diff options
author | Niklas Hallqvist <niklas@cvs.openbsd.org> | 1995-12-21 01:17:23 +0000 |
---|---|---|
committer | Niklas Hallqvist <niklas@cvs.openbsd.org> | 1995-12-21 01:17:23 +0000 |
commit | 45b8cd0825f894eda5c4b56f17ad02972f7bf2ff (patch) | |
tree | 4afa647bdd533546a136a45d234171ef616154c6 /gnu/usr.bin/gcc | |
parent | ee08dd3862586da3be6365b2bfcb077a4efba6cc (diff) |
First cut at making a minimal intrusive munge of gcc to fit in a BSD
framework. This means, provide a Makefile.bsd-wrapper. Remove
intermediate files from the source dir. Build them in the obj-dir.
Add some Makefile hooks so we can tune the std Makefile for our
purpose but still have it behave normal for out-of-tree
configurations. Only i386 is supported for now. The other archs will
follow soon. This checkin requires an existing makeinfo and a yacc
that accepts -o.
Diffstat (limited to 'gnu/usr.bin/gcc')
42 files changed, 247 insertions, 35188 deletions
diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/Makefile.bsd-wrapper b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/Makefile.bsd-wrapper new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..005e7be83c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/Makefile.bsd-wrapper @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +# $Id: Makefile.bsd-wrapper,v 1.1 1995/12/21 01:16:07 niklas Exp $ + +MAN= cccp.1 gcc.1 cp/g++.1 +MLINKS= gcc.1 cc.1 + +all: config.status + ${MAKE} BISON=yacc + +.FORCE: .IGNORE + +config: .FORCE + /bin/sh ${.CURDIR}/configure --with-gnu-as --with-gnu-ld \ + --prefix=/usr + +config.status: + /bin/sh ${.CURDIR}/configure --with-gnu-as --with-gnu-ld \ + --prefix=/usr + +install: maninstall + ${MAKE} prefix=${DESTDIR}/usr infodir=${DESTDIR}/usr/share/info \ + tooldir=/tmp assertdir=/tmp INSTALL_MAN= NO_TARGET_GCC=true \ + install + ln -f ${DESTDIR}/usr/bin/gcc ${DESTDIR}/usr/bin/cc + +clean cleandir: + -@if [ -e Makefile ]; then ${MAKE} distclean; fi + +depend: + # Nothing here so far... + +lint: + # Nothing here so far... + +tags: + # Nothing here so far... + +.include <bsd.obj.mk> +.include <bsd.subdir.mk> +.include <bsd.man.mk> diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/Makefile.in b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/Makefile.in index 0eaa67bed09..f463675e491 100644 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/Makefile.in +++ b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/Makefile.in @@ -118,6 +118,10 @@ USER_H = $(srcdir)/ginclude/stdarg.h $(srcdir)/ginclude/stddef.h \ # want to set this empty. INSTALL_ASSERT_H = install-assert-h +# Target to use for installing unformatted man-pages. Some systems may not +# want them installed. +INSTALL_MAN = install-man + # The GCC to use for compiling libgcc2.a, enquire, and libgcc1-test. # Usually the one we just built. # Don't use this as a dependency--use $(GCC_PASSES) or $(GCC_PARTS). @@ -1049,27 +1053,28 @@ stamp-crtS: crtstuff.c $(GCC_PASSES) $(CONFIG_H) gbl-ctors.h # C language specific files. -c-parse.o : $(srcdir)/c-parse.c $(CONFIG_H) $(TREE_H) c-lex.h \ - $(srcdir)/c-parse.h c-tree.h input.h flags.h - $(CC) $(ALL_CFLAGS) $(ALL_CPPFLAGS) $(INCLUDES) -c $(srcdir)/c-parse.c -$(srcdir)/c-parse.h: $(srcdir)/c-parse.c -$(srcdir)/c-parse.c: $(srcdir)/c-parse.y - cd $(srcdir); $(BISON) $(BISONFLAGS) -d c-parse.y -o c-parse.c -$(srcdir)/c-parse.y: c-parse.in +c-parse.o : c-parse.c $(CONFIG_H) $(TREE_H) c-lex.h \ + c-parse.h c-tree.h input.h flags.h + $(CC) $(ALL_CFLAGS) $(ALL_CPPFLAGS) $(INCLUDES) -c c-parse.c +c-parse.h: c-parse.c +c-parse.c: c-parse.y + $(BISON) $(BISONFLAGS) -d c-parse.y -o c-parse.c +c-parse.y: c-parse.in sed -e "/^ifobjc$$/,/^end ifobjc$$/d" \ -e "/^ifc$$/d" -e "/^end ifc$$/d" \ $(srcdir)/c-parse.in >tmp-c-parse.y - $(srcdir)/move-if-change tmp-c-parse.y $(srcdir)/c-parse.y + $(srcdir)/move-if-change tmp-c-parse.y c-parse.y -$(srcdir)/c-gperf.h: c-parse.gperf - gperf -p -j1 -i 1 -g -o -t -G -N is_reserved_word -k1,3,$$ \ - $(srcdir)/c-parse.gperf >tmp-gperf.h - $(srcdir)/move-if-change tmp-gperf.h $(srcdir)/c-gperf.h +# XXX OpenBSD +#$(srcdir)/c-gperf.h: c-parse.gperf +# gperf -p -j1 -i 1 -g -o -t -G -N is_reserved_word -k1,3,$$ \ +# $(srcdir)/c-parse.gperf >tmp-gperf.h +# $(srcdir)/move-if-change tmp-gperf.h $(srcdir)/c-gperf.h c-decl.o : c-decl.c $(CONFIG_H) $(TREE_H) c-tree.h c-lex.h flags.h output.h c-typeck.o : c-typeck.c $(CONFIG_H) $(TREE_H) c-tree.h flags.h output.h c-lang.o : c-lang.c $(CONFIG_H) $(TREE_H) -c-lex.o : c-lex.c $(CONFIG_H) $(TREE_H) c-lex.h c-tree.h $(srcdir)/c-parse.h \ +c-lex.o : c-lex.c $(CONFIG_H) $(TREE_H) c-lex.h c-tree.h c-parse.h \ input.h flags.h $(srcdir)/c-gperf.h c-pragma.h c-aux-info.o : c-aux-info.c $(CONFIG_H) $(TREE_H) c-tree.h flags.h c-convert.o : c-convert.c $(CONFIG_H) $(TREE_H) flags.h @@ -1112,19 +1117,19 @@ stamp-under: $(GCC_PASSES) # Objective C language specific files. -objc-parse.o : $(srcdir)/objc-parse.c $(CONFIG_H) $(TREE_H) c-lex.h \ +objc-parse.o : objc-parse.c $(CONFIG_H) $(TREE_H) c-lex.h \ c-tree.h input.h flags.h objc-act.h - $(CC) $(ALL_CFLAGS) $(ALL_CPPFLAGS) $(INCLUDES) -c $(srcdir)/objc-parse.c -$(srcdir)/objc-parse.c : $(srcdir)/objc-parse.y - cd $(srcdir); $(BISON) $(BISONFLAGS) objc-parse.y -o objc-parse.c -$(srcdir)/objc-parse.y: $(srcdir)/c-parse.in + $(CC) $(ALL_CFLAGS) $(ALL_CPPFLAGS) $(INCLUDES) -c objc-parse.c +objc-parse.c : objc-parse.y + $(BISON) $(BISONFLAGS) objc-parse.y -o objc-parse.c +objc-parse.y: c-parse.in sed -e "/^ifc$$/,/^end ifc$$/d" \ -e "/^ifobjc$$/d" -e "/^end ifobjc$$/d" \ $(srcdir)/c-parse.in >tmp-objc-prs.y - $(srcdir)/move-if-change tmp-objc-prs.y $(srcdir)/objc-parse.y + $(srcdir)/move-if-change tmp-objc-prs.y objc-parse.y objc-act.o : objc-act.c $(CONFIG_H) $(TREE_H) $(RTL_H) c-tree.h c-lex.h \ - flags.h objc-act.h input.h function.h $(srcdir)/c-parse.h + flags.h objc-act.h input.h function.h c-parse.h # A file used by all variants of C. @@ -1550,13 +1555,13 @@ bi-opname: bi-opname.o $(BI_OBJ) $(HOST_LIBDEPS) $(HOST_CC) $(HOST_CFLAGS) $(HOST_LDFLAGS) -o $@ \ bi-opname.o $(BI_OBJ) $(HOST_LIBS) -$(srcdir)/bi-parser.h: $(srcdir)/bi-parser.c -$(srcdir)/bi-parser.c: $(srcdir)/bi-parser.y - cd $(srcdir); $(BISON) $(BISONFLAGS) -d bi-parser.y -o bi-parser.c +bi-parser.h: bi-parser.c +bi-parser.c: $(srcdir)/bi-parser.y + $(BISON) $(BISONFLAGS) -d $(srcdir)/bi-parser.y -o bi-parser.c -bi-parser.o: $(srcdir)/bi-parser.c bi-defs.h $(build_xm_file) +bi-parser.o: bi-parser.c bi-defs.h $(build_xm_file) $(HOST_CC) -c $(HOST_CFLAGS) $(HOST_CPPFLAGS) $(INCLUDES) \ - $(srcdir)/bi-parser.c + bi-parser.c bi-lexer.o: bi-lexer.c $(srcdir)/bi-parser.h $(build_xm_file) $(HOST_CC) -c $(HOST_CFLAGS) $(HOST_CPPFLAGS) $(INCLUDES) \ $(srcdir)/bi-lexer.c @@ -1611,10 +1616,10 @@ cpp: $(CCCP) cccp: cccp.o cexp.o version.o $(LIBDEPS) $(CC) $(ALL_CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@ cccp.o cexp.o \ version.o $(LIBS) -cexp.o: $(srcdir)/cexp.c $(CONFIG_H) - $(CC) $(ALL_CFLAGS) $(ALL_CPPFLAGS) $(INCLUDES) -c $(srcdir)/cexp.c -$(srcdir)/cexp.c: $(srcdir)/cexp.y - cd $(srcdir); $(BISON) -o cexp.c cexp.y +cexp.o: cexp.c $(CONFIG_H) + $(CC) $(ALL_CFLAGS) $(ALL_CPPFLAGS) $(INCLUDES) -c cexp.c +cexp.c: $(srcdir)/cexp.y + $(BISON) -o cexp.c $(srcdir)/cexp.y cccp.o: cccp.c $(CONFIG_H) pcp.h version.c config.status # The reason we use $(libdir)/g++-include rather than using libsubdir @@ -1865,29 +1870,32 @@ stmp-fixproto: fixhdr.ready fixproto stmp-headers # Remake the info files. doc: info -info: $(srcdir)/cpp.info $(srcdir)/gcc.info lang.info +info: cpp.info gcc.info lang.info -$(srcdir)/cpp.info: cpp.texi - cd $(srcdir); $(MAKEINFO) cpp.texi +cpp.info: cpp.texi + $(MAKEINFO) $(srcdir)/cpp.texi -o cpp.info -$(srcdir)/gcc.info: gcc.texi extend.texi install.texi invoke.texi \ +gcc.info: gcc.texi extend.texi install.texi invoke.texi \ md.texi rtl.texi tm.texi - cd $(srcdir); $(MAKEINFO) gcc.texi + $(MAKEINFO) -I$(srcdir) $(srcdir)/gcc.texi -o gcc.info -dvi: $(srcdir)/gcc.dvi $(srcdir)/cpp.dvi lang.dvi +dvi: gcc.dvi cpp.dvi lang.dvi -# This works with GNU Make's default rule. -$(srcdir)/gcc.dvi: gcc.texi extend.texi install.texi invoke.texi \ - md.texi rtl.texi tm.texi - $(TEXI2DVI) $< +# XXX OpenBSD +## This works with GNU Make's default rule. +#$(srcdir)/gcc.dvi: gcc.texi extend.texi install.texi invoke.texi \ +# md.texi rtl.texi tm.texi +# $(TEXI2DVI) $< -# This works with GNU Make's default rule. -$(srcdir)/cpp.dvi: cpp.texi - $(TEXI2DVI) $< +# XXX OpenBSD +## This works with GNU Make's default rule. +#$(srcdir)/cpp.dvi: cpp.texi +# $(TEXI2DVI) $< -$(srcdir)/INSTALL: install1.texi install.texi - $(MAKEINFO) -D INSTALLONLY --no-header --no-split \ - `echo $(srcdir)/install1.texi | sed 's,^\./,,'` +# XXX OpenBSD +#$(srcdir)/INSTALL: install1.texi install.texi +# $(MAKEINFO) -D INSTALLONLY --no-header --no-split \ +# `echo $(srcdir)/install1.texi | sed 's,^\./,,'` # Deletion of files made during compilation. # There are four levels of this: @@ -2022,7 +2030,7 @@ install: $(INSTALL_TARGET) ; @true # Install the driver last so that the window when things are # broken is small. install-normal: install-common $(INSTALL_HEADERS) $(INSTALL_LIBGCC) \ - install-libobjc install-man install-info lang.install-normal install-driver + install-libobjc $(INSTALL_MAN) install-info lang.install-normal install-driver # Do nothing while making gcc with a cross-compiler. The person who # makes gcc for the target machine has to know how to put a complete @@ -2119,17 +2127,19 @@ install-driver: xgcc else \ rm -f $(bindir)/$(GCC_INSTALL_NAME)$(exeext); \ $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) xgcc$(exeext) $(bindir)/$(GCC_INSTALL_NAME)$(exeext); \ - rm -f $(bindir)/$(target)-gcc-1$(exeext); \ - ln $(bindir)/$(GCC_INSTALL_NAME)$(exeext) $(bindir)/$(target)-gcc-1$(exeext) \ - > /dev/null 2>&1 \ - || cp $(bindir)/$(GCC_INSTALL_NAME)$(exeext) $(bindir)/$(target)-gcc-1$(exeext); \ - mv $(bindir)/$(target)-gcc-1$(exeext) $(bindir)/$(target)-gcc$(exeext); \ + if [ X$(NO_TARGET_GCC) = X ]; then \ + rm -f $(bindir)/$(target)-gcc-1$(exeext); \ + ln $(bindir)/$(GCC_INSTALL_NAME)$(exeext) $(bindir)/$(target)-gcc-1$(exeext) \ + > /dev/null 2>&1 \ + || cp $(bindir)/$(GCC_INSTALL_NAME)$(exeext) $(bindir)/$(target)-gcc-1$(exeext); \ + mv $(bindir)/$(target)-gcc-1$(exeext) $(bindir)/$(target)-gcc$(exeext); \ + fi; \ fi # Install the info files. install-info: doc install-dir lang.install-info -rm -f $(infodir)/cpp.info* $(infodir)/gcc.info* - cd $(srcdir); for f in cpp.info* gcc.info*; \ + for f in cpp.info* gcc.info*; \ do $(INSTALL_DATA) $$f $(infodir)/$$f; done -chmod a-x $(infodir)/cpp.info* $(infodir)/gcc.info* diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config.guess b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config.guess index 2ff0eba28ac..87c47aa6868 100644 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config.guess +++ b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config.guess @@ -312,6 +312,9 @@ EOF *:NetBSD:*:*) echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-netbsd`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE}|sed -e 's/[-_].*/\./'` exit 0 ;; + *:OpenBSD:*:*) + echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}-unknown-openbsd`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE}|sed -e 's/[-_].*/\./'` + exit 0 ;; *:GNU:*:*) echo `echo ${UNAME_MACHINE}|sed -e 's,/.*$,,'`-unknown-gnu`echo ${UNAME_RELEASE}|sed -e 's,/.*$,,'` exit 0 ;; diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config.sub b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config.sub index e67a800b515..bd53138da4c 100644 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config.sub +++ b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config.sub @@ -638,7 +638,8 @@ case $os in | -amigados* | -msdos* | -newsos* | -unicos* | -aos* \ | -nindy* | -vxworks* | -ebmon* | -hms* | -mvs* | -clix* \ | -riscos* | -linux* | -uniplus* | -iris* | -rtu* | -xenix* \ - | -hiux* | -386bsd* | -netbsd* | -freebsd* | -riscix* \ + | -hiux* | -386bsd* | -netbsd* | -freebsd* | -openbsd* \ + | -riscix* \ | -lynxos* | -bosx* | -nextstep* | -cxux* | -aout* | -elf* \ | -ptx* | -coff* | -ecoff* | -winnt* | -domain* | -vsta* \ | -udi* | -eabi* | -lites* ) diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config/i386/openbsd.h b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config/i386/openbsd.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..b64352e15a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config/i386/openbsd.h @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ +/* This goes away when the math-emulator is fixed */ +#define TARGET_CPU_DEFAULT 0400 /* TARGET_NO_FANCY_MATH_387 */ + +/* This is tested by i386gas.h. */ +#define YES_UNDERSCORES + +#include <i386/gstabs.h> + +/* Get perform_* macros to build libgcc.a. */ +#include <i386/perform.h> + +/* Get generic OpenBSD definitions. */ +#include <openbsd.h> + +/* Keep __NetBSD__ until we diverge sufficiently from them. */ +#undef CPP_PREDEFINES +#define CPP_PREDEFINES "-Dunix -Di386 -D__OpenBSD__ -D__NetBSD__ -Asystem(unix) -Asystem(OpenBSD) -Acpu(i386) -Amachine(i386)" + +#undef SIZE_TYPE +#define SIZE_TYPE "unsigned int" + +#undef PTRDIFF_TYPE +#define PTRDIFF_TYPE "int" + +#undef WCHAR_TYPE +#define WCHAR_TYPE "int" + +#undef WCHAR_UNSIGNED +#define WCHAR_UNSIGNED 0 + +#undef WCHAR_TYPE_SIZE +#define WCHAR_TYPE_SIZE 32 + +#define HANDLE_SYSV_PRAGMA + +/* There are conflicting reports about whether this system uses + a different assembler syntax. wilson@cygnus.com says # is right. */ +#undef COMMENT_BEGIN +#define COMMENT_BEGIN "#" + +#undef ASM_APP_ON +#define ASM_APP_ON "#APP\n" + +#undef ASM_APP_OFF +#define ASM_APP_OFF "#NO_APP\n" + +/* The following macros are stolen from i386v4.h */ +/* These have to be defined to get PIC code correct */ + +/* This is how to output an element of a case-vector that is relative. + This is only used for PIC code. See comments by the `casesi' insn in + i386.md for an explanation of the expression this outputs. */ + +#undef ASM_OUTPUT_ADDR_DIFF_ELT +#define ASM_OUTPUT_ADDR_DIFF_ELT(FILE, VALUE, REL) \ + fprintf (FILE, "\t.long _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_+[.-%s%d]\n", LPREFIX, VALUE) + +/* Indicate that jump tables go in the text section. This is + necessary when compiling PIC code. */ + +#define JUMP_TABLES_IN_TEXT_SECTION + +/* Don't default to pcc-struct-return, because gcc is the only compiler, and + we want to retain compatibility with older gcc versions. */ +#define DEFAULT_PCC_STRUCT_RETURN 0 + +/* Profiling routines, partially copied from i386/osfrose.h. */ + +/* Redefine this to use %eax instead of %edx. */ +#undef FUNCTION_PROFILER +#define FUNCTION_PROFILER(FILE, LABELNO) \ +{ \ + if (flag_pic) \ + { \ + fprintf (FILE, "\tcall mcount@PLT\n"); \ + } \ + else \ + { \ + fprintf (FILE, "\tcall mcount\n"); \ + } \ +} diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config/i386/xm-openbsd.h b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config/i386/xm-openbsd.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..b01f2c29ca5 --- /dev/null +++ b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config/i386/xm-openbsd.h @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +/* Configuration for GCC for Intel i386 running OpenBSD as host. */ + +#include <i386/xm-i386.h> +#include <xm-openbsd.h> diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config/openbsd.h b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config/openbsd.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..0ed0981d48b --- /dev/null +++ b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config/openbsd.h @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +/* At the moment OpenBSD is really much like NetBSD */ +#include <netbsd.h> diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config/x-openbsd b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config/x-openbsd new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..1c272f5a8dc --- /dev/null +++ b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config/x-openbsd @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +# Don't run fixproto +STMP_FIXPROTO = + +# We don't need GCC's own include files. +USER_H = +INSTALL_ASSERT_H = diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config/xm-openbsd.h b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config/xm-openbsd.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..cbaf24226f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/config/xm-openbsd.h @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +/* Configuration for GNU C-compiler for hosts running OpenBSD. + Copyright (C) 1995 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + +This file is part of GNU CC. + +GNU CC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify +it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) +any later version. + +GNU CC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, +but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the +GNU General Public License for more details. + +You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +along with GNU CC; see the file COPYING. If not, write to +the Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, +Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ + +/* This file defines machine-independent things specific to a host + running OpenBSD. This file should not be specified as $xm_file itself; + instead $xm_file should be CPU/xm-openbsd.h, which should include both + CPU/xm-CPU.h and this file xm-openbsd.h. */ + +#define HAVE_STRERROR +#define HAVE_VPRINTF diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/configure b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/configure index 1be333cc0f5..49b047cecda 100644 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/configure +++ b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/configure @@ -948,6 +948,15 @@ for machine in $canon_build $canon_host $canon_target; do tmake_file=t-libc-ok xmake_file=x-netbsd ;; + i[345]86-*-openbsd*) + cpu_type=i386 + tm_file=i386/openbsd.h + xm_file=i386/xm-openbsd.h + # On OpenBSD, the headers are already okay. + fixincludes=Makefile.in + tmake_file=t-libc-ok + xmake_file=x-openbsd + ;; i[345]86-*-coff*) cpu_type=i386 tm_file=i386/i386-coff.h diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/cp/Makefile.in b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/cp/Makefile.in index 11466b24a42..3446e48a386 100644 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/cp/Makefile.in +++ b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/cp/Makefile.in @@ -189,8 +189,8 @@ RTL_H = $(srcdir)/../rtl.h $(srcdir)/../rtl.def \ TREE_H = $(srcdir)/../tree.h $(srcdir)/../real.h $(srcdir)/../tree.def \ $(srcdir)/../machmode.h $(srcdir)/../machmode.def CXX_TREE_H = $(TREE_H) cp-tree.h tree.def -PARSE_H = $(srcdir)/parse.h -PARSE_C = $(srcdir)/parse.c +PARSE_H = parse.h +PARSE_C = parse.c parse.o : $(PARSE_C) $(CONFIG_H) $(CXX_TREE_H) $(srcdir)/../flags.h lex.h $(CC) -c $(ALL_CFLAGS) $(ALL_CPPFLAGS) $(INCLUDES) $(BIG_SWITCHFLAG) \ @@ -200,8 +200,8 @@ CONFLICTS = expect 5 shift/reduce conflicts and 38 reduce/reduce conflicts. $(PARSE_H) : $(PARSE_C) $(PARSE_C) : $(srcdir)/parse.y @echo $(CONFLICTS) - cd $(srcdir); $(BISON) $(BISONFLAGS) -d -o parse.c parse.y - cd $(srcdir); grep '^#define[ ]*YYEMPTY' parse.c >>parse.h + $(BISON) $(BISONFLAGS) -d -o parse.c $(srcdir)/parse.y + grep '^#define[ ]*YYEMPTY' parse.c >>parse.h #$(PARSE_C) $(PARSE_H) : stamp-parse ; @true #stamp-parse: $(srcdir)/parse.y # @echo $(CONFLICTS) @@ -212,13 +212,14 @@ $(PARSE_C) : $(srcdir)/parse.y # cp $(PARSE_C) y.tab.c # touch stamp-parse -# hash.h really depends on $(srcdir)/gxx.gperf. -# But this would screw things for people that don't have gperf, -# if gxx.gpref got touched, say. -# Thus you have to remove hash.h to force it to be re-made. -$(srcdir)/hash.h: - gperf -p -j1 -g -o -t -N is_reserved_word '-k1,4,7,$$' \ - $(srcdir)/gxx.gperf >$(srcdir)/hash.h +# XXX OpenBSD +## hash.h really depends on $(srcdir)/gxx.gperf. +## But this would screw things for people that don't have gperf, +## if gxx.gpref got touched, say. +## Thus you have to remove hash.h to force it to be re-made. +#$(srcdir)/hash.h: +# gperf -p -j1 -g -o -t -N is_reserved_word '-k1,4,7,$$' \ +# $(srcdir)/gxx.gperf >$(srcdir)/hash.h spew.o : spew.c $(CONFIG_H) $(CXX_TREE_H) \ $(PARSE_H) $(srcdir)/../flags.h lex.h diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/cpp.info b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/cpp.info deleted file mode 100644 index 56a74c1b97c..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/cpp.info +++ /dev/null @@ -1,75 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file cpp.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.63 from the input -file cpp.texi. - - This file documents the GNU C Preprocessor. - - Copyright 1987, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software -Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms -of a permission notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions. - - -Indirect: -cpp.info-1: 790 -cpp.info-2: 50196 -cpp.info-3: 90181 - -Tag Table: -(Indirect) -Node: Top790 -Node: Global Actions3362 -Node: Directives5882 -Node: Header Files7569 -Node: Header Uses8228 -Node: Include Syntax9720 -Node: Include Operation12862 -Node: Once-Only14724 -Node: Inheritance17149 -Node: Macros19711 -Node: Simple Macros20625 -Node: Argument Macros23613 -Node: Predefined29411 -Node: Standard Predefined29841 -Node: Nonstandard Predefined36978 -Node: Stringification40554 -Node: Concatenation43480 -Node: Undefining46753 -Node: Redefining47792 -Node: Macro Pitfalls49092 -Node: Misnesting50196 -Node: Macro Parentheses51210 -Node: Swallow Semicolon53087 -Node: Side Effects54987 -Node: Self-Reference56685 -Node: Argument Prescan58961 -Node: Cascaded Macros63963 -Node: Newlines in Args65108 -Node: Conditionals66453 -Node: Conditional Uses67805 -Node: Conditional Syntax69228 -Node: #if Directive69814 -Node: #else Directive72103 -Node: #elif Directive72770 -Node: Deleted Code74148 -Node: Conditionals-Macros75209 -Node: Assertions78894 -Node: #error Directive83129 -Node: Combining Sources84569 -Node: Other Directives87480 -Node: Output88942 -Node: Invocation90181 -Node: Concept Index102005 -Node: Index104809 - -End Tag Table diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/cpp.info-1 b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/cpp.info-1 deleted file mode 100644 index 3f91bd50bfb..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/cpp.info-1 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1189 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file cpp.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.63 from the input -file cpp.texi. - - This file documents the GNU C Preprocessor. - - Copyright 1987, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software -Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms -of a permission notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Top, Next: Global Actions, Up: (DIR) - -The C Preprocessor -****************** - - The C preprocessor is a "macro processor" that is used automatically -by the C compiler to transform your program before actual compilation. -It is called a macro processor because it allows you to define "macros", -which are brief abbreviations for longer constructs. - - The C preprocessor provides four separate facilities that you can -use as you see fit: - - * Inclusion of header files. These are files of declarations that - can be substituted into your program. - - * Macro expansion. You can define "macros", which are abbreviations - for arbitrary fragments of C code, and then the C preprocessor will - replace the macros with their definitions throughout the program. - - * Conditional compilation. Using special preprocessing directives, - you can include or exclude parts of the program according to - various conditions. - - * Line control. If you use a program to combine or rearrange source - files into an intermediate file which is then compiled, you can - use line control to inform the compiler of where each source line - originally came from. - - C preprocessors vary in some details. This manual discusses the GNU -C preprocessor, the C Compatible Compiler Preprocessor. The GNU C -preprocessor provides a superset of the features of ANSI Standard C. - - ANSI Standard C requires the rejection of many harmless constructs -commonly used by today's C programs. Such incompatibility would be -inconvenient for users, so the GNU C preprocessor is configured to -accept these constructs by default. Strictly speaking, to get ANSI -Standard C, you must use the options `-trigraphs', `-undef' and -`-pedantic', but in practice the consequences of having strict ANSI -Standard C make it undesirable to do this. *Note Invocation::. - -* Menu: - -* Global Actions:: Actions made uniformly on all input files. -* Directives:: General syntax of preprocessing directives. -* Header Files:: How and why to use header files. -* Macros:: How and why to use macros. -* Conditionals:: How and why to use conditionals. -* Combining Sources:: Use of line control when you combine source files. -* Other Directives:: Miscellaneous preprocessing directives. -* Output:: Format of output from the C preprocessor. -* Invocation:: How to invoke the preprocessor; command options. -* Concept Index:: Index of concepts and terms. -* Index:: Index of directives, predefined macros and options. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Global Actions, Next: Directives, Prev: Top, Up: Top - -Transformations Made Globally -============================= - - Most C preprocessor features are inactive unless you give specific -directives to request their use. (Preprocessing directives are lines -starting with `#'; *note Directives::.). But there are three -transformations that the preprocessor always makes on all the input it -receives, even in the absence of directives. - - * All C comments are replaced with single spaces. - - * Backslash-Newline sequences are deleted, no matter where. This - feature allows you to break long lines for cosmetic purposes - without changing their meaning. - - * Predefined macro names are replaced with their expansions (*note - Predefined::.). - - The first two transformations are done *before* nearly all other -parsing and before preprocessing directives are recognized. Thus, for -example, you can split a line cosmetically with Backslash-Newline -anywhere (except when trigraphs are in use; see below). - - /* - */ # /* - */ defi\ - ne FO\ - O 10\ - 20 - -is equivalent into `#define FOO 1020'. You can split even an escape -sequence with Backslash-Newline. For example, you can split `"foo\bar"' -between the `\' and the `b' to get - - "foo\\ - bar" - -This behavior is unclean: in all other contexts, a Backslash can be -inserted in a string constant as an ordinary character by writing a -double Backslash, and this creates an exception. But the ANSI C -standard requires it. (Strict ANSI C does not allow Newlines in string -constants, so they do not consider this a problem.) - - But there are a few exceptions to all three transformations. - - * C comments and predefined macro names are not recognized inside a - `#include' directive in which the file name is delimited with `<' - and `>'. - - * C comments and predefined macro names are never recognized within a - character or string constant. (Strictly speaking, this is the - rule, not an exception, but it is worth noting here anyway.) - - * Backslash-Newline may not safely be used within an ANSI "trigraph". - Trigraphs are converted before Backslash-Newline is deleted. If - you write what looks like a trigraph with a Backslash-Newline - inside, the Backslash-Newline is deleted as usual, but it is then - too late to recognize the trigraph. - - This exception is relevant only if you use the `-trigraphs' option - to enable trigraph processing. *Note Invocation::. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Directives, Next: Header Files, Prev: Global Actions, Up: Top - -Preprocessing Directives -======================== - - Most preprocessor features are active only if you use preprocessing -directives to request their use. - - Preprocessing directives are lines in your program that start with -`#'. The `#' is followed by an identifier that is the "directive name". -For example, `#define' is the directive that defines a macro. -Whitespace is also allowed before and after the `#'. - - The set of valid directive names is fixed. Programs cannot define -new preprocessing directives. - - Some directive names require arguments; these make up the rest of -the directive line and must be separated from the directive name by -whitespace. For example, `#define' must be followed by a macro name -and the intended expansion of the macro. *Note Simple Macros::. - - A preprocessing directive cannot be more than one line in normal -circumstances. It may be split cosmetically with Backslash-Newline, -but that has no effect on its meaning. Comments containing Newlines -can also divide the directive into multiple lines, but the comments are -changed to Spaces before the directive is interpreted. The only way a -significant Newline can occur in a preprocessing directive is within a -string constant or character constant. Note that most C compilers that -might be applied to the output from the preprocessor do not accept -string or character constants containing Newlines. - - The `#' and the directive name cannot come from a macro expansion. -For example, if `foo' is defined as a macro expanding to `define', that -does not make `#foo' a valid preprocessing directive. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Header Files, Next: Macros, Prev: Directives, Up: Top - -Header Files -============ - - A header file is a file containing C declarations and macro -definitions (*note Macros::.) to be shared between several source -files. You request the use of a header file in your program with the C -preprocessing directive `#include'. - -* Menu: - -* Header Uses:: What header files are used for. -* Include Syntax:: How to write `#include' directives. -* Include Operation:: What `#include' does. -* Once-Only:: Preventing multiple inclusion of one header file. -* Inheritance:: Including one header file in another header file. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Header Uses, Next: Include Syntax, Prev: Header Files, Up: Header Files - -Uses of Header Files --------------------- - - Header files serve two kinds of purposes. - - * System header files declare the interfaces to parts of the - operating system. You include them in your program to supply the - definitions and declarations you need to invoke system calls and - libraries. - - * Your own header files contain declarations for interfaces between - the source files of your program. Each time you have a group of - related declarations and macro definitions all or most of which - are needed in several different source files, it is a good idea to - create a header file for them. - - Including a header file produces the same results in C compilation as -copying the header file into each source file that needs it. But such -copying would be time-consuming and error-prone. With a header file, -the related declarations appear in only one place. If they need to be -changed, they can be changed in one place, and programs that include -the header file will automatically use the new version when next -recompiled. The header file eliminates the labor of finding and -changing all the copies as well as the risk that a failure to find one -copy will result in inconsistencies within a program. - - The usual convention is to give header files names that end with -`.h'. Avoid unusual characters in header file names, as they reduce -portability. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Include Syntax, Next: Include Operation, Prev: Header Uses, Up: Header Files - -The `#include' Directive ------------------------- - - Both user and system header files are included using the -preprocessing directive `#include'. It has three variants: - -`#include <FILE>' - This variant is used for system header files. It searches for a - file named FILE in a list of directories specified by you, then in - a standard list of system directories. You specify directories to - search for header files with the command option `-I' (*note - Invocation::.). The option `-nostdinc' inhibits searching the - standard system directories; in this case only the directories you - specify are searched. - - The parsing of this form of `#include' is slightly special because - comments are not recognized within the `<...>'. Thus, in - `#include <x/*y>' the `/*' does not start a comment and the - directive specifies inclusion of a system header file named - `x/*y'. Of course, a header file with such a name is unlikely to - exist on Unix, where shell wildcard features would make it hard to - manipulate. - - The argument FILE may not contain a `>' character. It may, - however, contain a `<' character. - -`#include "FILE"' - This variant is used for header files of your own program. It - searches for a file named FILE first in the current directory, - then in the same directories used for system header files. The - current directory is the directory of the current input file. It - is tried first because it is presumed to be the location of the - files that the current input file refers to. (If the `-I-' option - is used, the special treatment of the current directory is - inhibited.) - - The argument FILE may not contain `"' characters. If backslashes - occur within FILE, they are considered ordinary text characters, - not escape characters. None of the character escape sequences - appropriate to string constants in C are processed. Thus, - `#include "x\n\\y"' specifies a filename containing three - backslashes. It is not clear why this behavior is ever useful, but - the ANSI standard specifies it. - -`#include ANYTHING ELSE' - This variant is called a "computed #include". Any `#include' - directive whose argument does not fit the above two forms is a - computed include. The text ANYTHING ELSE is checked for macro - calls, which are expanded (*note Macros::.). When this is done, - the result must fit one of the above two variants--in particular, - the expanded text must in the end be surrounded by either quotes - or angle braces. - - This feature allows you to define a macro which controls the file - name to be used at a later point in the program. One application - of this is to allow a site-specific configuration file for your - program to specify the names of the system include files to be - used. This can help in porting the program to various operating - systems in which the necessary system header files are found in - different places. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Include Operation, Next: Once-Only, Prev: Include Syntax, Up: Header Files - -How `#include' Works --------------------- - - The `#include' directive works by directing the C preprocessor to -scan the specified file as input before continuing with the rest of the -current file. The output from the preprocessor contains the output -already generated, followed by the output resulting from the included -file, followed by the output that comes from the text after the -`#include' directive. For example, given a header file `header.h' as -follows, - - char *test (); - -and a main program called `program.c' that uses the header file, like -this, - - int x; - #include "header.h" - - main () - { - printf (test ()); - } - -the output generated by the C preprocessor for `program.c' as input -would be - - int x; - char *test (); - - main () - { - printf (test ()); - } - - Included files are not limited to declarations and macro -definitions; those are merely the typical uses. Any fragment of a C -program can be included from another file. The include file could even -contain the beginning of a statement that is concluded in the -containing file, or the end of a statement that was started in the -including file. However, a comment or a string or character constant -may not start in the included file and finish in the including file. -An unterminated comment, string constant or character constant in an -included file is considered to end (with an error message) at the end -of the file. - - It is possible for a header file to begin or end a syntactic unit -such as a function definition, but that would be very confusing, so -don't do it. - - The line following the `#include' directive is always treated as a -separate line by the C preprocessor even if the included file lacks a -final newline. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Once-Only, Next: Inheritance, Prev: Include Operation, Up: Header Files - -Once-Only Include Files ------------------------ - - Very often, one header file includes another. It can easily result -that a certain header file is included more than once. This may lead -to errors, if the header file defines structure types or typedefs, and -is certainly wasteful. Therefore, we often wish to prevent multiple -inclusion of a header file. - - The standard way to do this is to enclose the entire real contents -of the file in a conditional, like this: - - #ifndef FILE_FOO_SEEN - #define FILE_FOO_SEEN - - THE ENTIRE FILE - - #endif /* FILE_FOO_SEEN */ - - The macro `FILE_FOO_SEEN' indicates that the file has been included -once already. In a user header file, the macro name should not begin -with `_'. In a system header file, this name should begin with `__' to -avoid conflicts with user programs. In any kind of header file, the -macro name should contain the name of the file and some additional -text, to avoid conflicts with other header files. - - The GNU C preprocessor is programmed to notice when a header file -uses this particular construct and handle it efficiently. If a header -file is contained entirely in a `#ifndef' conditional, then it records -that fact. If a subsequent `#include' specifies the same file, and the -macro in the `#ifndef' is already defined, then the file is entirely -skipped, without even reading it. - - There is also an explicit directive to tell the preprocessor that it -need not include a file more than once. This is called `#pragma once', -and was used *in addition to* the `#ifndef' conditional around the -contents of the header file. `#pragma once' is now obsolete and should -not be used at all. - - In the Objective C language, there is a variant of `#include' called -`#import' which includes a file, but does so at most once. If you use -`#import' *instead of* `#include', then you don't need the conditionals -inside the header file to prevent multiple execution of the contents. - - `#import' is obsolete because it is not a well designed feature. It -requires the users of a header file--the applications programmers--to -know that a certain header file should only be included once. It is -much better for the header file's implementor to write the file so that -users don't need to know this. Using `#ifndef' accomplishes this goal. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Inheritance, Prev: Once-Only, Up: Header Files - -Inheritance and Header Files ----------------------------- - - "Inheritance" is what happens when one object or file derives some -of its contents by virtual copying from another object or file. In the -case of C header files, inheritance means that one header file includes -another header file and then replaces or adds something. - - If the inheriting header file and the base header file have different -names, then inheritance is straightforward: simply write `#include -"BASE"' in the inheriting file. - - Sometimes it is necessary to give the inheriting file the same name -as the base file. This is less straightforward. - - For example, suppose an application program uses the system header -file `sys/signal.h', but the version of `/usr/include/sys/signal.h' on -a particular system doesn't do what the application program expects. -It might be convenient to define a "local" version, perhaps under the -name `/usr/local/include/sys/signal.h', to override or add to the one -supplied by the system. - - You can do this by using the option `-I.' for compilation, and -writing a file `sys/signal.h' that does what the application program -expects. But making this file include the standard `sys/signal.h' is -not so easy--writing `#include <sys/signal.h>' in that file doesn't -work, because it includes your own version of the file, not the -standard system version. Used in that file itself, this leads to an -infinite recursion and a fatal error in compilation. - - `#include </usr/include/sys/signal.h>' would find the proper file, -but that is not clean, since it makes an assumption about where the -system header file is found. This is bad for maintenance, since it -means that any change in where the system's header files are kept -requires a change somewhere else. - - The clean way to solve this problem is to use `#include_next', which -means, "Include the *next* file with this name." This directive works -like `#include' except in searching for the specified file: it starts -searching the list of header file directories *after* the directory in -which the current file was found. - - Suppose you specify `-I /usr/local/include', and the list of -directories to search also includes `/usr/include'; and suppose that -both directories contain a file named `sys/signal.h'. Ordinary -`#include <sys/signal.h>' finds the file under `/usr/local/include'. -If that file contains `#include_next <sys/signal.h>', it starts -searching after that directory, and finds the file in `/usr/include'. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Macros, Next: Conditionals, Prev: Header Files, Up: Top - -Macros -====== - - A macro is a sort of abbreviation which you can define once and then -use later. There are many complicated features associated with macros -in the C preprocessor. - -* Menu: - -* Simple Macros:: Macros that always expand the same way. -* Argument Macros:: Macros that accept arguments that are substituted - into the macro expansion. -* Predefined:: Predefined macros that are always available. -* Stringification:: Macro arguments converted into string constants. -* Concatenation:: Building tokens from parts taken from macro arguments. -* Undefining:: Cancelling a macro's definition. -* Redefining:: Changing a macro's definition. -* Macro Pitfalls:: Macros can confuse the unwary. Here we explain - several common problems and strange features. