addition, most compiler passes consist of one or more loops that - scan the RTL insn sequence. The most vital piece of information - about such a loop--which insn it has reached--is usually in a - local variable, not in an argument. - - What you need to provide in addition to a backtrace are the values - of the local variables for several stack frames up. When a local - variable or an argument is an RTX, first print its value and then - use the GDB command `pr' to print the RTL expression that it points - to. (If GDB doesn't run on your machine, use your debugger to call - the function `debug_rtx' with the RTX as an argument.) In - general, whenever a variable is a pointer, its value is no use - without the data it points to. - - Here are some things that are not necessary: - - * A description of the envelope of the bug. - - Often people who encounter a bug spend a lot of time investigating - which changes to the input file will make the bug go away and which - changes will not affect it. - - This is often time consuming and not very useful, because the way - we will find the bug is by running a single example under the - debugger with breakpoints, not by pure deduction from a series of - examples. You might as well save your time for something else. - - Of course, if you can find a simpler example to report *instead* of - the original one, that is a convenience. Errors in the output - will be easier to spot, running under the debugger will take less - time, etc. Most GNU Fortran bugs involve just one function, so - the most straightforward way to simplify an example is to delete - all the function definitions except the one where the bug occurs. - Those earlier in the file may be replaced by external declarations - if the crucial function depends on them. (Exception: inline - functions may affect compilation of functions defined later in the - file.) - - However, simplification is not vital; if you don't want to do this, - report the bug anyway and send the entire test case you used. - - * In particular, some people insert conditionals `#ifdef BUG' around - a statement which, if removed, makes the bug not happen. These - are just clutter; we won't pay any attention to them anyway. - Besides, you should send us preprocessor output, and that can't - have conditionals. - - * A patch for the bug. - - A patch for the bug is useful if it is a good one. But don't omit - the necessary information, such as the test case, on the - assumption that a patch is all we need. We might see problems - with your patch and decide to fix the problem another way, or we - might not understand it at all. - - Sometimes with a program as complicated as GNU Fortran it is very - hard to construct an example that will make the program follow a - certain path through the code. If you don't send the example, we - won't be able to construct one, so we won't be able to verify that - the bug is fixed. - - And if we can't understand what bug you are trying to fix, or why - your patch should be an improvement, we won't install it. A test - case will help us to understand. - - *Note Sending Patches::, for guidelines on how to make it easy for - us to understand and install your patches. - - * A guess about what the bug is or what it depends on. - - Such guesses are usually wrong. Even the maintainer can't guess - right about such things without first using the debugger to find - the facts. - - * A core dump file. - - We have no way of examining a core dump for your type of machine - unless we have an identical system--and if we do have one, we - should be able to reproduce the crash ourselves. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Sending Patches, Prev: Bug Reporting, Up: Bugs - -Sending Patches for GNU Fortran -=============================== - - If you would like to write bug fixes or improvements for the GNU -Fortran compiler, that is very helpful. Send suggested fixes to the -bug report mailing list, `fortran@gnu.ai.mit.edu'. - - Please follow these guidelines so we can study your patches -efficiently. If you don't follow these guidelines, your information -might still be useful, but using it will take extra work. Maintaining -GNU Fortran is a lot of work in the best of circumstances, and we can't -keep up unless you do your best to help. - - * Send an explanation with your changes of what problem they fix or - what improvement they bring about. For a bug fix, just include a - copy of the bug report, and explain why the change fixes the bug. - - (Referring to a bug report is not as good as including it, because - then we will have to look it up, and we have probably already - deleted it if we've already fixed the bug.) - - * Always include a proper bug report for the problem you think you - have fixed. We need to convince ourselves that the change is - right before installing it. Even if it is right, we might have - trouble judging it if we don't have a way to reproduce the problem. - - * Include all the comments that are appropriate to help people - reading the source in the future understand why this change was - needed. - - * Don't mix together changes made for different reasons. Send them - *individually*. - - If you make two changes for separate reasons, then we might not - want to install them both. We might want to install just one. If - you send them all jumbled together in a single set of diffs, we - have to do extra work to disentangle them--to figure out which - parts of the change serve which purpose. If we don't have time - for this, we might have to ignore your changes entirely. - - If you send each change as soon as you have written it, with its - own explanation, then the two changes never get tangled up, and we - can consider each one properly without any extra work to - disentangle them. - - Ideally, each change you send should be impossible to subdivide - into parts that we might want to consider separately, because each - of its parts gets its motivation from the other parts. - - * Send each change as soon as that change is finished. Sometimes - people think they are helping us by accumulating many changes to - send them all together. As explained above, this is absolutely - the worst thing you could do. - - Since you should send each change separately, you might as well - send it right away. That gives us the option of installing it - immediately if it is important. - - * Use `diff -c' to make your diffs. Diffs without context are hard - for us to install reliably. More than that, they make it hard for - us to study the diffs to decide whether we want to install them. - Unidiff format is better than contextless diffs, but not as easy - to read as `-c' format. - - If you have GNU diff, use `diff -cp', which shows the name of the - function that each change occurs in. (The maintainer of GNU - Fortran currently uses `diff -rcp2N'.) - - * Write the change log entries for your changes. We get lots of - changes, and we don't have time to do all the change log writing - ourselves. - - Read the `ChangeLog' file to see what sorts of information to put - in, and to learn the style that we use. The purpose of the change - log is to show people where to find what was changed. So you need - to be specific about what functions you changed; in large - functions, it's often helpful to indicate where within the - function the change was. - - On the other hand, once you have shown people where to find the - change, you need not explain its purpose. Thus, if you add a new - function, all you need to say about it is that it is new. If you - feel that the purpose needs explaining, it probably does--but the - explanation will be much more useful if you put it in comments in - the code. - - If you would like your name to appear in the header line for who - made the change, send us the header line. - - * When you write the fix, keep in mind that we can't install a - change that would break other systems. - - People often suggest fixing a problem by changing - machine-independent files such as `toplev.c' to do something - special that a particular system needs. Sometimes it is totally - obvious that such changes would break GNU Fortran for almost all - users. We can't possibly make a change like that. At best it - might tell us how to write another patch that would solve the - problem acceptably. - - Sometimes people send fixes that *might* be an improvement in - general--but it is hard to be sure of this. It's hard to install - such changes because we have to study them very carefully. Of - course, a good explanation of the reasoning by which you concluded - the change was correct can help convince us. - - The safest changes are changes to the configuration files for a - particular machine. These are safe because they can't create new - bugs on other machines. - - Please help us keep up with the workload by designing the patch in - a form that is good to install. