path: root/usr.sbin/makefs/makefs.8

.\"	$NetBSD: makefs.8,v 1.55 2015/11/25 16:32:00 wiz Exp $
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.Dd November 23, 2015
.Dt MAKEFS 8
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm makefs
.Nd create a file system image from a directory tree
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Nm
.Op Fl rZ
.Op Fl B Ar endian
.Op Fl b Ar free-blocks
.Op Fl d Ar debug-mask
.Op Fl f Ar free-files
.Op Fl M Ar minimum-size
.Op Fl m Ar maximum-size
.Op Fl O Ar offset
.Op Fl o Ar fs-options
.Op Fl S Ar sector-size
.Op Fl s Ar image-size
.Op Fl T Ar timestamp
.Op Fl t Ar fs-type
.Ar image-file
.Ar directory
.Op Ar extra-directory ...
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The utility
.Nm
creates a file system image into
.Ar image-file
from the directory tree
.Ar directory .
If any optional directory trees are passed in the
.Ar extra-directory
arguments, then the directory tree of each argument will be merged
into the
.Ar directory
first before creating
.Ar image-file .
No special devices or privileges are required to perform this task.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width flag
.It Fl B Ar endian
Set the byte order of the image to
.Ar endian .
Valid byte orders are
.Ql 4321 ,
.Ql big ,
or
.Ql be
for big endian, and
.Ql 1234 ,
.Ql little ,
or
.Ql le
for little endian.
Some file systems may have a fixed byte order; in those cases this
argument will be ignored.
.It Fl b Ar free-blocks
Ensure that a minimum of
.Ar free-blocks
free blocks exist in the image.
An optional
.Ql %
suffix may be provided to indicate that
.Ar free-blocks
indicates a percentage of the calculated image size.
.It Fl d Ar debug-mask
Enable various levels of debugging, depending upon which bits are
set in
.Ar debug-mask .
XXX: document these
.It Fl f Ar free-files
Ensure that a minimum of
.Ar free-files
free files (inodes) exist in the image.
An optional
.Ql %
suffix may be provided to indicate that
.Ar free-files
indicates a percentage of the calculated image size.
.It Fl M Ar minimum-size
Set the minimum size of the file system image to
.Ar minimum-size .
.It Fl m Ar maximum-size
Set the maximum size of the file system image to
.Ar maximum-size .
An error will be raised if the target file system needs to be larger
than this to accommodate the provided directory tree.
.It Fl O Ar offset
Instead of creating the file system at the beginning of the file, start
at offset.
Valid only for
.Sy ffs
and
.Sy msdos .
.It Fl o Ar fs-options
Set file system specific options.
.Ar fs-options
is a comma separated list of options.
Valid file system specific options are detailed below.
.It Fl r
When merging multiple directories replace duplicate files with the last found.
.It Fl S Ar sector-size
Set the file system sector size to
.Ar sector-size .
.\" XXX: next line also true for cd9660?
Defaults to 512.
.It Fl s Ar image-size
Set the size of the file system image to
.Ar image-size .
.It Fl T Ar timestamp
Specify a timestamp to be set for all file system files and directories
created so that repeatable builds are possible.
The
.Ar timestamp
can be a
.Pa pathname ,
where the timestamps are derived from that file, a parseable date
for
.Xr parsedate 3
(this option is not yet available in the tools build), or an integer
value interpreted as the number of seconds from the Epoch.
.It Fl t Ar fs-type
Create an
.Ar fs-type
file system image.
The following file system types are supported:
.Bl -tag -width cd9660 -offset indent
.It Sy ffs
BSD fast file system (default).
.It Sy cd9660
ISO 9660 file system.
.It Sy msdos
FAT12, FAT16, or FAT32 file system.
.El
.It Fl Z
Create a sparse file for
.Sy ffs .
This is useful for virtual machine images.
.El
.Pp
Where sizes are specified, a decimal number of bytes is expected.
Two or more numbers may be separated by an
.Dq x
to indicate a product.