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Simple Macros, Next: Argument Macros, Prev: Macros, Up: Macros - -Simple Macros -------------- - - A "simple macro" is a kind of abbreviation. It is a name which -stands for a fragment of code. Some people refer to these as "manifest -constants". - - Before you can use a macro, you must "define" it explicitly with the -`#define' directive. `#define' is followed by the name of the macro -and then the code it should be an abbreviation for. For example, - - #define BUFFER_SIZE 1020 - -defines a macro named `BUFFER_SIZE' as an abbreviation for the text -`1020'. If somewhere after this `#define' directive there comes a C -statement of the form - - foo = (char *) xmalloc (BUFFER_SIZE); - -then the C preprocessor will recognize and "expand" the macro -`BUFFER_SIZE', resulting in - - foo = (char *) xmalloc (1020); - - The use of all upper case for macro names is a standard convention. -Programs are easier to read when it is possible to tell at a glance -which names are macros. - - Normally, a macro definition must be a single line, like all C -preprocessing directives. (You can split a long macro definition -cosmetically with Backslash-Newline.) There is one exception: Newlines -can be included in the macro definition if within a string or character -constant. This is because it is not possible for a macro definition to -contain an unbalanced quote character; the definition automatically -extends to include the matching quote character that ends the string or -character constant. Comments within a macro definition may contain -Newlines, which make no difference since the comments are entirely -replaced with Spaces regardless of their contents. - - Aside from the above, there is no restriction on what can go in a -macro body. Parentheses need not balance. The body need not resemble -valid C code. (But if it does not, you may get error messages from the -C compiler when you use the macro.) - - The C preprocessor scans your program sequentially, so macro -definitions take effect at the place you write them. Therefore, the -following input to the C preprocessor - - foo = X; - #define X 4 - bar = X; - -produces as output - - foo = X; - - bar = 4; - - After the preprocessor expands a macro name, the macro's definition -body is appended to the front of the remaining input, and the check for -macro calls continues. Therefore, the macro body can contain calls to -other macros. For example, after - - #define BUFSIZE 1020 - #define TABLESIZE BUFSIZE - -the name `TABLESIZE' when used in the program would go through two -stages of expansion, resulting ultimately in `1020'. - - This is not at all the same as defining `TABLESIZE' to be `1020'. -The `#define' for `TABLESIZE' uses exactly the body you specify--in -this case, `BUFSIZE'--and does not check to see whether it too is the -name of a macro. It's only when you *use* `TABLESIZE' that the result -of its expansion is checked for more macro names. *Note Cascaded -Macros::. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Argument Macros, Next: Predefined, Prev: Simple Macros, Up: Macros - -Macros with Arguments ---------------------- - - A simple macro always stands for exactly the same text, each time it -is used. Macros can be more flexible when they accept "arguments". -Arguments are fragments of code that you supply each time the macro is -used. These fragments are included in the expansion of the macro -according to the directions in the macro definition. A macro that -accepts arguments is called a "function-like macro" because the syntax -for using it looks like a function call. - - To define a macro that uses arguments, you write a `#define' -directive with a list of "argument names" in parentheses after the name -of the macro. The argument names may be any valid C identifiers, -separated by commas and optionally whitespace. The open-parenthesis -must follow the macro name immediately, with no space in between. - - For example, here is a macro that computes the minimum of two numeric -values, as it is defined in many C programs: - - #define min(X, Y) ((X) < (Y) ? (X) : (Y)) - -(This is not the best way to define a "minimum" macro in GNU C. *Note -Side Effects::, for more information.) - - To use a macro that expects arguments, you write the name of the -macro followed by a list of "actual arguments" in parentheses, -separated by commas. The number of actual arguments you give must -match the number of arguments the macro expects. Examples of use of -the macro `min' include `min (1, 2)' and `min (x + 28, *p)'. - - The expansion text of the macro depends on the arguments you use. -Each of the argument names of the macro is replaced, throughout the -macro definition, with the corresponding actual argument. Using the -same macro `min' defined above, `min (1, 2)' expands into - - ((1) < (2) ? (1) : (2)) - -where `1' has been substituted for `X' and `2' for `Y'. - - Likewise, `min (x + 28, *p)' expands into - - ((x + 28) < (*p) ? (x + 28) : (*p)) - - Parentheses in the actual arguments must balance; a comma within -parentheses does not end an argument. However, there is no requirement -for brackets or braces to balance, and they do not prevent a comma from -separating arguments. Thus, - - macro (array[x = y, x + 1]) - -passes two arguments to `macro': `array[x = y' and `x + 1]'. If you -want to supply `array[x = y, x + 1]' as an argument, you must write it -as `array[(x = y, x + 1)]', which is equivalent C code. - - After the actual arguments are substituted into the macro body, the -entire result is appended to the front of the remaining input, and the -check for macro calls continues. Therefore, the actual arguments can -contain calls to other macros, either with or without arguments, or -even to the same macro. The macro body can also contain calls to other -macros. For example, `min (min (a, b), c)' expands into this text: - - ((((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b))) < (c) - ? (((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b))) - : (c)) - -(Line breaks shown here for clarity would not actually be generated.) - - If a macro `foo' takes one argument, and you want to supply an empty -argument, you must write at least some whitespace between the -parentheses, like this: `foo ( )'. Just `foo ()' is providing no -arguments, which is an error if `foo' expects an argument. But `foo0 -()' is the correct way to call a macro defined to take zero arguments, -like this: - - #define foo0() ... - - If you use the macro name followed by something other than an -open-parenthesis (after ignoring any spaces, tabs and comments that -follow), it is not a call to the macro, and the preprocessor does not -change what you have written. Therefore, it is possible for the same -name to be a variable or function in your program as well as a macro, -and you can choose in each instance whether to refer to the macro (if -an actual argument list follows) or the variable or function (if an -argument list does not follow). - - Such dual use of one name could be confusing and should be avoided -except when the two meanings are effectively synonymous: that is, when -the name is both a macro and a function and the two have similar -effects. You can think of the name simply as a function; use of the -name for purposes other than calling it (such as, to take the address) -will refer to the function, while calls will expand the macro and -generate better but equivalent code. For example, you can use a -function named `min' in the same source file that defines the macro. -If you write `&min' with no argument list, you refer to the function. -If you write `min (x, bb)', with an argument list, the macro is -expanded. If you write `(min) (a, bb)', where the name `min' is not -followed by an open-parenthesis, the macro is not expanded, so you wind -up with a call to the function `min'. - - You may not define the same name as both a simple macro and a macro -with arguments. - - In the definition of a macro with arguments, the list of argument -names must follow the macro name immediately with no space in between. -If there is a space after the macro name, the macro is defined as -taking no arguments, and all the rest of the line is taken to be the -expansion. The reason for this is that it is often useful to define a -macro that takes no arguments and whose definition begins with an -identifier in parentheses. This rule about spaces makes it possible -for you to do either this: - - #define FOO(x) - 1 / (x) - -(which defines `FOO' to take an argument and expand into minus the -reciprocal of that argument) or this: - - #define BAR (x) - 1 / (x) - -(which defines `BAR' to take no argument and always expand into `(x) - -1 / (x)'). - - Note that the *uses* of a macro with arguments can have spaces before -the left parenthesis; it's the *definition* where it matters whether -there is a space. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Predefined, Next: Stringification, Prev: Argument Macros, Up: Macros - -Predefined Macros ------------------ - - Several simple macros are predefined. You can use them without -giving definitions for them. They fall into two classes: standard -macros and system-specific macros. - -* Menu: - -* Standard Predefined:: Standard predefined macros. -* Nonstandard Predefined:: Nonstandard predefined macros. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Standard Predefined, Next: Nonstandard Predefined, Prev: Predefined, Up: Predefined - -Standard Predefined Macros -.......................... - - The standard predefined macros are available with the same meanings -regardless of the machine or operating system on which you are using -GNU C. Their names all start and end with double underscores. Those -preceding `__GNUC__' in this table are standardized by ANSI C; the rest -are GNU C extensions. - -`__FILE__' - This macro expands to the name of the current input file, in the - form of a C string constant. The precise name returned is the one - that was specified in `#include' or as the input file name - argument. - -`__LINE__' - This macro expands to the current input line number, in the form - of a decimal integer constant. While we call it a predefined - macro, it's a pretty strange macro, since its "definition" changes - with each new line of source code. - - This and `__FILE__' are useful in generating an error message to - report an inconsistency detected by the program; the message can - state the source line at which the inconsistency was detected. - For example, - - fprintf (stderr, "Internal error: " - "negative string length " - "%d at %s, line %d.", - length, __FILE__, __LINE__); - - A `#include' directive changes the expansions of `__FILE__' and - `__LINE__' to correspond to the included file. At the end of that - file, when processing resumes on the input file that contained the - `#include' directive, the expansions of `__FILE__' and `__LINE__' - revert to the values they had before the `#include' (but - `__LINE__' is then incremented by one as processing moves to the - line after the `#include'). - - The expansions of both `__FILE__' and `__LINE__' are altered if a - `#line' directive is used. *Note Combining Sources::. - -`__DATE__' - This macro expands to a string constant that describes the date on - which the preprocessor is being run. The string constant contains - eleven characters and looks like `"Jan 29 1987"' or `"Apr 1 1905"'. - -`__TIME__' - This macro expands to a string constant that describes the time at - which the preprocessor is being run. The string constant contains - eight characters and looks like `"23:59:01"'. - -`__STDC__' - This macro expands to the constant 1, to signify that this is ANSI - Standard C. (Whether that is actually true depends on what C - compiler will operate on the output from the preprocessor.) - -`__STDC_VERSION__' - This macro expands to the C Standard's version number, a long - integer constant of the form `YYYYMML' where YYYY and MM are the - year and month of the Standard version. This signifies which - version of the C Standard the preprocessor conforms to. Like - `__STDC__', whether this version number is accurate for the entire - implementation depends on what C compiler will operate on the - output from the preprocessor. - -`__GNUC__' - This macro is defined if and only if this is GNU C. This macro is - defined only when the entire GNU C compiler is in use; if you - invoke the preprocessor directly, `__GNUC__' is undefined. The - value identifies the major version number of GNU CC (`1' for GNU CC - version 1, which is now obsolete, and `2' for version 2). - -`__GNUC_MINOR__' - The macro contains the minor version number of the compiler. This - can be used to work around differences between different releases - of the compiler (for example, if gcc 2.6.3 is known to support a - feature, you can test for `__GNUC__ > 2 || (__GNUC__ == 2 && - __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 6)'). The last number, `3' in the example - above, denotes the bugfix level of the compiler; no macro contains - this value. - -`__GNUG__' - The GNU C compiler defines this when the compilation language is - C++; use `__GNUG__' to distinguish between GNU C and GNU C++. - -`__cplusplus' - The draft ANSI standard for C++ used to require predefining this - variable. Though it is no longer required, GNU C++ continues to - define it, as do other popular C++ compilers. You can use - `__cplusplus' to test whether a header is compiled by a C compiler - or a C++ compiler. - -`__STRICT_ANSI__' - This macro is defined if and only if the `-ansi' switch was - specified when GNU C was invoked. Its definition is the null - string. This macro exists primarily to direct certain GNU header - files not to define certain traditional Unix constructs which are - incompatible with ANSI C. - -`__BASE_FILE__' - This macro expands to the name of the main input file, in the form - of a C string constant. This is the source file that was specified - as an argument when the C compiler was invoked. - -`__INCLUDE_LEVEL__' - This macro expands to a decimal integer constant that represents - the depth of nesting in include files. The value of this macro is - incremented on every `#include' directive and decremented at every - end of file. For input files specified by command line arguments, - the nesting level is zero. - -`__VERSION__' - This macro expands to a string which describes the version number - of GNU C. The string is normally a sequence of decimal numbers - separated by periods, such as `"2.6.0"'. The only reasonable use - of this macro is to incorporate it into a string constant. - -`__OPTIMIZE__' - This macro is defined in optimizing compilations. It causes - certain GNU header files to define alternative macro definitions - for some system library functions. It is unwise to refer to or - test the definition of this macro unless you make very sure that - programs will execute with the same effect regardless. - -`__CHAR_UNSIGNED__' - This macro is defined if and only if the data type `char' is - unsigned on the target machine. It exists to cause the standard - header file `limit.h' to work correctly. It is bad practice to - refer to this macro yourself; instead, refer to the standard - macros defined in `limit.h'. The preprocessor uses this macro to - determine whether or not to sign-extend large character constants - written in octal; see *Note The `#if' Directive: #if Directive. - -`__REGISTER_PREFIX__' - This macro expands to a string describing the prefix applied to cpu - registers in assembler code. It can be used to write assembler - code that is usable in multiple environments. For example, in the - `m68k-aout' environment it expands to the string `""', but in the - `m68k-coff' environment it expands to the string `"%"'. - -`__USER_LABEL_PREFIX__' - This macro expands to a string describing the prefix applied to - user generated labels in assembler code. It can be used to write - assembler code that is usable in multiple environments. For - example, in the `m68k-aout' environment it expands to the string - `"_"', but in the `m68k-coff' environment it expands to the string - `""'. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Nonstandard Predefined, Prev: Standard Predefined, Up: Predefined - -Nonstandard Predefined Macros -............................. - - The C preprocessor normally has several predefined macros that vary -between machines because their purpose is to indicate what type of -system and machine is in use. This manual, being for all systems and -machines, cannot tell you exactly what their names are; instead, we -offer a list of some typical ones. You can use `cpp -dM' to see the -values of predefined macros; see *Note Invocation::. - - Some nonstandard predefined macros describe the operating system in -use, with more or less specificity. For example, - -`unix' - `unix' is normally predefined on all Unix systems. - -`BSD' - `BSD' is predefined on recent versions of Berkeley Unix (perhaps - only in version 4.3). - - Other nonstandard predefined macros describe the kind of CPU, with -more or less specificity. For example, - -`vax' - `vax' is predefined on Vax computers. - -`mc68000' - `mc68000' is predefined on most computers whose CPU is a Motorola - 68000, 68010 or 68020. - -`m68k' - `m68k' is also predefined on most computers whose CPU is a 68000, - 68010 or 68020; however, some makers use `mc68000' and some use - `m68k'. Some predefine both names. What happens in GNU C depends - on the system you are using it on. - -`M68020' - `M68020' has been observed to be predefined on some systems that - use 68020 CPUs--in addition to `mc68000' and `m68k', which are - less specific. - -`_AM29K' -`_AM29000' - Both `_AM29K' and `_AM29000' are predefined for the AMD 29000 CPU - family. - -`ns32000' - `ns32000' is predefined on computers which use the National - Semiconductor 32000 series CPU. - - Yet other nonstandard predefined macros describe the manufacturer of -the system. For example, - -`sun' - `sun' is predefined on all models of Sun computers. - -`pyr' - `pyr' is predefined on all models of Pyramid computers. - -`sequent' - `sequent' is predefined on all models of Sequent computers. - - These predefined symbols are not only nonstandard, they are contrary -to the ANSI standard because their names do not start with underscores. -Therefore, the option `-ansi' inhibits the definition of these symbols. - - This tends to make `-ansi' useless, since many programs depend on the -customary nonstandard predefined symbols. Even system header files -check them and will generate incorrect declarations if they do not find -the names that are expected. You might think that the header files -supplied for the Uglix computer would not need to test what machine -they are running on, because they can simply assume it is the Uglix; -but often they do, and they do so using the customary names. As a -result, very few C programs will compile with `-ansi'. We intend to -avoid such problems on the GNU system. - - What, then, should you do in an ANSI C program to test the type of -machine it will run on? - - GNU C offers a parallel series of symbols for this purpose, whose -names are made from the customary ones by adding `__' at the beginning -and end. Thus, the symbol `__vax__' would be available on a Vax, and -so on. - - The set of nonstandard predefined names in the GNU C preprocessor is -controlled (when `cpp' is itself compiled) by the macro -`CPP_PREDEFINES', which should be a string containing `-D' options, -separated by spaces. For example, on the Sun 3, we use the following -definition: - - #define CPP_PREDEFINES "-Dmc68000 -Dsun -Dunix -Dm68k" - -This macro is usually specified in `tm.h'. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Stringification, Next: Concatenation, Prev: Predefined, Up: Macros - -Stringification ---------------- - - "Stringification" means turning a code fragment into a string -constant whose contents are the text for the code fragment. For -example, stringifying `foo (z)' results in `"foo (z)"'. - - In the C preprocessor, stringification is an option available when -macro arguments are substituted into the macro definition. In the body -of the definition, when an argument name appears, the character `#' -before the name specifies stringification of the corresponding actual -argument when it is substituted at that point in the definition. The -same argument may be substituted in other places in the definition -without stringification if the argument name appears in those places -with no `#'. - - Here is an example of a macro definition that uses stringification: - - #define WARN_IF(EXP) \ - do { if (EXP) \ - fprintf (stderr, "Warning: " #EXP "\n"); } \ - while (0) - -Here the actual argument for `EXP' is substituted once as given, into -the `if' statement, and once as stringified, into the argument to -`fprintf'. The `do' and `while (0)' are a kludge to make it possible -to write `WARN_IF (ARG);', which the resemblance of `WARN_IF' to a -function would make C programmers want to do; see *Note Swallow -Semicolon::. - - The stringification feature is limited to transforming one macro -argument into one string constant: there is no way to combine the -argument with other text and then stringify it all together. But the -example above shows how an equivalent result can be obtained in ANSI -Standard C using the feature that adjacent string constants are -concatenated as one string constant. The preprocessor stringifies the -actual value of `EXP' into a separate string constant, resulting in -text like - - do { if (x == 0) \ - fprintf (stderr, "Warning: " "x == 0" "\n"); } \ - while (0) - -but the C compiler then sees three consecutive string constants and -concatenates them into one, producing effectively - - do { if (x == 0) \ - fprintf (stderr, "Warning: x == 0\n"); } \ - while (0) - - Stringification in C involves more than putting doublequote -characters around the fragment; it is necessary to put backslashes in -front of all doublequote characters, and all backslashes in string and -character constants, in order to get a valid C string constant with the -proper contents. Thus, stringifying `p = "foo\n";' results in `"p = -\"foo\\n\";"'. However, backslashes that are not inside of string or -character constants are not duplicated: `\n' by itself stringifies to -`"\n"'. - - Whitespace (including comments) in the text being stringified is -handled according to precise rules. All leading and trailing -whitespace is ignored. Any sequence of whitespace in the middle of the -text is converted to a single space in the stringified result. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Concatenation, Next: Undefining, Prev: Stringification, Up: Macros - -Concatenation -------------- - - "Concatenation" means joining two strings into one. In the context -of macro expansion, concatenation refers to joining two lexical units -into one longer one. Specifically, an actual argument to the macro can -be concatenated with another actual argument or with fixed text to -produce a longer name. The longer name might be the name of a function, -variable or type, or a C keyword; it might even be the name of another -macro, in which case it will be expanded. - - When you define a macro, you request concatenation with the special -operator `##' in the macro body. When the macro is called, after -actual arguments are substituted, all `##' operators are deleted, and -so is any whitespace next to them (including whitespace that was part -of an actual argument). The result is to concatenate the syntactic -tokens on either side of the `##'. - - Consider a C program that interprets named commands. There probably -needs to be a table of commands, perhaps an array of structures -declared as follows: - - struct command - { - char *name; - void (*function) (); - }; - - struct command commands[] = - { - { "quit", quit_command}, - { "help", help_command}, - ... - }; - - It would be cleaner not to have to give each command name twice, -once in the string constant and once in the function name. A macro -which takes the name of a command as an argument can make this -unnecessary. The string constant can be created with stringification, -and the function name by concatenating the argument with `_command'. -Here is how it is done: - - #define COMMAND(NAME) { #NAME, NAME ## _command } - - struct command commands[] = - { - COMMAND (quit), - COMMAND (help), - ... - }; - - The usual case of concatenation is concatenating two names (or a -name and a number) into a longer name. But this isn't the only valid -case. It is also possible to concatenate two numbers (or a number and -a name, such as `1.5' and `e3') into a number. Also, multi-character -operators such as `+=' can be formed by concatenation. In some cases -it is even possible to piece together a string constant. However, two -pieces of text that don't together form a valid lexical unit cannot be -concatenated. For example, concatenation with `x' on one side and `+' -on the other is not meaningful because those two characters can't fit -together in any lexical unit of C. The ANSI standard says that such -attempts at concatenation are undefined, but in the GNU C preprocessor -it is well defined: it puts the `x' and `+' side by side with no -particular special results. - - Keep in mind that the C preprocessor converts comments to whitespace -before macros are even considered. Therefore, you cannot create a -comment by concatenating `/' and `*': the `/*' sequence that starts a -comment is not a lexical unit, but rather the beginning of a "long" -space character. Also, you can freely use comments next to a `##' in a -macro definition, or in actual arguments that will be concatenated, -because the comments will be converted to spaces at first sight, and -concatenation will later discard the spaces. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Undefining, Next: Redefining, Prev: Concatenation, Up: Macros - -Undefining Macros ------------------ - - To "undefine" a macro means to cancel its definition. This is done -with the `#undef' directive. `#undef' is followed by the macro name to -be undefined. - - Like definition, undefinition occurs at a specific point in the -source file, and it applies starting from that point. The name ceases -to be a macro name, and from that point on it is treated by the -preprocessor as if it had never been a macro name. - - For example, - - #define FOO 4 - x = FOO; - #undef FOO - x = FOO; - -expands into - - x = 4; - - x = FOO; - -In this example, `FOO' had better be a variable or function as well as -(temporarily) a macro, in order for the result of the expansion to be -valid C code. - - The same form of `#undef' directive will cancel definitions with -arguments or definitions that don't expect arguments. The `#undef' -directive has no effect when used on a name not currently defined as a -macro. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Redefining, Next: Macro Pitfalls, Prev: Undefining, Up: Macros - -Redefining Macros ------------------ - - "Redefining" a macro means defining (with `#define') a name that is -already defined as a macro. - - A redefinition is trivial if the new definition is transparently -identical to the old one. You probably wouldn't deliberately write a -trivial redefinition, but they can happen automatically when a header -file is included more than once (*note Header Files::.), so they are -accepted silently and without effect. - - Nontrivial redefinition is considered likely to be an error, so it -provokes a warning message from the preprocessor. However, sometimes it -is useful to change the definition of a macro in mid-compilation. You -can inhibit the warning by undefining the macro with `#undef' before the -second definition. - - In order for a redefinition to be trivial, the new definition must -exactly match the one already in effect, with two possible exceptions: - - * Whitespace may be added or deleted at the beginning or the end. - - * Whitespace may be changed in the middle (but not inside strings). - However, it may not be eliminated entirely, and it may not be added - where there was no whitespace at all. - - Recall that a comment counts as whitespace. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Macro Pitfalls, Prev: Redefining, Up: Macros - -Pitfalls and Subtleties of Macros ---------------------------------- - - In this section we describe some special rules that apply to macros -and macro expansion, and point out certain cases in which the rules have -counterintuitive consequences that you must watch out for. - -* Menu: - -* Misnesting:: Macros can contain unmatched parentheses. -* Macro Parentheses:: Why apparently superfluous parentheses - may be necessary to avoid incorrect grouping. -* Swallow Semicolon:: Macros that look like functions - but expand into compound statements. -* Side Effects:: Unsafe macros that cause trouble when - arguments contain side effects. -* Self-Reference:: Macros whose definitions use the macros' own names. -* Argument Prescan:: Actual arguments are checked for macro calls - before they are substituted. -* Cascaded Macros:: Macros whose definitions use other macros. -* Newlines in Args:: Sometimes line numbers get confused. - diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/cpp.info-2 b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/cpp.info-2 deleted file mode 100644 index 43a7419f6dc..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/cpp.info-2 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1032 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file cpp.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.63 from the input -file cpp.texi. - - This file documents the GNU C Preprocessor. - - Copyright 1987, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software -Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms -of a permission notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Misnesting, Next: Macro Parentheses, Prev: Macro Pitfalls, Up: Macro Pitfalls - -Improperly Nested Constructs -............................ - - Recall that when a macro is called with arguments, the arguments are -substituted into the macro body and the result is checked, together with -the rest of the input file, for more macro calls. - - It is possible to piece together a macro call coming partially from -the macro body and partially from the actual arguments. For example, - - #define double(x) (2*(x)) - #define call_with_1(x) x(1) - -would expand `call_with_1 (double)' into `(2*(1))'. - - Macro definitions do not have to have balanced parentheses. By -writing an unbalanced open parenthesis in a macro body, it is possible -to create a macro call that begins inside the macro body but ends -outside of it. For example, - - #define strange(file) fprintf (file, "%s %d", - ... - strange(stderr) p, 35) - -This bizarre example expands to `fprintf (stderr, "%s %d", p, 35)'! - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Macro Parentheses, Next: Swallow Semicolon, Prev: Misnesting, Up: Macro Pitfalls - -Unintended Grouping of Arithmetic -................................. - - You may have noticed that in most of the macro definition examples -shown above, each occurrence of a macro argument name had parentheses -around it. In addition, another pair of parentheses usually surround -the entire macro definition. Here is why it is best to write macros -that way. - - Suppose you define a macro as follows, - - #define ceil_div(x, y) (x + y - 1) / y - -whose purpose is to divide, rounding up. (One use for this operation is -to compute how many `int' objects are needed to hold a certain number -of `char' objects.) Then suppose it is used as follows: - - a = ceil_div (b & c, sizeof (int)); - -This expands into - - a = (b & c + sizeof (int) - 1) / sizeof (int); - -which does not do what is intended. The operator-precedence rules of C -make it equivalent to this: - - a = (b & (c + sizeof (int) - 1)) / sizeof (int); - -But what we want is this: - - a = ((b & c) + sizeof (int) - 1)) / sizeof (int); - -Defining the macro as - - #define ceil_div(x, y) ((x) + (y) - 1) / (y) - -provides the desired result. - - However, unintended grouping can result in another way. Consider -`sizeof ceil_div(1, 2)'. That has the appearance of a C expression -that would compute the size of the type of `ceil_div (1, 2)', but in -fact it means something very different. Here is what it expands to: - - sizeof ((1) + (2) - 1) / (2) - -This would take the size of an integer and divide it by two. The -precedence rules have put the division outside the `sizeof' when it was -intended to be inside. - - Parentheses around the entire macro definition can prevent such -problems. Here, then, is the recommended way to define `ceil_div': - - #define ceil_div(x, y) (((x) + (y) - 1) / (y)) - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Swallow Semicolon, Next: Side Effects, Prev: Macro Parentheses, Up: Macro Pitfalls - -Swallowing the Semicolon -........................ - - Often it is desirable to define a macro that expands into a compound -statement. Consider, for example, the following macro, that advances a -pointer (the argument `p' says where to find it) across whitespace -characters: - - #define SKIP_SPACES (p, limit) \ - { register char *lim = (limit); \ - while (p != lim) { \ - if (*p++ != ' ') { \ - p--; break; }}} - -Here Backslash-Newline is used to split the macro definition, which must -be a single line, so that it resembles the way such C code would be -laid out if not part of a macro definition. - - A call to this macro might be `SKIP_SPACES (p, lim)'. Strictly -speaking, the call expands to a compound statement, which is a complete -statement with no need for a semicolon to end it. But it looks like a -function call. So it minimizes confusion if you can use it like a -function call, writing a semicolon afterward, as in `SKIP_SPACES (p, -lim);' - - But this can cause trouble before `else' statements, because the -semicolon is actually a null statement. Suppose you write - - if (*p != 0) - SKIP_SPACES (p, lim); - else ... - -The presence of two statements--the compound statement and a null -statement--in between the `if' condition and the `else' makes invalid C -code. - - The definition of the macro `SKIP_SPACES' can be altered to solve -this problem, using a `do ... while' statement. Here is how: - - #define SKIP_SPACES (p, limit) \ - do { register char *lim = (limit); \ - while (p != lim) { \ - if (*p++ != ' ') { \ - p--; break; }}} \ - while (0) - - Now `SKIP_SPACES (p, lim);' expands into - - do {...} while (0); - -which is one statement. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Side Effects, Next: Self-Reference, Prev: Swallow Semicolon, Up: Macro Pitfalls - -Duplication of Side Effects -........................... - - Many C programs define a macro `min', for "minimum", like this: - - #define min(X, Y) ((X) < (Y) ? (X) : (Y)) - - When you use this macro with an argument containing a side effect, -as shown here, - - next = min (x + y, foo (z)); - -it expands as follows: - - next = ((x + y) < (foo (z)) ? (x + y) : (foo (z))); - -where `x + y' has been substituted for `X' and `foo (z)' for `Y'. - - The function `foo' is used only once in the statement as it appears -in the program, but the expression `foo (z)' has been substituted twice -into the macro expansion. As a result, `foo' might be called two times -when the statement is executed. If it has side effects or if it takes -a long time to compute, the results might not be what you intended. We -say that `min' is an "unsafe" macro. - - The best solution to this problem is to define `min' in a way that -computes the value of `foo (z)' only once. The C language offers no -standard way to do this, but it can be done with GNU C extensions as -follows: - - #define min(X, Y) \ - ({ typeof (X) __x = (X), __y = (Y); \ - (__x < __y) ? __x : __y; }) - - If you do not wish to use GNU C extensions, the only solution is to -be careful when *using* the macro `min'. For example, you can -calculate the value of `foo (z)', save it in a variable, and use that -variable in `min': - - #define min(X, Y) ((X) < (Y) ? (X) : (Y)) - ... - { - int tem = foo (z); - next = min (x + y, tem); - } - -(where we assume that `foo' returns type `int'). - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Self-Reference, Next: Argument Prescan, Prev: Side Effects, Up: Macro Pitfalls - -Self-Referential Macros -....................... - - A "self-referential" macro is one whose name appears in its -definition. A special feature of ANSI Standard C is that the -self-reference is not considered a macro call. It is passed into the -preprocessor output unchanged. - - Let's consider an example: - - #define foo (4 + foo) - -where `foo' is also a variable in your program. - - Following the ordinary rules, each reference to `foo' will expand -into `(4 + foo)'; then this will be rescanned and will expand into `(4 -+ (4 + foo))'; and so on until it causes a fatal error (memory full) in -the preprocessor. - - However, the special rule about self-reference cuts this process -short after one step, at `(4 + foo)'. Therefore, this macro definition -has the possibly useful effect of causing the program to add 4 to the -value of `foo' wherever `foo' is referred to. - - In most cases, it is a bad idea to take advantage of this feature. A -person reading the program who sees that `foo' is a variable will not -expect that it is a macro as well. The reader will come across the -identifier `foo' in the program and think its value should be that of -the variable `foo', whereas in fact the value is four greater. - - The special rule for self-reference applies also to "indirect" -self-reference. This is the case where a macro X expands to use a -macro `y', and the expansion of `y' refers to the macro `x'. The -resulting reference to `x' comes indirectly from the expansion of `x', -so it is a self-reference and is not further expanded. Thus, after - - #define x (4 + y) - #define y (2 * x) - -`x' would expand into `(4 + (2 * x))'. Clear? - - But suppose `y' is used elsewhere, not from the definition of `x'. -Then the use of `x' in the expansion of `y' is not a self-reference -because `x' is not "in progress". So it does expand. However, the -expansion of `x' contains a reference to `y', and that is an indirect -self-reference now because `y' is "in progress". The result is that -`y' expands to `(2 * (4 + y))'. - - It is not clear that this behavior would ever be useful, but it is -specified by the ANSI C standard, so you may need to understand it. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Argument Prescan, Next: Cascaded Macros, Prev: Self-Reference, Up: Macro Pitfalls - -Separate Expansion of Macro Arguments -..................................... - - We have explained that the expansion of a macro, including the -substituted actual arguments, is scanned over again for macro calls to -be expanded. - - What really happens is more subtle: first each actual argument text -is scanned separately for macro calls. Then the results of this are -substituted into the macro body to produce the macro expansion, and the -macro expansion is scanned again for macros to expand. - - The result is that the actual arguments are scanned *twice* to expand -macro calls in them. - - Most of the time, this has no effect. If the actual argument -contained any macro calls, they are expanded during the first scan. -The result therefore contains no macro calls, so the second scan does -not change it. If the actual argument were substituted as given, with -no prescan, the single remaining scan would find the same macro calls -and produce the same results. - - You might expect the double scan to change the results when a -self-referential macro is used in an actual argument of another macro -(*note Self-Reference::.): the self-referential macro would be expanded -once in the first scan, and a second time in the second scan. But this -is not what happens. The self-references that do not expand in the -first scan are marked so that they will not expand in the second scan -either. - - The prescan is not done when an argument is stringified or -concatenated. Thus, - - #define str(s) #s - #define foo 4 - str (foo) - -expands to `"foo"'. Once more, prescan has been prevented from having -any noticeable effect. - - More precisely, stringification and concatenation use the argument as -written, in un-prescanned form. The same actual argument would be used -in prescanned form if it is substituted elsewhere without -stringification or concatenation. - - #define str(s) #s lose(s) - #define foo 4 - str (foo) - - expands to `"foo" lose(4)'. - - You might now ask, "Why mention the prescan, if it makes no -difference? And why not skip it and make the preprocessor faster?" -The answer is that the prescan does make a difference in three special -cases: - - * Nested calls to a macro. - - * Macros that call other macros that stringify or concatenate. - - * Macros whose expansions contain unshielded commas. - - We say that "nested" calls to a macro occur when a macro's actual -argument contains a call to that very macro. For example, if `f' is a -macro that expects one argument, `f (f (1))' is a nested pair of calls -to `f'. The desired expansion is made by expanding `f (1)' and -substituting that into the definition of `f'. The prescan causes the -expected result to happen. Without the prescan, `f (1)' itself would -be substituted as an actual argument, and the inner use of `f' would -appear during the main scan as an indirect self-reference and would not -be expanded. Here, the prescan cancels an undesirable side effect (in -the medical, not computational, sense of the term) of the special rule -for self-referential macros. - - But prescan causes trouble in certain other cases of nested macro -calls. Here is an example: - - #define foo a,b - #define bar(x) lose(x) - #define lose(x) (1 + (x)) - - bar(foo) - -We would like `bar(foo)' to turn into `(1 + (foo))', which would then -turn into `(1 + (a,b))'. But instead, `bar(foo)' expands into -`lose(a,b)', and you get an error because `lose' requires a single -argument. In this case, the problem is easily solved by the same -parentheses that ought to be used to prevent misnesting of arithmetic -operations: - - #define foo (a,b) - #define bar(x) lose((x)) - - The problem is more serious when the operands of the macro are not -expressions; for example, when they are statements. Then parentheses -are unacceptable because they would make for invalid C code: - - #define foo { int a, b; ... } - -In GNU C you can shield the commas using the `({...})' construct which -turns a compound statement into an expression: - - #define foo ({ int a, b; ... }) - - Or you can rewrite the macro definition to avoid such commas: - - #define foo { int a; int b; ... } - - There is also one case where prescan is useful. It is possible to -use prescan to expand an argument and then stringify it--if you use two -levels of macros. Let's add a new macro `xstr' to the example shown -above: - - #define xstr(s) str(s) - #define str(s) #s - #define foo 4 - xstr (foo) - - This expands into `"4"', not `"foo"'. The reason for the difference -is that the argument of `xstr' is expanded at prescan (because `xstr' -does not specify stringification or concatenation of the argument). -The result of prescan then forms the actual argument for `str'. `str' -uses its argument without prescan because it performs stringification; -but it cannot prevent or undo the prescanning already done by `xstr'. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Cascaded Macros, Next: Newlines in Args, Prev: Argument Prescan, Up: Macro Pitfalls - -Cascaded Use of Macros -...................... - - A "cascade" of macros is when one macro's body contains a reference -to another macro. This is very common practice. For example, - - #define BUFSIZE 1020 - #define TABLESIZE BUFSIZE - - This is not at all the same as defining `TABLESIZE' to be `1020'. -The `#define' for `TABLESIZE' uses exactly the body you specify--in -this case, `BUFSIZE'--and does not check to see whether it too is the -name of a macro. - - It's only when you *use* `TABLESIZE' that the result of its expansion -is checked for more macro names. - - This makes a difference if you change the definition of `BUFSIZE' at -some point in the source file. `TABLESIZE', defined as shown, will -always expand using the definition of `BUFSIZE' that is currently in -effect: - - #define BUFSIZE 1020 - #define TABLESIZE BUFSIZE - #undef BUFSIZE - #define BUFSIZE 37 - -Now `TABLESIZE' expands (in two stages) to `37'. (The `#undef' is to -prevent any warning about the nontrivial redefinition of `BUFSIZE'.) - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Newlines in Args, Prev: Cascaded Macros, Up: Macro Pitfalls - -Newlines in Macro Arguments ---------------------------- - - Traditional macro processing carries forward all newlines in macro -arguments into the expansion of the macro. This means that, if some of -the arguments are substituted more than once, or not at all, or out of -order, newlines can be duplicated, lost, or moved around within the -expansion. If the expansion consists of multiple statements, then the -effect is to distort the line numbers of some of these statements. The -result can be incorrect line numbers, in error messages or displayed in -a debugger. - - The GNU C preprocessor operating in ANSI C mode adjusts appropriately -for multiple use of an argument--the first use expands all the -newlines, and subsequent uses of the same argument produce no newlines. -But even in this mode, it can produce incorrect line numbering if -arguments are used out of order, or not used at all. - - Here is an example illustrating this problem: - - #define ignore_second_arg(a,b,c) a; c - - ignore_second_arg (foo (), - ignored (), - syntax error); - -The syntax error triggered by the tokens `syntax error' results in an -error message citing line four, even though the statement text comes -from line five. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Conditionals, Next: Combining Sources, Prev: Macros, Up: Top - -Conditionals -============ - - In a macro processor, a "conditional" is a directive that allows a -part of the program to be ignored during compilation, on some -conditions. In the C preprocessor, a conditional can test either an -arithmetic expression or whether a name is defined as a macro. - - A conditional in the C preprocessor resembles in some ways an `if' -statement in C, but it is important to understand the difference between -them. The condition in an `if' statement is tested during the execution -of your program. Its purpose is to allow your program to behave -differently from run to run, depending on the data it is operating on. -The condition in a preprocessing conditional directive is tested when -your program is compiled. Its purpose is to allow different code to be -included in the program depending on the situation at the time of -compilation. - -* Menu: - -* Uses: Conditional Uses. What conditionals are for. -* Syntax: Conditional Syntax. How conditionals are written. -* Deletion: Deleted Code. Making code into a comment. -* Macros: Conditionals-Macros. Why conditionals are used with macros. -* Assertions:: How and why to use assertions. -* Errors: #error Directive. Detecting inconsistent compilation parameters. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Conditional Uses, Next: Conditional Syntax, Up: Conditionals - -Why Conditionals are Used -------------------------- - - Generally there are three kinds of reason to use a conditional. - - * A program may need to use different code depending on the machine - or operating system it is to run on. In some cases the code for - one operating system may be erroneous on another operating system; - for example, it might refer to library routines that do not exist - on the other system. When this happens, it is not enough to avoid - executing the invalid code: merely having it in the program makes - it impossible to link the program and run it. With a - preprocessing conditional, the offending code can be effectively - excised from the program when it is not valid. - - * You may want to be able to compile the same source file into two - different programs. Sometimes the difference between the programs - is that one makes frequent time-consuming consistency checks on its - intermediate data, or prints the values of those data for - debugging, while the other does not. - - * A conditional whose condition is always false is a good way to - exclude code from the program but keep it as a sort of comment for - future reference. - - Most simple programs that are intended to run on only one machine -will not need to use preprocessing conditionals. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Conditional Syntax, Next: Deleted Code, Prev: Conditional Uses, Up: Conditionals - -Syntax of Conditionals ----------------------- - - A conditional in the C preprocessor begins with a "conditional -directive": `#if', `#ifdef' or `#ifndef'. *Note Conditionals-Macros::, -for information on `#ifdef' and `#ifndef'; only `#if' is explained here. - -* Menu: - -* If: #if Directive. Basic conditionals using `#if' and `#endif'. -* Else: #else Directive. Including some text if the condition fails. -* Elif: #elif Directive. Testing several alternative possibilities. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: #if Directive, Next: #else Directive, Up: Conditional Syntax - -The `#if' Directive -................... - - The `#if' directive in its simplest form consists of - - #if EXPRESSION - CONTROLLED TEXT - #endif /* EXPRESSION */ - - The comment following the `#endif' is not required, but it is a good -practice because it helps people match the `#endif' to the -corresponding `#if'. Such comments should always be used, except in -short conditionals that are not nested. In fact, you can put anything -at all after the `#endif' and it will be ignored by the GNU C -preprocessor, but only comments are acceptable in ANSI Standard C. - - EXPRESSION is a C expression of integer type, subject to stringent -restrictions. It may contain - - * Integer constants, which are all regarded as `long' or `unsigned - long'. - - * Character constants, which are interpreted according to the - character set and conventions of the machine and operating system - on which the preprocessor is running. The GNU C preprocessor uses - the C data type `char' for these character constants; therefore, - whether some character codes are negative is determined by the C - compiler used to compile the preprocessor. If it treats `char' as - signed, then character codes large enough to set the sign bit will - be considered negative; otherwise, no character code is considered - negative. - - * Arithmetic operators for addition, subtraction, multiplication, - division, bitwise operations, shifts, comparisons, and logical - operations (`&&' and `||'). - - * Identifiers that are not macros, which are all treated as zero(!). - - * Macro calls. All macro calls in the expression are expanded before - actual computation of the expression's value begins. - - Note that `sizeof' operators and `enum'-type values are not allowed. -`enum'-type values, like all other identifiers that are not taken as -macro calls and expanded, are treated as zero. - - The CONTROLLED TEXT inside of a conditional can include -preprocessing directives. Then the directives inside the conditional -are obeyed only if that branch of the conditional succeeds. The text -can also contain other conditional groups. However, the `#if' and -`#endif' directives must balance. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: #else Directive, Next: #elif Directive, Prev: #if Directive, Up: Conditional Syntax - -The `#else' Directive -..................... - - The `#else' directive can be added to a conditional to provide -alternative text to be used if the condition is false. This is what it -looks like: - - #if EXPRESSION - TEXT-IF-TRUE - #else /* Not EXPRESSION */ - TEXT-IF-FALSE - #endif /* Not EXPRESSION */ - - If EXPRESSION is nonzero, and thus the TEXT-IF-TRUE is active, then -`#else' acts like a failing conditional and the TEXT-IF-FALSE is -ignored. Contrariwise, if the `#if' conditional fails, the -TEXT-IF-FALSE is considered included. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: #elif Directive, Prev: #else Directive, Up: Conditional Syntax - -The `#elif' Directive -..................... - - One common case of nested conditionals is used to check for more -than two possible alternatives. For example, you might have - - #if X == 1 - ... - #else /* X != 1 */ - #if X == 2 - ... - #else /* X != 2 */ - ... - #endif /* X != 2 */ - #endif /* X != 1 */ - - Another conditional directive, `#elif', allows this to be abbreviated -as follows: - - #if X == 1 - ... - #elif X == 2 - ... - #else /* X != 2 and X != 1*/ - ... - #endif /* X != 2 and X != 1*/ - - `#elif' stands for "else if". Like `#else', it goes in the middle -of a `#if'-`#endif' pair and subdivides it; it does not require a -matching `#endif' of its own. Like `#if', the `#elif' directive -includes an expression to be tested. - - The text following the `#elif' is processed only if the original -`#if'-condition failed and the `#elif' condition succeeds. More than -one `#elif' can go in the same `#if'-`#endif' group. Then the text -after each `#elif' is processed only if the `#elif' condition succeeds -after the original `#if' and any previous `#elif' directives within it -have failed. `#else' is equivalent to `#elif 1', and `#else' is -allowed after any number of `#elif' directives, but `#elif' may not -follow `#else'. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Deleted Code, Next: Conditionals-Macros, Prev: Conditional Syntax, Up: Conditionals - -Keeping Deleted Code for Future Reference ------------------------------------------ - - If you replace or delete a part of the program but want to keep the -old code around as a comment for future reference, the easy way to do -this is to put `#if 0' before it and `#endif' after it. This is better -than using comment delimiters `/*' and `*/' since those won't work if -the code already contains comments (C comments do not nest). - - This works even if the code being turned off contains conditionals, -but they must be entire conditionals (balanced `#if' and `#endif'). - - Conversely, do not use `#if 0' for comments which are not C code. -Use the comment delimiters `/*' and `*/' instead. The interior of `#if -0' must consist of complete tokens; in particular, singlequote -characters must balance. But comments often contain unbalanced -singlequote characters (known in English as apostrophes). These -confuse `#if 0'. They do not confuse `/*'. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Conditionals-Macros, Next: Assertions, Prev: Deleted Code, Up: Conditionals - -Conditionals and Macros ------------------------ - - Conditionals are useful in connection with macros or assertions, -because those are the only ways that an expression's value can vary -from one compilation to another. A `#if' directive whose expression -uses no macros or assertions is equivalent to `#if 1' or `#if 0'; you -might as well determine which one, by computing the value of the -expression yourself, and then simplify the program. - - For example, here is a conditional that tests the expression -`BUFSIZE == 1020', where `BUFSIZE' must be a macro. - - #if BUFSIZE == 1020 - printf ("Large buffers!\n"); - #endif /* BUFSIZE is large */ - - (Programmers often wish they could test the size of a variable or -data type in `#if', but this does not work. The preprocessor does not -understand `sizeof', or typedef names, or even the type keywords such -as `int'.) - - The special operator `defined' is used in `#if' expressions to test -whether a certain name is defined as a macro. Either `defined NAME' or -`defined (NAME)' is an expression whose value is 1 if NAME is defined -as macro at the current point in the program, and 0 otherwise. For the -`defined' operator it makes no difference what the definition of the -macro is; all that matters is whether there is a definition. Thus, for -example, - - #if defined (vax) || defined (ns16000) - -would succeed if either of the names `vax' and `ns16000' is defined as -a macro. You can test the same condition using assertions (*note -Assertions::.), like this: - - #if #cpu (vax) || #cpu (ns16000) - - If a macro is defined and later undefined with `#undef', subsequent -use of the `defined' operator returns 0, because the name is no longer -defined. If the macro is defined again with another `#define', -`defined' will recommence returning 1. - - Conditionals that test whether just one name is defined are very -common, so there are two special short conditional directives for this -case. - -`#ifdef NAME' - is equivalent to `#if defined (NAME)'. - -`#ifndef NAME' - is equivalent to `#if ! defined (NAME)'. - - Macro definitions can vary between compilations for several reasons. - - * Some macros are predefined on each kind of machine. For example, - on a Vax, the name `vax' is a predefined macro. On other - machines, it would not be defined. - - * Many more macros are defined by system header files. Different - systems and machines define different macros, or give them - different values. It is useful to test these macros with - conditionals to avoid using a system feature on a machine where it - is not implemented. - - * Macros are a common way of allowing users to customize a program - for different machines or applications. For example, the macro - `BUFSIZE' might be defined in a configuration file for your - program that is included as a header file in each source file. You - would use `BUFSIZE' in a preprocessing conditional in order to - generate different code depending on the chosen configuration. - - * Macros can be defined or undefined with `-D' and `-U' command - options when you compile the program. You can arrange to compile - the same source file into two different programs by choosing a - macro name to specify which program you want, writing conditionals - to test whether or how this macro is defined, and then controlling - the state of the macro with compiler command options. *Note - Invocation::. - - Assertions are usually predefined, but can be defined with -preprocessor directives or command-line options. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Assertions, Next: #error Directive, Prev: Conditionals-Macros, Up: Conditionals - -Assertions ----------- - - "Assertions" are a more systematic alternative to macros in writing -conditionals to test what sort of computer or system the compiled -program will run on. Assertions are usually predefined, but you can -define them with preprocessing directives or command-line options. - - The macros traditionally used to describe the type of target are not -classified in any way according to which question they answer; they may -indicate a hardware architecture, a particular hardware model, an -operating system, a particular version of an operating system, or -specific configuration options. These are jumbled together in a single -namespace. In contrast, each assertion consists of a named question and -an answer. The question is usually called the "predicate". An -assertion looks like this: - - #PREDICATE (ANSWER) - -You must use a properly formed identifier for PREDICATE. The value of -ANSWER can be any sequence of words; all characters are significant -except for leading and trailing whitespace, and differences in internal -whitespace sequences are ignored. Thus, `x + y' is different from -`x+y' but equivalent to `x + y'. `)' is not allowed in an answer. - - Here is a conditional to test whether the answer ANSWER is asserted -for the predicate PREDICATE: - - #if #PREDICATE (ANSWER) - -There may be more than one answer asserted for a given predicate. If -you omit the answer, you can test whether *any* answer is asserted for -PREDICATE: - - #if #PREDICATE - - Most of the time, the assertions you test will be predefined -assertions. GNU C provides three predefined predicates: `system', -`cpu', and `machine'. `system' is for assertions about the type of -software, `cpu' describes the type of computer architecture, and -`machine' gives more information about the computer. For example, on a -GNU system, the following assertions would be true: - - #system (gnu) - #system (mach) - #system (mach 3) - #system (mach 3.SUBVERSION) - #system (hurd) - #system (hurd VERSION) - -and perhaps others. The alternatives with more or less version -information let you ask more or less detailed questions about the type -of system software. - - On a Unix system, you would find `#system (unix)' and perhaps one of: -`#system (aix)', `#system (bsd)', `#system (hpux)', `#system (lynx)', -`#system (mach)', `#system (posix)', `#system (svr3)', `#system -(svr4)', or `#system (xpg4)' with possible version numbers following. - - Other values for `system' are `#system (mvs)' and `#system (vms)'. - - *Portability note:* Many Unix C compilers provide only one answer -for the `system' assertion: `#system (unix)', if they support -assertions at all. This is less than useful. - - An assertion with a multi-word answer is completely different from -several assertions with individual single-word answers. For example, -the presence of `system (mach 3.0)' does not mean that `system (3.0)' -is true. It also does not directly imply `system (mach)', but in GNU -C, that last will normally be asserted as well. - - The current list of possible assertion values for `cpu' is: `#cpu -(a29k)', `#cpu (alpha)', `#cpu (arm)', `#cpu (clipper)', `#cpu -(convex)', `#cpu (elxsi)', `#cpu (tron)', `#cpu (h8300)', `#cpu -(i370)', `#cpu (i386)', `#cpu (i860)', `#cpu (i960)', `#cpu (m68k)', -`#cpu (m88k)', `#cpu (mips)', `#cpu (ns32k)', `#cpu (hppa)', `#cpu -(pyr)', `#cpu (ibm032)', `#cpu (rs6000)', `#cpu (sh)', `#cpu (sparc)', -`#cpu (spur)', `#cpu (tahoe)', `#cpu (vax)', `#cpu (we32000)'. - - You can create assertions within a C program using `#assert', like -this: - - #assert PREDICATE (ANSWER) - -(Note the absence of a `#' before PREDICATE.) - - Each time you do this, you assert a new true answer for PREDICATE. -Asserting one answer does not invalidate previously asserted answers; -they all remain true. The only way to remove an assertion is with -`#unassert'. `#unassert' has the same syntax as `#assert'. You can -also remove all assertions about PREDICATE like this: - - #unassert PREDICATE - - You can also add or cancel assertions using command options when you -run `gcc' or `cpp'. *Note Invocation::. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: #error Directive, Prev: Assertions, Up: Conditionals - -The `#error' and `#warning' Directives --------------------------------------- - - The directive `#error' causes the preprocessor to report a fatal -error. The rest of the line that follows `#error' is used as the error -message. - - You would use `#error' inside of a conditional that detects a -combination of parameters which you know the program does not properly -support. For example, if you know that the program will not run -properly on a Vax, you might write - - #ifdef __vax__ - #error Won't work on Vaxen. See comments at get_last_object. - #endif - -*Note Nonstandard Predefined::, for why this works. - - If you have several configuration parameters that must be set up by -the installation in a consistent way, you can use conditionals to detect -an inconsistency and report it with `#error'. For example, - - #if HASH_TABLE_SIZE % 2 == 0 || HASH_TABLE_SIZE % 3 == 0 \ - || HASH_TABLE_SIZE % 5 == 0 - #error HASH_TABLE_SIZE should not be divisible by a small prime - #endif - - The directive `#warning' is like the directive `#error', but causes -the preprocessor to issue a warning and continue preprocessing. The -rest of the line that follows `#warning' is used as the warning message. - - You might use `#warning' in obsolete header files, with a message -directing the user to the header file which should be used instead. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Combining Sources, Next: Other Directives, Prev: Conditionals, Up: Top - -Combining Source Files -====================== - - One of the jobs of the C preprocessor is to inform the C compiler of -where each line of C code came from: which source file and which line -number. - - C code can come from multiple source files if you use `#include'; -both `#include' and the use of conditionals and macros can cause the -line number of a line in the preprocessor output to be different from -the line's number in the original source file. You will appreciate the -value of making both the C compiler (in error messages) and symbolic -debuggers such as GDB use the line numbers in your source file. - - The C preprocessor builds on this feature by offering a directive by -which you can control the feature explicitly. This is useful when a -file for input to the C preprocessor is the output from another program -such as the `bison' parser generator, which operates on another file -that is the true source file. Parts of the output from `bison' are -generated from scratch, other parts come from a standard parser file. -The rest are copied nearly verbatim from the source file, but their -line numbers in the `bison' output are not the same as their original -line numbers. Naturally you would like compiler error messages and -symbolic debuggers to know the original source file and line number of -each line in the `bison' input. - - `bison' arranges this by writing `#line' directives into the output -file. `#line' is a directive that specifies the original line number -and source file name for subsequent input in the current preprocessor -input file. `#line' has three variants: - -`#line LINENUM' - Here LINENUM is a decimal integer constant. This specifies that - the line number of the following line of input, in its original - source file, was LINENUM. - -`#line LINENUM FILENAME' - Here LINENUM is a decimal integer constant and FILENAME is a - string constant. This specifies that the following line of input - came originally from source file FILENAME and its line number there - was LINENUM. Keep in mind that FILENAME is not just a file name; - it is surrounded by doublequote characters so that it looks like a - string constant. - -`#line ANYTHING ELSE' - ANYTHING ELSE is checked for macro calls, which are expanded. The - result should be a decimal integer constant followed optionally by - a string constant, as described above. - - `#line' directives alter the results of the `__FILE__' and -`__LINE__' predefined macros from that point on. *Note Standard -Predefined::. - - The output of the preprocessor (which is the input for the rest of -the compiler) contains directives that look much like `#line' -directives. They start with just `#' instead of `#line', but this is -followed by a line number and file name as in `#line'. *Note Output::. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Other Directives, Next: Output, Prev: Combining Sources, Up: Top - -Miscellaneous Preprocessing Directives -====================================== - - This section describes three additional preprocessing directives. -They are not very useful, but are mentioned for completeness. - - The "null directive" consists of a `#' followed by a Newline, with -only whitespace (including comments) in between. A null directive is -understood as a preprocessing directive but has no effect on the -preprocessor output. The primary significance of the existence of the -null directive is that an input line consisting of just a `#' will -produce no output, rather than a line of output containing just a `#'. -Supposedly some old C programs contain such lines. - - The ANSI standard specifies that the `#pragma' directive has an -arbitrary, implementation-defined effect. In the GNU C preprocessor, -`#pragma' directives are not used, except for `#pragma once' (*note -Once-Only::.). However, they are left in the preprocessor output, so -they are available to the compilation pass. - - The `#ident' directive is supported for compatibility with certain -other systems. It is followed by a line of text. On some systems, the -text is copied into a special place in the object file; on most systems, -the text is ignored and this directive has no effect. Typically -`#ident' is only used in header files supplied with those systems where -it is meaningful. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Output, Next: Invocation, Prev: Other Directives, Up: Top - -C Preprocessor Output -===================== - - The output from the C preprocessor looks much like the input, except -that all preprocessing directive lines have been replaced with blank -lines and all comments with spaces. Whitespace within a line is not -altered; however, a space is inserted after the expansions of most -macro calls. - - Source file name and line number information is conveyed by lines of -the form - - # LINENUM FILENAME FLAGS - -which are inserted as needed into the middle of the input (but never -within a string or character constant). Such a line means that the -following line originated in file FILENAME at line LINENUM. - - After the file name comes zero or more flags, which are `1', `2', -`3', or `4'. If there are multiple flags, spaces separate them. Here -is what the flags mean: - -`1' - This indicates the start of a new file. - -`2' - This indicates returning to a file (after having included another - file). - -`3' - This indicates that the following text comes from a system header - file, so certain warnings should be suppressed. - -`4' - This indicates that the following text should be treated as C. - diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/cpp.info-3 b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/cpp.info-3 deleted file mode 100644 index 9f50e9c74d9..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/cpp.info-3 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,466 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file cpp.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.63 from the input -file cpp.texi. - - This file documents the GNU C Preprocessor. - - Copyright 1987, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software -Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms -of a permission notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Invocation, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Output, Up: Top - -Invoking the C Preprocessor -=========================== - - Most often when you use the C preprocessor you will not have to -invoke it explicitly: the C compiler will do so automatically. -However, the preprocessor is sometimes useful on its own. - - The C preprocessor expects two file names as arguments, INFILE and -OUTFILE. The preprocessor reads INFILE together with any other files -it specifies with `#include'. All the output generated by the combined -input files is written in OUTFILE. - - Either INFILE or OUTFILE may be `-', which as INFILE means to read -from standard input and as OUTFILE means to write to standard output. -Also, if OUTFILE or both file names are omitted, the standard output -and standard input are used for the omitted file names. - - Here is a table of command options accepted by the C preprocessor. -These options can also be given when compiling a C program; they are -passed along automatically to the preprocessor when it is invoked by the -compiler. - -`-P' - Inhibit generation of `#'-lines with line-number information in - the output from the preprocessor (*note Output::.). This might be - useful when running the preprocessor on something that is not C - code and will be sent to a program which might be confused by the - `#'-lines. - -`-C' - Do not discard comments: pass them through to the output file. - Comments appearing in arguments of a macro call will be copied to - the output before the expansion of the macro call. - -`-traditional' - Try to imitate the behavior of old-fashioned C, as opposed to ANSI - C. - - * Traditional macro expansion pays no attention to singlequote - or doublequote characters; macro argument symbols are - replaced by the argument values even when they appear within - apparent string or character constants. - - * Traditionally, it is permissible for a macro expansion to end - in the middle of a string or character constant. The - constant continues into the text surrounding the macro call. - - * However, traditionally the end of the line terminates a - string or character constant, with no error. - - * In traditional C, a comment is equivalent to no text at all. - (In ANSI C, a comment counts as whitespace.) - - * Traditional C does not have the concept of a "preprocessing - number". It considers `1.0e+4' to be three tokens: `1.0e', - `+', and `4'. - - * A macro is not suppressed within its own definition, in - traditional C. Thus, any macro that is used recursively - inevitably causes an error. - - * The character `#' has no special meaning within a macro - definition in traditional C. - - * In traditional C, the text at the end of a macro expansion - can run together with the text after the macro call, to - produce a single token. (This is impossible in ANSI C.) - - * Traditionally, `\' inside a macro argument suppresses the - syntactic significance of the following character. - -`-trigraphs' - Process ANSI standard trigraph sequences. These are - three-character sequences, all starting with `??', that are - defined by ANSI C to stand for single characters. For example, - `??/' stands for `\', so `'??/n'' is a character constant for a - newline. Strictly speaking, the GNU C preprocessor does not - support all programs in ANSI Standard C unless `-trigraphs' is - used, but if you ever notice the difference it will be with relief. - - You don't want to know any more about trigraphs. - -`-pedantic' - Issue warnings required by the ANSI C standard in certain cases - such as when text other than a comment follows `#else' or `#endif'. - -`-pedantic-errors' - Like `-pedantic', except that errors are produced rather than - warnings. - -`-Wtrigraphs' - Warn if any trigraphs are encountered (assuming they are enabled). - -`-Wcomment' - Warn whenever a comment-start sequence `/*' appears in a comment. - -`-Wall' - Requests both `-Wtrigraphs' and `-Wcomment' (but not - `-Wtraditional'). - -`-Wtraditional' - Warn about certain constructs that behave differently in - traditional and ANSI C. - -`-I DIRECTORY' - Add the directory DIRECTORY to the head of the list of directories - to be searched for header files (*note Include Syntax::.). This - can be used to override a system header file, substituting your - own version, since these directories are searched before the system - header file directories. If you use more than one `-I' option, - the directories are scanned in left-to-right order; the standard - system directories come after. - -`-I-' - Any directories specified with `-I' options before the `-I-' - option are searched only for the case of `#include "FILE"'; they - are not searched for `#include <FILE>'. - - If additional directories are specified with `-I' options after - the `-I-', these directories are searched for all `#include' - directives. - - In addition, the `-I-' option inhibits the use of the current - directory as the first search directory for `#include "FILE"'. - Therefore, the current directory is searched only if it is - requested explicitly with `-I.'. Specifying both `-I-' and `-I.' - allows you to control precisely which directories are searched - before the current one and which are searched after. - -`-nostdinc' - Do not search the standard system directories for header files. - Only the directories you have specified with `-I' options (and the - current directory, if appropriate) are searched. - -`-nostdinc++' - Do not search for header files in the C++-specific standard - directories, but do still search the other standard directories. - (This option is used when building libg++.) - -`-D NAME' - Predefine NAME as a macro, with definition `1'. - -`-D NAME=DEFINITION' - Predefine NAME as a macro, with definition DEFINITION. There are - no restrictions on the contents of DEFINITION, but if you are - invoking the preprocessor from a shell or shell-like program you - may need to use the shell's quoting syntax to protect characters - such as spaces that have a meaning in the shell syntax. If you - use more than one `-D' for the same NAME, the rightmost definition - takes effect. - -`-U NAME' - Do not predefine NAME. If both `-U' and `-D' are specified for - one name, the `-U' beats the `-D' and the name is not predefined. - -`-undef' - Do not predefine any nonstandard macros. - -`-A PREDICATE(ANSWER)' - Make an assertion with the predicate PREDICATE and answer ANSWER. - *Note Assertions::. - - You can use `-A-' to disable all predefined assertions; it also - undefines all predefined macros that identify the type of target - system. - -`-dM' - Instead of outputting the result of preprocessing, output a list of - `#define' directives for all the macros defined during the - execution of the preprocessor, including predefined macros. This - gives you a way of finding out what is predefined in your version - of the preprocessor; assuming you have no file `foo.h', the command - - touch foo.h; cpp -dM foo.h - - will show the values of any predefined macros. - -`-dD' - Like `-dM' except in two respects: it does *not* include the - predefined macros, and it outputs *both* the `#define' directives - and the result of preprocessing. Both kinds of output go to the - standard output file. - -`-M [-MG]' - Instead of outputting the result of preprocessing, output a rule - suitable for `make' describing the dependencies of the main source - file. The preprocessor outputs one `make' rule containing the - object file name for that source file, a colon, and the names of - all the included files. If there are many included files then the - rule is split into several lines using `\'-newline. - - `-MG' says to treat missing header files as generated files and - assume they live in the same directory as the source file. It - must be specified in addition to `-M'. - - This feature is used in automatic updating of makefiles. - -`-MM [-MG]' - Like `-M' but mention only the files included with `#include - "FILE"'. System header files included with `#include <FILE>' are - omitted. - -`-MD FILE' - Like `-M' but the dependency information is written to FILE. This - is in addition to compiling the file as specified--`-MD' does not - inhibit ordinary compilation the way `-M' does. - - When invoking gcc, do not specify the FILE argument. Gcc will - create file names made by replacing ".c" with ".d" at the end of - the input file names. - - In Mach, you can use the utility `md' to merge multiple dependency - files into a single dependency file suitable for using with the - `make' command. - -`-MMD FILE' - Like `-MD' except mention only user header files, not system - header files. - -`-H' - Print the name of each header file used, in addition to other - normal activities. - -`-imacros FILE' - Process FILE as input, discarding the resulting output, before - processing the regular input file. Because the output generated - from FILE is discarded, the only effect of `-imacros FILE' is to - make the macros defined in FILE available for use in the main - input. - -`-include FILE' - Process FILE as input, and include all the resulting output, - before processing the regular input file. - -`-idirafter DIR' - Add the directory DIR to the second include path. The directories - on the second include path are searched when a header file is not - found in any of the directories in the main include path (the one - that `-I' adds to). - -`-iprefix PREFIX' - Specify PREFIX as the prefix for subsequent `-iwithprefix' options. - -`-iwithprefix DIR' - Add a directory to the second include path. The directory's name - is made by concatenating PREFIX and DIR, where PREFIX was - specified previously with `-iprefix'. - -`-isystem DIR' - Add a directory to the beginning of the second include path, - marking it as a system directory, so that it gets the same special - treatment as is applied to the standard system directories. - -`-lang-c' -`-lang-c89' -`-lang-c++' -`-lang-objc' -`-lang-objc++' - Specify the source language. `-lang-c' is the default; it allows - recognition of C++ comments (comments that begin with `//' and end - at end of line), since this is a common feature and it will most - likely be in the next C standard. `-lang-c89' disables - recognition of C++ comments. `-lang-c++' handles C++ comment - syntax and includes extra default include directories for C++. - `-lang-objc' enables the Objective C `#import' directive. - `-lang-objc++' enables both C++ and Objective C extensions. - - These options are generated by the compiler driver `gcc', but not - passed from the `gcc' command line unless you use the driver's - `-Wp' option. - -`-lint' - Look for commands to the program checker `lint' embedded in - comments, and emit them preceded by `#pragma lint'. For example, - the comment `/* NOTREACHED */' becomes `#pragma lint NOTREACHED'. - - This option is available only when you call `cpp' directly; `gcc' - will not pass it from its command line. - -`-$' - Forbid the use of `$' in identifiers. This is required for ANSI - conformance. `gcc' automatically supplies this option to the - preprocessor if you specify `-ansi', but `gcc' doesn't recognize - the `-$' option itself--to use it without the other effects of - `-ansi', you must call the preprocessor directly. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Concept Index, Next: Index, Prev: Invocation, Up: Top - -Concept Index -************* - -* Menu: - -* ##: Concatenation. -* arguments in macro definitions: Argument Macros. -* assertions: Assertions. -* assertions, undoing: Assertions. -* blank macro arguments: Argument Macros. -* cascaded macros: Cascaded Macros. -* commenting out code: Deleted Code. -* computed #include: Include Syntax. -* concatenation: Concatenation. -* conditionals: Conditionals. -* directives: Directives. -* expansion of arguments: Argument Prescan. -* function-like macro: Argument Macros. -* header file: Header Files. -* including just once: Once-Only. -* inheritance: Inheritance. -* invocation of the preprocessor: Invocation. -* line control: Combining Sources. -* macro argument expansion: Argument Prescan. -* macro body uses macro: Cascaded Macros. -* macros with argument: Argument Macros. -* manifest constant: Simple Macros. -* newlines in macro arguments: Newlines in Args. -* null directive: Other Directives. -* options: Invocation. -* output format: Output. -* overriding a header file: Inheritance. -* parentheses in macro bodies: Macro Parentheses. -* pitfalls of macros: Macro Pitfalls. -* predefined macros: Predefined. -* predicates: Assertions. -* preprocessing directives: Directives. -* prescan of macro arguments: Argument Prescan. -* problems with macros: Macro Pitfalls. -* redefining macros: Redefining. -* repeated inclusion: Once-Only. -* retracting assertions: Assertions. -* second include path: Invocation. -* self-reference: Self-Reference. -* semicolons (after macro calls): Swallow Semicolon. -* side effects (in macro arguments): Side Effects. -* simple macro: Simple Macros. -* space as macro argument: Argument Macros. -* standard predefined macros: Standard Predefined. -* stringification: Stringification. -* testing predicates: Assertions. -* unassert: Assertions. -* undefining macros: Undefining. -* unsafe macros: Side Effects. - - -File: cpp.info, Node: Index, Prev: Concept Index, Up: Top - -Index of Directives, Macros and Options -*************************************** - -* Menu: - -* #assert: Assertions. -* #cpu: Assertions. -* #define: Argument Macros. -* #elif: #elif Directive. -* #else: #else Directive. -* #error: #error Directive. -* #ident: Other Directives. -* #if: Conditional Syntax. -* #ifdef: Conditionals-Macros. -* #ifndef: Conditionals-Macros. -* #import: Once-Only. -* #include: Include Syntax. -* #include_next: Inheritance. -* #line: Combining Sources. -* #machine: Assertions. -* #pragma: Other Directives. -* #pragma once: Once-Only. -* #system: Assertions. -* #unassert: Assertions. -* #warning: #error Directive. -* -$: Invocation. -* -A: Invocation. -* -C: Invocation. -* -D: Invocation. -* -dD: Invocation. -* -dM: Invocation. -* -H: Invocation. -* -I: Invocation. -* -idirafter: Invocation. -* -imacros: Invocation. -* -include: Invocation. -* -iprefix: Invocation. -* -isystem: Invocation. -* -iwithprefix: Invocation. -* -lang-c: Invocation. -* -lang-c++: Invocation. -* -lang-c89: Invocation. -* -lang-objc: Invocation. -* -lang-objc++: Invocation. -* -M: Invocation. -* -MD: Invocation. -* -MM: Invocation. -* -MMD: Invocation. -* -nostdinc: Invocation. -* -nostdinc++: Invocation. -* -P: Invocation. -* -pedantic: Invocation. -* -pedantic-errors: Invocation. -* -traditional: Invocation. -* -trigraphs: Invocation. -* -U: Invocation. -* -undef: Invocation. -* -Wall: Invocation. -* -Wcomment: Invocation. -* -Wtraditional: Invocation. -* -Wtrigraphs: Invocation. -* __BASE_FILE__: Standard Predefined. -* __CHAR_UNSIGNED__: Standard Predefined. -* __cplusplus: Standard Predefined. -* __DATE__: Standard Predefined. -* __FILE__: Standard Predefined. -* __GNUC__: Standard Predefined. -* __GNUC_MINOR__: Standard Predefined. -* __GNUG__: Standard Predefined. -* __INCLUDE_LEVEL_: Standard Predefined. -* __LINE__: Standard Predefined. -* __OPTIMIZE__: Standard Predefined. -* __REGISTER_PREFIX__: Standard Predefined. -* __STDC__: Standard Predefined. -* __STDC_VERSION__: Standard Predefined. -* __STRICT_ANSI__: Standard Predefined. -* __TIME__: Standard Predefined. -* __USER_LABEL_PREFIX__: Standard Predefined. -* __VERSION__: Standard Predefined. -* _AM29000: Nonstandard Predefined. -* _AM29K: Nonstandard Predefined. -* BSD: Nonstandard Predefined. -* defined: Conditionals-Macros. -* M68020: Nonstandard Predefined. -* m68k: Nonstandard Predefined. -* mc68000: Nonstandard Predefined. -* ns32000: Nonstandard Predefined. -* pyr: Nonstandard Predefined. -* sequent: Nonstandard Predefined. -* sun: Nonstandard Predefined. -* system header files: Header Uses. -* unix: Nonstandard Predefined. -* vax: Nonstandard Predefined. - - diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info deleted file mode 100644 index 496536217cf..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info +++ /dev/null @@ -1,297 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file gcc.