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Service, Next: Adding Options, Prev: Bugs, Up: Top - -How To Get Help with GNU Fortran -******************************** - - If you need help installing, using or changing GNU Fortran, there -are two ways to find it: - - * Look in the service directory for someone who might help you for a - fee. The service directory is found in the file named `SERVICE' - in the GNU CC distribution. - - * Send a message to `fortran@gnu.ai.mit.edu'. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Adding Options, Next: Projects, Prev: Service, Up: Top - -Adding Options -************** - - To add a new command-line option to `g77', first decide what kind of -option you wish to add. Search the `g77' and `gcc' documentation for -one or more options that is most closely like the one you want to add -(in terms of what kind of effect it has, and so on) to help clarify its -nature. - - * *Fortran options* are options that apply only when compiling - Fortran programs. They are accepted by `g77' and `gcc', but they - mean something only when these commands actually compile Fortran - programs. - - * *Compiler options* are options that apply when compiling most any - kind of program. - - *Fortran options* are listed in the file `gcc/f/lang-options.h', -which is used when during the build of `gcc' to build a list of all -options that are accepted by at last one language's compiler. This -list goes into the `lang_options' array in `gcc/toplev.c', which uses -this array to determine whether a particular option should be offered -to the linked-in front end for processing by calling -`lang_option_decode', which, for `g77', is in `gcc/f/com.c' and just -calls `ffe_decode_option'. - - Even if the linked-in front end "rejects" a particular option passed -to it, `toplev.c' just ignores the option, because *some* language's -compiler is willing to accept it. - - This allows commands like `gcc -fno-asm foo.c bar.f' to work, even -though Fortran compilation does not currently support the `-fno-asm' -option; even though the `f771' version of `lang_decode_option' rejects -`-fno-asm', `toplev.c' doesn't produce a diagnostic because some other -language (C) does accept it. - - This also means that commands like `g77 -fno-asm foo.f' yield no -diagnostics, despite the fact that no phase of the command was able to -recognize and process `-fno-asm'--perhaps a warning about this would be -helpful if it were possible. - - Code that processes Fortran options is found in `gcc/f/top.c', -function `ffe_decode_option'. This code needs to check positive and -negative forms of each option. - - The defaults for Fortran options are set in their global -definitions, also found in `gcc/f/top.c'. Some of these defaults are -actually macros defined in `gcc/f/target.h', since they might be -machine-specific, although, in practice, GNU compilers should behave -the same way on all configurations (especially when it comes to -language constructs). - - Accessor macros for Fortran options, used by code in the `g77' FFE, -are defined in `gcc/f/top.h'. - - *Compiler options* are listed in `gcc/toplev.c' in the array -`f_options'. An option not listed in `lang_options' is looked up in -`f_options' and handled from there. - - The defaults for compiler options are set in the global definitions -for the corresponding variables, some of which are in `gcc/toplev.c'. - - You can set different defaults for *Fortran-oriented* or -*Fortran-reticent* compiler options by changing the way `f771' handles -the `-fset-g77-defaults' option, which is always provided as the first -option when called by `g77' or `gcc'. - - This code is in `ffe_decode_options' in `gcc/f/top.c'. Have it -change just the variables that you want to default to a different -setting for Fortran compiles compared to compiles of other languages. - - The `-fset-g77-defaults' option is passed to `f771' automatically -because of the specification information kept in `gcc/f/lang-specs.h'. -This file tells the `gcc' command how to recognize, in this case, -Fortran source files (those to be preprocessed, and those that are -not), and further, how to invoke the appropriate programs (including -`f771') to process those source files. - - It is in `gcc/f/lang-specs.h' that `-fset-g77-defaults', -`-fversion', and other options are passed, as appropriate, even when -the user has not explicitly specified them. Other "internal" options -such as `-quiet' also are passed via this mechanism. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Projects, Next: Index, Prev: Adding Options, Up: Top - -Projects -******** - - If you want to contribute to `g77' by doing research, design, -specification, documentation, coding, or testing, the following -information should give you some ideas. - -* Menu: - -* Efficiency:: Make `g77' itself compile code faster. -* Better Optimization:: Teach `g77' to generate faster code. -* Simplify Porting:: Make `g77' easier to configure, build, - and install. -* More Extensions:: Features many users won't know to ask for. -* Machine Model:: `g77' should better leverage `gcc'. -* Internals Documentation:: Make maintenance easier. -* Internals Improvements:: Make internals more robust. -* Better Diagnostics:: Make using `g77' on new code easier. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Efficiency, Next: Better Optimization, Up: Projects - -Improve Efficiency -================== - - Don't bother doing any performance analysis until most of the -following items are taken care of, because there's no question they -represent serious space/time problems, although some of them show up -only given certain kinds of (popular) input. - - * Improve `malloc' package and its uses to specify more info about - memory pools and, where feasible, use obstacks to implement them. - - * Skip over uninitialized portions of aggregate areas (arrays, - `COMMON' areas, `EQUIVALENCE' areas) so zeros need not be output. - This would reduce memory usage for large initialized aggregate - areas, even ones with only one initialized element. - - As of version 0.5.18, a portion of this item has already been - accomplished. - - * Prescan the statement (in `sta.c') so that the nature of the - statement is determined as much as possible by looking entirely at - its form, and not looking at any context (previous statements, - including types of symbols). This would allow ripping out of the - statement-confirmation, symbol retraction/confirmation, and - diagnostic inhibition mechanisms. Plus, it would result in - much-improved diagnostics. For example, `CALL - some-intrinsic(...)', where the intrinsic is not a subroutine - intrinsic, would result actual error instead of the - unimplemented-statement catch-all. - - * Throughout `g77', don't pass line/column pairs where a simple - `ffewhere' type, which points to the error as much as is desired - by the configuration, will do, and don't pass `ffelexToken' types - where a simple `ffewhere' type will do. Then, allow new default - configuration of `ffewhere' such that the source line text is not - preserved, and leave it to things like Emacs' next-error function - to point to them (now that `next-error' supports column, or, - perhaps, character-offset, numbers). The change in calling - sequences should improve performance somewhat, as should not - having to save source lines. (Whether this whole item will - improve performance is questionable, but it should improve - maintainability.) - - * Handle `DATA (A(I),I=1,1000000)/1000000*2/' more efficiently, - especially as regards the assembly output. Some of this might - require improving the back end, but lots of improvement in - space/time required in `g77' itself can be fairly easily obtained - without touching the back end. Maybe type-conversion, where - necessary, can be speeded up as well in cases like the one shown - (converting the `2' into `2.'). - - * If analysis shows it to be worthwhile, optimize `lex.c'. - - * Consider redesigning `lex.c' to not need any feedback during - tokenization, by keeping track of enough parse state on its own. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Better Optimization, Next: Simplify Porting, Prev: Efficiency, Up: Projects - -Better Optimization -=================== - - Much of this work should be put off until after `g77' has all the -features necessary for its widespread acceptance as a useful F77 -compiler. However, perhaps this work can be done in parallel during -the feature-adding work. - - * Get the back end to produce at least as good code involving array - references as does `f2c' plus `gcc'. (*Note:* 0.5.18, with its - improvements to the GBE for versions 2.7.1 and 2.7.2 of `gcc', - should succeed at doing this. Please submit any cases where `g77' - cannot be made to generate as optimal code as `f2c' in combination - with the same version of `gcc', but only for versions 2.7.1 and - greater of `gcc'.) - - * Do the equivalent of the trick of putting `extern inline' in front - of every function definition in `libf2c' and #include'ing the - resulting file in `f2c'+`gcc'--that is, inline all - run-time-library functions that are at all worth inlining. (Some - of this has already been done, such as for integral - exponentiation.) - - * When doing `CHAR_VAR = CHAR_FUNC(...)', and it's clear that types - line up and `CHAR_VAR' is addressable or not a `VAR_DECL', make - `CHAR_VAR', not a temporary, be the receiver for `CHAR_FUNC'. - (This is now done for `COMPLEX' variables.) - - * Design and implement Fortran-specific optimizations that don't - really belong in the back end, or where the front end needs to - give the back end more info than it currently does. - - * Design and implement a new run-time library interface, with the - code going into `libgcc' so no special linking is required to link - Fortran programs using standard language features. This library - would speed up lots of things, from I/O (using precompiled formats, - doing just one, or, at most, very few, calls for arrays or array - sections, and so on) to general computing (array/section - implementations of various intrinsics, implementation of commonly - performed loops that aren't likely to be optimally compiled - otherwise, etc.). - - Among the important things the library would do are: - - * Be a one-stop-shop-type library, hence shareable and usable - by all, in that what are now library-build-time options in - `libf2c' would be moved at least to the `g77' compile phase, - if not to finer grains (such as choosing how list-directed - I/O formatting is done by default at `OPEN' time, for - preconnected units via options or even statements in the main - program unit, maybe even on a per-I/O basis with appropriate - pragma-like devices). - - * Probably requiring the new library design, change interface to - normally have `COMPLEX' functions return their values in the way - `gcc' would if they were declared `__complex__ float', rather than - using the mechanism currently used by `CHARACTER' functions - (whereby the functions are compiled as returning void and their - first arg is a pointer to where to store the result). (Don't - append underscores to external names for `COMPLEX' functions in - some cases once `g77' uses `gcc' rather than `f2c' calling - conventions.) - - * Do something useful with `doiter' references where possible. For - example, `CALL FOO(I)' cannot modify `I' if within a `DO' loop - that uses `I' as the iteration variable, and the back end might - find that info useful in determining whether it needs to read `I' - back into a register after the call. (It normally has to do that, - unless it knows `FOO' never modifies its passed-by-reference - argument, which is rarely the case for Fortran-77 code.) - - -File: g77.info, Node: Simplify Porting, Next: More Extensions, Prev: Better Optimization, Up: Projects - -Simplify Porting -================ - - Making `g77' easier to configure, port, build, and install, either -as a single-system compiler or as a cross-compiler, would be very -useful. - - * A new library (replacing `libf2c') should improve portability as - well as produce more optimal code. Further, `g77' and the new - library should conspire to simplify naming of externals, such as - by removing unnecessarily added underscores, and to - reduce/eliminate the possibility of naming conflicts, while making - debugger more straightforward. - - Also, it should make multi-language applications more feasible, - such as by providing Fortran intrinsics that get Fortran unit - numbers given C `FILE *' descriptors. - - * Possibly related to a new library, `g77' should produce the - equivalent of a `gcc' `main(argc, argv)' function when it compiles - a main program unit, instead of compiling something that must be - called by a library implementation of `main()'. - - This would do many useful things such as provide more flexibility - in terms of setting up exception handling, not requiring - programmers to start their debugging sessions with `breakpoint - MAIN__' followed by `run', and so on. - - * The GBE needs to understand the difference between alignment - requirements and desires. For example, on Intel x86 machines, - `g77' currently imposes overly strict alignment requirements, due - to the back end, but it would be useful for Fortran and C - programmers to be able to override these *recommendations* as long - as they don't violate the actual processor *requirements*. - - -File: g77.info, Node: More Extensions, Next: Machine Model, Prev: Simplify Porting, Up: Projects - -More Extensions -=============== - - These extensions are not the sort of things users ask for "by name", -but they might improve the usability of `g77', and Fortran in general, -in the long run. Some of these items really pertain to improving `g77' -internals so that some popular extensions can be more easily supported. - - * Consider adding a `NUMERIC' type to designate typeless numeric - constants, named and unnamed. The idea is to provide a - forward-looking, effective replacement for things like the - old-style `PARAMETER' statement when people really need - typelessness in a maintainable, portable, clearly documented way. - Maybe `TYPELESS' would include `CHARACTER', `POINTER', and - whatever else might come along. (This is not really a call for - polymorphism per se, just an ability to express limited, syntactic - polymorphism.) - - * Support `OPEN(...,KEY=(...),...)'. - - * `OPEN(NOSPANBLOCKS,...)' is treated as - `OPEN(UNIT=NOSPANBLOCKS,...)', so a later `UNIT=' in the first - example is invalid. Make sure this is what users of this feature - would expect. - - * Currently `g77' disallows `READ(1'10)' since it is an obnoxious - syntax, but supporting it might be pretty easy if needed. More - details are needed, such as whether general expressions separated - by an apostrophe are supported, or maybe the record number can be - a general expression, and so on. - - * Support `STRUCTURE', `UNION', `MAP', and `RECORD' fully. - Currently there is no support at all for `%FILL' in `STRUCTURE' - and related syntax, whereas the rest of the stuff has at least - some parsing support. This requires either major changes to - `libf2c' or its replacement. - - * F90 and `g77' probably disagree about label scoping relative to - `INTERFACE' and `END INTERFACE', and their contained procedure - interface bodies (blocks?). - - * `ENTRY' doesn't support F90 `RESULT()' yet, since that was added - after S8.112. - - * Empty-statement handling (10 ;;CONTINUE;;) probably isn't - consistent with the final form of the standard (it was vague at - S8.112). - - * It seems to be an "open" question whether a file, immediately - after being `OPEN'ed,is positioned at the beginning, the end, or - wherever--it might be nice to offer an option of opening to - "undefined" status, requiring an explicit absolute-positioning - operation to be performed before any other (besides `CLOSE') to - assist in making applications port to systems (some IBM?) that - `OPEN' to the end of a file or some such thing. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Machine Model, Next: Internals Documentation, Prev: More Extensions, Up: Projects - -Machine Model -============= - - This items pertain to generalizing `g77''s view of the machine model -to more fully accept whatever the GBE provides it via its configuration. - - * Switch to using `REAL_VALUE_TYPE' to represent floating-point - constants exclusively so the target float format need not be - required. This means changing the way `g77' handles - initialization of aggregate areas having more than one type, such - as `REAL' and `INTEGER', because currently it initializes them as - if they were arrays of `char' and uses the bit patterns of the - constants of the various types in them to determine what to stuff - in elements of the arrays. - - * Rely more and more on back-end info and capabilities, especially - in the area of constants (where having the `g77' front-end's IL - just store the appropriate tree nodes containing constants might - be best). - - * Suite of C and Fortran programs that a user/administrator can run - on a machine to help determine the configuration for `g77' before - building and help determine if the compiler works (especially with - whatever libraries are installed) after building. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Internals Documentation, Next: Internals Improvements, Prev: Machine Model, Up: Projects - -Internals Documentation -======================= - - Better info on how `g77' works and how to port it is needed. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Internals Improvements, Next: Better Diagnostics, Prev: Internals Documentation, Up: Projects - -Internals Improvements -====================== - - Some more items that would make `g77' more reliable and easier to -maintain: - - * Generally make expression handling focus more on critical syntax - stuff, leaving semantics to callers. For example, anything a - caller can check, semantically, let it do so, rather than having - `expr.c' do it. (Exceptions might include things like diagnosing - `FOO(I--K:)=BAR' where `FOO' is a `PARAMETER'--if it seems - important to preserve the left-to-right-in-source order of - production of diagnostics.) - - * Come up with better naming conventions for `-D' to establish - requirements to achieve desired implementation dialect via - `proj.h'. - - * Clean up used tokens and `ffewhere's in `ffeglobal_terminate_1'. - - * Replace `sta.c' `outpooldisp' mechanism with `malloc_pool_use'. - - * Check for `opANY' in more places in `com.c', `std.c', and `ste.c', - and get rid of the `opCONVERT(opANY)' kludge (after determining if - there is indeed no real need for it). - - * Utility to read and check `bad.def' messages and their references - in the code, to make sure calls are consistent with message - templates. - - * Search and fix `&ffe...' and similar so that `ffe...ptr...' macros - are available instead (a good argument for wishing this could have - written all this stuff in C++, perhaps). On the other hand, it's - questionable whether this sort of improvement is really necessary, - given the availability of tools such as Emacs and perl, which - making finding any address-taking of structure members easy enough? - - * Some modules truly export the member names of their structures - (and the structures themselves), maybe fix this, and fix other - modules that just appear to as well (by appending `_', though it'd - be ugly and probably not worth the time). - - * Implement C macros `RETURNS(value)' and `SETS(something,value)' in - `proj.h' and use them throughout `g77' source code (especially in - the definitions of access macros in `.h' files) so they can be - tailored to catch code writing into a `RETURNS()' or reading from - a `SETS()'. - - * Decorate throughout with `const' and other such stuff. - - * All F90 notational derivations in the source code are still based - on the S8.112 version of the draft standard. Probably should - update to the official standard, or put documentation of the rules - as used in the code...uh...in the code. - - * Some `ffebld_new' calls (those outside of `ffeexpr.c' or inside - but invoked via paths not involving `ffeexpr_lhs' or - `ffeexpr_rhs') might be creating things in improper pools, leading - to such things staying around too long or (doubtful, but possible - and dangerous) not long enough. - - * Some `ffebld_list_new' (or whatever) calls might not be matched by - `ffebld_list_bottom' (or whatever) calls, which might someday - matter. (It definitely is not a problem just yet.) - - * Probably not doing clean things when we fail to `EQUIVALENCE' - something due to alignment/mismatch or other problems--they end up - without `ffestorag' objects, so maybe the backend (and other parts - of the front end) can notice that and handle like an `opANY' (do - what it wants, just don't complain or crash). Most of this seems - to have been addressed by now, but a code review wouldn't hurt. - - -File: g77.info, Node: Better Diagnostics, Prev: Internals Improvements, Up: Projects - -Better Diagnostics -================== - - These are things users might not ask about, or that need to be -looked into, before worrying about. Also here are items that involve -reducing unnecessary diagnostic clutter. - - * Implement non-F90 messages (especially avoid mentioning F90 things - `g77' doesn't yet support). Much of this has been done as of - 0.5.14. - - * When `FUNCTION' and `ENTRY' point types disagree (`CHARACTER' - lengths, type classes, and so on), `ANY'-ize the offending `ENTRY' - point and any *new* dummies it specifies. - - * Speed up and improve error handling for data when repeat-count is - specified. For example, don't output 20 unnecessary messages - after the first necessary one for: - - INTEGER X(20) - CONTINUE - DATA (X(I), J= 1, 20) /20*5/ - END - - (The `CONTINUE' statement ensures the `DATA' statement is - processed in the context of executable, not specification, - statements.) - diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info-9 b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info-9 deleted file mode 100644 index 261b8e4b87b..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/f/g77.info-9 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,938 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file g77.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.64 from the input -file g77.texi. - - This file explains how to use the GNU Fortran system. - - Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 -Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - - Copyright (C) 1995, 1996 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for -Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are -included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public -License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight -`Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in -translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the -original English. - - Contributed by James Craig Burley (`burley@gnu.ai.mit.edu'). -Inspired by a first pass at translating `g77-0.5.16/f/DOC' that was -contributed to Craig by David Ronis (`ronis@onsager.chem.mcgill.ca'). - - -File: g77.info, Node: Index, Prev: Projects, Up: Top - -Index -***** - -* Menu: - -* #define: Overall Options. -* #if: Overall Options. -* #include: Overall Options. -* %DESCR() intrinsic <1>: Extensions. -* %DESCR() intrinsic: Changes. -* %LOC() intrinsic: Extensions. -* %REF() intrinsic: Extensions. -* %VAL() intrinsic: Extensions. -* *N notation: Types. -* --driver option <1>: Invoking G77. -* --driver option: G77 and GCC. -* -fGROUP-intrinsics-hide option: Overly Convenient Options. -* -fcaller-saves option: Optimize Options. -* -fcase-initcap option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -fcase-lower option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -fcase-preserve option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -fcase-strict-lower option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -fcase-strict-upper option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -fcase-upper option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -fdcp-intrinsics-delete option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -fdcp-intrinsics-disable option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -fdcp-intrinsics-enable option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -fdcp-intrinsics-hide option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -fdelayed-branch option: Optimize Options. -* -fdollar-ok option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -fexpensive-optimizations option: Optimize Options. -* -ff2c-intrinsics-delete option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -ff2c-intrinsics-disable option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -ff2c-intrinsics-enable option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -ff2c-intrinsics-hide option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -ff2c-library option: Code Gen Options. -* -ff90 option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -ff90-intrinsics-delete option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -ff90-intrinsics-disable option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -ff90-intrinsics-enable option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -ff90-intrinsics-hide option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -ff90-not-vxt option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -ffast-math option: Optimize Options. -* -ffixed-line-length-N option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -ffloat-store option: Optimize Options. -* -fforce-addr option: Optimize Options. -* -fforce-mem option: Optimize Options. -* -ffree-form option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -finit-local-zero option <1>: Overly Convenient Options. -* -finit-local-zero option: Code Gen Options. -* -fintrin-case-any option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -fintrin-case-initcap option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -fintrin-case-lower option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -fintrin-case-upper option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -fmatch-case-any option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -fmatch-case-initcap option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -fmatch-case-lower option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -fmatch-case-upper option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -fmil-intrinsics-delete option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -fmil-intrinsics-disable option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -fmil-intrinsics-enable option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -fmil-intrinsics-hide option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -fno-automatic option <1>: Overly Convenient Options. -* -fno-automatic option: Code Gen Options. -* -fno-backslash option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -fno-common option: Code Gen Options. -* -fno-f2c option <1>: Faster