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.\" $OpenBSD: dir.5,v 1.20 2019/09/07 10:28:27 schwarze Exp $
.\"
.\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1991, 1993
.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\" without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\" @(#)dir.5 8.4 (Berkeley) 5/3/95
.\"
.Dd $Mdocdate: September 7 2019 $
.Dt DIR 5
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm dir ,
.Nm dirent
.Nd directory file format
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.In dirent.h
.Sh DESCRIPTION
Directories provide a convenient hierarchical method of grouping
files while obscuring the underlying details of the storage medium.
A directory file is differentiated from a plain file by a flag in its
.Xr inode 5
entry.
It consists of records (directory entries) each of which contains
information about a file and a pointer to the file itself.
Directory entries may contain other directories as well as plain files;
such nested directories are referred to as subdirectories.
A hierarchy of directories and files is formed in this manner
and is called a file system (or referred to as a file system tree).
.\" An entry in this tree,
.\" nested or not nested,
.\" is a pathname.
.Pp
Each directory file contains two special directory entries; one is a pointer
to the directory itself called dot
.Pq Dq \&.
and the other a pointer to its parent directory called dot-dot
.Pq Dq \&.. .
Dot and dot-dot are valid pathnames, however, the system root directory
.Pq Dq / ,
has no parent and dot-dot points to itself like dot.
.Pp
File system nodes are ordinary directory files on which has
been grafted a file system object, such as a physical disk or a
partitioned area of such a disk (see
.Xr mount 8 ) .
.Pp
The directory entry format is defined in the file
.In dirent.h :
.Bd -literal
/*
* A directory entry has a struct dirent at the front of it, containing
* its inode number, the length of the entry, and the length of the name
* contained in the entry. These are followed by the name padded to some
* alignment (currently 8 bytes) with NUL bytes. All names are guaranteed
* NUL terminated. The maximum length of a name in a directory is MAXNAMLEN.
*/
struct dirent {
ino_t d_fileno; /* file number of entry */
off_t d_off; /* offset of next entry */
u_int16_t d_reclen; /* length of this record */
u_int8_t d_type; /* file type, see below */
u_int8_t d_namlen; /* length of string in d_name */
#define MAXNAMLEN 255
char d_name[MAXNAMLEN + 1]; /* maximum name length */
};
#define d_ino d_fileno /* backward compatibility */
/*
* File types
*/
#define DT_UNKNOWN 0
#define DT_FIFO 1
#define DT_CHR 2
#define DT_DIR 4
#define DT_BLK 6
#define DT_REG 8
#define DT_LNK 10
#define DT_SOCK 12
.Ed
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr getdents 2 ,
.Xr fs 5 ,
.Xr inode 5
.Sh HISTORY
A
.Nm dir
file format appeared in
.At v1 .
A predecessor
.Vt struct direct
first appeared in
.At v7 .
The
.Vt dirent
structure first appeared in
.Bx 4.3 Reno .
The
.Fa d_off
member was added in
.Ox 5.5 .
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