Each number may have one of the following optional suffixes:
.Bl -tag -width 3n -offset indent -compact
.It b
Block; multiply by 512
.It k
Kibi; multiply by 1024 (1 KiB)
.It m
Mebi; multiply by 1048576 (1 MiB)
.It g
Gibi; multiply by 1073741824 (1 GiB)
.It t
Tebi; multiply by 1099511627776 (1 TiB)
.It w
Word; multiply by the number of bytes in an integer
.El
.\"
.\"
.Ss FFS-specific options
.Sy ffs
images have ffs-specific optional parameters that may be provided.
Each of the options consists of a keyword, an equal sign
.Pq Ql = ,
and a value.
The following keywords are supported:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width optimization -offset indent -compact
.It Sy avgfilesize
Expected average file size.
.It Sy avgfpdir
Expected number of files per directory.
.It Sy bsize
Block size.
.It Sy density
Bytes per inode.
.It Sy fsize
Fragment size.
.It Sy label
Label name of the image.
.It Sy maxbpg
Maximum blocks per file in a cylinder group.
.It Sy minfree
Minimum % free.
.It Sy optimization
Optimization preference; one of
.Ql space
or
.Ql time .
.It Sy extent
Maximum extent size.
.It Sy maxbpcg
Maximum total number of blocks in a cylinder group.
.It Sy version
UFS version.
1 for FFS (default), 2 for UFS2.
.El
.Ss CD9660-specific options
.Sy cd9660
images have ISO9660-specific optional parameters that may be
provided.
The arguments consist of a keyword and, optionally, an equal sign
.Pq Ql = ,
and a value.
The following keywords are supported:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width omit-trailing-period -offset indent -compact
.It Sy allow-deep-trees
Allow the directory structure to exceed the maximum specified in
the spec.
.\" .It Sy allow-illegal-chars
.\" Unknown
.\" .It Sy allow-lowercase
.\" Unknown
.It Sy allow-max-name
Allow 37 instead of 33 characters for filenames by omitting the
version id.
.It Sy allow-multidot
Allow multiple dots in a filename.
.It Sy applicationid
Application ID of the image.
.It Sy archimedes
Use the
.Ql ARCHIMEDES
extension to encode
.Tn RISC OS
metadata.
.It Sy chrp-boot
Write an MBR partition table to the image to allow older CHRP hardware to
boot.
.It Sy boot-load-segment
Set load segment for the boot image.
.It Sy bootimage
Filename of a boot image in the format
.Dq sysid;filename ,
where
.Dq sysid
is one of
.Ql i386 ,
.Ql mac68k ,
.Ql macppc ,
or
.Ql powerpc .
.It Sy generic-bootimage
Load a generic boot image into the first 32K of the cd9660 image.
.It Sy hard-disk-boot
Boot image is a hard disk image.
.It Sy keep-bad-images
Don't throw away images whose write was aborted due to an error.
For debugging purposes.
.It Sy label
Label name of the image.
.It Sy no-boot
Boot image is not bootable.
.It Sy no-emul-boot
Boot image is a
.Dq no emulation
ElTorito image.
.It Sy no-trailing-padding
Do not pad the image (apparently Linux needs the padding).
.\" .It Sy omit-trailing-period
.\" Unknown
.It Sy preparer
Preparer ID of the image.
.It Sy publisher
Publisher ID of the image.
.It Sy rockridge
Use RockRidge extensions (for longer filenames, etc.).
.It Sy volumeid
Volume set identifier of the image.
.El
.Ss msdos-specific options
See
.Xr newfs_msdos 8
for fs specific options.
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr scan_scaled 3 ,
.Xr installboot 8 ,
.Xr newfs 8
.Sh HISTORY
The
.Nm
utility appeared in
.Nx 1.6 .
.Sh AUTHORS
.An Luke Mewburn
.Aq lukem@NetBSD.org
(original program),
.An Daniel Watt ,
.An Walter Deignan ,
.An Ryan Gabrys ,
.An Alan Perez-Rathke ,
.An Ram Vedam
(cd9660 support),
.An UCHIYAMA Yasushi
(v7fs support),
.An Tamas Toth
(chfs support).
.An Christos Zoulas
(msdos support).
.An Reinoud Zandijk
(udf support).