Programs. -* -fno-f2c option: Code Gen Options. -* -fno-fixed-form option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -fno-ident option: Code Gen Options. -* -fno-inline option: Optimize Options. -* -fno-second-underscore option: Code Gen Options. -* -fno-ugly-args option: Warning Options. -* -fno-ugly-init option: Warning Options. -* -fno-underscoring option: Code Gen Options. -* -fpack-struct option: Code Gen Options. -* -fpcc-struct-return option: Code Gen Options. -* -fpedantic option: Warning Options. -* -fPIC option: Actual Bugs. -* -freg-struct-return option: Code Gen Options. -* -frerun-cse-after-loop option: Optimize Options. -* -fschedule-insns option: Optimize Options. -* -fschedule-insns2 option: Optimize Options. -* -fset-g77-defaults option: Overall Options. -* -fshort-double option: Code Gen Options. -* -fsource-case-lower option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -fsource-case-preserve option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -fsource-case-upper option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -fstrength-reduce option: Optimize Options. -* -fsymbol-case-any option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -fsymbol-case-initcap option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -fsymbol-case-lower option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -fsymbol-case-upper option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -fsyntax-only option: Warning Options. -* -fugly option <1>: Actual Bugs. -* -fugly option <2>: Overly Convenient Options. -* -fugly option: Warning Options. -* -funix-intrinsics-delete option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -funix-intrinsics-disable option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -funix-intrinsics-enable option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -funix-intrinsics-hide option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -funroll-all-loops option: Optimize Options. -* -funroll-loops option: Optimize Options. -* -fversion option: Overall Options. -* -fvxt-intrinsics-delete option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -fvxt-intrinsics-disable option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -fvxt-intrinsics-enable option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -fvxt-intrinsics-hide option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -fvxt-not-f90 option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* -fzeros option: Code Gen Options. -* -g option: Debugging Options. -* -I- option: Directory Options. -* -Idir option: Directory Options. -* -pedantic option: Warning Options. -* -pedantic-errors option: Warning Options. -* -u option: Warning Options. -* -v option: G77 and GCC. -* -w option: Warning Options. -* -Waggregate-return option: Warning Options. -* -Wall option: Warning Options. -* -Wcomment option: Warning Options. -* -Wconversion option: Warning Options. -* -Werror option: Warning Options. -* -Wformat option: Warning Options. -* -Wid-clash-LEN option: Warning Options. -* -Wimplicit option: Warning Options. -* -Wlarger-than-LEN option: Warning Options. -* -Wparentheses option: Warning Options. -* -Wredundant-decls option: Warning Options. -* -Wshadow option: Warning Options. -* -Wsurprising option: Warning Options. -* -Wswitch option: Warning Options. -* -Wtraditional option: Warning Options. -* -Wuninitialized option: Warning Options. -* -Wunused option: Warning Options. -* .F: Overall Options. -* .fpp: Overall Options. -* /WARNINGS=DECLARATIONS switch: Warning Options. -* 64-bit systems: Alpha Problems. -* bison: Missing bison?. -* g77, installation of: Installation of Binaries. -* gcc versions supported by g77: Merging Distributions. -* gcc, installation of: Installation of Binaries. -* gdb support: But-bugs. -* makeinfo: Missing makeinfo?. -* _strtoul: General Problems. -* ABORT() intrinsic: Fortran Dialect Options. -* ACCEPT statement: Missing Features. -* adding options: Adding Options. -* adjustable arrays: Adjustable Arrays. -* aggregate initialization: Large Initialization. -* all warnings: Warning Options. -* Alpha support: Actual Bugs. -* Alpha, bugs: Alpha Problems. -* alternate entry points: Alternate Entry Points. -* alternate returns: Alternate Returns. -* AND intrinsic: Missing Features. -* ANSI FORTRAN 77 support: Standard Support. -* arguments, unused: Warning Options. -* array ordering: Arrays. -* arrays: Arrays. -* arrays, adjustable: Adjustable Arrays. -* arrays, automatic: Adjustable Arrays. -* arrays, dimensioning: Adjustable Arrays. -* as command: What is GNU Fortran?. -* assembler: What is GNU Fortran?. -* assembly code: What is GNU Fortran?. -* assembly code, invalid: Bug Criteria. -* ASSIGN statement: Assigned Statement Labels. -* assigned statement labels: Assigned Statement Labels. -* automatic arrays: Adjustable Arrays. -* back end, gcc: What is GNU Fortran?. -* backslash <1>: Non-bugs. -* backslash: Fortran Dialect Options. -* backtrace for bug reports: Bug Reporting. -* basic concepts: What is GNU Fortran?. -* beginners: Getting Started. -* binaries, distributing: Distributing Binaries. -* bit patterns: Floating-point Bit Patterns. -* block data: Disappointments. -* block data and libraries: Block Data and Libraries. -* BLOCK DATA statement <1>: Disappointments. -* BLOCK DATA statement: Block Data and Libraries. -* bootstrap build: Bootstrap Build. -* bug criteria: Bug Criteria. -* bug report mailing lists: Bug Lists. -* bugs <1>: Bugs. -* bugs: What is GNU Fortran?. -* bugs, known: Trouble. -* build, bootstrap: Bootstrap Build. -* build, straight: Straight Build. -* building g77: Building gcc. -* building gcc: Building gcc. -* but-bugs: But-bugs. -* C preprocessor: Overall Options. -* C routines calling Fortran: Debugging and Interfacing. -* calling C routines: Debugging and Interfacing. -* card image: Fortran Dialect Options. -* carriage returns: Source Form. -* case sensitivity: Case Sensitivity. -* cc1 program: What is GNU Fortran?. -* cc1plus program: What is GNU Fortran?. -* changes, user-visible: Changes. -* character constants <1>: Character and Hollerith Constants. -* character constants <2>: Distensions. -* character constants <3>: Dialects. -* character constants: Fortran Dialect Options. -* character set: Fortran Dialect Options. -* characters, comment: Dialects. -* characters, continuation: Dialects. -* CLOSE statement: Missing Features. -* code generation conventions: Code Gen Options. -* code generation, improving: Better Optimization. -* code generator: What is GNU Fortran?. -* code, assembly: What is GNU Fortran?. -* code, displaying main source: Actual Bugs. -* code, distributing: Distributing Binaries. -* code, in-line: What is GNU Fortran?. -* code, legacy: Collected Fortran Wisdom. -* code, machine: What is GNU Fortran?. -* code, modifying: Unpacking. -* code, object: Object Compatibility. -* code, source <1>: Unpacking. -* code, source <2>: Case Sensitivity. -* code, source <3>: Source Form. -* code, source: What is GNU Fortran?. -* code, stack variables: Maximum Stackable Size. -* code, user: But-bugs. -* code, writing: Collected Fortran Wisdom. -* column-major ordering: Arrays. -* command options: Invoking G77. -* commands, as: What is GNU Fortran?. -* commands, f77: Installing f77. -* commands, g77 <1>: G77 and GCC. -* commands, g77: What is GNU Fortran?. -* commands, gcc <1>: G77 and GCC. -* commands, gcc: What is GNU Fortran?. -* commands, gdb: What is GNU Fortran?. -* commands, ld: What is GNU Fortran?. -* comment character: Dialects. -* common blocks <1>: Actual Bugs. -* common blocks: Common Blocks. -* COMMON blocks: Debugging Options. -* common blocks, large: But-bugs. -* COMMON statement <1>: Disappointments. -* COMMON statement: Common Blocks. -* compatibility <1>: Faster Programs. -* compatibility <2>: Block Data and Libraries. -* compatibility: Object Compatibility. -* compatibility, f2c: Code Gen Options. -* compilation, in-line: Optimize Options. -* compilation, pedantic: Pedantic Compilation. -* compiler bugs, reporting: Bug Reporting. -* compiler memory usage: Actual Bugs. -* compiler speed: Actual Bugs. -* compilers: What is GNU Fortran?. -* compilers, compatibility: Object Compatibility. -* compiling programs: G77 and GCC. -* COMPLEX intrinsics: Fortran Dialect Options. -* COMPLEX support: Actual Bugs. -* COMPLEX type: Types. -* components of g77: What is GNU Fortran?. -* concepts, basic: What is GNU Fortran?. -* conformance, IEEE: Optimize Options. -* constants: Constants. -* constants, character <1>: Character and Hollerith Constants. -* constants, character <2>: Distensions. -* constants, character: Dialects. -* constants, Hollerith <1>: Character and Hollerith Constants. -* constants, Hollerith <2>: Distensions. -* constants, Hollerith: Changes. -* constants, integer: Actual Bugs. -* constants, octal: Dialects. -* constants, typeless: Changes. -* continuation character: Dialects. -* contributors: Contributors. -* core dump: Bug Criteria. -* cpp preprocessor: Overall Options. -* cpp