path: root/usr.bin/less/more.1

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.\"	@(#)more.1	8.2 (Berkeley) 4/18/94
.\"
.Dd $Mdocdate: April 25 2014 $
.Dt MORE 1
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm more
.Nd view files
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Nm more
.Op Fl ceisu
.Op Fl n Ar number
.Op Fl p Ar command
.Op Fl t Ar tag
.Op Ar
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The
.Nm
pager displays text one screenful at a time.
After showing each screenful, it prompts the user for a command.
Most commands scroll the text or move to a different place
in the file, while some switch to another file.
If no
.Ar file
is specified, or if
.Ar file
is a single dash
.Pq Ql - ,
the standard input is used.
.Pp
When showing the last line of a file,
.Nm
displays a prompt indicating end of file and the name of the next file
to examine, if any.
It then waits for input from the user.
Scrolling forward switches to the next file,
or exits if there is none.
.Pp
This version of
.Nm
is actually
.Xr less 1
in disguise.
As such, it will also accept options documented in
.Xr less 1 .
This manual page describes only features
relevant to a POSIX compliant
.Nm .
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl c
When changing the display, paint from the top line down.
The default is to scroll from the bottom of the screen.
.It Fl e
Exit immediately after showing the last line of the last file,
without prompting the user for a command first.
.It Fl i
Ignore case.
Upper case and lower case are considered identical.
.It Fl n Ar number
Page
.Ar number
of lines per screenful.
By default,
.Nm
uses the terminal window size.
.It Fl p Ar command
Execute the specified
.Nm
commands when a file is first examined (or re-examined, such as with the
.Ic :e
or
.Ic :p
commands).
Multiple commands have to be concatenated into one single argument.
Search patterns may contain blank characters and can be terminated
by newline characters embedded in the
.Ar command
argument.
Any other blank and newline characters contained in the argument are
interpreted as
.Ic SPACE
and
.Ic RETURN
commands, respectively.
.It Fl s
Squeeze consecutive blank lines into a single blank line.
.It Fl t Ar tag
Examine the file containing
.Ar tag .
For more information, see
.Xr ctags  1 .
.It Fl u
Display backspaces as control characters
.Pq Sq ^H
and leave CR-LF sequences alone.
By default,
.Nm
treats backspaces and CR-LF sequences specially:
backspaces which appear adjacent to an underscore character are
displayed as underlined text;
backspaces which appear between two identical characters are displayed
as emboldened text;
and CR-LF sequences are compressed to a single linefeed character.
.El
.Sh COMMANDS
Interactive commands for
.Nm
are based on
.Xr vi  1  .
Some commands may be preceded by a decimal number, called N in the
descriptions below.
In the following descriptions, ^X means control-X.
.Bl -tag -width Ic
.It Ic h
Help: display a summary of these commands.
.It Ic SPACE | f | ^F
Scroll forward N lines, default one window.
If N is more than the screen size, only the final screenful is displayed.
.It Ic b | ^B
Scroll backward N lines, default one window (see the
.Fl n
option).
If N is more than the screen size, only the final screenful is displayed.
.It Ic j | RETURN
Scroll forward N lines, default 1.
The entire N lines are displayed, even if N is more than the screen size.
.It Ic k
Scroll backward N lines, default 1.
The entire N lines are displayed, even if N is more than the screen size.
.It Ic d | ^D
Scroll forward N lines, default one half of the screen size.
If N is specified, it becomes the new default for
subsequent d and u commands.
.It Ic u | ^U
Scroll backward N lines, default one half of the screen size.
If N is specified, it becomes the new default for
subsequent d and u commands.
.It Ic g
Go to line N in the file, default 1 (beginning of file).
.It Ic G
Go to line N in the file, default the end of the file.
.It Ic r | ^L
Repaint the screen.
.It Ic R
Repaint the screen, discarding any buffered input.
Useful if the file is changing while it is being viewed.
.It Ic m
Followed by any lowercase letter,
marks the current position with that letter.
.It Ic '
(Single quote.)