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.63 from the input -file gcc.texi. - - This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU compiler. - - Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 -Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - - Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software -Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for -Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are -included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public -License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight -`Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in -translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the -original English. - - -Indirect: -gcc.info-1: 1382 -gcc.info-2: 42854 -gcc.info-3: 80578 -gcc.info-4: 127608 -gcc.info-5: 173792 -gcc.info-6: 214726 -gcc.info-7: 235436 -gcc.info-8: 285158 -gcc.info-9: 333642 -gcc.info-10: 382691 -gcc.info-11: 419654 -gcc.info-12: 468472 -gcc.info-13: 517503 -gcc.info-14: 564845 -gcc.info-15: 604398 -gcc.info-16: 654371 -gcc.info-17: 703324 -gcc.info-18: 751502 -gcc.info-19: 797360 -gcc.info-20: 846162 -gcc.info-21: 890260 -gcc.info-22: 933466 -gcc.info-23: 982355 -gcc.info-24: 1032258 -gcc.info-25: 1067513 - -Tag Table: -(Indirect) -Node: Top1382 -Node: Copying3067 -Node: Contributors22249 -Node: Funding27395 -Node: Look and Feel29892 -Node: G++ and GCC37258 -Node: Invoking GCC39475 -Node: Option Summary42854 -Node: Overall Options53305 -Node: Invoking G++57868 -Node: C Dialect Options59742 -Node: C++ Dialect Options69842 -Node: Warning Options80578 -Node: Debugging Options95513 -Node: Optimize Options105094 -Node: Preprocessor Options115596 -Node: Assembler Options122059 -Node: Link Options122426 -Node: Directory Options127608 -Node: Target Options131100 -Node: Submodel Options134757 -Node: M680x0 Options136138 -Node: VAX Options139647 -Node: SPARC Options140182 -Node: Convex Options146602 -Node: AMD29K Options148783 -Node: ARM Options151814 -Node: M88K Options153231 -Node: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options161178 -Node: RT Options172088 -Node: MIPS 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Data Output976431 -Node: Uninitialized Data982355 -Node: Label Output985062 -Node: Initialization994456 -Node: Macros for Initialization1000599 -Node: Instruction Output1005196 -Node: Dispatch Tables1013191 -Node: Alignment Output1015568 -Node: Debugging Info1017308 -Node: All Debuggers1017917 -Node: DBX Options1020331 -Node: DBX Hooks1025216 -Node: File Names and DBX1028555 -Node: SDB and DWARF1030528 -Node: Cross-compilation1032258 -Node: Misc1038705 -Node: Config1055831 -Node: Fragments1063276 -Node: Target Fragment1063873 -Node: Host Fragment1066911 -Node: Index1067513 - -End Tag Table diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-1 b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-1 deleted file mode 100644 index dace17cd8ed..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-1 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,895 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file gcc.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.63 from the input -file gcc.texi. - - This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU compiler. - - Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 -Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - - Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software -Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for -Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are -included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public -License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight -`Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in -translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the -original English. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Top, Next: Copying, Up: (DIR) - -Introduction -************ - - This manual documents how to run, install and port the GNU compiler, -as well as its new features and incompatibilities, and how to report -bugs. It corresponds to GNU CC version 2.7.2. - -* Menu: - -* Copying:: GNU General Public License says - how you can copy and share GNU CC. -* Contributors:: People who have contributed to GNU CC. -* Funding:: How to help assure funding for free software. -* Look and Feel:: Protect your freedom--fight "look and feel". - -* G++ and GCC:: You can compile C or C++ programs. -* Invoking GCC:: Command options supported by `gcc'. -* Installation:: How to configure, compile and install GNU CC. -* C Extensions:: GNU extensions to the C language family. -* C++ Extensions:: GNU extensions to the C++ language. -* Trouble:: If you have trouble installing GNU CC. -* Bugs:: How, why and where to report bugs. -* Service:: How to find suppliers of support for GNU CC. -* VMS:: Using GNU CC on VMS. - -* Portability:: Goals of GNU CC's portability features. -* Interface:: Function-call interface of GNU CC output. -* Passes:: Order of passes, what they do, and what each file is for. -* RTL:: The intermediate representation that most passes work on. -* Machine Desc:: How to write machine description instruction patterns. -* Target Macros:: How to write the machine description C macros. -* Config:: Writing the `xm-MACHINE.h' file. -* Fragments:: Writing the `t-TARGET' and `x-HOST' files. - -* Index:: Index of concepts and symbol names. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Copying, Next: Contributors, Prev: Top, Up: Top - -GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE -************************** - - Version 2, June 1991 - - Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA - - Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies - of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. - -Preamble -======== - - The licenses for most software are designed to take away your -freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public -License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free -software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This -General Public License applies to most of the Free Software -Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to -using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by -the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to -your programs, too. - - When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not -price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you -have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for -this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it -if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in -new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. - - To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid -anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. -These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you -distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. - - For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether -gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that -you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the -source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their -rights. - - We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, -and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, -distribute and/or modify the software. - - Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain -that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free -software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we -want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so -that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original -authors' reputations. - - Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software -patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free -program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the -program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any -patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all. - - The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and -modification follow. - - TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION - - 0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a - notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed - under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", - below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on - the Program" means either the Program or any derivative work under - copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a - portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or - translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is - included without limitation in the term "modification".) Each - licensee is addressed as "you". - - Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are - not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act - of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the - Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on - the Program (independent of having been made by running the - Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does. - - 1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's - source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you - conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate - copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the - notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any - warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of - this License along with the Program. - - You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, - and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange - for a fee. - - 2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion - of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and - distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 - above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: - - a. You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices - stating that you changed the files and the date of any change. - - b. You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that - in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program - or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge - to all third parties under the terms of this License. - - c. If the modified program normally reads commands interactively - when run, you must cause it, when started running for such - interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display - an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and - a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you - provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the - program under these conditions, and telling the user how to - view a copy of this License. (Exception: if the Program - itself is interactive but does not normally print such an - announcement, your work based on the Program is not required - to print an announcement.) - - These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If - identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the - Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate - works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not - apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate - works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a - whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of - the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions - for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each - and every part regardless of who wrote it. - - Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or - contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the - intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of - derivative or collective works based on the Program. - - In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the - Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on - a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the - other work under the scope of this License. - - 3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, - under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms - of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the - following: - - a. Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable - source code, which must be distributed under the terms of - Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for - software interchange; or, - - b. Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three - years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your - cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete - machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be - distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a - medium customarily used for software interchange; or, - - c. Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer - to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is - allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you - received the program in object code or executable form with - such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.) - - The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for - making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete - source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, - plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts - used to control compilation and installation of the executable. - However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need - not include anything that is normally distributed (in either - source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, - kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable - runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable. - - If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering - access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent - access to copy the source code from the same place counts as - distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not - compelled to copy the source along with the object code. - - 4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program - except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt - otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is - void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this - License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, - from you under this License will not have their licenses - terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance. - - 5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not - signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify - or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions - are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. - Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work - based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this - License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, - distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it. - - 6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the - Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the - original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program - subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any - further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights - granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance - by third parties to this License. - - 7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent - infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent - issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, - agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this - License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this - License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously - your obligations under this License and any other pertinent - obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the - Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit - royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who - receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only - way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain - entirely from distribution of the Program. - - If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable - under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is - intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply - in other circumstances. - - It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any - patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of - any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting - the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is - implemented by public license practices. Many people have made - generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed - through that system in reliance on consistent application of that - system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is - willing to distribute software through any other system and a - licensee cannot impose that choice. - - This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed - to be a consequence of the rest of this License. - - 8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in - certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, - the original copyright holder who places the Program under this - License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation - excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only - in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this - License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of - this License. - - 9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new - versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such - new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but - may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. - - Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the - Program specifies a version number of this License which applies - to it and "any later version", you have the option of following - the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later - version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program - does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose - any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation. - - 10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free - programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the - author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted - by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software - Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision - will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of - all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing - and reuse of software generally. - - NO WARRANTY - - 11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO - WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE - LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT - HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT - WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT - NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND - FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE - QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE - PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY - SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. - - 12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN - WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY - MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE - LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, - INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR - INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF - DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU - OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY - OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN - ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. - - END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS - -How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs -============================================= - - If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest -possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it -free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these -terms. - - To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest -to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively -convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least -the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. - - ONE LINE TO GIVE THE PROGRAM'S NAME AND A BRIEF IDEA OF WHAT IT DOES. - Copyright (C) 19YY NAME OF AUTHOR - - This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify - it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by - the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or - (at your option) any later version. - - This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, - but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of - MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the - GNU General Public License for more details. - - You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License - along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software - Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. - - Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper -mail. - - If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like -this when it starts in an interactive mode: - - Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19YY NAME OF AUTHOR - Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details - type `show w'. - This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it - under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. - - The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the -appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the -commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show -c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your -program. - - You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or -your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, -if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: - - Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program - `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker. - - SIGNATURE OF TY COON, 1 April 1989 - Ty Coon, President of Vice - - This General Public License does not permit incorporating your -program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine -library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary -applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the -GNU Library General Public License instead of this License. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Contributors, Next: Funding, Prev: Copying, Up: Top - -Contributors to GNU CC -********************** - - In addition to Richard Stallman, several people have written parts -of GNU CC. - - * The idea of using RTL and some of the optimization ideas came from - the program PO written at the University of Arizona by Jack - Davidson and Christopher Fraser. See "Register Allocation and - Exhaustive Peephole Optimization", Software Practice and - Experience 14 (9), Sept. 1984, 857-866. - - * Paul Rubin wrote most of the preprocessor. - - * Leonard Tower wrote parts of the parser, RTL generator, and RTL - definitions, and of the Vax machine description. - - * Ted Lemon wrote parts of the RTL reader and printer. - - * Jim Wilson implemented loop strength reduction and some other loop - optimizations. - - * Nobuyuki Hikichi of Software Research Associates, Tokyo, - contributed the support for the Sony NEWS machine. - - * Charles LaBrec contributed the support for the Integrated Solutions - 68020 system. - - * Michael Tiemann of Cygnus Support wrote the front end for C++, as - well as the support for inline functions and instruction - scheduling. Also the descriptions of the National Semiconductor - 32000 series cpu, the SPARC cpu and part of the Motorola 88000 cpu. - - * Gerald Baumgartner added the signature extension to the C++ - front-end. - - * Jan Stein of the Chalmers Computer Society provided support for - Genix, as well as part of the 32000 machine description. - - * Randy Smith finished the Sun FPA support. - - * Robert Brown implemented the support for Encore 32000 systems. - - * David Kashtan of SRI adapted GNU CC to VMS. - - * Alex Crain provided changes for the 3b1. - - * Greg Satz and Chris Hanson assisted in making GNU CC work on HP-UX - for the 9000 series 300. - - * William Schelter did most of the work on the Intel 80386 support. - - * Christopher Smith did the port for Convex machines. - - * Paul Petersen wrote the machine description for the Alliant FX/8. - - * Dario Dariol contributed the four varieties of sample programs - that print a copy of their source. - - * Alain Lichnewsky ported GNU CC to the Mips cpu. - - * Devon Bowen, Dale Wiles and Kevin Zachmann ported GNU CC to the - Tahoe. - - * Jonathan Stone wrote the machine description for the Pyramid - computer. - - * Gary Miller ported GNU CC to Charles River Data Systems machines. - - * Richard Kenner of the New York University Ultracomputer Research - Laboratory wrote the machine descriptions for the AMD 29000, the - DEC Alpha, the IBM RT PC, and the IBM RS/6000 as well as the - support for instruction attributes. He also made changes to - better support RISC processors including changes to common - subexpression elimination, strength reduction, function calling - sequence handling, and condition code support, in addition to - generalizing the code for frame pointer elimination. - - * Richard Kenner and Michael Tiemann jointly developed reorg.c, the - delay slot scheduler. - - * Mike Meissner and Tom Wood of Data General finished the port to the - Motorola 88000. - - * Masanobu Yuhara of Fujitsu Laboratories implemented the machine - description for the Tron architecture (specifically, the Gmicro). - - * NeXT, Inc. donated the front end that supports the Objective C - language. - - * James van Artsdalen wrote the code that makes efficient use of the - Intel 80387 register stack. - - * Mike Meissner at the Open Software Foundation finished the port to - the MIPS cpu, including adding ECOFF debug support, and worked on - the Intel port for the Intel 80386 cpu. - - * Ron Guilmette implemented the `protoize' and `unprotoize' tools, - the support for Dwarf symbolic debugging information, and much of - the support for System V Release 4. He has also worked heavily on - the Intel 386 and 860 support. - - * Torbjorn Granlund implemented multiply- and divide-by-constant - optimization, improved long long support, and improved leaf - function register allocation. - - * Mike Stump implemented the support for Elxsi 64 bit CPU. - - * John Wehle added the machine description for the Western Electric - 32000 processor used in several 3b series machines (no relation to - the National Semiconductor 32000 processor). - - * Holger Teutsch provided the support for the Clipper cpu. - - * Kresten Krab Thorup wrote the run time support for the Objective C - language. - - * Stephen Moshier contributed the floating point emulator that - assists in cross-compilation and permits support for floating - point numbers wider than 64 bits. - - * David Edelsohn contributed the changes to RS/6000 port to make it - support the PowerPC and POWER2 architectures. - - * Steve Chamberlain wrote the support for the Hitachi SH processor. - - * Peter Schauer wrote the code to allow debugging to work on the - Alpha. - - * Oliver M. Kellogg of Deutsche Aerospace contributed the port to the - MIL-STD-1750A. - - * Michael K. Gschwind contributed the port to the PDP-11. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Funding, Next: Look and Feel, Prev: Contributors, Up: Top - -Funding Free Software -********************* - - If you want to have more free software a few years from now, it makes -sense for you to help encourage people to contribute funds for its -development. The most effective approach known is to encourage -commercial redistributors to donate. - - Users of free software systems can boost the pace of development by -encouraging for-a-fee distributors to donate part of their selling price -to free software developers--the Free Software Foundation, and others. - - The way to convince distributors to do this is to demand it and -expect it from them. So when you compare distributors, judge them -partly by how much they give to free software development. Show -distributors they must compete to be the one who gives the most. - - To make this approach work, you must insist on numbers that you can -compare, such as, "We will donate ten dollars to the Frobnitz project -for each disk sold." Don't be satisfied with a vague promise, such as -"A portion of the profits are donated," since it doesn't give a basis -for comparison. - - Even a precise fraction "of the profits from this disk" is not very -meaningful, since creative accounting and unrelated business decisions -can greatly alter what fraction of the sales price counts as profit. -If the price you pay is $50, ten percent of the profit is probably less -than a dollar; it might be a few cents, or nothing at all. - - Some redistributors do development work themselves. This is useful -too; but to keep everyone honest, you need to inquire how much they do, -and what kind. Some kinds of development make much more long-term -difference than others. For example, maintaining a separate version of -a program contributes very little; maintaining the standard version of a -program for the whole community contributes much. Easy new ports -contribute little, since someone else would surely do them; difficult -ports such as adding a new CPU to the GNU C compiler contribute more; -major new features or packages contribute the most. - - By establishing the idea that supporting further development is "the -proper thing to do" when distributing free software for a fee, we can -assure a steady flow of resources into making more free software. - - Copyright (C) 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - Verbatim copying and redistribution of this section is permitted - without royalty; alteration is not permitted. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Look and Feel, Next: G++ and GCC, Prev: Funding, Up: Top - -Protect Your Freedom--Fight "Look And Feel" -******************************************* - - This section is a political message from the League for Programming - Freedom to the users of GNU CC. We have included it here because - the issue of interface copyright is important to the GNU project. - - Apple, Lotus, and now CDC have tried to create a new form of legal -monopoly: a copyright on a user interface. - - An interface is a kind of language--a set of conventions for -communication between two entities, human or machine. Until a few years -ago, the law seemed clear: interfaces were outside the domain of -copyright, so programmers could program freely and implement whatever -interface the users demanded. Imitating de-facto standard interfaces, -sometimes with improvements, was standard practice in the computer -field. These improvements, if accepted by the users, caught on and -became the norm; in this way, much progress took place. - - Computer users, and most software developers, were happy with this -state of affairs. However, large companies such as Apple and Lotus -would prefer a different system--one in which they can own interfaces -and thereby rid themselves of all serious competitors. They hope that -interface copyright will give them, in effect, monopolies on major -classes of software. - - Other large companies such as IBM and Digital also favor interface -monopolies, for the same reason: if languages become property, they -expect to own many de-facto standard languages. But Apple and Lotus are -the ones who have actually sued. Apple's lawsuit was defeated, for -reasons only partly related to the general issue of interface copyright. - - Lotus won lawsuits against two small companies, which were thus put -out of business. Then they sued Borland; they won in the trial court -(no surprise, since it was the same court that had ruled for Lotus twice -before), but the decision was reversed by the court of appeals, with -help from the League for Programming Freedom in the form of a -friend-of-the-court brief. We are now waiting to see if the Supreme -Court will hear the case. If it does, the League for Programming -Freedom will again submit a brief. - - The battle is not over. Just this summer a company that produced a -simulator for a CDC computer was shut down by a copyright lawsuit by -CDC, which charged that the simulator infringed the copyright on the -manuals for the computer. - - If the monopolists get their way, they will hobble the software -field: - - * Gratuitous incompatibilities will burden users. Imagine if each - car manufacturer had to design a different way to start, stop, and - steer a car. - - * Users will be "locked in" to whichever interface they learn; then - they will be prisoners of one supplier, who will charge a - monopolistic price. - - * Large companies have an unfair advantage wherever lawsuits become - commonplace. Since they can afford to sue, they can intimidate - smaller developers with threats even when they don't really have a - case. - - * Interface improvements will come slower, since incremental - evolution through creative partial imitation will no longer occur. - - If interface monopolies are accepted, other large companies are -waiting to grab theirs: - - * Adobe is expected to claim a monopoly on the interfaces of various - popular application programs, if Lotus ultimately wins the case - against Borland. - - * Open Computing magazine reported a Microsoft vice president as - threatening to sue people who imitate the interface of Windows. - - Users invest a great deal of time and money in learning to use -computer interfaces. Far more, in fact, than software developers -invest in developing *and even implementing* the interfaces. Whoever -can own an interface, has made its users into captives, and -misappropriated their investment. - - To protect our freedom from monopolies like these, a group of -programmers and users have formed a grass-roots political organization, -the League for Programming Freedom. - - The purpose of the League is to oppose monopolistic practices such as -interface copyright and software patents. The League calls for a return -to the legal policies of the recent past, in which programmers could -program freely. The League is not concerned with free software as an -issue, and is not affiliated with the Free Software Foundation. - - The League's activities include publicizing the issues, as is being -done here, and filing friend-of-the-court briefs on behalf of -defendants sued by monopolists. - - The League's membership rolls include Donald Knuth, the foremost -authority on algorithms, John McCarthy, inventor of Lisp, Marvin Minsky, -founder of the MIT Artificial Intelligence lab, Guy L. Steele, Jr., -author of well-known books on Lisp and C, as well as Richard Stallman, -the developer of GNU CC. Please join and add your name to the list. -Membership dues in the League are $42 per year for programmers, managers -and professionals; $10.50 for students; $21 for others. - - Activist members are especially important, but members who have no -time to give are also important. Surveys at major ACM conferences have -indicated a vast majority of attendees agree with the League on both -issues (interface copyrights and software patents). If just ten percent -of the programmers who agree with the League join the League, we will -probably triumph. - - To join, or for more information, phone (617) 243-4091 or write to: - - League for Programming Freedom - 1 Kendall Square #143 - P.O. Box 9171 - Cambridge, MA 02139 - - You can also send electronic mail to `lpf@uunet.uu.net'. - - In addition to joining the League, here are some suggestions from the -League for other things you can do to protect your freedom to write -programs: - - * Tell your friends and colleagues about this issue and how it - threatens to ruin the computer industry. - - * Mention that you are a League member in your `.signature', and - mention the League's email address for inquiries. - - * Ask the companies you consider working for or working with to make - statements against software monopolies, and give preference to - those that do. - - * When employers ask you to sign contracts giving them copyright on - your work, insist on a clause saying they will not claim the - copyright covers imitating the interface. - - * When employers ask you to sign contracts giving them patent rights, - insist on clauses saying they can use these rights only - defensively. Don't rely on "company policy," since that can - change at any time; don't rely on an individual executive's - private word, since that person may be replaced. Get a commitment - just as binding as the commitment they get from you. - - * Write to Congress to explain the importance of these issues. - - House Subcommittee on Intellectual Property - 2137 Rayburn Bldg - Washington, DC 20515 - - Senate Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks and Copyrights - United States Senate - Washington, DC 20510 - - (These committees have received lots of mail already; let's give - them even more.) - - Democracy means nothing if you don't use it. Stand up and be -counted! - - -File: gcc.info, Node: G++ and GCC, Next: Invoking GCC, Prev: Look and Feel, Up: Top - -Compile C, C++, or Objective C -****************************** - - The C, C++, and Objective C versions of the compiler are integrated; -the GNU C compiler can compile programs written in C, C++, or Objective -C. - - "GCC" is a common shorthand term for the GNU C compiler. This is -both the most general name for the compiler, and the name used when the -emphasis is on compiling C programs. - - When referring to C++ compilation, it is usual to call the compiler -"G++". Since there is only one compiler, it is also accurate to call -it "GCC" no matter what the language context; however, the term "G++" -is more useful when the emphasis is on compiling C++ programs. - - We use the name "GNU CC" to refer to the compilation system as a -whole, and more specifically to the language-independent part of the -compiler. For example, we refer to the optimization options as -affecting the behavior of "GNU CC" or sometimes just "the compiler". - - Front ends for other languages, such as Ada 9X, Fortran, Modula-3, -and Pascal, are under development. These front-ends, like that for -C++, are built in subdirectories of GNU CC and link to it. The result -is an integrated compiler that can compile programs written in C, C++, -Objective C, or any of the languages for which you have installed front -ends. - - In this manual, we only discuss the options for the C, Objective-C, -and C++ compilers and those of the GNU CC core. Consult the -documentation of the other front ends for the options to use when -compiling programs written in other languages. - - G++ is a *compiler*, not merely a preprocessor. G++ builds object -code directly from your C++ program source. There is no intermediate C -version of the program. (By contrast, for example, some other -implementations use a program that generates a C program from your C++ -source.) Avoiding an intermediate C representation of the program means -that you get better object code, and better debugging information. The -GNU debugger, GDB, works with this information in the object code to -give you comprehensive C++ source-level editing capabilities (*note C -and C++: (gdb.info)C.). - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Invoking GCC, Next: Installation, Prev: G++ and GCC, Up: Top - -GNU CC Command Options -********************** - - When you invoke GNU CC, it normally does preprocessing, compilation, -assembly and linking. The "overall options" allow you to stop this -process at an intermediate stage. For example, the `-c' option says -not to run the linker. Then the output consists of object files output -by the assembler. - - Other options are passed on to one stage of processing. Some options -control the preprocessor and others the compiler itself. Yet other -options control the assembler and linker; most of these are not -documented here, since you rarely need to use any of them. - - Most of the command line options that you can use with GNU CC are -useful for C programs; when an option is only useful with another -language (usually C++), the explanation says so explicitly. If the -description for a particular option does not mention a source language, -you can use that option with all supported languages. - - *Note Compiling C++ Programs: Invoking G++, for a summary of special -options for compiling C++ programs. - - The `gcc' program accepts options and file names as operands. Many -options have multiletter names; therefore multiple single-letter options -may *not* be grouped: `-dr' is very different from `-d -r'. - - You can mix options and other arguments. For the most part, the -order you use doesn't matter. Order does matter when you use several -options of the same kind; for example, if you specify `-L' more than -once, the directories are searched in the order specified. - - Many options have long names starting with `-f' or with `-W'--for -example, `-fforce-mem', `-fstrength-reduce', `-Wformat' and so on. -Most of these have both positive and negative forms; the negative form -of `-ffoo' would be `-fno-foo'. This manual documents only one of -these two forms, whichever one is not the default. - -* Menu: - -* Option Summary:: Brief list of all options, without explanations. -* Overall Options:: Controlling the kind of output: - an executable, object files, assembler files, - or preprocessed source. -* Invoking G++:: Compiling C++ programs. -* C Dialect Options:: Controlling the variant of C language compiled. -* C++ Dialect Options:: Variations on C++. -* Warning Options:: How picky should the compiler be? -* Debugging Options:: Symbol tables, measurements, and debugging dumps. -* Optimize Options:: How much optimization? -* Preprocessor Options:: Controlling header files and macro definitions. - Also, getting dependency information for Make. -* Assembler Options:: Passing options to the assembler. -* Link Options:: Specifying libraries and so on. -* Directory Options:: Where to find header files and libraries. - Where to find the compiler executable files. -* Target Options:: Running a cross-compiler, or an old version of GNU CC. -* Submodel Options:: Specifying minor hardware or convention variations, - such as 68010 vs 68020. -* Code Gen Options:: Specifying conventions for function calls, data layout - and register usage. -* Environment Variables:: Env vars that affect GNU CC. -* Running Protoize:: Automatically adding or removing function prototypes. - diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-10 b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-10 deleted file mode 100644 index dfd923bb299..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-10 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,869 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file gcc.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.63 from the input -file gcc.texi. - - This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU compiler. - - Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 -Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - - Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software -Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for -Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are -included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public -License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight -`Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in -translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the -original English. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Asm Labels, Next: Explicit Reg Vars, Prev: Extended Asm, Up: C Extensions - -Controlling Names Used in Assembler Code -======================================== - - You can specify the name to be used in the assembler code for a C -function or variable by writing the `asm' (or `__asm__') keyword after -the declarator as follows: - - int foo asm ("myfoo") = 2; - -This specifies that the name to be used for the variable `foo' in the -assembler code should be `myfoo' rather than the usual `_foo'. - - On systems where an underscore is normally prepended to the name of -a C function or variable, this feature allows you to define names for -the linker that do not start with an underscore. - - You cannot use `asm' in this way in a function *definition*; but you -can get the same effect by writing a declaration for the function -before its definition and putting `asm' there, like this: - - extern func () asm ("FUNC"); - - func (x, y) - int x, y; - ... - - It is up to you to make sure that the assembler names you choose do -not conflict with any other assembler symbols. Also, you must not use a -register name; that would produce completely invalid assembler code. -GNU CC does not as yet have the ability to store static variables in -registers. Perhaps that will be added. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Explicit Reg Vars, Next: Alternate Keywords, Prev: Asm Labels, Up: C Extensions - -Variables in Specified Registers -================================ - - GNU C allows you to put a few global variables into specified -hardware registers. You can also specify the register in which an -ordinary register variable should be allocated. - - * Global register variables reserve registers throughout the program. - This may be useful in programs such as programming language - interpreters which have a couple of global variables that are - accessed very often. - - * Local register variables in specific registers do not reserve the - registers. The compiler's data flow analysis is capable of - determining where the specified registers contain live values, and - where they are available for other uses. - - These local variables are sometimes convenient for use with the - extended `asm' feature (*note Extended Asm::.), if you want to - write one output of the assembler instruction directly into a - particular register. (This will work provided the register you - specify fits the constraints specified for that operand in the - `asm'.) - -* Menu: - -* Global Reg Vars:: -* Local Reg Vars:: - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Global Reg Vars, Next: Local Reg Vars, Up: Explicit Reg Vars - -Defining Global Register Variables ----------------------------------- - - You can define a global register variable in GNU C like this: - - register int *foo asm ("a5"); - -Here `a5' is the name of the register which should be used. Choose a -register which is normally saved and restored by function calls on your -machine, so that library routines will not clobber it. - - Naturally the register name is cpu-dependent, so you would need to -conditionalize your program according to cpu type. The register `a5' -would be a good choice on a 68000 for a variable of pointer type. On -machines with register windows, be sure to choose a "global" register -that is not affected magically by the function call mechanism. - - In addition, operating systems on one type of cpu may differ in how -they name the registers; then you would need additional conditionals. -For example, some 68000 operating systems call this register `%a5'. - - Eventually there may be a way of asking the compiler to choose a -register automatically, but first we need to figure out how it should -choose and how to enable you to guide the choice. No solution is -evident. - - Defining a global register variable in a certain register reserves -that register entirely for this use, at least within the current -compilation. The register will not be allocated for any other purpose -in the functions in the current compilation. The register will not be -saved and restored by these functions. Stores into this register are -never deleted even if they would appear to be dead, but references may -be deleted or moved or simplified. - - It is not safe to access the global register variables from signal -handlers, or from more than one thread of control, because the system -library routines may temporarily use the register for other things -(unless you recompile them specially for the task at hand). - - It is not safe for one function that uses a global register variable -to call another such function `foo' by way of a third function `lose' -that was compiled without knowledge of this variable (i.e. in a -different source file in which the variable wasn't declared). This is -because `lose' might save the register and put some other value there. -For example, you can't expect a global register variable to be -available in the comparison-function that you pass to `qsort', since -`qsort' might have put something else in that register. (If you are -prepared to recompile `qsort' with the same global register variable, -you can solve this problem.) - - If you want to recompile `qsort' or other source files which do not -actually use your global register variable, so that they will not use -that register for any other purpose, then it suffices to specify the -compiler option `-ffixed-REG'. You need not actually add a global -register declaration to their source code. - - A function which can alter the value of a global register variable -cannot safely be called from a function compiled without this variable, -because it could clobber the value the caller expects to find there on -return. Therefore, the function which is the entry point into the part -of the program that uses the global register variable must explicitly -save and restore the value which belongs to its caller. - - On most machines, `longjmp' will restore to each global register -variable the value it had at the time of the `setjmp'. On some -machines, however, `longjmp' will not change the value of global -register variables. To be portable, the function that called `setjmp' -should make other arrangements to save the values of the global register -variables, and to restore them in a `longjmp'. This way, the same -thing will happen regardless of what `longjmp' does. - - All global register variable declarations must precede all function -definitions. If such a declaration could appear after function -definitions, the declaration would be too late to prevent the register -from being used for other purposes in the preceding functions. - - Global register variables may not have initial values, because an -executable file has no means to supply initial contents for a register. - - On the Sparc, there are reports that g3 ... g7 are suitable -registers, but certain library functions, such as `getwd', as well as -the subroutines for division and remainder, modify g3 and g4. g1 and -g2 are local temporaries. - - On the 68000, a2 ... a5 should be suitable, as should d2 ... d7. Of -course, it will not do to use more than a few of those. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Local Reg Vars, Prev: Global Reg Vars, Up: Explicit Reg Vars - -Specifying Registers for Local Variables ----------------------------------------- - - You can define a local register variable with a specified register -like this: - - register int *foo asm ("a5"); - -Here `a5' is the name of the register which should be used. Note that -this is the same syntax used for defining global register variables, -but for a local variable it would appear within a function. - - Naturally the register name is cpu-dependent, but this is not a -problem, since specific registers are most often useful with explicit -assembler instructions (*note Extended Asm::.). Both of these things -generally require that you conditionalize your program according to cpu -type. - - In addition, operating systems on one type of cpu may differ in how -they name the registers; then you would need additional conditionals. -For example, some 68000 operating systems call this register `%a5'. - - Eventually there may be a way of asking the compiler to choose a -register automatically, but first we need to figure out how it should -choose and how to enable you to guide the choice. No solution is -evident. - - Defining such a register variable does not reserve the register; it -remains available for other uses in places where flow control determines -the variable's value is not live. However, these registers are made -unavailable for use in the reload pass. I would not be surprised if -excessive use of this feature leaves the compiler too few available -registers to compile certain functions. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Alternate Keywords, Next: Incomplete Enums, Prev: Explicit Reg Vars, Up: C Extensions - -Alternate Keywords -================== - - The option `-traditional' disables certain keywords; `-ansi' -disables certain others. This causes trouble when you want to use GNU C -extensions, or ANSI C features, in a general-purpose header file that -should be usable by all programs, including ANSI C programs and -traditional ones. The keywords `asm', `typeof' and `inline' cannot be -used since they won't work in a program compiled with `-ansi', while -the keywords `const', `volatile', `signed', `typeof' and `inline' won't -work in a program compiled with `-traditional'. - - The way to solve these problems is to put `__' at the beginning and -end of each problematical keyword. For example, use `__asm__' instead -of `asm', `__const__' instead of `const', and `__inline__' instead of -`inline'. - - Other C compilers won't accept these alternative keywords; if you -want to compile with another compiler, you can define the alternate -keywords as macros to replace them with the customary keywords. It -looks like this: - - #ifndef __GNUC__ - #define __asm__ asm - #endif - - `-pedantic' causes warnings for many GNU C extensions. You can -prevent such warnings within one expression by writing `__extension__' -before the expression. `__extension__' has no effect aside from this. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Incomplete Enums, Next: Function Names, Prev: Alternate Keywords, Up: C Extensions - -Incomplete `enum' Types -======================= - - You can define an `enum' tag without specifying its possible values. -This results in an incomplete type, much like what you get if you write -`struct foo' without describing the elements. A later declaration -which does specify the possible values completes the type. - - You can't allocate variables or storage using the type while it is -incomplete. However, you can work with pointers to that type. - - This extension may not be very useful, but it makes the handling of -`enum' more consistent with the way `struct' and `union' are handled. - - This extension is not supported by GNU C++. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Function Names, Prev: Incomplete Enums, Up: C Extensions - -Function Names as Strings -========================= - - GNU CC predefines two string variables to be the name of the current -function. The variable `__FUNCTION__' is the name of the function as -it appears in the source. The variable `__PRETTY_FUNCTION__' is the -name of the function pretty printed in a language specific fashion. - - These names are always the same in a C function, but in a C++ -function they may be different. For example, this program: - - extern "C" { - extern int printf (char *, ...); - } - - class a { - public: - sub (int i) - { - printf ("__FUNCTION__ = %s\n", __FUNCTION__); - printf ("__PRETTY_FUNCTION__ = %s\n", __PRETTY_FUNCTION__); - } - }; - - int - main (void) - { - a ax; - ax.sub (0); - return 0; - } - -gives this output: - - __FUNCTION__ = sub - __PRETTY_FUNCTION__ = int a::sub (int) - - These names are not macros: they are predefined string variables. -For example, `#ifdef __FUNCTION__' does not have any special meaning -inside a function, since the preprocessor does not do anything special -with the identifier `__FUNCTION__'. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: C++ Extensions, Next: Trouble, Prev: C Extensions, Up: Top - -Extensions to the C++ Language -****************************** - - The GNU compiler provides these extensions to the C++ language (and -you can also use most of the C language extensions in your C++ -programs). If you want to write code that checks whether these -features are available, you can test for the GNU compiler the same way -as for C programs: check for a predefined macro `__GNUC__'. You can -also use `__GNUG__' to test specifically for GNU C++ (*note Standard -Predefined Macros: (cpp.info)Standard Predefined.). - -* Menu: - -* Naming Results:: Giving a name to C++ function return values. -* Min and Max:: C++ Minimum and maximum operators. -* Destructors and Goto:: Goto is safe to use in C++ even when destructors - are needed. -* C++ Interface:: You can use a single C++ header file for both - declarations and definitions. -* Template Instantiation:: Methods for ensuring that exactly one copy of - each needed template instantiation is emitted. -* C++ Signatures:: You can specify abstract types to get subtype - polymorphism independent from inheritance. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Naming Results, Next: Min and Max, Up: C++ Extensions - -Named Return Values in C++ -========================== - - GNU C++ extends the function-definition syntax to allow you to -specify a name for the result of a function outside the body of the -definition, in C++ programs: - - TYPE - FUNCTIONNAME (ARGS) return RESULTNAME; - { - ... - BODY - ... - } - - You can use this feature to avoid an extra constructor call when a -function result has a class type. For example, consider a function -`m', declared as `X v = m ();', whose result is of class `X': - - X - m () - { - X b; - b.a = 23; - return b; - } - - Although `m' appears to have no arguments, in fact it has one -implicit argument: the address of the return value. At invocation, the -address of enough space to hold `v' is sent in as the implicit argument. -Then `b' is constructed and its `a' field is set to the value 23. -Finally, a copy constructor (a constructor of the form `X(X&)') is -applied to `b', with the (implicit) return value location as the -target, so that `v' is now bound to the return value. - - But this is wasteful. The local `b' is declared just to hold -something that will be copied right out. While a compiler that -combined an "elision" algorithm with interprocedural data flow analysis -could conceivably eliminate all of this, it is much more practical to -allow you to assist the compiler in generating efficient code by -manipulating the return value explicitly, thus avoiding the local -variable and copy constructor altogether. - - Using the extended GNU C++ function-definition syntax, you can avoid -the temporary allocation and copying by naming `r' as your return value -at the outset, and assigning to its `a' field directly: - - X - m () return r; - { - r.a = 23; - } - -The declaration of `r' is a standard, proper declaration, whose effects -are executed *before* any of the body of `m'. - - Functions of this type impose no additional restrictions; in -particular, you can execute `return' statements, or return implicitly by -reaching the end of the function body ("falling off the edge"). Cases -like - - X - m () return r (23); - { - return; - } - -(or even `X m () return r (23); { }') are unambiguous, since the return -value `r' has been initialized in either case. The following code may -be hard to read, but also works predictably: - - X - m () return r; - { - X b; - return b; - } - - The return value slot denoted by `r' is initialized at the outset, -but the statement `return b;' overrides this value. The compiler deals -with this by destroying `r' (calling the destructor if there is one, or -doing nothing if there is not), and then reinitializing `r' with `b'. - - This extension is provided primarily to help people who use -overloaded operators, where there is a great need to control not just -the arguments, but the return values of functions. For classes where -the copy constructor incurs a heavy performance penalty (especially in -the common case where there is a quick default constructor), this is a -major savings. The disadvantage of this extension is that you do not -control when the default constructor for the return value is called: it -is always called at the beginning. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Min and Max, Next: Destructors and Goto, Prev: Naming Results, Up: C++ Extensions - -Minimum and Maximum Operators in C++ -==================================== - - It is very convenient to have operators which return the "minimum" -or the "maximum" of two arguments. In GNU C++ (but not in GNU C), - -`A <? B' - is the "minimum", returning the smaller of the numeric values A - and B; - -`A >? B' - is the "maximum", returning the larger of the numeric values A and - B. - - These operations are not primitive in ordinary C++, since you can -use a macro to return the minimum of two things in C++, as in the -following example. - - #define MIN(X,Y) ((X) < (Y) ? : (X) : (Y)) - -You might then use `int min = MIN (i, j);' to set MIN to the minimum -value of variables I and J. - - However, side effects in `X' or `Y' may cause unintended behavior. -For example, `MIN (i++, j++)' will fail, incrementing the smaller -counter twice. A GNU C extension allows you to write safe macros that -avoid this kind of problem (*note Naming an Expression's Type: Naming -Types.). However, writing `MIN' and `MAX' as macros also forces you to -use function-call notation notation for a fundamental arithmetic -operation. Using GNU C++ extensions, you can write `int min = i <? j;' -instead. - - Since `<?' and `>?' are built into the compiler, they properly -handle expressions with side-effects; `int min = i++ <? j++;' works -correctly. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Destructors and Goto, Next: C++ Interface, Prev: Min and Max, Up: C++ Extensions - -`goto' and Destructors in GNU C++ -================================= - - In C++ programs, you can safely use the `goto' statement. When you -use it to exit a block which contains aggregates requiring destructors, -the destructors will run before the `goto' transfers control. (In ANSI -C++, `goto' is restricted to targets within the current block.) - - The compiler still forbids using `goto' to *enter* a scope that -requires constructors. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: C++ Interface, Next: Template Instantiation, Prev: Destructors and Goto, Up: C++ Extensions - -Declarations and Definitions in One Header -========================================== - - C++ object definitions can be quite complex. In principle, your -source code will need two kinds of things for each object that you use -across more than one source file. First, you need an "interface" -specification, describing its structure with type declarations and -function prototypes. Second, you need the "implementation" itself. It -can be tedious to maintain a separate interface description in a header -file, in parallel to the actual implementation. It is also dangerous, -since separate interface and implementation definitions may not remain -parallel. - - With GNU C++, you can use a single header file for both purposes. - - *Warning:* The mechanism to specify this is in transition. For the - nonce, you must use one of two `#pragma' commands; in a future - release of GNU C++, an alternative mechanism will make these - `#pragma' commands unnecessary. - - The header file contains the full definitions, but is marked with -`#pragma interface' in the source code. This allows the compiler to -use the header file only as an interface specification when ordinary -source files incorporate it with `#include'. In the single source file -where the full implementation belongs, you can use either a naming -convention or `#pragma implementation' to indicate this alternate use -of the header file. - -`#pragma interface' -`#pragma interface "SUBDIR/OBJECTS.h"' - Use this directive in *header files* that define object classes, - to save space in most of the object files that use those classes. - Normally, local copies of certain information (backup copies of - inline member functions, debugging information, and the internal - tables that implement virtual functions) must be kept in each - object file that includes class definitions. You can use this - pragma to avoid such duplication. When a header file containing - `#pragma interface' is included in a compilation, this auxiliary - information will not be generated (unless the main input source - file itself uses `#pragma implementation'). Instead, the object - files will contain references to be resolved at link time. - - The second form of this directive is useful for the case where you - have multiple headers with the same name in different directories. - If you use this form, you must specify the same string to `#pragma - implementation'. - -`#pragma implementation' -`#pragma implementation "OBJECTS.h"' - Use this pragma in a *main input file*, when you want full output - from included header files to be generated (and made globally - visible). The included header file, in turn, should use `#pragma - interface'. Backup copies of inline member functions, debugging - information, and the internal tables used to implement virtual - functions are all generated in implementation files. - - If you use `#pragma implementation' with no argument, it applies to - an include file with the same basename(1) as your source file. - For example, in `allclass.cc', `#pragma implementation' by itself - is equivalent to `#pragma implementation "allclass.h"'. - - In versions of GNU C++ prior to 2.6.0 `allclass.h' was treated as - an implementation file whenever you would include it from - `allclass.cc' even if you never specified `#pragma - implementation'. This was deemed to be more trouble than it was - worth, however, and disabled. - - If you use an explicit `#pragma implementation', it must appear in - your source file *before* you include the affected header files. - - Use the string argument if you want a single implementation file to - include code from multiple header files. (You must also use - `#include' to include the header file; `#pragma implementation' - only specifies how to use the file--it doesn't actually include - it.) - - There is no way to split up the contents of a single header file - into multiple implementation files. - - `#pragma implementation' and `#pragma interface' also have an effect -on function inlining. - - If you define a class in a header file marked with `#pragma -interface', the effect on a function defined in that class is similar to -an explicit `extern' declaration--the compiler emits no code at all to -define an independent version of the function. Its definition is used -only for inlining with its callers. - - Conversely, when you include the same header file in a main source -file that declares it as `#pragma implementation', the compiler emits -code for the function itself; this defines a version of the function -that can be found via pointers (or by callers compiled without -inlining). If all calls to the function can be inlined, you can avoid -emitting the function by compiling with `-fno-implement-inlines'. If -any calls were not inlined, you will get linker errors. - - ---------- Footnotes ---------- - - (1) A file's "basename" was the name stripped of all leading path -information and of trailing suffixes, such as `.h' or `.C' or `.cc'. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Template Instantiation, Next: C++ Signatures, Prev: C++ Interface, Up: C++ Extensions - -Where's the Template? -===================== - - C++ templates are the first language feature to require more -intelligence from the environment than one usually finds on a UNIX -system. Somehow the compiler and linker have to make sure that each -template instance occurs exactly once in the executable if it is needed, -and not at all otherwise. There are two basic approaches to this -problem, which I will refer to as the Borland model and the Cfront -model. - -Borland model - Borland C++ solved the template instantiation problem by adding - the code equivalent of common blocks to their linker; template - instances are emitted in each translation unit that uses them, and - they are collapsed together at run time. The advantage of this - model is that the linker only has to consider the object files - themselves; there is no external complexity to worry about. This - disadvantage is that compilation time is increased because the - template code is being compiled repeatedly. Code written for this - model tends to include definitions of all member templates in the - header file, since they must be seen to be compiled. - -Cfront model - The AT&T C++ translator, Cfront, solved the template instantiation - problem by creating the notion of a template repository, an - automatically maintained place where template instances are - stored. As individual object files are built, notes are placed in - the repository to record where templates and potential type - arguments were seen so that the subsequent instantiation step - knows where to find them. At link time, any needed instances are - generated and linked in. The advantages of this model are more - optimal compilation speed and the ability to use the system - linker; to implement the Borland model a compiler vendor also - needs to replace the linker. The disadvantages are vastly - increased complexity, and thus potential for error; theoretically, - this should be just as transparent, but in practice it has been - very difficult to build multiple programs in one directory and one - program in multiple directories using Cfront. Code written for - this model tends to separate definitions of non-inline member - templates into a separate file, which is magically found by the - link preprocessor when a template needs to be instantiated. - - Currently, g++ implements neither automatic model. In the mean time, -you have three options for dealing with template instantiations: - - 1. Do nothing. Pretend g++ does implement automatic instantiation - management. Code written for the Borland model will work fine, but - each translation unit will contain instances of each of the - templates it uses. In a large program, this can lead to an - unacceptable amount of code duplication. - - 2. Add `#pragma interface' to all files containing template - definitions. For each of these files, add `#pragma implementation - "FILENAME"' to the top of some `.C' file which `#include's it. - Then compile everything with -fexternal-templates. The templates - will then only be expanded in the translation unit which - implements them (i.e. has a `#pragma implementation' line for the - file where they live); all other files will use external - references. If you're lucky, everything should work properly. If - you get undefined symbol errors, you need to make sure that each - template instance which is used in the program is used in the file - which implements that template. If you don't have any use for a - particular instance in that file, you can just instantiate it - explicitly, using the syntax from the latest C++ working paper: - - template class A<int>; - template ostream& operator << (ostream&, const A<int>&); - - This strategy will work with code written for either model. If - you are using code written for the Cfront model, the file - containing a class template and the file containing its member - templates should be implemented in the same translation unit. - - A slight variation on this approach is to use the flag - -falt-external-templates instead; this flag causes template - instances to be emitted in the translation unit that implements - the header where they are first instantiated, rather than the one - which implements the file where the templates are defined. This - header must be the same in all translation units, or things are - likely to break. - - *Note Declarations and Definitions in One Header: C++ Interface, - for more discussion of these pragmas. - - 3. Explicitly instantiate all the template instances you use, and - compile with -fno-implicit-templates. This is probably your best - bet; it may require more knowledge of exactly which templates you - are using, but it's less mysterious than the previous approach, - and it doesn't require any `#pragma's or other g++-specific code. - You can scatter the instantiations throughout your program, you - can create one big file to do all the instantiations, or you can - create tiny files like - - #include "Foo.h" - #include "Foo.cc" - - template class Foo<int>; - - for each instance you need, and create a template instantiation - library from those. I'm partial to the last, but your mileage may - vary. If you are using Cfront-model code, you can probably get - away with not using -fno-implicit-templates when compiling files - that don't `#include' the member template definitions. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: C++ Signatures, Prev: Template Instantiation, Up: C++ Extensions - -Type Abstraction using Signatures -================================= - - In GNU C++, you can use the keyword `signature' to define a -completely abstract class interface as a datatype. You can connect this -abstraction with actual classes using signature pointers. If you want -to use signatures, run the GNU compiler with the `-fhandle-signatures' -command-line option. (With this option, the compiler reserves a second -keyword `sigof' as well, for a future extension.) - - Roughly, signatures are type abstractions or interfaces of classes. -Some other languages have similar facilities. C++ signatures are -related to ML's signatures, Haskell's type classes, definition modules -in Modula-2, interface modules in Modula-3, abstract types in Emerald, -type modules in Trellis/Owl, categories in Scratchpad II, and types in -POOL-I. For a more detailed discussion of signatures, see `Signatures: -A Language Extension for Improving Type Abstraction and Subtype -Polymorphism in C++' by Gerald Baumgartner and Vincent F. Russo (Tech -report CSD-TR-95-051, Dept. of Computer Sciences, Purdue University, -August 1995, a slightly improved version appeared in -*Software--Practice & Experience*, 25(8), pp. 863-889, August 1995). -You can get the tech report by anonymous FTP from `ftp.cs.purdue.edu' -in `pub/gb/Signature-design.ps.gz'. - - Syntactically, a signature declaration is a collection of member -function declarations and nested type declarations. For example, this -signature declaration defines a new abstract type `S' with member -functions `int foo ()' and `int bar (int)': - - signature S - { - int foo (); - int bar (int); - }; - - Since signature types do not include implementation definitions, you -cannot write an instance of a signature directly. Instead, you can -define a pointer to any class that contains the required interfaces as a -"signature pointer". Such a class "implements" the signature type. - - To use a class as an implementation of `S', you must ensure that the -class has public member functions `int foo ()' and `int bar (int)'. -The class can have other member functions as well, public or not; as -long as it offers what's declared in the signature, it is suitable as -an implementation of that signature type. - - For example, suppose that `C' is a class that meets the requirements -of signature `S' (`C' "conforms to" `S'). Then - - C obj; - S * p = &obj; - -defines a signature pointer `p' and initializes it to point to an -object of type `C'. The member function call `int i = p->foo ();' -executes `obj.foo ()'. - - Abstract virtual classes provide somewhat similar facilities in -standard C++. There are two main advantages to using signatures -instead: - - 1. Subtyping becomes independent from inheritance. A class or - signature type `T' is a subtype of a signature type `S' - independent of any inheritance hierarchy as long as all the member - functions declared in `S' are also found in `T'. So you can - define a subtype hierarchy that is completely independent from any - inheritance (implementation) hierarchy, instead of being forced to - use types that mirror the class inheritance hierarchy. - - 2. Signatures allow you to work with existing class hierarchies as - implementations of a signature type. If those class hierarchies - are only available in compiled form, you're out of luck with - abstract virtual classes, since an abstract virtual class cannot - be retrofitted on top of existing class hierarchies. So you would - be required to write interface classes as subtypes of the abstract - virtual class. - - There is one more detail about signatures. A signature declaration -can contain member function *definitions* as well as member function -declarations. A signature member function with a full definition is -called a *default implementation*; classes need not contain that -particular interface in order to conform. For example, a class `C' can -conform to the signature - - signature T - { - int f (int); - int f0 () { return f (0); }; - }; - -whether or not `C' implements the member function `int f0 ()'. If you -define `C::f0', that definition takes precedence; otherwise, the -default implementation `S::f0' applies. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Trouble, Next: Bugs, Prev: C++ Extensions, Up: Top - -Known Causes of Trouble with GNU CC -*********************************** - - This section describes known problems that affect users of GNU CC. -Most of these are not GNU CC bugs per se--if they were, we would fix -them. But the result for a user may be like the result of a bug. - - Some of these problems are due to bugs in other software, some are -missing features that are too much work to add, and some are places -where people's opinions differ as to what is best. - -* Menu: - -* Actual Bugs:: Bugs we will fix later. -* Installation Problems:: Problems that manifest when you install GNU CC. -* Cross-Compiler Problems:: Common problems of cross compiling with GNU CC. -* Interoperation:: Problems using GNU CC with other compilers, - and with certain linkers, assemblers and debuggers. -* External Bugs:: Problems compiling certain programs. -* Incompatibilities:: GNU CC is incompatible with traditional C. -* Fixed Headers:: GNU C uses corrected versions of system header files. - This is necessary, but doesn't always work smoothly. -* Standard Libraries:: GNU C uses the system C library, which might not be - compliant with the ISO/ANSI C standard. -* Disappointments:: Regrettable things we can't change, but not quite bugs. -* C++ Misunderstandings:: Common misunderstandings with GNU C++. -* Protoize Caveats:: Things to watch out for when using `protoize'. -* Non-bugs:: Things we think are right, but some others disagree. -* Warnings and Errors:: Which problems in your code get warnings, - and which get errors. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Actual Bugs, Next: Installation Problems, Up: Trouble - -Actual Bugs We Haven't Fixed Yet -================================ - - * The `fixincludes' script interacts badly with automounters; if the - directory of system header files is automounted, it tends to be - unmounted while `fixincludes' is running. This would seem to be a - bug in the automounter. We don't know any good way to work around - it. - - * The `fixproto' script will sometimes add prototypes for the - `sigsetjmp' and `siglongjmp' functions that reference the - `jmp_buf' type before that type is defined. To work around this, - edit the offending file and place the typedef in front of the - prototypes. - - * There are several obscure case of mis-using struct, union, and - enum tags that are not detected as errors by the compiler. - - * When `-pedantic-errors' is specified, GNU C will incorrectly give - an error message when a function name is specified in an expression - involving the comma operator. - - * Loop unrolling doesn't work properly for certain C++ programs. - This is a bug in the C++ front end. It sometimes emits incorrect - debug info, and the loop unrolling code is unable to recover from - this error. - diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-11 b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-11 deleted file mode 100644 index 460726e0bdd..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-11 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1144 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file gcc.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.63 from the input -file gcc.texi. - - This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU compiler. - - Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 -Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - - Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software -Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for -Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are -included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public -License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight -`Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in -translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the -original English. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Installation Problems, Next: Cross-Compiler Problems, Prev: Actual Bugs, Up: Trouble - -Installation Problems -===================== - - This is a list of problems (and some apparent problems which don't -really mean anything is wrong) that show up during installation of GNU -CC. - - * On certain systems, defining certain environment variables such as - `CC' can interfere with the functioning of `make'. - - * If you encounter seemingly strange errors when trying to build the - compiler in a directory other than the source directory, it could - be because you have previously configured the compiler in the - source directory. Make sure you have done all the necessary - preparations. *Note Other Dir::. - - * If you build GNU CC on a BSD system using a directory stored in a - System V file system, problems may occur in running `fixincludes' - if the System V file system doesn't support symbolic links. These - problems result in a failure to fix the declaration of `size_t' in - `sys/types.h'. If you find that `size_t' is a signed type and - that type mismatches occur, this could be the cause. - - The solution is not to use such a directory for building GNU CC. - - * In previous versions of GNU CC, the `gcc' driver program looked for - `as' and `ld' in various places; for example, in files beginning - with `/usr/local/lib/gcc-'. GNU CC version 2 looks for them in - the directory `/usr/local/lib/gcc-lib/TARGET/VERSION'. - - Thus, to use a version of `as' or `ld' that is not the system - default, for example `gas' or GNU `ld', you must put them in that - directory (or make links to them from that directory). - - * Some commands executed when making the compiler may fail (return a - non-zero status) and be ignored by `make'. These failures, which - are often due to files that were not found, are expected, and can - safely be ignored. - - * It is normal to have warnings in compiling certain files about - unreachable code and about enumeration type clashes. These files' - names begin with `insn-'. Also, `real.c' may get some warnings - that you can ignore. - - * Sometimes `make' recompiles parts of the compiler when installing - the compiler. In one case, this was traced down to a bug in - `make'. Either ignore the problem or switch to GNU Make. - - * If you have installed a program known as purify, you may find that - it causes errors while linking `enquire', which is part of building - GNU CC. The fix is to get rid of the file `real-ld' which purify - installs--so that GNU CC won't try to use it. - - * On Linux SLS 1.01, there is a problem with `libc.a': it does not - contain the obstack functions. However, GNU CC assumes that the - obstack functions are in `libc.a' when it is the GNU C library. - To work around this problem, change the `__GNU_LIBRARY__' - conditional around line 31 to `#if 1'. - - * On some 386 systems, building the compiler never finishes because - `enquire' hangs due to a hardware problem in the motherboard--it - reports floating point exceptions to the kernel incorrectly. You - can install GNU CC except for `float.h' by patching out the - command to run `enquire'. You may also be able to fix the problem - for real by getting a replacement motherboard. This problem was - observed in Revision E of the Micronics motherboard, and is fixed - in Revision F. It has also been observed in the MYLEX MXA-33 - motherboard. - - If you encounter this problem, you may also want to consider - removing the FPU from the socket during the compilation. - Alternatively, if you are running SCO Unix, you can reboot and - force the FPU to be ignored. To do this, type `hd(40)unix auto - ignorefpu'. - - * On some 386 systems, GNU CC crashes trying to compile `enquire.c'. - This happens on machines that don't have a 387 FPU chip. On 386 - machines, the system kernel is supposed to emulate the 387 when you - don't have one. The crash is due to a bug in the emulator. - - One of these systems is the Unix from Interactive Systems: 386/ix. - On this system, an alternate emulator is provided, and it does - work. To use it, execute this command as super-user: - - ln /etc/emulator.rel1 /etc/emulator - - and then reboot the system. (The default emulator file remains - present under the name `emulator.dflt'.) - - Try using `/etc/emulator.att', if you have such a problem on the - SCO system. - - Another system which has this problem is Esix. We don't know - whether it has an alternate emulator that works. - - On NetBSD 0.8, a similar problem manifests itself as these error - messages: - - enquire.c: In function `fprop': - enquire.c:2328: floating overflow - - * On SCO systems, when compiling GNU CC with the system's compiler, - do not use `-O'. Some versions of the system's compiler miscompile - GNU CC with `-O'. - - * Sometimes on a Sun 4 you may observe a crash in the program - `genflags' or `genoutput' while building GNU CC. This is said to - be due to a bug in `sh'. You can probably get around it by running - `genflags' or `genoutput' manually and then retrying the `make'. - - * On Solaris 2, executables of GNU CC version 2.0.2 are commonly - available, but they have a bug that shows up when compiling current - versions of GNU CC: undefined symbol errors occur during assembly - if you use `-g'. - - The solution is to compile the current version of GNU CC without - `-g'. That makes a working compiler which you can use to recompile - with `-g'. - - * Solaris 2 comes with a number of optional OS packages. Some of - these packages are needed to use GNU CC fully. If you did not - install all optional packages when installing Solaris, you will - need to verify that the packages that GNU CC needs are installed. - - To check whether an optional package is installed, use the - `pkginfo' command. To add an optional package, use the `pkgadd' - command. For further details, see the Solaris documentation. - - For Solaris 2.0 and 2.1, GNU CC needs six packages: `SUNWarc', - `SUNWbtool', `SUNWesu', `SUNWhea', `SUNWlibm', and `SUNWtoo'. - - For Solaris 2.2, GNU CC needs an additional seventh package: - `SUNWsprot'. - - * On Solaris 2, trying to use the linker and other tools in - `/usr/ucb' to install GNU CC has been observed to cause trouble. - For example, the linker may hang indefinitely. The fix is to - remove `/usr/ucb' from your `PATH'. - - * If you use the 1.31 version of the MIPS assembler (such as was - shipped with Ultrix 3.1), you will need to use the - -fno-delayed-branch switch when optimizing floating point code. - Otherwise, the assembler will complain when the GCC compiler fills - a branch delay slot with a floating point instruction, such as - `add.d'. - - * If on a MIPS system you get an error message saying "does not have - gp sections for all it's [sic] sectons [sic]", don't worry about - it. This happens whenever you use GAS with the MIPS linker, but - there is not really anything wrong, and it is okay to use the - output file. You can stop such warnings by installing the GNU - linker. - - It would be nice to extend GAS to produce the gp tables, but they - are optional, and there should not be a warning about their - absence. - - * In Ultrix 4.0 on the MIPS machine, `stdio.h' does not work with GNU - CC at all unless it has been fixed with `fixincludes'. This causes - problems in building GNU CC. Once GNU CC is installed, the - problems go away. - - To work around this problem, when making the stage 1 compiler, - specify this option to Make: - - GCC_FOR_TARGET="./xgcc -B./ -I./include" - - When making stage 2 and stage 3, specify this option: - - CFLAGS="-g -I./include" - - * Users have reported some problems with version 2.0 of the MIPS - compiler tools that were shipped with Ultrix 4.1. Version 2.10 - which came with Ultrix 4.2 seems to work fine. - - Users have also reported some problems with version 2.20 of the - MIPS compiler tools that were shipped with RISC/os 4.x. The - earlier version 2.11 seems to work fine. - - * Some versions of the MIPS linker will issue an assertion failure - when linking code that uses `alloca' against shared libraries on - RISC-OS 5.0, and DEC's OSF/1 systems. This is a bug in the - linker, that is supposed to be fixed in future revisions. To - protect against this, GNU CC passes `-non_shared' to the linker - unless you pass an explicit `-shared' or `-call_shared' switch. - - * On System V release 3, you may get this error message while - linking: - - ld fatal: failed to write symbol name SOMETHING - in strings table for file WHATEVER - - This probably indicates that the disk is full or your ULIMIT won't - allow the file to be as large as it needs to be. - - This problem can also result because the kernel parameter `MAXUMEM' - is too small. If so, you must regenerate the kernel and make the - value much larger. The default value is reported to be 1024; a - value of 32768 is said to work. Smaller values may also work. - - * On System V, if you get an error like this, - - /usr/local/lib/bison.simple: In function `yyparse': - /usr/local/lib/bison.simple:625: virtual memory exhausted - - that too indicates a problem with disk space, ULIMIT, or `MAXUMEM'. - - * Current GNU CC versions probably do not work on version 2 of the - NeXT operating system. - - * On NeXTStep 3.0, the Objective C compiler does not work, due, - apparently, to a kernel bug that it happens to trigger. This - problem does not happen on 3.1. - - * On the Tower models 4N0 and 6N0, by default a process is not - allowed to have more than one megabyte of memory. GNU CC cannot - compile itself (or many other programs) with `-O' in that much - memory. - - To solve this problem, reconfigure the kernel adding the following - line to the configuration file: - - MAXUMEM = 4096 - - * On HP 9000 series 300 or 400 running HP-UX release 8.0, there is a - bug in the assembler that must be fixed before GNU CC can be - built. This bug manifests itself during the first stage of - compilation, while building `libgcc2.a': - - _floatdisf - cc1: warning: `-g' option not supported on this version of GCC - cc1: warning: `-g1' option not supported on this version of GCC - ./xgcc: Internal compiler error: program as got fatal signal 11 - - A patched version of the assembler is available by anonymous ftp - from `altdorf.ai.mit.edu' as the file - `archive/cph/hpux-8.0-assembler'. If you have HP software support, - the patch can also be obtained directly from HP, as described in - the following note: - - This is the patched assembler, to patch SR#1653-010439, where - the assembler aborts on floating point constants. - - The bug is not really in the assembler, but in the shared - library version of the function "cvtnum(3c)". The bug on - "cvtnum(3c)" is SR#4701-078451. Anyway, the attached - assembler uses the archive library version of "cvtnum(3c)" - and thus does not exhibit the bug. - - This patch is also known as PHCO_4484. - - * On HP-UX version 8.05, but not on 8.07 or more recent versions, - the `fixproto' shell script triggers a bug in the system shell. - If you encounter this problem, upgrade your operating system or - use BASH (the GNU shell) to run `fixproto'. - - * Some versions of the Pyramid C compiler are reported to be unable - to compile GNU CC. You must use an older version of GNU CC for - bootstrapping. One indication of this problem is if you get a - crash when GNU CC compiles the function `muldi3' in file - `libgcc2.c'. - - You may be able to succeed by getting GNU CC version 1, installing - it, and using it to compile GNU CC version 2. The bug in the - Pyramid C compiler does not seem to affect GNU CC version 1. - - * There may be similar problems on System V Release 3.1 on 386 - systems. - - * On the Intel Paragon (an i860 machine), if you are using operating - system version 1.0, you will get warnings or errors about - redefinition of `va_arg' when you build GNU CC. - - If this happens, then you need to link most programs with the - library `iclib.a'. You must also modify `stdio.h' as follows: - before the lines - - #if defined(__i860__) && !defined(_VA_LIST) - #include <va_list.h> - - insert the line - - #if __PGC__ - - and after the lines - - extern int vprintf(const char *, va_list ); - extern int vsprintf(char *, const char *, va_list ); - #endif - - insert the line - - #endif /* __PGC__ */ - - These problems don't exist in operating system version 1.1. - - * On the Altos 3068, programs compiled with GNU CC won't work unless - you fix a kernel bug. This happens using system versions V.2.2 - 1.0gT1 and V.2.2 1.0e and perhaps later versions as well. See the - file `README.ALTOS'. - - * You will get several sorts of compilation and linking errors on the - we32k if you don't follow the special instructions. *Note - Configurations::. - - * A bug in the HP-UX 8.05 (and earlier) shell will cause the fixproto - program to report an error of the form: - - ./fixproto: sh internal 1K buffer overflow - - To fix this, change the first line of the fixproto script to look - like: - - #!/bin/ksh - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Cross-Compiler Problems, Next: Interoperation, Prev: Installation Problems, Up: Trouble - -Cross-Compiler Problems -======================= - - You may run into problems with cross compilation on certain machines, -for several reasons. - - * Cross compilation can run into trouble for certain machines because - some target machines' assemblers require floating point numbers to - be written as *integer* constants in certain contexts. - - The compiler writes these integer constants by examining the - floating point value as an integer and printing that integer, - because this is simple to write and independent of the details of - the floating point representation. But this does not work if the - compiler is running on a different machine with an incompatible - floating point format, or even a different byte-ordering. - - In addition, correct constant folding of floating point values - requires representing them in the target machine's format. (The C - standard does not quite require this, but in practice it is the - only way to win.) - - It is now possible to overcome these problems by defining macros - such as `REAL_VALUE_TYPE'. But doing so is a substantial amount of - work for each target machine. *Note Cross-compilation::. - - * At present, the program `mips-tfile' which adds debug support to - object files on MIPS systems does not work in a cross compile - environment. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Interoperation, Next: External Bugs, Prev: Cross-Compiler Problems, Up: Trouble - -Interoperation -============== - - This section lists various difficulties encountered in using GNU C or -GNU C++ together with other compilers or with the assemblers, linkers, -libraries and debuggers on certain systems. - - * Objective C does not work on the RS/6000. - - * GNU C++ does not do name mangling in the same way as other C++ - compilers. This means that object files compiled with one compiler - cannot be used with another. - - This effect is intentional, to protect you from more subtle - problems. Compilers differ as to many internal details of C++ - implementation, including: how class instances are laid out, how - multiple inheritance is implemented, and how virtual function - calls are handled. If the name encoding were made the same, your - programs would link against libraries provided from other - compilers--but the programs would then crash when run. - Incompatible libraries are then detected at link time, rather than - at run time. - - * Older GDB versions sometimes fail to read the output of GNU CC - version 2. If you have trouble, get GDB version 4.4 or later. - - * DBX rejects some files produced by GNU CC, though it accepts - similar constructs in output from PCC. Until someone can supply a - coherent description of what is valid DBX input and what is not, - there is nothing I can do about these problems. You are on your - own. - - * The GNU assembler (GAS) does not support PIC. To generate PIC - code, you must use some other assembler, such as `/bin/as'. - - * On some BSD systems, including some versions of Ultrix, use of - profiling causes static variable destructors (currently used only - in C++) not to be run. - - * Use of `-I/usr/include' may cause trouble. - - Many systems come with header files that won't work with GNU CC - unless corrected by `fixincludes'. The corrected header files go - in a new directory; GNU CC searches this directory before - `/usr/include'. If you use `-I/usr/include', this tells GNU CC to - search `/usr/include' earlier on, before the corrected headers. - The result is that you get the uncorrected header files. - - Instead, you should use these options (when compiling C programs): - - -I/usr/local/lib/gcc-lib/TARGET/VERSION/include -I/usr/include - - For C++ programs, GNU CC also uses a special directory that - defines C++ interfaces to standard C subroutines. This directory - is meant to be searched *before* other standard include - directories, so that it takes precedence. If you are compiling - C++ programs and specifying include directories explicitly, use - this option first, then the two options above: - - -I/usr/local/lib/g++-include - - * On some SGI systems, when you use `-lgl_s' as an option, it gets - translated magically to `-lgl_s -lX11_s -lc_s'. Naturally, this - does not happen when you use GNU CC. You must specify all three - options explicitly. - - * On a Sparc, GNU CC aligns all values of type `double' on an 8-byte - boundary, and it expects every `double' to be so aligned. The Sun - compiler usually gives `double' values 8-byte alignment, with one - exception: function arguments of type `double' may not be aligned. - - As a result, if a function compiled with Sun CC takes the address - of an argument of type `double' and passes this pointer of type - `double *' to a function compiled with GNU CC, dereferencing the - pointer may cause a fatal signal. - - One way to solve this problem is to compile your entire program - with GNU CC. Another solution is to modify the function that is - compiled with Sun CC to copy the argument into a local variable; - local variables are always properly aligned. A third solution is - to modify the function that uses the pointer to dereference it via - the following function `access_double' instead of directly with - `*': - - inline double - access_double (double *unaligned_ptr) - { - union d2i { double d; int i[2]; }; - - union d2i *p = (union d2i *) unaligned_ptr; - union d2i u; - - u.i[0] = p->i[0]; - u.i[1] = p->i[1]; - - return u.d; - } - - Storing into the pointer can be done likewise with the same union. - - * On Solaris, the `malloc' function in the `libmalloc.a' library may - allocate memory that is only 4 byte aligned. Since GNU CC on the - Sparc assumes that doubles are 8 byte aligned, this may result in a - fatal signal if doubles are stored in memory allocated by the - `libmalloc.a' library. - - The solution is to not use the `libmalloc.a' library. Use instead - `malloc' and related functions from `libc.a'; they do not have - this problem. - - * Sun forgot to include a static version of `libdl.a' with some - versions of SunOS (mainly 4.1). This results in undefined symbols - when linking static binaries (that is, if you use `-static'). If - you see undefined symbols `_dlclose', `_dlsym' or `_dlopen' when - linking, compile and link against the file `mit/util/misc/dlsym.c' - from the MIT version of X windows. - - * The 128-bit long double format that the Sparc port supports - currently works by using the architecturally defined quad-word - floating point instructions. Since there is no hardware that - supports these instructions they must be emulated by the operating - system. Long doubles do not work in Sun OS versions 4.0.3 and - earlier, because the kernel emulator uses an obsolete and - incompatible format. Long doubles do not work in Sun OS version - 4.1.1 due to a problem in a Sun library. Long doubles do work on - Sun OS versions 4.1.2 and higher, but GNU CC does not enable them - by default. Long doubles appear to work in Sun OS 5.x (Solaris - 2.x). - - * On HP-UX version 9.01 on the HP PA, the HP compiler `cc' does not - compile GNU CC correctly. We do not yet know why. However, GNU CC - compiled on earlier HP-UX versions works properly on HP-UX 9.01 - and can compile itself properly on 9.01. - - * On the HP PA machine, ADB sometimes fails to work on functions - compiled with GNU CC. Specifically, it fails to work on functions - that use `alloca' or variable-size arrays. This is because GNU CC - doesn't generate HP-UX unwind descriptors for such functions. It - may even be impossible to generate them. - - * Debugging (`-g') is not supported on the HP PA machine, unless you - use the preliminary GNU tools (*note Installation::.). - - * Taking the address of a label may generate errors from the HP-UX - PA assembler. GAS for the PA does not have this problem. - - * Using floating point parameters for indirect calls to static - functions will not work when using the HP assembler. There simply - is no way for GCC to specify what registers hold arguments for - static functions when using the HP assembler. GAS for the PA does - not have this problem. - - * In extremely rare cases involving some very large functions you may - receive errors from the HP linker complaining about an out of - bounds unconditional branch offset. This used to occur more often - in previous versions of GNU CC, but is now exceptionally rare. If - you should run into it, you can work around by making your - function smaller. - - * GNU CC compiled code sometimes emits warnings from the HP-UX - assembler of the form: - - (warning) Use of GR3 when - frame >= 8192 may cause conflict. - - These warnings are harmless and can be safely ignored. - - * The current version of the assembler (`/bin/as') for the RS/6000 - has certain problems that prevent the `-g' option in GCC from - working. Note that `Makefile.in' uses `-g' by default when - compiling `libgcc2.c'. - - IBM has produced a fixed version of the assembler. The upgraded - assembler unfortunately was not included in any of the AIX 3.2 - update PTF releases (3.2.2, 3.2.3, or 3.2.3e). Users of AIX 3.1 - should request PTF U403044 from IBM and users of AIX 3.2 should - request PTF U416277. See the file `README.RS6000' for more - details on these updates. - - You can test for the presense of a fixed assembler by using the - command - - as -u < /dev/null - - If the command exits normally, the assembler fix already is - installed. If the assembler complains that "-u" is an unknown - flag, you need to order the fix. - - * On the IBM RS/6000, compiling code of the form - - extern int foo; - - ... foo ... - - static int foo; - - will cause the linker to report an undefined symbol `foo'. - Although this behavior differs from most other systems, it is not a - bug because redefining an `extern' variable as `static' is - undefined in ANSI C. - - * AIX on the RS/6000 provides support (NLS) for environments outside - of the United States. Compilers and assemblers use NLS to support - locale-specific representations of various objects including - floating-point numbers ("." vs "," for separating decimal - fractions). There have been problems reported where the library - linked with GCC does not produce the same floating-point formats - that the assembler accepts. If you have this problem, set the - LANG environment variable to "C" or "En_US". - - * Even if you specify `-fdollars-in-identifiers', you cannot - successfully use `$' in identifiers on the RS/6000 due to a - restriction in the IBM assembler. GAS supports these identifiers. - - * On the RS/6000, XLC version 1.3.0.0 will miscompile `jump.c'. XLC - version 1.3.0.1 or later fixes this problem. You can obtain - XLC-1.3.0.2 by requesting PTF 421749 from IBM. - - * There is an assembler bug in versions of DG/UX prior to 5.4.2.01 - that occurs when the `fldcr' instruction is used. GNU CC uses - `fldcr' on the 88100 to serialize volatile memory references. Use - the option `-mno-serialize-volatile' if your version of the - assembler has this bug. - - * On VMS, GAS versions 1.38.1 and earlier may cause spurious warning - messages from the linker. These warning messages complain of - mismatched psect attributes. You can ignore them. *Note VMS - Install::. - - * On NewsOS version 3, if you include both of the files `stddef.h' - and `sys/types.h', you get an error because there are two typedefs - of `size_t'. You should change `sys/types.h' by adding these - lines around the definition of `size_t': - - #ifndef _SIZE_T - #define _SIZE_T - ACTUAL TYPEDEF HERE - #endif - - * On the Alliant, the system's own convention for returning - structures and unions is unusual, and is not compatible with GNU - CC no matter what options are used. - - * On the IBM RT PC, the MetaWare HighC compiler (hc) uses a different - convention for structure and union returning. Use the option - `-mhc-struct-return' to tell GNU CC to use a convention compatible - with it. - - * On Ultrix, the Fortran compiler expects registers 2 through 5 to - be saved by function calls. However, the C compiler uses - conventions compatible with BSD Unix: registers 2 through 5 may be - clobbered by function calls. - - GNU CC uses the same convention as the Ultrix C compiler. You can - use these options to produce code compatible with the Fortran - compiler: - - -fcall-saved-r2 -fcall-saved-r3 -fcall-saved-r4 -fcall-saved-r5 - - * On the WE32k, you may find that programs compiled with GNU CC do - not work with the standard shared C library. You may need to link - with the ordinary C compiler. If you do so, you must specify the - following options: - - -L/usr/local/lib/gcc-lib/we32k-att-sysv/2.7.1 -lgcc -lc_s - - The first specifies where to find the library `libgcc.a' specified - with the `-lgcc' option. - - GNU CC does linking by invoking `ld', just as `cc' does, and there - is no reason why it *should* matter which compilation program you - use to invoke `ld'. If someone tracks this problem down, it can - probably be fixed easily. - - * On the Alpha, you may get assembler errors about invalid syntax as - a result of floating point constants. This is due to a bug in the - C library functions `ecvt', `fcvt' and `gcvt'. Given valid - floating point numbers, they sometimes print `NaN'. - - * On Irix 4.0.5F (and perhaps in some other versions), an assembler - bug sometimes reorders instructions incorrectly when optimization - is turned on. If you think this may be happening to you, try - using the GNU assembler; GAS version 2.1 supports ECOFF on Irix. - - Or use the `-noasmopt' option when you compile GNU CC with itself, - and then again when you compile your program. (This is a temporary - kludge to turn off assembler optimization on Irix.) If this - proves to be what you need, edit the assembler spec in the file - `specs' so that it unconditionally passes `-O0' to the assembler, - and never passes `-O2' or `-O3'. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: External Bugs, Next: Incompatibilities, Prev: Interoperation, Up: Trouble - -Problems Compiling Certain Programs -=================================== - - Certain programs have problems compiling. - - * Parse errors may occur compiling X11 on a Decstation running - Ultrix 4.2 because of problems in DEC's versions of the X11 header - files `X11/Xlib.h' and `X11/Xutil.h'. People recommend adding - `-I/usr/include/mit' to use the MIT versions of the header files, - using the `-traditional' switch to turn off ANSI C, or fixing the - header files by adding this: - - #ifdef __STDC__ - #define NeedFunctionPrototypes 0 - #endif - - * If you have trouble compiling Perl on a SunOS 4 system, it may be - because Perl specifies `-I/usr/ucbinclude'. This accesses the - unfixed header files. Perl specifies the options - - -traditional -Dvolatile=__volatile__ - -I/usr/include/sun -I/usr/ucbinclude - -fpcc-struct-return - - most of which are unnecessary with GCC 2.4.5 and newer versions. - You can make a properly working Perl by setting `ccflags' to - `-fwritable-strings' (implied by the `-traditional' in the - original options) and `cppflags' to empty in `config.sh', then - typing `./doSH; make depend; make'. - - * On various 386 Unix systems derived from System V, including SCO, - ISC, and ESIX, you may get error messages about running out of - virtual memory while compiling certain programs. - - You can prevent this problem by linking GNU CC with the GNU malloc - (which thus replaces the malloc that comes with the system). GNU - malloc is available as a separate package, and also in the file - `src/gmalloc.c' in the GNU Emacs 19 distribution. - - If you have installed GNU malloc as a separate library package, - use this option when you relink GNU CC: - - MALLOC=/usr/local/lib/libgmalloc.a - - Alternatively, if you have compiled `gmalloc.c' from Emacs 19, copy - the object file to `gmalloc.o' and use this option when you relink - GNU CC: - - MALLOC=gmalloc.o - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Incompatibilities, Next: Fixed Headers, Prev: External Bugs, Up: Trouble - -Incompatibilities of GNU CC -=========================== - - There are several noteworthy incompatibilities between GNU C and most -existing (non-ANSI) versions of C. The `-traditional' option -eliminates many of these incompatibilities, *but not all*, by telling -GNU C to behave like the other C compilers. - - * GNU CC normally makes string constants read-only. If several - identical-looking string constants are used, GNU CC stores only one - copy of the string. - - One consequence is that you cannot call `mktemp' with a string - constant argument. The function `mktemp' always alters the string - its argument points to. - - Another consequence is that `sscanf' does not work on some systems - when passed a string constant as its format control string or - input. This is because `sscanf' incorrectly tries to write into - the string constant. Likewise `fscanf' and `scanf'. - - The best solution to these problems is to change the program to use - `char'-array variables with initialization strings for these - purposes instead of string constants. But if this is not possible, - you can use the `-fwritable-strings' flag, which directs GNU CC to - handle string constants the same way most C compilers do. - `-traditional' also has this effect, among others. - - * `-2147483648' is positive. - - This is because 2147483648 cannot fit in the type `int', so - (following the ANSI C rules) its data type is `unsigned long int'. - Negating this value yields 2147483648 again. - - * GNU CC does not substitute macro arguments when they appear inside - of string constants. For example, the following macro in GNU CC - - #define foo(a) "a" - - will produce output `"a"' regardless of what the argument A is. - - The `-traditional' option directs GNU CC to handle such cases - (among others) in the old-fashioned (non-ANSI) fashion. - - * When you use `setjmp' and `longjmp', the only automatic variables - guaranteed to remain valid are those declared `volatile'. This is - a consequence of automatic register allocation. Consider this - function: - - jmp_buf j; - - foo () - { - int a, b; - - a = fun1 (); - if (setjmp (j)) - return a; - - a = fun2 (); - /* `longjmp (j)' may occur in `fun3'. */ - return a + fun3 (); - } - - Here `a' may or may not be restored to its first value when the - `longjmp' occurs. If `a' is allocated in a register, then its - first value is restored; otherwise, it keeps the last value stored - in it. - - If you use the `-W' option with the `-O' option, you will get a - warning when GNU CC thinks such a problem might be possible. - - The `-traditional' option directs GNU C to put variables in the - stack by default, rather than in registers, in functions that call - `setjmp'. This results in the behavior found in traditional C - compilers. - - * Programs that use preprocessing directives in the middle of macro - arguments do not work with GNU CC. For example, a program like - this will not work: - - foobar ( - #define luser - hack) - - ANSI C does not permit such a construct. It would make sense to - support it when `-traditional' is used, but it is too much work to - implement. - - * Declarations of external variables and functions within a block - apply only to the block containing the declaration. In other - words, they have the same scope as any other declaration in the - same place. - - In some other C compilers, a `extern' declaration affects all the - rest of the file even if it happens within a block. - - The `-traditional' option directs GNU C to treat all `extern' - declarations as global, like traditional compilers. - - * In traditional C, you can combine `long', etc., with a typedef - name, as shown here: - - typedef int foo; - typedef long foo bar; - - In ANSI C, this is not allowed: `long' and other type modifiers - require an explicit `int'. Because this criterion is expressed by - Bison grammar rules rather than C code, the `-traditional' flag - cannot alter it. - - * PCC allows typedef names to be used as function parameters. The - difficulty described immediately above applies here too. - - * PCC allows whitespace in the middle of compound assignment - operators such as `+='. GNU CC, following the ANSI standard, does - not allow this. The difficulty described immediately above - applies here too. - - * GNU CC complains about unterminated character constants inside of - preprocessing conditionals that fail. Some programs have English - comments enclosed in conditionals that are guaranteed to fail; if - these comments contain apostrophes, GNU CC will probably report an - error. For example, this code would produce an error: - - #if 0 - You can't expect this to work. - #endif - - The best solution to such a problem is to put the text into an - actual C comment delimited by `/*...*/'. However, `-traditional' - suppresses these error messages. - - * Many user programs contain the declaration `long time ();'. In the - past, the system header files on many systems did not actually - declare `time', so it did not matter what type your program - declared it to return. But in systems with ANSI C headers, `time' - is declared to return `time_t', and if that is not the same as - `long', then `long time ();' is erroneous. - - The solution is to change your program to use `time_t' as the - return type of `time'. - - * When compiling functions that return `float', PCC converts it to a - double. GNU CC actually returns a `float'. If you are concerned - with PCC compatibility, you should declare your functions to return - `double'; you might as well say what you mean. - - * When compiling functions that return structures or unions, GNU CC - output code normally uses a method different from that used on most - versions of Unix. As a result, code compiled with GNU CC cannot - call a structure-returning function compiled with PCC, and vice - versa. - - The method used by GNU CC is as follows: a structure or union - which is 1, 2, 4 or 8 bytes long is returned like a scalar. A - structure or union with any other size is stored into an address - supplied by the caller (usually in a special, fixed register, but - on some machines it is passed on the stack). The - machine-description macros `STRUCT_VALUE' and - `STRUCT_INCOMING_VALUE' tell GNU CC where to pass this address. - - By contrast, PCC on most target machines returns structures and - unions of any size by copying the data into an area of static - storage, and then returning the address of that storage as if it - were a pointer value. The caller must copy the data from that - memory area to the place where the value is wanted. GNU CC does - not use this method because it is slower and nonreentrant. - - On some newer machines, PCC uses a reentrant convention for all - structure and union returning. GNU CC on most of these machines - uses a compatible convention when returning structures and unions - in memory, but still returns small structures and unions in - registers. - - You can tell GNU CC to use a compatible convention for all - structure and union returning with the option - `-fpcc-struct-return'. - - * GNU C complains about program fragments such as `0x74ae-0x4000' - which appear to be two hexadecimal constants separated by the minus - operator. Actually, this string is a single "preprocessing token". - Each such token must correspond to one token in C. Since this - does not, GNU C prints an error message. Although it may appear - obvious that what is meant is an operator and two values, the ANSI - C standard specifically requires that this be treated as erroneous. - - A "preprocessing token" is a "preprocessing number" if it begins - with a digit and is followed by letters, underscores, digits, - periods and `e+', `e-', `E+', or `E-' character sequences. - - To make the above program fragment valid, place whitespace in - front of the minus sign. This whitespace will end the - preprocessing number. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Fixed Headers, Next: Standard Libraries, Prev: Incompatibilities, Up: Trouble - -Fixed Header Files -================== - - GNU CC needs to install corrected versions of some system header -files. This is because most target systems have some header files that -won't work with GNU CC unless they are changed. Some have bugs, some -are incompatible with ANSI C, and some depend on special features of -other compilers. - - Installing GNU CC automatically creates and installs the fixed header -files, by running a program called `fixincludes' (or for certain -targets an alternative such as `fixinc.svr4'). Normally, you don't -need to pay attention to this. But there are cases where it doesn't do -the right thing automatically. - - * If you update the system's header files, such as by installing a - new system version, the fixed header files of GNU CC are not - automatically updated. The easiest way to update them is to - reinstall GNU CC. (If you want to be clever, look in the makefile - and you can find a shortcut.) - - * On some systems, in particular SunOS 4, header file directories - contain machine-specific symbolic links in certain places. This - makes it possible to share most of the header files among hosts - running the same version of SunOS 4 on different machine models. - - The programs that fix the header files do not understand this - special way of using symbolic links; therefore, the directory of - fixed header files is good only for the machine model used to - build it. - - In SunOS 4, only programs that look inside the kernel will notice - the difference between machine models. Therefore, for most - purposes, you need not be concerned about this. - - It is possible to make separate sets of fixed header files for the - different machine models, and arrange a structure of symbolic - links so as to use the proper set, but you'll have to do this by - hand. - - * On Lynxos, GNU CC by default does not fix the header files. This - is because bugs in the shell cause the `fixincludes' script to - fail. - - This means you will encounter problems due to bugs in the system - header files. It may be no comfort that they aren't GNU CC's - fault, but it does mean that there's nothing for us to do about - them. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Standard Libraries, Next: Disappointments, Prev: Fixed Headers, Up: Trouble - -Standard Libraries -================== - - GNU CC by itself attempts to be what the ISO/ANSI C standard calls a -"conforming freestanding implementation". This means all ANSI C -language features are available, as well as the contents of `float.h', -`limits.h', `stdarg.h', and `stddef.h'. The rest of the C library is -supplied by the vendor of the operating system. If that C library -doesn't conform to the C standards, then your programs might get -warnings (especially when using `-Wall') that you don't expect. - - For example, the `sprintf' function on SunOS 4.1.3 returns `char *' -while the C standard says that `sprintf' returns an `int'. The -`fixincludes' program could make the prototype for this function match -the Standard, but that would be wrong, since the function will still -return `char *'. - - If you need a Standard compliant library, then you need to find one, -as GNU CC does not provide one. The GNU C library (called `glibc') has -been ported to a number of operating systems, and provides ANSI/ISO, -POSIX, BSD and SystemV compatibility. You could also ask your operating -system vendor if newer libraries are available. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Disappointments, Next: C++ Misunderstandings, Prev: Standard Libraries, Up: Trouble - -Disappointments and Misunderstandings -===================================== - - These problems are perhaps regrettable, but we don't know any -practical way around them. - - * Certain local variables aren't recognized by debuggers when you - compile with optimization. - - This occurs because sometimes GNU CC optimizes the variable out of - existence. There is no way to tell the debugger how to compute the - value such a variable "would have had", and it is not clear that - would be desirable anyway. So GNU CC simply does not mention the - eliminated variable when it writes debugging information. - - You have to expect a certain amount of disagreement between the - executable and your source code, when you use optimization. - - * Users often think it is a bug when GNU CC reports an error for code - like this: - - int foo (struct mumble *); - - struct mumble { ... }; - - int foo (struct mumble *x) - { ... } - - This code really is erroneous, because the scope of `struct - mumble' in the prototype is limited to the argument list - containing it. It does not refer to the `struct mumble' defined - with file scope immediately below--they are two unrelated types - with similar names in different scopes. - - But in the definition of `foo', the file-scope type is used - because that is available to be inherited. Thus, the definition - and the prototype do not match, and you get an error. - - This behavior may seem silly, but it's what the ANSI standard - specifies. It is easy enough for you to make your code work by - moving the definition of `struct mumble' above the prototype. - It's not worth being incompatible with ANSI C just to avoid an - error for the example shown above. - - * Accesses to bitfields even in volatile objects works by accessing - larger objects, such as a byte or a word. You cannot rely on what - size of object is accessed in order to read or write the bitfield; - it may even vary for a given bitfield according to the precise - usage. - - If you care about controlling the amount of memory that is - accessed, use volatile but do not use bitfields. - - * GNU CC comes with shell scripts to fix certain known problems in - system header files. They install corrected copies of various - header files in a special directory where only GNU CC will - normally look for them. The scripts adapt to various systems by - searching all the system header files for the problem cases that - we know about. - - If new system header files are installed, nothing automatically - arranges to update the corrected header files. You will have to - reinstall GNU CC to fix the new header files. More specifically, - go to the build directory and delete the files `stmp-fixinc' and - `stmp-headers', and the subdirectory `include'; then do `make - install' again. - - * On 68000 systems, you can get paradoxical results if you test the - precise values of floating point numbers. For example, you can - find that a floating point value which is not a NaN is not equal - to itself. This results from the fact that the the floating point - registers hold a few more bits of precision than fit in a `double' - in memory. Compiled code moves values between memory and floating - point registers at its convenience, and moving them into memory - truncates them. - - You can partially avoid this problem by using the `-ffloat-store' - option (*note Optimize Options::.). - - * On the MIPS, variable argument functions using `varargs.h' cannot - have a floating point value for the first argument. The reason - for this is that in the absence of a prototype in scope, if the - first argument is a floating point, it is passed in a floating - point register, rather than an integer register. - - If the code is rewritten to use the ANSI standard `stdarg.h' - method of variable arguments, and the prototype is in scope at the - time of the call, everything will work fine. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: C++ Misunderstandings, Next: Protoize Caveats, Prev: Disappointments, Up: Trouble - -Common Misunderstandings with GNU C++ -===================================== - - C++ is a complex language and an evolving one, and its standard -definition (the ANSI C++ draft standard) is also evolving. As a result, -your C++ compiler may occasionally surprise you, even when its behavior -is correct. This section discusses some areas that frequently give -rise to questions of this sort. - -* Menu: - -* Static Definitions:: Static member declarations are not definitions -* Temporaries:: Temporaries may vanish before you expect - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Static Definitions, Next: Temporaries, Up: C++ Misunderstandings - -Declare *and* Define Static Members ------------------------------------ - - When a class has static data members, it is not enough to *declare* -the static member; you must also *define* it. For example: - - class Foo - { - ... - void method(); - static int bar; - }; - - This declaration only establishes that the class `Foo' has an `int' -named `Foo::bar', and a member function named `Foo::method'. But you -still need to define *both* `method' and `bar' elsewhere. According to -the draft ANSI standard, you must supply an initializer in one (and -only one) source file, such as: - - int Foo::bar = 0; - - Other C++ compilers may not correctly implement the standard -behavior. As a result, when you switch to `g++' from one of these -compilers, you may discover that a program that appeared to work -correctly in fact does not conform to the standard: `g++' reports as -undefined symbols any static data members that lack definitions. - diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-12 b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-12 deleted file mode 100644 index 7e8bb85885c..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-12 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1110 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file gcc.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.63 from the input -file gcc.texi. - - This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU compiler. - - Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 -Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - - Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software -Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for -Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are -included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public -License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight -`Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in -translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the -original English. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Temporaries, Prev: Static Definitions, Up: C++ Misunderstandings - -Temporaries May Vanish Before You Expect ----------------------------------------- - - It is dangerous to use pointers or references to *portions* of a -temporary object. The compiler may very well delete the object before -you expect it to, leaving a pointer to garbage. The most common place -where this problem crops up is in classes like the libg++ `String' -class, that define a conversion function to type `char *' or `const -char *'. However, any class that returns a pointer to some internal -structure is potentially subject to this problem. - - For example, a program may use a function `strfunc' that returns -`String' objects, and another function `charfunc' that operates on -pointers to `char': - - String strfunc (); - void charfunc (const char *); - -In this situation, it may seem natural to write -`charfunc (strfunc ());' based on the knowledge that class `String' has -an explicit conversion to `char' pointers. However, what really -happens is akin to `charfunc (strfunc ().convert ());', where the -`convert' method is a function to do the same data conversion normally -performed by a cast. Since the last use of the temporary `String' -object is the call to the conversion function, the compiler may delete -that object before actually calling `charfunc'. The compiler has no -way of knowing that deleting the `String' object will invalidate the -pointer. The pointer then points to garbage, so that by the time -`charfunc' is called, it gets an invalid argument. - - Code like this may run successfully under some other compilers, -especially those that delete temporaries relatively late. However, the -GNU C++ behavior is also standard-conforming, so if your program depends -on late destruction of temporaries it is not portable. - - If you think this is surprising, you should be aware that the ANSI -C++ committee continues to debate the lifetime-of-temporaries problem. - - For now, at least, the safe way to write such code is to give the -temporary a name, which forces it to remain until the end of the scope -of the name. For example: - - String& tmp = strfunc (); - charfunc (tmp); - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Protoize Caveats, Next: Non-bugs, Prev: C++ Misunderstandings, Up: Trouble - -Caveats of using `protoize' -=========================== - - The conversion programs `protoize' and `unprotoize' can sometimes -change a source file in a way that won't work unless you rearrange it. - - * `protoize' can insert references to a type name or type tag before - the definition, or in a file where they are not defined. - - If this happens, compiler error messages should show you where the - new references are, so fixing the file by hand is straightforward. - - * There are some C constructs which `protoize' cannot figure out. - For example, it can't determine argument types for declaring a - pointer-to-function variable; this you must do by hand. `protoize' - inserts a comment containing `???' each time it finds such a - variable; so you can find all such variables by searching for this - string. ANSI C does not require declaring the argument types of - pointer-to-function types. - - * Using `unprotoize' can easily introduce bugs. If the program - relied on prototypes to bring about conversion of arguments, these - conversions will not take place in the program without prototypes. - One case in which you can be sure `unprotoize' is safe is when you - are removing prototypes that were made with `protoize'; if the - program worked before without any prototypes, it will work again - without them. - - You can find all the places where this problem might occur by - compiling the program with the `-Wconversion' option. It prints a - warning whenever an argument is converted. - - * Both conversion programs can be confused if there are macro calls - in and around the text to be converted. In other words, the - standard syntax for a declaration or definition must not result - from expanding a macro. This problem is inherent in the design of - C and cannot be fixed. If only a few functions have confusing - macro calls, you can easily convert them manually. - - * `protoize' cannot get the argument types for a function whose - definition was not actually compiled due to preprocessing - conditionals. When this happens, `protoize' changes nothing in - regard to such a function. `protoize' tries to detect such - instances and warn about them. - - You can generally work around this problem by using `protoize' step - by step, each time specifying a different set of `-D' options for - compilation, until all of the functions have been converted. - There is no automatic way to verify that you have got them all, - however. - - * Confusion may result if there is an occasion to convert a function - declaration or definition in a region of source code where there - is more than one formal parameter list present. Thus, attempts to - convert code containing multiple (conditionally compiled) versions - of a single function header (in the same vicinity) may not produce - the desired (or expected) results. - - If you plan on converting source files which contain such code, it - is recommended that you first make sure that each conditionally - compiled region of source code which contains an alternative - function header also contains at least one additional follower - token (past the final right parenthesis of the function header). - This should circumvent the problem. - - * `unprotoize' can become confused when trying to convert a function - definition or declaration which contains a declaration for a - pointer-to-function formal argument which has the same name as the - function being defined or declared. We recommand you avoid such - choices of formal parameter names. - - * You might also want to correct some of the indentation by hand and - break long lines. (The conversion programs don't write lines - longer than eighty characters in any case.) - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Non-bugs, Next: Warnings and Errors, Prev: Protoize Caveats, Up: Trouble - -Certain Changes We Don't Want to Make -===================================== - - This section lists changes that people frequently request, but which -we do not make because we think GNU CC is better without them. - - * Checking the number and type of arguments to a function which has - an old-fashioned definition and no prototype. - - Such a feature would work only occasionally--only for calls that - appear in the same file as the called function, following the - definition. The only way to check all calls reliably is to add a - prototype for the function. But adding a prototype eliminates the - motivation for this feature. So the feature is not worthwhile. - - * Warning about using an expression whose type is signed as a shift - count. - - Shift count operands are probably signed more often than unsigned. - Warning about this would cause far more annoyance than good. - - * Warning about assigning a signed value to an unsigned variable. - - Such assignments must be very common; warning about them would - cause more annoyance than good. - - * Warning about unreachable code. - - It's very common to have unreachable code in machine-generated - programs. For example, this happens normally in some files of GNU - C itself. - - * Warning when a non-void function value is ignored. - - Coming as I do from a Lisp background, I balk at the idea that - there is something dangerous about discarding a value. There are - functions that return values which some callers may find useful; - it makes no sense to clutter the program with a cast to `void' - whenever the value isn't useful. - - * Assuming (for optimization) that the address of an external symbol - is never zero. - - This assumption is false on certain systems when `#pragma weak' is - used. - - * Making `-fshort-enums' the default. - - This would cause storage layout to be incompatible with most other - C compilers. And it doesn't seem very important, given that you - can get the same result in other ways. The case where it matters - most is when the enumeration-valued object is inside a structure, - and in that case you can specify a field width explicitly. - - * Making bitfields unsigned by default on particular machines where - "the ABI standard" says to do so. - - The ANSI C standard leaves it up to the implementation whether a - bitfield declared plain `int' is signed or not. This in effect - creates two alternative dialects of C. - - The GNU C compiler supports both dialects; you can specify the - signed dialect with `-fsigned-bitfields' and the unsigned dialect - with `-funsigned-bitfields'. However, this leaves open the - question of which dialect to use by default. - - Currently, the preferred dialect makes plain bitfields signed, - because this is simplest. Since `int' is the same as `signed int' - in every other context, it is cleanest for them to be the same in - bitfields as well. - - Some computer manufacturers have published Application Binary - Interface standards which specify that plain bitfields should be - unsigned. It is a mistake, however, to say anything about this - issue in an ABI. This is because the handling of plain bitfields - distinguishes two dialects of C. Both dialects are meaningful on - every type of machine. Whether a particular object file was - compiled using signed bitfields or unsigned is of no concern to - other object files, even if they access the same bitfields in the - same data structures. - - A given program is written in one or the other of these two - dialects. The program stands a chance to work on most any machine - if it is compiled with the proper dialect. It is unlikely to work - at all if compiled with the wrong dialect. - - Many users appreciate the GNU C compiler because it provides an - environment that is uniform across machines. These users would be - inconvenienced if the compiler treated plain bitfields differently - on certain machines. - - Occasionally users write programs intended only for a particular - machine type. On these occasions, the users would benefit if the - GNU C compiler were to support by default the same dialect as the - other compilers on that machine. But such applications are rare. - And users writing a program to run on more than one type of - machine cannot possibly benefit from this kind of compatibility. - - This is why GNU CC does and will treat plain bitfields in the same - fashion on all types of machines (by default). - - There are some arguments for making bitfields unsigned by default - on all machines. If, for example, this becomes a universal de - facto standard, it would make sense for GNU CC to go along with - it. This is something to be considered in the future. - - (Of course, users strongly concerned about portability should - indicate explicitly in each bitfield whether it is signed or not. - In this way, they write programs which have the same meaning in - both C dialects.) - - * Undefining `__STDC__' when `-ansi' is not used. - - Currently, GNU CC defines `__STDC__' as long as you don't use - `-traditional'. This provides good results in practice. - - Programmers normally use conditionals on `__STDC__' to ask whether - it is safe to use certain features of ANSI C, such as function - prototypes or ANSI token concatenation. Since plain `gcc' supports - all the features of ANSI C, the correct answer to these questions - is "yes". - - Some users try to use `__STDC__' to check for the availability of - certain library facilities. This is actually incorrect usage in - an ANSI C program, because the ANSI C standard says that a - conforming freestanding implementation should define `__STDC__' - even though it does not have the library facilities. `gcc -ansi - -pedantic' is a conforming freestanding implementation, and it is - therefore required to define `__STDC__', even though it does not - come with an ANSI C library. - - Sometimes people say that defining `__STDC__' in a compiler that - does not completely conform to the ANSI C standard somehow - violates the standard. This is illogical. The standard is a - standard for compilers that claim to support ANSI C, such as `gcc - -ansi'--not for other compilers such as plain `gcc'. Whatever the - ANSI C standard says is relevant to the design of plain `gcc' - without `-ansi' only for pragmatic reasons, not as a requirement. - - * Undefining `__STDC__' in C++. - - Programs written to compile with C++-to-C translators get the - value of `__STDC__' that goes with the C compiler that is - subsequently used. These programs must test `__STDC__' to - determine what kind of C preprocessor that compiler uses: whether - they should concatenate tokens in the ANSI C fashion or in the - traditional fashion. - - These programs work properly with GNU C++ if `__STDC__' is defined. - They would not work otherwise. - - In addition, many header files are written to provide prototypes - in ANSI C but not in traditional C. Many of these header files - can work without change in C++ provided `__STDC__' is defined. If - `__STDC__' is not defined, they will all fail, and will all need - to be changed to test explicitly for C++ as well. - - * Deleting "empty" loops. - - GNU CC does not delete "empty" loops because the most likely reason - you would put one in a program is to have a delay. Deleting them - will not make real programs run any faster, so it would be - pointless. - - It would be different if optimization of a nonempty loop could - produce an empty one. But this generally can't happen. - - * Making side effects happen in the same order as in some other - compiler. - - It is never safe to depend on the order of evaluation of side - effects. For example, a function call like this may very well - behave differently from one compiler to another: - - void func (int, int); - - int i = 2; - func (i++, i++); - - There is no guarantee (in either the C or the C++ standard language - definitions) that the increments will be evaluated in any - particular order. Either increment might happen first. `func' - might get the arguments `2, 3', or it might get `3, 2', or even - `2, 2'. - - * Not allowing structures with volatile fields in registers. - - Strictly speaking, there is no prohibition in the ANSI C standard - against allowing structures with volatile fields in registers, but - it does not seem to make any sense and is probably not what you - wanted to do. So the compiler will give an error message in this - case. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Warnings and Errors, Prev: Non-bugs, Up: Trouble - -Warning Messages and Error Messages -=================================== - - The GNU compiler can produce two kinds of diagnostics: errors and -warnings. Each kind has a different purpose: - - *Errors* report problems that make it impossible to compile your - program. GNU CC reports errors with the source file name and line - number where the problem is apparent. - - *Warnings* report other unusual conditions in your code that *may* - indicate a problem, although compilation can (and does) proceed. - Warning messages also report the source file name and line number, - but include the text `warning:' to distinguish them from error - messages. - - Warnings may indicate danger points where you should check to make -sure that your program really does what you intend; or the use of -obsolete features; or the use of nonstandard features of GNU C or C++. -Many warnings are issued only if you ask for them, with one of the `-W' -options (for instance, `-Wall' requests a variety of useful warnings). - - GNU CC always tries to compile your program if possible; it never -gratuitously rejects a program whose meaning is clear merely because -(for instance) it fails to conform to a standard. In some cases, -however, the C and C++ standards specify that certain extensions are -forbidden, and a diagnostic *must* be issued by a conforming compiler. -The `-pedantic' option tells GNU CC to issue warnings in such cases; -`-pedantic-errors' says to make them errors instead. This does not -mean that *all* non-ANSI constructs get warnings or errors. - - *Note Options to Request or Suppress Warnings: Warning Options, for -more detail on these and related command-line options. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Bugs, Next: Service, Prev: Trouble, Up: Top - -Reporting Bugs -************** - - Your bug reports play an essential role in making GNU CC reliable. - - When you encounter a problem, the first thing to do is to see if it -is already known. *Note Trouble::. If it isn't known, then you should -report the problem. - - Reporting a bug may help you by bringing a solution to your problem, -or it may not. (If it does not, look in the service directory; see -*Note Service::.) In any case, the principal function of a bug report -is to help the entire community by making the next version of GNU CC -work better. Bug reports are your contribution to the maintenance of -GNU CC. - - Since the maintainers are very overloaded, we cannot respond to every -bug report. However, if the bug has not been fixed, we are likely to -send you a patch and ask you to tell us whether it works. - - In order for a bug report to serve its purpose, you must include the -information that makes for fixing the bug. - -* Menu: - -* Criteria: Bug Criteria. Have you really found a bug? -* Where: Bug Lists. Where to send your bug report. -* Reporting: Bug Reporting. How to report a bug effectively. -* Patches: Sending Patches. How to send a patch for GNU CC. -* Known: Trouble. Known problems. -* Help: Service. Where to ask for help. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Bug Criteria, Next: Bug Lists, Up: Bugs - -Have You Found a Bug? -===================== - - If you are not sure whether you have found a bug, here are some -guidelines: - - * If the compiler gets a fatal signal, for any input whatever, that - is a compiler bug. Reliable compilers never crash. - - * If the compiler produces invalid assembly code, for any input - whatever (except an `asm' statement), that is a compiler bug, - unless the compiler reports errors (not just warnings) which would - ordinarily prevent the assembler from being run. - - * If the compiler produces valid assembly code that does not - correctly execute the input source code, that is a compiler bug. - - However, you must double-check to make sure, because you may have - run into an incompatibility between GNU C and traditional C (*note - Incompatibilities::.). These incompatibilities might be considered - bugs, but they are inescapable consequences of valuable features. - - Or you may have a program whose behavior is undefined, which - happened by chance to give the desired results with another C or - C++ compiler. - - For example, in many nonoptimizing compilers, you can write `x;' - at the end of a function instead of `return x;', with the same - results. But the value of the function is undefined if `return' - is omitted; it is not a bug when GNU CC produces different results. - - Problems often result from expressions with two increment - operators, as in `f (*p++, *p++)'. Your previous compiler might - have interpreted that expression the way you intended; GNU CC might - interpret it another way. Neither compiler is wrong. The bug is - in your code. - - After you have localized the error to a single source line, it - should be easy to check for these things. If your program is - correct and well defined, you have found a compiler bug. - - * If the compiler produces an error message for valid input, that is - a compiler bug. - - * If the compiler does not produce an error message for invalid - input, that is a compiler bug. However, you should note that your - idea of "invalid input" might be my idea of "an extension" or - "support for traditional practice". - - * If you are an experienced user of C or C++ compilers, your - suggestions for improvement of GNU CC or GNU C++ are welcome in - any case. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Bug Lists, Next: Bug Reporting, Prev: Bug Criteria, Up: Bugs - -Where to Report Bugs -==================== - - Send bug reports for GNU C to `bug-gcc@prep.ai.mit.edu'. - - Send bug reports for GNU C++ to `bug-g++@prep.ai.mit.edu'. If your -bug involves the C++ class library libg++, send mail to -`bug-lib-g++@prep.ai.mit.edu'. If you're not sure, you can send the -bug report to both lists. - - *Do not send bug reports to `help-gcc@prep.ai.mit.edu' or to the -newsgroup `gnu.gcc.help'.* Most users of GNU CC do not want to receive -bug reports. Those that do, have asked to be on `bug-gcc' and/or -`bug-g++'. - - The mailing lists `bug-gcc' and `bug-g++' both have newsgroups which -serve as repeaters: `gnu.gcc.bug' and `gnu.g++.bug'. Each mailing list -and its newsgroup carry exactly the same messages. - - Often people think of posting bug reports to the newsgroup instead of -mailing them. This appears to work, but it has one problem which can be -crucial: a newsgroup posting does not contain a mail path back to the -sender. Thus, if maintainers need more information, they may be unable -to reach you. For this reason, you should always send bug reports by -mail to the proper mailing list. - - As a last resort, send bug reports on paper to: - - GNU Compiler Bugs - Free Software Foundation - 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 - Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Bug Reporting, Next: Sending Patches, Prev: Bug Lists, Up: Bugs - -How to Report Bugs -================== - - The fundamental principle of reporting bugs usefully is this: -*report all the facts*. If you are not sure whether to state a fact or -leave it out, state it! - - Often people omit facts because they think they know what causes the -problem and they conclude that some details don't matter. Thus, you -might assume that the name of the variable you use in an example does -not matter. Well, probably it doesn't, but one cannot be sure. -Perhaps the bug is a stray memory reference which happens to fetch from -the location where that name is stored in memory; perhaps, if the name -were different, the contents of that location would fool the compiler -into doing the right thing despite the bug. Play it safe and give a -specific, complete example. That is the easiest thing for you to do, -and the most helpful. - - Keep in mind that the purpose of a bug report is to enable someone to -fix the bug if it is not known. It isn't very important what happens if -the bug is already known. Therefore, always write your bug reports on -the assumption that the bug is not known. - - Sometimes people give a few sketchy facts and ask, "Does this ring a -bell?" This cannot help us fix a bug, so it is basically useless. We -respond by asking for enough details to enable us to investigate. You -might as well expedite matters by sending them to begin with. - - Try to make your bug report self-contained. If we have to ask you -for more information, it is best if you include all the previous -information in your response, as well as the information that was -missing. - - Please report each bug in a separate message. This makes it easier -for us to track which bugs have been fixed and to forward your bugs -reports to the appropriate maintainer. - - Do not compress and encode any part of your bug report using programs -such as `uuencode'. If you do so it will slow down the processing of -your bug. If you must submit multiple large files, use `shar', which -allows us to read your message without having to run any decompression -programs. - - To enable someone to investigate the bug, you should include all -these things: - - * The version of GNU CC. You can get this by running it with the - `-v' option. - - Without this, we won't know whether there is any point in looking - for the bug in the current version of GNU CC. - - * A complete input file that will reproduce the bug. If the bug is - in the C preprocessor, send a source file and any header files - that it requires. If the bug is in the compiler proper (`cc1'), - run your source file through the C preprocessor by doing `gcc -E - SOURCEFILE > OUTFILE', then include the contents of OUTFILE in the - bug report. (When you do this, use the same `-I', `-D' or `-U' - options that you used in actual compilation.) - - A single statement is not enough of an example. In order to - compile it, it must be embedded in a complete file of compiler - input; and the bug might depend on the details of how this is done. - - Without a real example one can compile, all anyone can do about - your bug report is wish you luck. It would be futile to try to - guess how to provoke the bug. For example, bugs in register - allocation and reloading frequently depend on every little detail - of the function they happen in. - - Even if the input file that fails comes from a GNU program, you - should still send the complete test case. Don't ask the GNU CC - maintainers to do the extra work of obtaining the program in - question--they are all overworked as it is. Also, the problem may - depend on what is in the header files on your system; it is - unreliable for the GNU CC maintainers to try the problem with the - header files available to them. By sending CPP output, you can - eliminate this source of uncertainty and save us a certain - percentage of wild goose chases. - - * The command arguments you gave GNU CC or GNU C++ to compile that - example and observe the bug. For example, did you use `-O'? To - guarantee you won't omit something important, list all the options. - - If we were to try to guess the arguments, we would probably guess - wrong and then we would not encounter the bug. - - * The type of machine you are using, and the operating system name - and version number. - - * The operands you gave to the `configure' command when you installed - the compiler. - - * A complete list of any modifications you have made to the compiler - source. (We don't promise to investigate the bug unless it - happens in an unmodified compiler. But if you've made - modifications and don't tell us, then you are sending us on a wild - goose chase.) - - Be precise about these changes. A description in English is not - enough--send a context diff for them. - - Adding files of your own (such as a machine description for a - machine we don't support) is a modification of the compiler source. - - * Details of any other deviations from the standard procedure for - installing GNU CC. - - * A description of what behavior you observe that you believe is - incorrect. For example, "The compiler gets a fatal signal," or, - "The assembler instruction at line 208 in the output is incorrect." - - Of course, if the bug is that the compiler gets a fatal signal, - then one can't miss it. But if the bug is incorrect output, the - maintainer might not notice unless it is glaringly wrong. None of - us has time to study all the assembler code from a 50-line C - program just on the chance that one instruction might be wrong. - We need *you* to do this part! - - Even if the problem you experience is a fatal signal, you should - still say so explicitly. Suppose something strange is going on, - such as, your copy of the compiler is out of synch, or you have - encountered a bug in the C library on your system. (This has - happened!) Your copy might crash and the copy here would not. If - you said to expect a crash, then when the compiler here fails to - crash, we would know that the bug was not happening. If you don't - say to expect a crash, then we would not know whether the bug was - happening. We would not be able to draw any conclusion from our - observations. - - If the problem is a diagnostic when compiling GNU CC with some - other compiler, say whether it is a warning or an error. - - Often the observed symptom is incorrect output when your program - is run. Sad to say, this is not enough information unless the - program is short and simple. None of us has time to study a large - program to figure out how it would work if compiled correctly, - much less which line of it was compiled wrong. So you will have - to do that. Tell us which source line it is, and what incorrect - result happens when that line is executed. A person who - understands the program can find this as easily as finding a bug - in the program itself. - - * If you send examples of assembler code output from GNU CC or GNU - C++, please use `-g' when you make them. The debugging information - includes source line numbers which are essential for correlating - the output with the input. - - * If you wish to mention something in the GNU CC source, refer to it - by context, not by line number. - - The line numbers in the development sources don't match those in - your sources. Your line numbers would convey no useful - information to the maintainers. - - * Additional information from a debugger might enable someone to - find a problem on a machine which he does not have available. - However, you need to think when you collect this information if - you want it to have any chance of being useful. - - For example, many people send just a backtrace, but that is never - useful by itself. A simple backtrace with arguments conveys little - about GNU CC because the compiler is largely data-driven; the same - functions are called over and over for different RTL insns, doing - different things depending on the details of the insn. - - Most of the arguments listed in the backtrace are useless because - they are pointers to RTL list structure. The numeric values of the - pointers, which the debugger prints in the backtrace, have no - significance whatever; all that matters is the contents of the - objects they point to (and most of the contents are other such - pointers). - - In addition, most compiler passes consist of one or more loops that - scan the RTL insn sequence. The most vital piece of information - about such a loop--which insn it has reached--is usually in a - local variable, not in an argument. - - What you need to provide in addition to a backtrace are the values - of the local variables for several stack frames up. When a local - variable or an argument is an RTX, first print its value and then - use the GDB command `pr' to print the RTL expression that it points - to. (If GDB doesn't run on your machine, use your debugger to call - the function `debug_rtx' with the RTX as an argument.) In - general, whenever a variable is a pointer, its value is no use - without the data it points to. - - Here are some things that are not necessary: - - * A description of the envelope of the bug. - - Often people who encounter a bug spend a lot of time investigating - which changes to the input file will make the bug go away and which - changes will not affect it. - - This is often time consuming and not very useful, because the way - we will find the bug is by running a single example under the - debugger with breakpoints, not by pure deduction from a series of - examples. You might as well save your time for something else. - - Of course, if you can find a simpler example to report *instead* of - the original one, that is a convenience. Errors in the output - will be easier to spot, running under the debugger will take less - time, etc. Most GNU CC bugs involve just one function, so the - most straightforward way to simplify an example is to delete all - the function definitions except the one where the bug occurs. - Those earlier in the file may be replaced by external declarations - if the crucial function depends on them. (Exception: inline - functions may affect compilation of functions defined later in the - file.) - - However, simplification is not vital; if you don't want to do this, - report the bug anyway and send the entire test case you used. - - * In particular, some people insert conditionals `#ifdef BUG' around - a statement which, if removed, makes the bug not happen. These - are just clutter; we won't pay any attention to them anyway. - Besides, you should send us cpp output, and that can't have - conditionals. - - * A patch for the bug. - - A patch for the bug is useful if it is a good one. But don't omit - the necessary information, such as the test case, on the - assumption that a patch is all we need. We might see problems - with your patch and decide to fix the problem another way, or we - might not understand it at all. - - Sometimes with a program as complicated as GNU CC it is very hard - to construct an example that will make the program follow a - certain path through the code. If you don't send the example, we - won't be able to construct one, so we won't be able to verify that - the bug is fixed. - - And if we can't understand what bug you are trying to fix, or why - your patch should be an improvement, we won't install it. A test - case will help us to understand. - - *Note Sending Patches::, for guidelines on how to make it easy for - us to understand and install your patches. - - * A guess about what the bug is or what it depends on. - - Such guesses are usually wrong. Even I can't guess right about - such things without first using the debugger to find the facts. - - * A core dump file. - - We have no way of examining a core dump for your type of machine - unless we have an identical system--and if we do have one, we - should be able to reproduce the crash ourselves. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Sending Patches, Prev: Bug Reporting, Up: Bugs - -Sending Patches for GNU CC -========================== - - If you would like to write bug fixes or improvements for the GNU C -compiler, that is very helpful. Send suggested fixes to the bug report -mailing list, `bug-gcc@prep.ai.mit.edu'. - - Please follow these guidelines so we can study your patches -efficiently. If you don't follow these guidelines, your information -might still be useful, but using it will take extra work. Maintaining -GNU C is a lot of work in the best of circumstances, and we can't keep -up unless you do your best to help. - - * Send an explanation with your changes of what problem they fix or - what improvement they bring about. For a bug fix, just include a - copy of the bug report, and explain why the change fixes the bug. - - (Referring to a bug report is not as good as including it, because - then we will have to look it up, and we have probably already - deleted it if we've already fixed the bug.) - - * Always include a proper bug report for the problem you think you - have fixed. We need to convince ourselves that the change is - right before installing it. Even if it is right, we might have - trouble judging it if we don't have a way to reproduce the problem. - - * Include all the comments that are appropriate to help people - reading the source in the future understand why this change was - needed. - - * Don't mix together changes made for different reasons. Send them - *individually*. - - If you make two changes for separate reasons, then we might not - want to install them both. We might want to install just one. If - you send them all jumbled together in a single set of diffs, we - have to do extra work to disentangle them--to figure out which - parts of the change serve which purpose. If we don't have time - for this, we might have to ignore your changes entirely. - - If you send each change as soon as you have written it, with its - own explanation, then the two changes never get tangled up, and we - can consider each one properly without any extra work to - disentangle them. - - Ideally, each change you send should be impossible to subdivide - into parts that we might want to consider separately, because each - of its parts gets its motivation from the other parts. - - * Send each change as soon as that change is finished. Sometimes - people think they are helping us by accumulating many changes to - send them all together. As explained above, this is absolutely - the worst thing you could do. - - Since you should send each change separately, you might as well - send it right away. That gives us the option of installing it - immediately if it is important. - - * Use `diff -c' to make your diffs. Diffs without context are hard - for us to install reliably. More than that, they make it hard for - us to study the diffs to decide whether we want to install them. - Unidiff format is better than contextless diffs, but not as easy - to read as `-c' format. - - If you have GNU diff, use `diff -cp', which shows the name of the - function that each change occurs in. - - * Write the change log entries for your changes. We get lots of - changes, and we don't have time to do all the change log writing - ourselves. - - Read the `ChangeLog' file to see what sorts of information to put - in, and to learn the style that we use. The purpose of the change - log is to show people where to find what was changed. So you need - to be specific about what functions you changed; in large - functions, it's often helpful to indicate where within the - function the change was. - - On the other hand, once you have shown people where to find the - change, you need not explain its purpose. Thus, if you add a new - function, all you need to say about it is that it is new. If you - feel that the purpose needs explaining, it probably does--but the - explanation will be much more useful if you put it in comments in - the code. - - If you would like your name to appear in the header line for who - made the change, send us the header line. - - * When you write the fix, keep in mind that we can't install a - change that would break other systems. - - People often suggest fixing a problem by changing - machine-independent files such as `toplev.c' to do something - special that a particular system needs. Sometimes it is totally - obvious that such changes would break GNU CC for almost all users. - We can't possibly make a change like that. At best it might tell - us how to write another patch that would solve the problem - acceptably. - - Sometimes people send fixes that *might* be an improvement in - general--but it is hard to be sure of this. It's hard to install - such changes because we have to study them very carefully. Of - course, a good explanation of the reasoning by which you concluded - the change was correct can help convince us. - - The safest changes are changes to the configuration files for a - particular machine. These are safe because they can't create new - bugs on other machines. - - Please help us keep up with the workload by designing the patch in - a form that is good to install. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Service, Next: VMS, Prev: Bugs, Up: Top - -How To Get Help with GNU CC -*************************** - - If you need help installing, using or changing GNU CC, there are two -ways to find it: - - * Send a message to a suitable network mailing list. First try - `bug-gcc@prep.ai.mit.edu', and if that brings no response, try - `help-gcc@prep.ai.mit.edu'. - - * Look in the service directory for someone who might help you for a - fee. The service directory is found in the file named `SERVICE' - in the GNU CC distribution. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: VMS, Next: Portability, Prev: Service, Up: Top - -Using GNU CC on VMS -******************* - - Here is how to use GNU CC on VMS. - -* Menu: - -* Include Files and VMS:: Where the preprocessor looks for the include files. -* Global Declarations:: How to do globaldef, globalref and globalvalue with - GNU CC. -* VMS Misc:: Misc information. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Include Files and VMS, Next: Global Declarations, Up: VMS - -Include Files and VMS -===================== - - Due to the differences between the filesystems of Unix and VMS, GNU -CC attempts to translate file names in `#include' into names that VMS -will understand. The basic strategy is to prepend a prefix to the -specification of the include file, convert the whole filename to a VMS -filename, and then try to open the file. GNU CC tries various prefixes -one by one until one of them succeeds: - - 1. The first prefix is the `GNU_CC_INCLUDE:' logical name: this is - where GNU C header files are traditionally stored. If you wish to - store header files in non-standard locations, then you can assign - the logical `GNU_CC_INCLUDE' to be a search list, where each - element of the list is suitable for use with a rooted logical. - - 2. The next prefix tried is `SYS$SYSROOT:[SYSLIB.]'. This is where - VAX-C header files are traditionally stored. - - 3. If the include file specification by itself is a valid VMS - filename, the preprocessor then uses this name with no prefix in - an attempt to open the include file. - - 4. If the file specification is not a valid VMS filename (i.e. does - not contain a device or a directory specifier, and contains a `/' - character), the preprocessor tries to convert it from Unix syntax - to VMS syntax. - - Conversion works like this: the first directory name becomes a - device, and the rest of the directories are converted into - VMS-format directory names. For example, the name `X11/foobar.h' - is translated to `X11:[000000]foobar.h' or `X11:foobar.h', - whichever one can be opened. This strategy allows you to assign a - logical name to point to the actual location of the header files. - - 5. If none of these strategies succeeds, the `#include' fails. - - Include directives of the form: - - #include foobar - -are a common source of incompatibility between VAX-C and GNU CC. VAX-C -treats this much like a standard `#include <foobar.h>' directive. That -is incompatible with the ANSI C behavior implemented by GNU CC: to -expand the name `foobar' as a macro. Macro expansion should eventually -yield one of the two standard formats for `#include': - - #include "FILE" - #include <FILE> - - If you have this problem, the best solution is to modify the source -to convert the `#include' directives to one of the two standard forms. -That will work with either compiler. If you want a quick and dirty fix, -define the file names as macros with the proper expansion, like this: - - #define stdio <stdio.h> - -This will work, as long as the name doesn't conflict with anything else -in the program. - - Another source of incompatibility is that VAX-C assumes that: - - #include "foobar" - -is actually asking for the file `foobar.h'. GNU CC does not make this -assumption, and instead takes what you ask for literally; it tries to -read the file `foobar'. The best way to avoid this problem is to -always specify the desired file extension in your include directives. - - GNU CC for VMS is distributed with a set of include files that is -sufficient to compile most general purpose programs. Even though the -GNU CC distribution does not contain header files to define constants -and structures for some VMS system-specific functions, there is no -reason why you cannot use GNU CC with any of these functions. You first -may have to generate or create header files, either by using the public -domain utility `UNSDL' (which can be found on a DECUS tape), or by -extracting the relevant modules from one of the system macro libraries, -and using an editor to construct a C header file. - - A `#include' file name cannot contain a DECNET node name. The -preprocessor reports an I/O error if you attempt to use a node name, -whether explicitly, or implicitly via a logical name. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Global Declarations, Next: VMS Misc, Prev: Include Files and VMS, Up: VMS - -Global Declarations and VMS -=========================== - - GNU CC does not provide the `globalref', `globaldef' and -`globalvalue' keywords of VAX-C. You can get the same effect with an -obscure feature of GAS, the GNU assembler. (This requires GAS version -1.39 or later.) The following macros allow you to use this feature in -a fairly natural way: - - #ifdef __GNUC__ - #define GLOBALREF(TYPE,NAME) \ - TYPE NAME \ - asm ("_$$PsectAttributes_GLOBALSYMBOL$$" #NAME) - #define GLOBALDEF(TYPE,NAME,VALUE) \ - TYPE NAME \ - asm ("_$$PsectAttributes_GLOBALSYMBOL$$" #NAME) \ - = VALUE - #define GLOBALVALUEREF(TYPE,NAME) \ - const TYPE NAME[1] \ - asm ("_$$PsectAttributes_GLOBALVALUE$$" #NAME) - #define GLOBALVALUEDEF(TYPE,NAME,VALUE) \ - const TYPE NAME[1] \ - asm ("_$$PsectAttributes_GLOBALVALUE$$" #NAME) \ - = {VALUE} - #else - #define GLOBALREF(TYPE,NAME) \ - globalref TYPE NAME - #define GLOBALDEF(TYPE,NAME,VALUE) \ - globaldef TYPE NAME = VALUE - #define GLOBALVALUEDEF(TYPE,NAME,VALUE) \ - globalvalue TYPE NAME = VALUE - #define GLOBALVALUEREF(TYPE,NAME) \ - globalvalue TYPE NAME - #endif - -(The `_$$PsectAttributes_GLOBALSYMBOL' prefix at the start of the name -is removed by the assembler, after it has modified the attributes of -the symbol). These macros are provided in the VMS binaries -distribution in a header file `GNU_HACKS.H'. An example of the usage -is: - - GLOBALREF (int, ijk); - GLOBALDEF (int, jkl, 0); - - The macros `GLOBALREF' and `GLOBALDEF' cannot be used -straightforwardly for arrays, since there is no way to insert the array -dimension into the declaration at the right place. However, you can -declare an array with these macros if you first define a typedef for the -array type, like this: - - typedef int intvector[10]; - GLOBALREF (intvector, foo); - - Array and structure initializers will also break the macros; you can -define the initializer to be a macro of its own, or you can expand the -`GLOBALDEF' macro by hand. You may find a case where you wish to use -the `GLOBALDEF' macro with a large array, but you are not interested in -explicitly initializing each element of the array. In such cases you -can use an initializer like: `{0,}', which will initialize the entire -array to `0'. - - A shortcoming of this implementation is that a variable declared with -`GLOBALVALUEREF' or `GLOBALVALUEDEF' is always an array. For example, -the declaration: - - GLOBALVALUEREF(int, ijk); - -declares the variable `ijk' as an array of type `int [1]'. This is -done because a globalvalue is actually a constant; its "value" is what -the linker would normally consider an address. That is not how an -integer value works in C, but it is how an array works. So treating -the symbol as an array name gives consistent results--with the -exception that the value seems to have the wrong type. *Don't try to -access an element of the array.