1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
|
SSUUMMMMAARRYY OOFF CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
Commands marked with * may be preceded by a number, _N.
Notes in parentheses indicate the behavior if _N is given.
h H Display this help.
q :q Q :Q ZZ Exit.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
MMOOVVIINNGG
e ^E j ^N CR * Forward one line (or _N lines).
y ^Y k ^K ^P * Backward one line (or _N lines).
f ^F ^V SPACE * Forward one window (or _N lines).
b ^B ESC-v * Backward one window (or _N lines).
z * Forward one window (and set window to _N).
w * Backward one window (and set window to _N).
ESC-SPACE * Forward one window, but don't stop at end-of-file.
d ^D * Forward one half-window (and set half-window to _N).
u ^U * Backward one half-window (and set half-window to _N).
ESC-) RightArrow * Left one half screen width (or _N positions).
ESC-( LeftArrow * Right one half screen width (or _N positions).
F Forward forever; like "tail -f".
r ^R ^L Repaint screen.
R Repaint screen, discarding buffered input.
---------------------------------------------------
Default "window" is the screen height.
Default "half-window" is half of the screen height.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
SSEEAARRCCHHIINNGG
/_p_a_t_t_e_r_n * Search forward for (_N-th) matching line.
?_p_a_t_t_e_r_n * Search backward for (_N-th) matching line.
n * Repeat previous search (for _N-th occurrence).
N * Repeat previous search in reverse direction.
ESC-n * Repeat previous search, spanning files.
ESC-N * Repeat previous search, reverse dir. & spanning files.
ESC-u Undo (toggle) search highlighting.
&_p_a_t_t_e_r_n * Display only matching lines
---------------------------------------------------
Search patterns may be modified by one or more of:
^N or ! Search for NON-matching lines.
^E or * Search multiple files (pass thru END OF FILE).
^F or @ Start search at FIRST file (for /) or last file (for ?).
^K Highlight matches, but don't move (KEEP position).
^R Don't use REGULAR EXPRESSIONS.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
JJUUMMPPIINNGG
g < ESC-< * Go to first line in file (or line _N).
G > ESC-> * Go to last line in file (or line _N).
p % * Go to beginning of file (or _N percent into file).
t * Go to the (_N-th) next tag.
T * Go to the (_N-th) previous tag.
{ ( [ * Find close bracket } ) ].
} ) ] * Find open bracket { ( [.
ESC-^F _<_c_1_> _<_c_2_> * Find close bracket _<_c_2_>.
ESC-^B _<_c_1_> _<_c_2_> * Find open bracket _<_c_1_>
---------------------------------------------------
Each "find close bracket" command goes forward to the close bracket
matching the (_N-th) open bracket in the top line.
Each "find open bracket" command goes backward to the open bracket
matching the (_N-th) close bracket in the bottom line.
m_<_l_e_t_t_e_r_> Mark the current position with <letter>.
'_<_l_e_t_t_e_r_> Go to a previously marked position.
'' Go to the previous position.
^X^X Same as '.
---------------------------------------------------
A mark is any upper-case or lower-case letter.
Certain marks are predefined:
^ means beginning of the file
$ means end of the file
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
CCHHAANNGGIINNGG FFIILLEESS
:e [_f_i_l_e] Examine a new file.
^X^V Same as :e.
:n * Examine the (_N-th) next file from the command line.
:p * Examine the (_N-th) previous file from the command line.
:x * Examine the first (or _N-th) file from the command line.
:d Delete the current file from the command line list.
= ^G :f Print current file name.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
MMIISSCCEELLLLAANNEEOOUUSS CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
-_<_f_l_a_g_> Toggle a command line option [see OPTIONS below].
--_<_n_a_m_e_> Toggle a command line option, by name.
__<_f_l_a_g_> Display the setting of a command line option.
___<_n_a_m_e_> Display the setting of an option, by name.
+_c_m_d Execute the less cmd each time a new file is examined.
!_c_o_m_m_a_n_d Execute the shell command with $SHELL.
|XX_c_o_m_m_a_n_d Pipe file between current pos & mark XX to shell command.
v Edit the current file with $VISUAL or $EDITOR.
V Print version number of "less".
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
OOPPTTIIOONNSS
Most options may be changed either on the command line,
or from within less by using the - or -- command.
Options may be given in one of two forms: either a single
character preceded by a -, or a name preceded by --.
-? ........ --help
Display help (from command line).
-a ........ --search-skip-screen
Forward search skips current screen.
-A ........ --SEARCH-SKIP-SCREEN
Forward search always skips target line.