Followed by any lowercase letter, returns to the position which
was previously marked with that letter.
Followed by another single quote, returns to the position at
which the last "large" movement command was executed, or the
beginning of the file if no such movements have occurred.
All marks are lost when a new file is examined.
.It Ic / Ns Ar pattern
Search forward in the file for the N-th line containing the pattern.
N defaults to 1.
The pattern is a basic regular expression (BRE).
See
.Xr re_format 7
for more information on regular expressions.
The search starts at the second line displayed.
.It Ic ?\& Ns Ar pattern
Search backward in the file for the N-th line containing the pattern.
The search starts at the line immediately before the top line displayed.
.It Ic /! Ns Ar pattern
Like /, but the search is for the N-th line
which does NOT contain the pattern.
.It Ic ?! Ns Ar pattern
Like ?, but the search is for the N-th line
which does NOT contain the pattern.
.It Ic n
Repeat previous search, for N-th line containing the last pattern
(or NOT containing the last pattern,
if the previous search was /! or ?!).
.It Ic N
Repeat previous search in the opposite direction,
for N-th line containing the last pattern
(or NOT containing the last pattern,
if the previous search was /! or ?!).
.It Ic :e Op Ar filename
Examine a new file.
If the filename is missing, the "current" file (see the
.Ic :n
and
.Ic :p
commands below)
from the list of files in the command line is re-examined.
If the filename is a pound sign (#), the previously examined file is
re-examined.
.It Ic :n
Examine the next file (from the list of files given in the command line).
If a number N is specified (not to be confused with the command N),
the N-th next file is examined.
.It Ic :p
Examine the previous file.
If a number N is specified, the N-th previous file is examined.
.It Ic :t
Go to supplied tag.
.It Ic v
Invokes an editor to edit the current file being viewed.
The editor is taken from the environment variable
.Ev EDITOR ,
or defaults to
.Xr vi 1 .
.It Ic = | ^G
These options print out the number of the file currently being displayed
relative to the total number of files there are to display, the current
line number, the current byte number and the total bytes to display, and
what percentage of the file has been displayed.
If
.Nm
is reading from the standard input,
or the file is shorter than a single screen, some
of these items may not be available.
Note, all of these items reference the first byte of the last line
displayed on the screen.
.It Ic q | :q | ZZ
Exits
.Nm .
.El
.Sh ENVIRONMENT
.Bl -tag -width "COLUMNSXXX"
.It Ev COLUMNS
Sets the number of columns on the screen.
Takes precedence over the number of columns specified by the
.Ev TERM
variable,
but may be overridden by window systems which support
.Dv TIOCGWINSZ .
.It Ev EDITOR
Specifies the default editor.
If not set,
.Xr vi 1
is used.
.It Ev LINES
Sets the number of lines on the screen.
Takes precedence over the number of lines specified by the TERM variable,
but may be overridden by window systems which support
.Dv TIOCGWINSZ .
.It Ev MORE
Default command line options to use with
.Nm .
The options should be space-separated and must be prefixed with a dash
.Pq Ql - .
.It Ev TERM
Specifies the terminal type.
Used by
.Nm
to get the terminal characteristics necessary to manipulate the screen.
.El
.Sh EXIT STATUS
.Ex -std more
.Sh EXAMPLES
Examine the ends of all files in the current directory, showing line
and byte counts for each:
.Pp
.Dl $ more -p G= *
.Pp
Examine several manual pages, starting from the options description
in the DESCRIPTION section:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
$ more -p '/DESCRIPTION
> /options
> ' *.1
.Ed
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr ctags 1 ,
.Xr less 1 ,
.Xr vi 1 ,
.Xr re_format 7
.Sh STANDARDS
The
.Nm
utility is compliant with the
.St -p1003.1-2008
specification,
though its presence is optional.
.Pp
Functionality allowing the user to skip (as opposed to scroll)
forward is not currently implemented.
.Sh HISTORY
A
.Nm
command appeared in
.Bx 3.0 .
.Sh AUTHORS
.An Mark Nudelman Aq Mt markn@greenwoodsoftware.com