program <1>: Bug Reporting. -* cpp program <2>: Preprocessor Options. -* cpp program <3>: Overall Options. -* cpp program: What is GNU Fortran?. -* Cray pointers: Missing Features. -* creating patch files: Merging Distributions. -* credits: Contributors. -* cross-compilation: Cross-compiler Problems. -* cross-compiler, building: Floating-point Bit Patterns. -* DATA statement <1>: Actual Bugs. -* DATA statement: Code Gen Options. -* data types: Types. -* debug_rtx: Bug Reporting. -* debugger: What is GNU Fortran?. -* debugging <1>: Actual Bugs. -* debugging <2>: Main Program Unit. -* debugging: Debugging and Interfacing. -* debugging information options: Debugging Options. -* debugging main source code: Actual Bugs. -* deleted intrinsics: Intrinsics. -* diagnostics, incorrect: What is GNU Fortran?. -* dialect options: Fortran Dialect Options. -* dialects of language: Dialects. -* Digital Fortran features: Fortran Dialect Options. -* DIMENSION statement <1>: Adjustable Arrays. -* DIMENSION statement: Arrays. -* dimensioning arrays: Adjustable Arrays. -* directory options: Directory Options. -* directory search paths for inclusion: Directory Options. -* directory, updating info: Updating Documentation. -* disabled intrinsics: Intrinsics. -* displaying main source code: Actual Bugs. -* disposition of files: Missing Features. -* distensions: Distensions. -* distributions, unpacking: Unpacking. -* distributions, why separate: Merging Distributions. -* DO statement <1>: Loops. -* DO statement: Warning Options. -* documentation: Updating Documentation. -* dollar sign: Fortran Dialect Options. -* DOUBLE COMPLEX type: Types. -* DOUBLE PRECISION type: Types. -* double quotes: Dialects. -* driver, gcc command as: What is GNU Fortran?. -* dummies, unused: Warning Options. -* effecting IMPLICIT NONE: Warning Options. -* efficiency: Efficiency. -* ELF support: Actual Bugs. -* enabled intrinsics: Intrinsics. -* entry points: Alternate Entry Points. -* ENTRY statement: Alternate Entry Points. -* environment variables: Environment Variables. -* equivalence areas <1>: Actual Bugs. -* equivalence areas: Local Equivalence Areas. -* EQUIVALENCE areas: Debugging Options. -* EQUIVALENCE statement: Local Equivalence Areas. -* error messages: Warnings and Errors. -* error messages, incorrect: What is GNU Fortran?. -* errors, linker: But-bugs. -* exclamation points: Dialects. -* executable file: What is GNU Fortran?. -* EXIT() intrinsic: Fortran Dialect Options. -* extended-source option: Fortran Dialect Options. -* extensions: Extensions. -* extensions, file name: Overall Options. -* extensions, more: More Extensions. -* extensions, VXT: Dialects. -* extra warnings: Warning Options. -* f2c compatibility <1>: Faster Programs. -* f2c compatibility <2>: Block Data and Libraries. -* f2c compatibility <3>: Debugging and Interfacing. -* f2c compatibility <4>: Object Compatibility. -* f2c compatibility: Code Gen Options. -* f2c intrinsics: Fortran Dialect Options. -* F2C_INSTALL_FLAG: Installing f2c. -* F2CLIBOK: Installing f2c. -* f77 command: Installing f77. -* f77 support: Non-bugs. -* f771 program: What is GNU Fortran?. -* f771, linking error for: General Problems. -* F77_INSTALL_FLAG: Installing f77. -* fatal signal: Bug Criteria. -* features, ugly <1>: Distensions. -* features, ugly: Warning Options. -* FFE: What is GNU Fortran?. -* FFECOM_sizeMAXSTACKITEM: Maximum Stackable Size. -* file format not recognized: What is GNU Fortran?. -* file name extension: Overall Options. -* file name suffix: Overall Options. -* file type: Overall Options. -* file, source: What is GNU Fortran?. -* files, executable: What is GNU Fortran?. -* files, source: Source Form. -* fixed form <1>: Source Form. -* fixed form: Fortran Dialect Options. -* fixed-form line length: Fortran Dialect Options. -* floating-point bit patterns: Floating-point Bit Patterns. -* FLUSH() intrinsic: Fortran Dialect Options. -* FORMAT statement: Missing Features. -* Fortran 90 features <1>: Dialects. -* Fortran 90 features: Fortran Dialect Options. -* Fortran 90 intrinsics: Fortran Dialect Options. -* Fortran 90 support: Missing Features. -* Fortran preprocessor: Overall Options. -* free form <1>: Source Form. -* free form: Fortran Dialect Options. -* front end, g77: What is GNU Fortran?. -* FSF, funding the: Funding GNU Fortran. -* FUNCTION statement <1>: Functions. -* FUNCTION statement: Procedures. -* functions: Functions. -* functions, intrinsic: Fortran Dialect Options. -* funding improvements: Funding GNU Fortran. -* funding the FSF: Funding GNU Fortran. -* g77 command <1>: G77 and GCC. -* g77 command: What is GNU Fortran?. -* g77 front end: What is GNU Fortran?. -* g77 options, -driver: G77 and GCC. -* g77 options, -v: G77 and GCC. -* g77 options, driver: Invoking G77. -* g77, components of: What is GNU Fortran?. -* GBE <1>: General Problems. -* GBE: What is GNU Fortran?. -* gcc back end: What is GNU Fortran?. -* gcc command <1>: G77 and GCC. -* gcc command: What is GNU Fortran?. -* gcc command as driver: What is GNU Fortran?. -* gcc not recognizing Fortran source: What is GNU Fortran?. -* gdb command: What is GNU Fortran?. -* GETARG() intrinsic: Main Program Unit. -* getting started: Getting Started. -* GNU Back End (GBE): What is GNU Fortran?. -* GNU C required: General Problems. -* GNU Fortran command options: Invoking G77. -* GNU Fortran Front End (FFE): What is GNU Fortran?. -* GOTO statement: Assigned Statement Labels. -* groups of intrinsics: Intrinsics. -* hidden intrinsics: Intrinsics. -* Hollerith constants <1>: Character and Hollerith Constants. -* Hollerith constants <2>: Distensions. -* Hollerith constants <3>: Changes. -* Hollerith constants: Fortran Dialect Options. -* IARGC() intrinsic: Main Program Unit. -* IEEE conformance: Optimize Options. -* IMPLICIT CHARACTER*(*) statement: Disappointments. -* implicit declaration, warning: Warning Options. -* IMPLICIT NONE, similar effect: Warning Options. -* improvements, funding: Funding GNU Fortran. -* in-line code: What is GNU Fortran?. -* in-line compilation: Optimize Options. -* INCLUDE statement <1>: Bug Reporting. -* INCLUDE statement <2>: Directory Options. -* INCLUDE statement: Preprocessor Options. -* included files: Bug Reporting. -* inclusion, directory search paths for: Directory Options. -* incorrect diagnostics: What is GNU Fortran?. -* incorrect error messages: What is GNU Fortran?. -* incorrect use of language: What is GNU Fortran?. -* info, updating directory: Updating Documentation. -* initialization: Actual Bugs. -* initialization of local variables: Code Gen Options. -* INQUIRE statement: Missing Features. -* installation of binaries: Installation of Binaries. -* installation problems: Problems Installing. -* installation trouble: Trouble. -* installing GNU Fortran: Installation. -* installing, checking before: Pre-installation Checks. -* integer constants: Actual Bugs. -* INTEGER type: Types. -* INTEGER*2 support: Missing Features. -* interfacing: Debugging and Interfacing. -* intrinsic functions: Fortran Dialect Options. -* intrinsic subroutines: Fortran Dialect Options. -* intrinsics, %DESCR() <1>: Extensions. -* intrinsics, %DESCR(): Changes. -* intrinsics, %LOC(): Extensions. -* intrinsics, %REF(): Extensions. -* intrinsics, %VAL(): Extensions. -* intrinsics, ABORT(): Fortran Dialect Options. -* intrinsics, AND: Missing Features. -* intrinsics, COMPLEX: Fortran Dialect Options. -* intrinsics, deleted: Intrinsics. -* intrinsics, disabled: Intrinsics. -* intrinsics, enabled: Intrinsics. -* intrinsics, EXIT(): Fortran Dialect Options. -* intrinsics, f2c: Fortran Dialect Options. -* intrinsics, FLUSH(): Fortran Dialect Options. -* intrinsics, Fortran 90: Fortran Dialect Options. -* intrinsics, GETARG(): Main Program Unit. -* intrinsics, groups: Intrinsics. -* intrinsics, groups of: Intrinsics. -* intrinsics, hidden: Intrinsics. -* intrinsics, IARGC(): Main Program Unit. -* intrinsics, LOC(): Extensions. -* intrinsics, MIL-STD 1753: Fortran Dialect Options. -* intrinsics, OR: Missing Features. -* intrinsics, SHIFT: Missing Features. -* intrinsics, side effects of: Fortran Dialect Options. -* intrinsics, SIGNAL(): Fortran Dialect Options. -* intrinsics, SYSTEM(): Fortran Dialect Options. -* intrinsics, UNIX: Fortran Dialect Options. -* intrinsics, VXT: Fortran Dialect Options. -* Introduction: Top. -* invalid assembly code: Bug Criteria. -* invalid input: Bug Criteria. -* KIND= notation: Types. -* known causes of trouble: Trouble. -* language dialect options: Fortran Dialect Options. -* language dialects: Dialects. -* language extensions: Extensions. -* language, incorrect use of: What is GNU Fortran?. -* LANGUAGES: Building gcc. -* large aggregate areas: Actual Bugs. -* large common blocks: But-bugs. -* large initialization: Large Initialization. -* ld can't find _main: But-bugs. -* ld can't find _strtoul: General Problems. -* ld can't find strange names: But-bugs. -* ld command: What is GNU Fortran?. -* ld error for f771: General Problems. -* ld error for user code: But-bugs. -* ld errors: But-bugs. -* legacy code: Collected Fortran Wisdom. -* length of source lines: Fortran Dialect Options. -* letters, lowercase: Case Sensitivity. -* letters, uppercase: Case Sensitivity. -* libf2c library: What is GNU Fortran?. -* libraries: What is GNU Fortran?. -* libraries, containing BLOCK DATA: Block Data and Libraries. -* libraries, libf2c: What is GNU Fortran?. -* line length: Fortran Dialect Options. -* linker errors: But-bugs. -* linking: What is GNU Fortran?. -* linking error for f771: General Problems. -* linking error for user code: But-bugs. -* LOC() intrinsic: Extensions. -* local equivalence areas <1>: Actual Bugs. -* local equivalence areas: Local Equivalence Areas. -* LOGICAL type: Types. -* LOGICAL*1 support: Missing Features. -* loops, speeding up: Optimize Options. -* loops, unrolling: Optimize Options. -* lowercase letters: Case Sensitivity. -* machine code: What is GNU Fortran?. -* main program unit, debugging: Main Program Unit. -* main(): Main Program Unit. -* MAIN__(): Main Program Unit. -* MAP statement: Missing Features. -* maximum stackable size: Maximum Stackable Size. -* memory usage, of compiler: Actual Bugs. -* memory utilization: Large Initialization. -* merging distributions: Merging Distributions. -* messages, warning: Warning Options. -* messages, warning and error: Warnings and Errors. -* MIL-STD 1753: Fortran Dialect Options. -* missing bison: Missing bison?. -* missing makeinfo: Missing makeinfo?. -* missing debug features: Debugging Options. -* mistakes: What is GNU Fortran?. -* modifying g77: Unpacking. -* NAMELIST statement: Extensions. -* naming conflicts: Disappointments. -* native compiler: Installing f77. -* negative forms of options: Invoking G77. -* new users: Getting Started. -* newbies: Getting Started. -* null byte, trailing: Character and Hollerith Constants. -* number of trips: Loops. -* object code: Object Compatibility. -* octal constants: Dialects. -* OPEN statement: Missing Features. -* optimization, better: Better Optimization. -* optimizations, Pentium: Unpacking. -* optimize options: Optimize Options. -* options to control warnings: Warning Options. -* options, -driver <1>: Invoking G77. -* options, -driver: G77 and GCC. -* options, -fGROUP-intrinsics-hide: Overly Convenient Options. -* options, -fcaller-saves: Optimize Options. -* options, -fcase-initcap: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -fcase-lower: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -fcase-preserve: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -fcase-strict-lower: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -fcase-strict-upper: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -fcase-upper: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -fdcp-intrinsics-delete: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -fdcp-intrinsics-disable: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -fdcp-intrinsics-enable: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -fdcp-intrinsics-hide: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -fdelayed-branch: Optimize Options. -* options, -fdollar-ok: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -fexpensive-optimizations: Optimize Options. -* options, -ff2c-intrinsics-delete: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -ff2c-intrinsics-disable: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -ff2c-intrinsics-enable: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -ff2c-intrinsics-hide: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -ff2c-library: Code Gen Options. -* options, -ff90: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -ff90-intrinsics-delete: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -ff90-intrinsics-disable: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -ff90-intrinsics-enable: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -ff90-intrinsics-hide: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -ff90-not-vxt: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -ffast-math: Optimize Options. -* options, -ffixed-line-length-N: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -ffloat-store: Optimize Options. -* options, -fforce-addr: Optimize Options. -* options, -fforce-mem: Optimize Options. -* options, -ffree-form: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -finit-local-zero <1>: Overly Convenient Options. -* options, -finit-local-zero: Code Gen Options. -* options, -fintrin-case-any: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -fintrin-case-initcap: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -fintrin-case-lower: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -fintrin-case-upper: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -fmatch-case-any: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -fmatch-case-initcap: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -fmatch-case-lower: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -fmatch-case-upper: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -fmil-intrinsics-delete: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -fmil-intrinsics-disable: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -fmil-intrinsics-enable: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -fmil-intrinsics-hide: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -fno-automatic <1>: Overly Convenient Options. -* options, -fno-automatic: Code Gen Options. -* options, -fno-backslash: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -fno-common: Code Gen Options. -* options, -fno-f2c <1>: Faster Programs. -* options, -fno-f2c: Code Gen Options. -* options, -fno-fixed-form: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -fno-ident: Code Gen Options. -* options, -fno-inline: Optimize Options. -* options, -fno-second-underscore: Code Gen Options. -* options, -fno-ugly-args: Warning Options. -* options, -fno-ugly-init: Warning Options. -* options, -fno-underscoring: Code Gen Options. -* options, -fpack-struct: Code Gen Options. -* options, -fpcc-struct-return: Code Gen Options. -* options, -fpedantic: Warning Options. -* options, -fPIC: Actual Bugs. -* options, -freg-struct-return: Code Gen Options. -* options, -frerun-cse-after-loop: Optimize Options. -* options, -fschedule-insns: Optimize Options. -* options, -fschedule-insns2: Optimize Options. -* options, -fset-g77-defaults: Overall Options. -* options, -fshort-double: Code Gen Options. -* options, -fsource-case-lower: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -fsource-case-preserve: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -fsource-case-upper: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -fstrength-reduce: Optimize Options. -* options, -fsymbol-case-any: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -fsymbol-case-initcap: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -fsymbol-case-lower: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -fsymbol-case-upper: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -fsyntax-only: Warning Options. -* options, -fugly <1>: Actual Bugs. -* options, -fugly <2>: Overly Convenient Options. -* options, -fugly: Warning Options. -* options, -funix-intrinsics-delete: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -funix-intrinsics-disable: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -funix-intrinsics-enable: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -funix-intrinsics-hide: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -funroll-all-loops: Optimize Options. -* options, -funroll-loops: Optimize Options. -* options, -fversion: Overall Options. -* options, -fvxt-intrinsics-delete: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -fvxt-intrinsics-disable: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -fvxt-intrinsics-enable: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -fvxt-intrinsics-hide: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -fvxt-not-f90: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, -fzeros: Code Gen Options. -* options, -g: Debugging Options. -* options, -I-: Directory Options. -* options, -Idir: Directory Options. -* options, -pedantic: Warning Options. -* options, -pedantic-errors: Warning Options. -* options, -v: G77 and GCC. -* options, -w: Warning Options. -* options, -Waggregate-return: Warning Options. -* options, -Wall: Warning Options. -* options, -Wcomment: Warning Options. -* options, -Wconversion: Warning Options. -* options, -Werror: Warning Options. -* options, -Wformat: Warning Options. -* options, -Wid-clash-LEN: Warning Options. -* options, -Wimplicit: Warning Options. -* options, -Wlarger-than-LEN: Warning Options. -* options, -Wparentheses: Warning Options. -* options, -Wredundant-decls: Warning Options. -* options, -Wshadow: Warning Options. -* options, -Wsurprising: Warning Options. -* options, -Wswitch: Warning Options. -* options, -Wtraditional: Warning Options. -* options, -Wuninitialized: Warning Options. -* options, -Wunused: Warning Options. -* options, adding: Adding