-b [_N] .... --buffers=[_N]
Number of buffers.
-B ........ --auto-buffers
Don't automatically allocate buffers for pipes.
-c ........ --clear-screen
Repaint by clearing rather than scrolling.
-d ........ --dumb
Dumb terminal.
-D [_x_n_._n] . --color=_x_n_._n
Set screen colors. (MS-DOS only)
-e -E .... --quit-at-eof --QUIT-AT-EOF
Quit at end of file.
-f ........ --force
Force open non-regular files.
-F ........ --quit-if-one-screen
Quit if entire file fits on first screen.
-g ........ --hilite-search
Highlight only last match for searches.
-G ........ --HILITE-SEARCH
Don't highlight any matches for searches.
-h [_N] .... --max-back-scroll=[_N]
Backward scroll limit.
-i ........ --ignore-case
Ignore case in searches that do not contain uppercase.
-I ........ --IGNORE-CASE
Ignore case in all searches.
-j [_N] .... --jump-target=[_N]
Screen position of target lines.
-J ........ --status-column
Display a status column at left edge of screen.
-k [_f_i_l_e] . --lesskey-file=[_f_i_l_e]
Use a lesskey file.
-K --quit-on-intr
Exit less in response to ctrl-C.
-L ........ --no-lessopen
Ignore the LESSOPEN environment variable.
-m -M .... --long-prompt --LONG-PROMPT
Set prompt style.
-n -N .... --line-numbers --LINE-NUMBERS
Don't use line numbers.
-o [_f_i_l_e] . --log-file=[_f_i_l_e]
Copy to log file (standard input only).
-O [_f_i_l_e] . --LOG-FILE=[_f_i_l_e]
Copy to log file (unconditionally overwrite).
-p [_p_a_t_t_e_r_n] --pattern=[_p_a_t_t_e_r_n]
Start at pattern (from command line).
-P [_p_r_o_m_p_t] --prompt=[_p_r_o_m_p_t]
Define new prompt.
-q -Q .... --quiet --QUIET --silent --SILENT
Quiet the terminal bell.
-r -R .... --raw-control-chars --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS
Output "raw" control characters.
-s ........ --squeeze-blank-lines
Squeeze multiple blank lines.
-S ........ --chop-long-lines
Chop long lines.
-t [_t_a_g] .. --tag=[_t_a_g]
Find a tag.
-T [_t_a_g_s_f_i_l_e] --tag-file=[_t_a_g_s_f_i_l_e]
Use an alternate tags file.
-u -U .... --underline-special --UNDERLINE-SPECIAL
Change handling of backspaces.
-V ........ --version
Display the version number of "less".
-w ........ --hilite-unread
Highlight first new line after forward-screen.
-W ........ --HILITE-UNREAD
Highlight first new line after any forward movement.
-x [_N[,...]] --tabs=[_N[,...]]
Set tab stops.
-X ........ --no-init
Don't use termcap init/deinit strings.
--no-keypad
Don't use termcap keypad init/deinit strings.
-y [_N] .... --max-forw-scroll=[_N]
Forward scroll limit.
-z [_N] .... --window=[_N]
Set size of window.
-" [_c[_c]] . --quotes=[_c[_c]]
Set shell quote characters.
-~ ........ --tilde
Don't display tildes after end of file.
-# [_N] .... --shift=[_N]
Horizontal scroll amount (0 = one half screen width)
........ --no-keypad
Don't send keypad init/deinit sequence.
........ --follow-name
The F command changes files if the input file is renamed.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
LLIINNEE EEDDIITTIINNGG
These keys can be used to edit text being entered
on the "command line" at the bottom of the screen.
RightArrow ESC-l Move cursor right one character.
LeftArrow ESC-h Move cursor left one character.
CNTL-RightArrow ESC-RightArrow ESC-w Move cursor right one word.
CNTL-LeftArrow ESC-LeftArrow ESC-b Move cursor left one word.
HOME ESC-0 Move cursor to start of line.
END ESC-$ Move cursor to end of line.
BACKSPACE Delete char to left of cursor.
DELETE ESC-x Delete char under cursor.
CNTL-BACKSPACE ESC-BACKSPACE Delete word to left of cursor.
CNTL-DELETE ESC-DELETE ESC-X Delete word under cursor.
CNTL-U ESC (MS-DOS only) Delete entire line.
UpArrow ESC-k Retrieve previous command line.
DownArrow ESC-j Retrieve next command line.
TAB Complete filename & cycle.
SHIFT-TAB ESC-TAB Complete filename & reverse cycle.
CNTL-L Complete filename, list all.
|