Options. -* options, code generation: Code Gen Options. -* options, debugging: Debugging Options. -* options, dialect: Fortran Dialect Options. -* options, directory search: Directory Options. -* options, GNU Fortran command: Invoking G77. -* options, negative forms: Invoking G77. -* options, optimization: Optimize Options. -* options, overall: Overall Options. -* options, overly convenient: Overly Convenient Options. -* options, preprocessor: Preprocessor Options. -* OR intrinsic: Missing Features. -* order of evaluation, side effects: Non-bugs. -* ordering, array: Arrays. -* overall options: Overall Options. -* overflow: Warning Options. -* overly convenient options: Overly Convenient Options. -* packages: Unpacking. -* padding: Actual Bugs. -* PARAMETER statement: Missing Features. -* parameters, unused: Warning Options. -* patch files: General Problems. -* patch files, creating: Merging Distributions. -* pedantic compilation: Pedantic Compilation. -* Pentium optimizations: Unpacking. -* POINTER statement: Missing Features. -* porting, simplify: Simplify Porting. -* pre-installation checks: Pre-installation Checks. -* preprocessor <1>: Bug Reporting. -* preprocessor <2>: Overall Options. -* preprocessor: What is GNU Fortran?. -* preprocessor options: Preprocessor Options. -* prerequisites: Prerequisites. -* printing main source: Actual Bugs. -* printing version information <1>: Overall Options. -* printing version information: What is GNU Fortran?. -* problems installing: Problems Installing. -* procedures: Procedures. -* PROGRAM statement: Main Program Unit. -* programs, cc1: What is GNU Fortran?. -* programs, cc1plus: What is GNU Fortran?. -* programs, compiling: G77 and GCC. -* programs, cpp <1>: Bug Reporting. -* programs, cpp <2>: Preprocessor Options. -* programs, cpp <3>: Overall Options. -* programs, cpp: What is GNU Fortran?. -* programs, f771: What is GNU Fortran?. -* programs, speeding up: Faster Programs. -* projects: Projects. -* questionable instructions: What is GNU Fortran?. -* quick start: Quick Start. -* REAL type: Types. -* recent versions <1>: Changes. -* recent versions: News. -* RECORD statement: Missing Features. -* reporting bugs: Bugs. -* requirements, GNU C: General Problems. -* RETURN statement <1>: Functions. -* RETURN statement: Alternate Returns. -* return type of functions: Functions. -* row-major ordering: Arrays. -* RS/6000 support: Actual Bugs. -* run-time library: What is GNU Fortran?. -* run-time options: Code Gen Options. -* SAVE statement: Code Gen Options. -* search path: Directory Options. -* searching for included files: Directory Options. -* semicolons: Extensions. -* separate distributions: Merging Distributions. -* SGI support: Actual Bugs. -* SHIFT intrinsic: Missing Features. -* side effects: Fortran Dialect Options. -* side effects, order of evaluation: Non-bugs. -* SIGNAL() intrinsic: Fortran Dialect Options. -* signature of procedures: Procedures. -* simplify porting: Simplify Porting. -* slow compiler: Large Initialization. -* source code <1>: Unpacking. -* source code <2>: Case Sensitivity. -* source code <3>: Source Form. -* source code: What is GNU Fortran?. -* source file: What is GNU Fortran?. -* source file form: Fortran Dialect Options. -* source file format <1>: Case Sensitivity. -* source file format <2>: Source Form. -* source file format: Fortran Dialect Options. -* source form: Source Form. -* source tree: Unpacking. -* speed, compiler: Large Initialization. -* speed, of compiler: Actual Bugs. -* speeding up loops: Optimize Options. -* speeding up programs: Faster Programs. -* standard support: Standard Support. -* statement labels, assigned: Assigned Statement Labels. -* statements, ACCEPT: Missing Features. -* statements, ASSIGN: Assigned Statement Labels. -* statements, BLOCK DATA <1>: Disappointments. -* statements, BLOCK DATA: Block Data and Libraries. -* statements, CLOSE: Missing Features. -* statements, COMMON <1>: Disappointments. -* statements, COMMON: Common Blocks. -* statements, DATA <1>: Actual Bugs. -* statements, DATA: Code Gen Options. -* statements, DIMENSION <1>: Adjustable Arrays. -* statements, DIMENSION: Arrays. -* statements, DO <1>: Loops. -* statements, DO: Warning Options. -* statements, ENTRY: Alternate Entry Points. -* statements, EQUIVALENCE: Local Equivalence Areas. -* statements, FORMAT: Missing Features. -* statements, FUNCTION <1>: Functions. -* statements, FUNCTION: Procedures. -* statements, GOTO: Assigned Statement Labels. -* statements, IMPLICIT CHARACTER*(*): Disappointments. -* statements, INCLUDE <1>: Bug Reporting. -* statements, INCLUDE <2>: Directory Options. -* statements, INCLUDE: Preprocessor Options. -* statements, INQUIRE: Missing Features. -* statements, MAP: Missing Features. -* statements, NAMELIST: Extensions. -* statements, OPEN: Missing Features. -* statements, PARAMETER: Missing Features. -* statements, POINTER: Missing Features. -* statements, PROGRAM: Main Program Unit. -* statements, RECORD: Missing Features. -* statements, RETURN <1>: Functions. -* statements, RETURN: Alternate Returns. -* statements, SAVE: Code Gen Options. -* statements, separated by semicolon: Extensions. -* statements, STRUCTURE: Missing Features. -* statements, SUBROUTINE <1>: Alternate Returns. -* statements, SUBROUTINE: Procedures. -* statements, TYPE <1>: Missing Features. -* statements, TYPE: Dialects. -* statements, UNION: Missing Features. -* straight build: Straight Build. -* STRUCTURE statement: Missing Features. -* structures: Actual Bugs. -* SUBROUTINE statement <1>: Alternate Returns. -* SUBROUTINE statement: Procedures. -* subroutines: Alternate Returns. -* subroutines, intrinsic: Fortran Dialect Options. -* suffixes, file name: Overall Options. -* support for gcc versions: Merging Distributions. -* support for ANSI FORTRAN 77: Standard Support. -* support, gdb: But-bugs. -* support, Alpha: Actual Bugs. -* support, COMPLEX: Actual Bugs. -* support, ELF: Actual Bugs. -* support, f77: Non-bugs. -* support, Fortran 90: Missing Features. -* support, RS/6000: Actual Bugs. -* support, SGI: Actual Bugs. -* suppressing warnings: Warning Options. -* symbol names <1>: Names. -* symbol names: Fortran Dialect Options. -* symbol names, transforming: Code Gen Options. -* symbol names, underscores: Code Gen Options. -* syntax checking: Warning Options. -* SYSTEM() intrinsic: Fortran Dialect Options. -* tab characters: Source Form. -* texinfo: Updating Documentation. -* trailing null byte: Character and Hollerith Constants. -* transformation of symbol names: Names. -* transforming symbol names: Code Gen Options. -* translation of user programs: What is GNU Fortran?. -* trips, number of: Loops. -* TYPE statement <1>: Missing Features. -* TYPE statement: Dialects. -* typeless constants: Changes. -* types, COMPLEX: Types. -* types, constants: Constants. -* types, DOUBLE COMPLEX: Types. -* types, DOUBLE PRECISION: Types. -* types, file: Overall Options. -* types, INTEGER: Types. -* types, LOGICAL: Types. -* types, of data: Types. -* types, REAL: Types. -* ugly features <1>: Distensions. -* ugly features: Warning Options. -* undefined behavior: Bug Criteria. -* undefined function value: Bug Criteria. -* undefined reference (_main): But-bugs. -* undefined reference (_strtoul): General Problems. -* underscores: Code Gen Options. -* uninitialized variables <1>: Code Gen Options. -* uninitialized variables: Warning Options. -* UNION statement: Missing Features. -* UNIX intrinsics: Fortran Dialect Options. -* unpacking distributions: Unpacking. -* unrecognized file format: What is GNU Fortran?. -* unresolved reference (various): But-bugs. -* unrolling loops: Optimize Options. -* unsupported warnings: Warning Options. -* unused arguments: Warning Options. -* unused dummies: Warning Options. -* unused parameters: Warning Options. -* unused variables: Warning Options. -* updating info directory: Updating Documentation. -* uppercase letters: Case Sensitivity. -* user-visible changes: Changes. -* variables, initialization of: Code Gen Options. -* variables, uninitialized <1>: Code Gen Options. -* variables, uninitialized: Warning Options. -* variables, unused: Warning Options. -* version information, printing <1>: Overall Options. -* version information, printing: What is GNU Fortran?. -* versions of gcc: Merging Distributions. -* versions, recent <1>: Changes. -* versions, recent: News. -* VXT extensions: Dialects. -* VXT features <1>: Dialects. -* VXT features: Fortran Dialect Options. -* VXT intrinsics: Fortran Dialect Options. -* warning messages: Warning Options. -* warnings: What is GNU Fortran?. -* warnings vs errors: Warnings and Errors. -* warnings, all: Warning Options. -* warnings, extra: Warning Options. -* warnings, implicit declaration: Warning Options. -* warnings, unsupported: Warning Options. -* why separate distributions: Merging Distributions. -* wisdom: Collected Fortran Wisdom. -* writing code: Collected Fortran Wisdom. -* zero byte, trailing: Character and Hollerith Constants. - - |