* It doesn't have any elements. The -array "address" may not be the address of actual storage. - - The fact that the symbol is an array may lead to warnings where the -variable is used. Insert type casts to avoid the warnings. Here is an -example; it takes advantage of the ANSI C feature allowing macros that -expand to use the same name as the macro itself. - - GLOBALVALUEREF (int, ss$_normal); - GLOBALVALUEDEF (int, xyzzy,123); - #ifdef __GNUC__ - #define ss$_normal ((int) ss$_normal) - #define xyzzy ((int) xyzzy) - #endif - - Don't use `globaldef' or `globalref' with a variable whose type is -an enumeration type; this is not implemented. Instead, make the -variable an integer, and use a `globalvaluedef' for each of the -enumeration values. An example of this would be: - - #ifdef __GNUC__ - GLOBALDEF (int, color, 0); - GLOBALVALUEDEF (int, RED, 0); - GLOBALVALUEDEF (int, BLUE, 1); - GLOBALVALUEDEF (int, GREEN, 3); - #else - enum globaldef color {RED, BLUE, GREEN = 3}; - #endif - diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-13 b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-13 deleted file mode 100644 index 4b45cf2621b..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-13 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1057 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file gcc.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.63 from the input -file gcc.texi. - - This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU compiler. - - Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 -Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - - Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software -Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for -Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are -included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public -License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight -`Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in -translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the -original English. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: VMS Misc, Prev: Global Declarations, Up: VMS - -Other VMS Issues -================ - - GNU CC automatically arranges for `main' to return 1 by default if -you fail to specify an explicit return value. This will be interpreted -by VMS as a status code indicating a normal successful completion. -Version 1 of GNU CC did not provide this default. - - GNU CC on VMS works only with the GNU assembler, GAS. You need -version 1.37 or later of GAS in order to produce value debugging -information for the VMS debugger. Use the ordinary VMS linker with the -object files produced by GAS. - - Under previous versions of GNU CC, the generated code would -occasionally give strange results when linked to the sharable `VAXCRTL' -library. Now this should work. - - A caveat for use of `const' global variables: the `const' modifier -must be specified in every external declaration of the variable in all -of the source files that use that variable. Otherwise the linker will -issue warnings about conflicting attributes for the variable. Your -program will still work despite the warnings, but the variable will be -placed in writable storage. - - Although the VMS linker does distinguish between upper and lower case -letters in global symbols, most VMS compilers convert all such symbols -into upper case and most run-time library routines also have upper case -names. To be able to reliably call such routines, GNU CC (by means of -the assembler GAS) converts global symbols into upper case like other -VMS compilers. However, since the usual practice in C is to distinguish -case, GNU CC (via GAS) tries to preserve usual C behavior by augmenting -each name that is not all lower case. This means truncating the name -to at most 23 characters and then adding more characters at the end -which encode the case pattern of those 23. Names which contain at -least one dollar sign are an exception; they are converted directly into -upper case without augmentation. - - Name augmentation yields bad results for programs that use -precompiled libraries (such as Xlib) which were generated by another -compiler. You can use the compiler option `/NOCASE_HACK' to inhibit -augmentation; it makes external C functions and variables -case-independent as is usual on VMS. Alternatively, you could write -all references to the functions and variables in such libraries using -lower case; this will work on VMS, but is not portable to other -systems. The compiler option `/NAMES' also provides control over -global name handling. - - Function and variable names are handled somewhat differently with GNU -C++. The GNU C++ compiler performs "name mangling" on function names, -which means that it adds information to the function name to describe -the data types of the arguments that the function takes. One result of -this is that the name of a function can become very long. Since the -VMS linker only recognizes the first 31 characters in a name, special -action is taken to ensure that each function and variable has a unique -name that can be represented in 31 characters. - - If the name (plus a name augmentation, if required) is less than 32 -characters in length, then no special action is performed. If the name -is longer than 31 characters, the assembler (GAS) will generate a hash -string based upon the function name, truncate the function name to 23 -characters, and append the hash string to the truncated name. If the -`/VERBOSE' compiler option is used, the assembler will print both the -full and truncated names of each symbol that is truncated. - - The `/NOCASE_HACK' compiler option should not be used when you are -compiling programs that use libg++. libg++ has several instances of -objects (i.e. `Filebuf' and `filebuf') which become indistinguishable -in a case-insensitive environment. This leads to cases where you need -to inhibit augmentation selectively (if you were using libg++ and Xlib -in the same program, for example). There is no special feature for -doing this, but you can get the result by defining a macro for each -mixed case symbol for which you wish to inhibit augmentation. The -macro should expand into the lower case equivalent of itself. For -example: - - #define StuDlyCapS studlycaps - - These macro definitions can be placed in a header file to minimize -the number of changes to your source code. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Portability, Next: Interface, Prev: VMS, Up: Top - -GNU CC and Portability -********************** - - The main goal of GNU CC was to make a good, fast compiler for -machines in the class that the GNU system aims to run on: 32-bit -machines that address 8-bit bytes and have several general registers. -Elegance, theoretical power and simplicity are only secondary. - - GNU CC gets most of the information about the target machine from a -machine description which gives an algebraic formula for each of the -machine's instructions. This is a very clean way to describe the -target. But when the compiler needs information that is difficult to -express in this fashion, I have not hesitated to define an ad-hoc -parameter to the machine description. The purpose of portability is to -reduce the total work needed on the compiler; it was not of interest -for its own sake. - - GNU CC does not contain machine dependent code, but it does contain -code that depends on machine parameters such as endianness (whether the -most significant byte has the highest or lowest address of the bytes in -a word) and the availability of autoincrement addressing. In the -RTL-generation pass, it is often necessary to have multiple strategies -for generating code for a particular kind of syntax tree, strategies -that are usable for different combinations of parameters. Often I have -not tried to address all possible cases, but only the common ones or -only the ones that I have encountered. As a result, a new target may -require additional strategies. You will know if this happens because -the compiler will call `abort'. Fortunately, the new strategies can be -added in a machine-independent fashion, and will affect only the target -machines that need them. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Interface, Next: Passes, Prev: Portability, Up: Top - -Interfacing to GNU CC Output -**************************** - - GNU CC is normally configured to use the same function calling -convention normally in use on the target system. This is done with the -machine-description macros described (*note Target Macros::.). - - However, returning of structure and union values is done differently -on some target machines. As a result, functions compiled with PCC -returning such types cannot be called from code compiled with GNU CC, -and vice versa. This does not cause trouble often because few Unix -library routines return structures or unions. - - GNU CC code returns structures and unions that are 1, 2, 4 or 8 bytes -long in the same registers used for `int' or `double' return values. -(GNU CC typically allocates variables of such types in registers also.) -Structures and unions of other sizes are returned by storing them into -an address passed by the caller (usually in a register). The -machine-description macros `STRUCT_VALUE' and `STRUCT_INCOMING_VALUE' -tell GNU CC where to pass this address. - - By contrast, PCC on most target machines returns structures and -unions of any size by copying the data into an area of static storage, -and then returning the address of that storage as if it were a pointer -value. The caller must copy the data from that memory area to the -place where the value is wanted. This is slower than the method used -by GNU CC, and fails to be reentrant. - - On some target machines, such as RISC machines and the 80386, the -standard system convention is to pass to the subroutine the address of -where to return the value. On these machines, GNU CC has been -configured to be compatible with the standard compiler, when this method -is used. It may not be compatible for structures of 1, 2, 4 or 8 bytes. - - GNU CC uses the system's standard convention for passing arguments. -On some machines, the first few arguments are passed in registers; in -others, all are passed on the stack. It would be possible to use -registers for argument passing on any machine, and this would probably -result in a significant speedup. But the result would be complete -incompatibility with code that follows the standard convention. So this -change is practical only if you are switching to GNU CC as the sole C -compiler for the system. We may implement register argument passing on -certain machines once we have a complete GNU system so that we can -compile the libraries with GNU CC. - - On some machines (particularly the Sparc), certain types of arguments -are passed "by invisible reference". This means that the value is -stored in memory, and the address of the memory location is passed to -the subroutine. - - If you use `longjmp', beware of automatic variables. ANSI C says -that automatic variables that are not declared `volatile' have undefined -values after a `longjmp'. And this is all GNU CC promises to do, -because it is very difficult to restore register variables correctly, -and one of GNU CC's features is that it can put variables in registers -without your asking it to. - - If you want a variable to be unaltered by `longjmp', and you don't -want to write `volatile' because old C compilers don't accept it, just -take the address of the variable. If a variable's address is ever -taken, even if just to compute it and ignore it, then the variable -cannot go in a register: - - { - int careful; - &careful; - ... - } - - Code compiled with GNU CC may call certain library routines. Most of -them handle arithmetic for which there are no instructions. This -includes multiply and divide on some machines, and floating point -operations on any machine for which floating point support is disabled -with `-msoft-float'. Some standard parts of the C library, such as -`bcopy' or `memcpy', are also called automatically. The usual function -call interface is used for calling the library routines. - - These library routines should be defined in the library `libgcc.a', -which GNU CC automatically searches whenever it links a program. On -machines that have multiply and divide instructions, if hardware -floating point is in use, normally `libgcc.a' is not needed, but it is -searched just in case. - - Each arithmetic function is defined in `libgcc1.c' to use the -corresponding C arithmetic operator. As long as the file is compiled -with another C compiler, which supports all the C arithmetic operators, -this file will work portably. However, `libgcc1.c' does not work if -compiled with GNU CC, because each arithmetic function would compile -into a call to itself! - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Passes, Next: RTL, Prev: Interface, Up: Top - -Passes and Files of the Compiler -******************************** - - The overall control structure of the compiler is in `toplev.c'. This -file is responsible for initialization, decoding arguments, opening and -closing files, and sequencing the passes. - - The parsing pass is invoked only once, to parse the entire input. -The RTL intermediate code for a function is generated as the function -is parsed, a statement at a time. Each statement is read in as a -syntax tree and then converted to RTL; then the storage for the tree -for the statement is reclaimed. Storage for types (and the expressions -for their sizes), declarations, and a representation of the binding -contours and how they nest, remain until the function is finished being -compiled; these are all needed to output the debugging information. - - Each time the parsing pass reads a complete function definition or -top-level declaration, it calls either the function -`rest_of_compilation', or the function `rest_of_decl_compilation' in -`toplev.c', which are responsible for all further processing necessary, -ending with output of the assembler language. All other compiler -passes run, in sequence, within `rest_of_compilation'. When that -function returns from compiling a function definition, the storage used -for that function definition's compilation is entirely freed, unless it -is an inline function (*note An Inline Function is As Fast As a Macro: -Inline.). - - Here is a list of all the passes of the compiler and their source -files. Also included is a description of where debugging dumps can be -requested with `-d' options. - - * Parsing. This pass reads the entire text of a function definition, - constructing partial syntax trees. This and RTL generation are no - longer truly separate passes (formerly they were), but it is - easier to think of them as separate. - - The tree representation does not entirely follow C syntax, because - it is intended to support other languages as well. - - Language-specific data type analysis is also done in this pass, - and every tree node that represents an expression has a data type - attached. Variables are represented as declaration nodes. - - Constant folding and some arithmetic simplifications are also done - during this pass. - - The language-independent source files for parsing are - `stor-layout.c', `fold-const.c', and `tree.c'. There are also - header files `tree.h' and `tree.def' which define the format of - the tree representation. - - The source files to parse C are `c-parse.in', `c-decl.c', - `c-typeck.c', `c-aux-info.c', `c-convert.c', and `c-lang.c' along - with header files `c-lex.h', and `c-tree.h'. - - The source files for parsing C++ are `cp-parse.y', `cp-class.c', - `cp-cvt.c', `cp-decl.c', `cp-decl2.c', `cp-dem.c', `cp-except.c', - `cp-expr.c', `cp-init.c', `cp-lex.c', `cp-method.c', `cp-ptree.c', - `cp-search.c', `cp-tree.c', `cp-type2.c', and `cp-typeck.c', along - with header files `cp-tree.def', `cp-tree.h', and `cp-decl.h'. - - The special source files for parsing Objective C are - `objc-parse.y', `objc-actions.c', `objc-tree.def', and - `objc-actions.h'. Certain C-specific files are used for this as - well. - - The file `c-common.c' is also used for all of the above languages. - - * RTL generation. This is the conversion of syntax tree into RTL - code. It is actually done statement-by-statement during parsing, - but for most purposes it can be thought of as a separate pass. - - This is where the bulk of target-parameter-dependent code is found, - since often it is necessary for strategies to apply only when - certain standard kinds of instructions are available. The purpose - of named instruction patterns is to provide this information to - the RTL generation pass. - - Optimization is done in this pass for `if'-conditions that are - comparisons, boolean operations or conditional expressions. Tail - recursion is detected at this time also. Decisions are made about - how best to arrange loops and how to output `switch' statements. - - The source files for RTL generation include `stmt.c', `calls.c', - `expr.c', `explow.c', `expmed.c', `function.c', `optabs.c' and - `emit-rtl.c'. Also, the file `insn-emit.c', generated from the - machine description by the program `genemit', is used in this - pass. The header file `expr.h' is used for communication within - this pass. - - The header files `insn-flags.h' and `insn-codes.h', generated from - the machine description by the programs `genflags' and `gencodes', - tell this pass which standard names are available for use and - which patterns correspond to them. - - Aside from debugging information output, none of the following - passes refers to the tree structure representation of the function - (only part of which is saved). - - The decision of whether the function can and should be expanded - inline in its subsequent callers is made at the end of rtl - generation. The function must meet certain criteria, currently - related to the size of the function and the types and number of - parameters it has. Note that this function may contain loops, - recursive calls to itself (tail-recursive functions can be - inlined!), gotos, in short, all constructs supported by GNU CC. - The file `integrate.c' contains the code to save a function's rtl - for later inlining and to inline that rtl when the function is - called. The header file `integrate.h' is also used for this - purpose. - - The option `-dr' causes a debugging dump of the RTL code after - this pass. This dump file's name is made by appending `.rtl' to - the input file name. - - * Jump optimization. This pass simplifies jumps to the following - instruction, jumps across jumps, and jumps to jumps. It deletes - unreferenced labels and unreachable code, except that unreachable - code that contains a loop is not recognized as unreachable in this - pass. (Such loops are deleted later in the basic block analysis.) - It also converts some code originally written with jumps into - sequences of instructions that directly set values from the - results of comparisons, if the machine has such instructions. - - Jump optimization is performed two or three times. The first time - is immediately following RTL generation. The second time is after - CSE, but only if CSE says repeated jump optimization is needed. - The last time is right before the final pass. That time, - cross-jumping and deletion of no-op move instructions are done - together with the optimizations described above. - - The source file of this pass is `jump.c'. - - The option `-dj' causes a debugging dump of the RTL code after - this pass is run for the first time. This dump file's name is - made by appending `.jump' to the input file name. - - * Register scan. This pass finds the first and last use of each - register, as a guide for common subexpression elimination. Its - source is in `regclass.c'. - - * Jump threading. This pass detects a condition jump that branches - to an identical or inverse test. Such jumps can be `threaded' - through the second conditional test. The source code for this - pass is in `jump.c'. This optimization is only performed if - `-fthread-jumps' is enabled. - - * Common subexpression elimination. This pass also does constant - propagation. Its source file is `cse.c'. If constant propagation - causes conditional jumps to become unconditional or to become - no-ops, jump optimization is run again when CSE is finished. - - The option `-ds' causes a debugging dump of the RTL code after - this pass. This dump file's name is made by appending `.cse' to - the input file name. - - * Loop optimization. This pass moves constant expressions out of - loops, and optionally does strength-reduction and loop unrolling - as well. Its source files are `loop.c' and `unroll.c', plus the - header `loop.h' used for communication between them. Loop - unrolling uses some functions in `integrate.c' and the header - `integrate.h'. - - The option `-dL' causes a debugging dump of the RTL code after - this pass. This dump file's name is made by appending `.loop' to - the input file name. - - * If `-frerun-cse-after-loop' was enabled, a second common - subexpression elimination pass is performed after the loop - optimization pass. Jump threading is also done again at this time - if it was specified. - - The option `-dt' causes a debugging dump of the RTL code after - this pass. This dump file's name is made by appending `.cse2' to - the input file name. - - * Stupid register allocation is performed at this point in a - nonoptimizing compilation. It does a little data flow analysis as - well. When stupid register allocation is in use, the next pass - executed is the reloading pass; the others in between are skipped. - The source file is `stupid.c'. - - * Data flow analysis (`flow.c'). This pass divides the program into - basic blocks (and in the process deletes unreachable loops); then - it computes which pseudo-registers are live at each point in the - program, and makes the first instruction that uses a value point at - the instruction that computed the value. - - This pass also deletes computations whose results are never used, - and combines memory references with add or subtract instructions - to make autoincrement or autodecrement addressing. - - The option `-df' causes a debugging dump of the RTL code after - this pass. This dump file's name is made by appending `.flow' to - the input file name. If stupid register allocation is in use, this - dump file reflects the full results of such allocation. - - * Instruction combination (`combine.c'). This pass attempts to - combine groups of two or three instructions that are related by - data flow into single instructions. It combines the RTL - expressions for the instructions by substitution, simplifies the - result using algebra, and then attempts to match the result - against the machine description. - - The option `-dc' causes a debugging dump of the RTL code after - this pass. This dump file's name is made by appending `.combine' - to the input file name. - - * Instruction scheduling (`sched.c'). This pass looks for - instructions whose output will not be available by the time that - it is used in subsequent instructions. (Memory loads and floating - point instructions often have this behavior on RISC machines). It - re-orders instructions within a basic block to try to separate the - definition and use of items that otherwise would cause pipeline - stalls. - - Instruction scheduling is performed twice. The first time is - immediately after instruction combination and the second is - immediately after reload. - - The option `-dS' causes a debugging dump of the RTL code after this - pass is run for the first time. The dump file's name is made by - appending `.sched' to the input file name. - - * Register class preferencing. The RTL code is scanned to find out - which register class is best for each pseudo register. The source - file is `regclass.c'. - - * Local register allocation (`local-alloc.c'). This pass allocates - hard registers to pseudo registers that are used only within one - basic block. Because the basic block is linear, it can use fast - and powerful techniques to do a very good job. - - The option `-dl' causes a debugging dump of the RTL code after - this pass. This dump file's name is made by appending `.lreg' to - the input file name. - - * Global register allocation (`global.c'). This pass allocates hard - registers for the remaining pseudo registers (those whose life - spans are not contained in one basic block). - - * Reloading. This pass renumbers pseudo registers with the hardware - registers numbers they were allocated. Pseudo registers that did - not get hard registers are replaced with stack slots. Then it - finds instructions that are invalid because a value has failed to - end up in a register, or has ended up in a register of the wrong - kind. It fixes up these instructions by reloading the - problematical values temporarily into registers. Additional - instructions are generated to do the copying. - - The reload pass also optionally eliminates the frame pointer and - inserts instructions to save and restore call-clobbered registers - around calls. - - Source files are `reload.c' and `reload1.c', plus the header - `reload.h' used for communication between them. - - The option `-dg' causes a debugging dump of the RTL code after - this pass. This dump file's name is made by appending `.greg' to - the input file name. - - * Instruction scheduling is repeated here to try to avoid pipeline - stalls due to memory loads generated for spilled pseudo registers. - - The option `-dR' causes a debugging dump of the RTL code after - this pass. This dump file's name is made by appending `.sched2' - to the input file name. - - * Jump optimization is repeated, this time including cross-jumping - and deletion of no-op move instructions. - - The option `-dJ' causes a debugging dump of the RTL code after - this pass. This dump file's name is made by appending `.jump2' to - the input file name. - - * Delayed branch scheduling. This optional pass attempts to find - instructions that can go into the delay slots of other - instructions, usually jumps and calls. The source file name is - `reorg.c'. - - The option `-dd' causes a debugging dump of the RTL code after - this pass. This dump file's name is made by appending `.dbr' to - the input file name. - - * Conversion from usage of some hard registers to usage of a register - stack may be done at this point. Currently, this is supported only - for the floating-point registers of the Intel 80387 coprocessor. - The source file name is `reg-stack.c'. - - The options `-dk' causes a debugging dump of the RTL code after - this pass. This dump file's name is made by appending `.stack' to - the input file name. - - * Final. This pass outputs the assembler code for the function. It - is also responsible for identifying spurious test and compare - instructions. Machine-specific peephole optimizations are - performed at the same time. The function entry and exit sequences - are generated directly as assembler code in this pass; they never - exist as RTL. - - The source files are `final.c' plus `insn-output.c'; the latter is - generated automatically from the machine description by the tool - `genoutput'. The header file `conditions.h' is used for - communication between these files. - - * Debugging information output. This is run after final because it - must output the stack slot offsets for pseudo registers that did - not get hard registers. Source files are `dbxout.c' for DBX - symbol table format, `sdbout.c' for SDB symbol table format, and - `dwarfout.c' for DWARF symbol table format. - - Some additional files are used by all or many passes: - - * Every pass uses `machmode.def' and `machmode.h' which define the - machine modes. - - * Several passes use `real.h', which defines the default - representation of floating point constants and how to operate on - them. - - * All the passes that work with RTL use the header files `rtl.h' and - `rtl.def', and subroutines in file `rtl.c'. The tools `gen*' also - use these files to read and work with the machine description RTL. - - * Several passes refer to the header file `insn-config.h' which - contains a few parameters (C macro definitions) generated - automatically from the machine description RTL by the tool - `genconfig'. - - * Several passes use the instruction recognizer, which consists of - `recog.c' and `recog.h', plus the files `insn-recog.c' and - `insn-extract.c' that are generated automatically from the machine - description by the tools `genrecog' and `genextract'. - - * Several passes use the header files `regs.h' which defines the - information recorded about pseudo register usage, and - `basic-block.h' which defines the information recorded about basic - blocks. - - * `hard-reg-set.h' defines the type `HARD_REG_SET', a bit-vector - with a bit for each hard register, and some macros to manipulate - it. This type is just `int' if the machine has few enough hard - registers; otherwise it is an array of `int' and some of the - macros expand into loops. - - * Several passes use instruction attributes. A definition of the - attributes defined for a particular machine is in file - `insn-attr.h', which is generated from the machine description by - the program `genattr'. The file `insn-attrtab.c' contains - subroutines to obtain the attribute values for insns. It is - generated from the machine description by the program `genattrtab'. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: RTL, Next: Machine Desc, Prev: Passes, Up: Top - -RTL Representation -****************** - - Most of the work of the compiler is done on an intermediate -representation called register transfer language. In this language, -the instructions to be output are described, pretty much one by one, in -an algebraic form that describes what the instruction does. - - RTL is inspired by Lisp lists. It has both an internal form, made -up of structures that point at other structures, and a textual form -that is used in the machine description and in printed debugging dumps. -The textual form uses nested parentheses to indicate the pointers in -the internal form. - -* Menu: - -* RTL Objects:: Expressions vs vectors vs strings vs integers. -* Accessors:: Macros to access expression operands or vector elts. -* Flags:: Other flags in an RTL expression. -* Machine Modes:: Describing the size and format of a datum. -* Constants:: Expressions with constant values. -* Regs and Memory:: Expressions representing register contents or memory. -* Arithmetic:: Expressions representing arithmetic on other expressions. -* Comparisons:: Expressions representing comparison of expressions. -* Bit Fields:: Expressions representing bitfields in memory or reg. -* Conversions:: Extending, truncating, floating or fixing. -* RTL Declarations:: Declaring volatility, constancy, etc. -* Side Effects:: Expressions for storing in registers, etc. -* Incdec:: Embedded side-effects for autoincrement addressing. -* Assembler:: Representing `asm' with operands. -* Insns:: Expression types for entire insns. -* Calls:: RTL representation of function call insns. -* Sharing:: Some expressions are unique; others *must* be copied. -* Reading RTL:: Reading textual RTL from a file. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: RTL Objects, Next: Accessors, Prev: RTL, Up: RTL - -RTL Object Types -================ - - RTL uses five kinds of objects: expressions, integers, wide integers, -strings and vectors. Expressions are the most important ones. An RTL -expression ("RTX", for short) is a C structure, but it is usually -referred to with a pointer; a type that is given the typedef name `rtx'. - - An integer is simply an `int'; their written form uses decimal -digits. A wide integer is an integral object whose type is -`HOST_WIDE_INT' (*note Config::.); their written form uses decimal -digits. - - A string is a sequence of characters. In core it is represented as a -`char *' in usual C fashion, and it is written in C syntax as well. -However, strings in RTL may never be null. If you write an empty -string in a machine description, it is represented in core as a null -pointer rather than as a pointer to a null character. In certain -contexts, these null pointers instead of strings are valid. Within RTL -code, strings are most commonly found inside `symbol_ref' expressions, -but they appear in other contexts in the RTL expressions that make up -machine descriptions. - - A vector contains an arbitrary number of pointers to expressions. -The number of elements in the vector is explicitly present in the -vector. The written form of a vector consists of square brackets -(`[...]') surrounding the elements, in sequence and with whitespace -separating them. Vectors of length zero are not created; null pointers -are used instead. - - Expressions are classified by "expression codes" (also called RTX -codes). The expression code is a name defined in `rtl.def', which is -also (in upper case) a C enumeration constant. The possible expression -codes and their meanings are machine-independent. The code of an RTX -can be extracted with the macro `GET_CODE (X)' and altered with -`PUT_CODE (X, NEWCODE)'. - - The expression code determines how many operands the expression -contains, and what kinds of objects they are. In RTL, unlike Lisp, you -cannot tell by looking at an operand what kind of object it is. -Instead, you must know from its context--from the expression code of -the containing expression. For example, in an expression of code -`subreg', the first operand is to be regarded as an expression and the -second operand as an integer. In an expression of code `plus', there -are two operands, both of which are to be regarded as expressions. In -a `symbol_ref' expression, there is one operand, which is to be -regarded as a string. - - Expressions are written as parentheses containing the name of the -expression type, its flags and machine mode if any, and then the -operands of the expression (separated by spaces). - - Expression code names in the `md' file are written in lower case, -but when they appear in C code they are written in upper case. In this -manual, they are shown as follows: `const_int'. - - In a few contexts a null pointer is valid where an expression is -normally wanted. The written form of this is `(nil)'. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Accessors, Next: Flags, Prev: RTL Objects, Up: RTL - -Access to Operands -================== - - For each expression type `rtl.def' specifies the number of contained -objects and their kinds, with four possibilities: `e' for expression -(actually a pointer to an expression), `i' for integer, `w' for wide -integer, `s' for string, and `E' for vector of expressions. The -sequence of letters for an expression code is called its "format". -Thus, the format of `subreg' is `ei'. - - A few other format characters are used occasionally: - -`u' - `u' is equivalent to `e' except that it is printed differently in - debugging dumps. It is used for pointers to insns. - -`n' - `n' is equivalent to `i' except that it is printed differently in - debugging dumps. It is used for the line number or code number of - a `note' insn. - -`S' - `S' indicates a string which is optional. In the RTL objects in - core, `S' is equivalent to `s', but when the object is read, from - an `md' file, the string value of this operand may be omitted. An - omitted string is taken to be the null string. - -`V' - `V' indicates a vector which is optional. In the RTL objects in - core, `V' is equivalent to `E', but when the object is read from - an `md' file, the vector value of this operand may be omitted. An - omitted vector is effectively the same as a vector of no elements. - -`0' - `0' means a slot whose contents do not fit any normal category. - `0' slots are not printed at all in dumps, and are often used in - special ways by small parts of the compiler. - - There are macros to get the number of operands, the format, and the -class of an expression code: - -`GET_RTX_LENGTH (CODE)' - Number of operands of an RTX of code CODE. - -`GET_RTX_FORMAT (CODE)' - The format of an RTX of code CODE, as a C string. - -`GET_RTX_CLASS (CODE)' - A single character representing the type of RTX operation that code - CODE performs. - - The following classes are defined: - - `o' - An RTX code that represents an actual object, such as `reg' or - `mem'. `subreg' is not in this class. - - `<' - An RTX code for a comparison. The codes in this class are - `NE', `EQ', `LE', `LT', `GE', `GT', `LEU', `LTU', `GEU', - `GTU'. - - `1' - An RTX code for a unary arithmetic operation, such as `neg'. - - `c' - An RTX code for a commutative binary operation, other than - `NE' and `EQ' (which have class `<'). - - `2' - An RTX code for a noncommutative binary operation, such as - `MINUS'. - - `b' - An RTX code for a bitfield operation, either `ZERO_EXTRACT' or - `SIGN_EXTRACT'. - - `3' - An RTX code for other three input operations, such as - `IF_THEN_ELSE'. - - `i' - An RTX code for a machine insn (`INSN', `JUMP_INSN', and - `CALL_INSN'). - - `m' - An RTX code for something that matches in insns, such as - `MATCH_DUP'. - - `x' - All other RTX codes. - - Operands of expressions are accessed using the macros `XEXP', -`XINT', `XWINT' and `XSTR'. Each of these macros takes two arguments: -an expression-pointer (RTX) and an operand number (counting from zero). -Thus, - - XEXP (X, 2) - -accesses operand 2 of expression X, as an expression. - - XINT (X, 2) - -accesses the same operand as an integer. `XSTR', used in the same -fashion, would access it as a string. - - Any operand can be accessed as an integer, as an expression or as a -string. You must choose the correct method of access for the kind of -value actually stored in the operand. You would do this based on the -expression code of the containing expression. That is also how you -would know how many operands there are. - - For example, if X is a `subreg' expression, you know that it has two -operands which can be correctly accessed as `XEXP (X, 0)' and `XINT (X, -1)'. If you did `XINT (X, 0)', you would get the address of the -expression operand but cast as an integer; that might occasionally be -useful, but it would be cleaner to write `(int) XEXP (X, 0)'. `XEXP -(X, 1)' would also compile without error, and would return the second, -integer operand cast as an expression pointer, which would probably -result in a crash when accessed. Nothing stops you from writing `XEXP -(X, 28)' either, but this will access memory past the end of the -expression with unpredictable results. - - Access to operands which are vectors is more complicated. You can -use the macro `XVEC' to get the vector-pointer itself, or the macros -`XVECEXP' and `XVECLEN' to access the elements and length of a vector. - -`XVEC (EXP, IDX)' - Access the vector-pointer which is operand number IDX in EXP. - -`XVECLEN (EXP, IDX)' - Access the length (number of elements) in the vector which is in - operand number IDX in EXP. This value is an `int'. - -`XVECEXP (EXP, IDX, ELTNUM)' - Access element number ELTNUM in the vector which is in operand - number IDX in EXP. This value is an RTX. - - It is up to you to make sure that ELTNUM is not negative and is - less than `XVECLEN (EXP, IDX)'. - - All the macros defined in this section expand into lvalues and -therefore can be used to assign the operands, lengths and vector -elements as well as to access them. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Flags, Next: Machine Modes, Prev: Accessors, Up: RTL - -Flags in an RTL Expression -========================== - - RTL expressions contain several flags (one-bit bitfields) that are -used in certain types of expression. Most often they are accessed with -the following macros: - -`MEM_VOLATILE_P (X)' - In `mem' expressions, nonzero for volatile memory references. - Stored in the `volatil' field and printed as `/v'. - -`MEM_IN_STRUCT_P (X)' - In `mem' expressions, nonzero for reference to an entire - structure, union or array, or to a component of one. Zero for - references to a scalar variable or through a pointer to a scalar. - Stored in the `in_struct' field and printed as `/s'. - -`REG_LOOP_TEST_P' - In `reg' expressions, nonzero if this register's entire life is - contained in the exit test code for some loop. Stored in the - `in_struct' field and printed as `/s'. - -`REG_USERVAR_P (X)' - In a `reg', nonzero if it corresponds to a variable present in the - user's source code. Zero for temporaries generated internally by - the compiler. Stored in the `volatil' field and printed as `/v'. - -`REG_FUNCTION_VALUE_P (X)' - Nonzero in a `reg' if it is the place in which this function's - value is going to be returned. (This happens only in a hard - register.) Stored in the `integrated' field and printed as `/i'. - - The same hard register may be used also for collecting the values - of functions called by this one, but `REG_FUNCTION_VALUE_P' is zero - in this kind of use. - -`SUBREG_PROMOTED_VAR_P' - Nonzero in a `subreg' if it was made when accessing an object that - was promoted to a wider mode in accord with the `PROMOTED_MODE' - machine description macro (*note Storage Layout::.). In this - case, the mode of the `subreg' is the declared mode of the object - and the mode of `SUBREG_REG' is the mode of the register that - holds the object. Promoted variables are always either sign- or - zero-extended to the wider mode on every assignment. Stored in - the `in_struct' field and printed as `/s'. - -`SUBREG_PROMOTED_UNSIGNED_P' - Nonzero in a `subreg' that has `SUBREG_PROMOTED_VAR_P' nonzero if - the object being referenced is kept zero-extended and zero if it - is kept sign-extended. Stored in the `unchanging' field and - printed as `/u'. - -`RTX_UNCHANGING_P (X)' - Nonzero in a `reg' or `mem' if the value is not changed. (This - flag is not set for memory references via pointers to constants. - Such pointers only guarantee that the object will not be changed - explicitly by the current function. The object might be changed by - other functions or by aliasing.) Stored in the `unchanging' field - and printed as `/u'. - -`RTX_INTEGRATED_P (INSN)' - Nonzero in an insn if it resulted from an in-line function call. - Stored in the `integrated' field and printed as `/i'. This may be - deleted; nothing currently depends on it. - -`SYMBOL_REF_USED (X)' - In a `symbol_ref', indicates that X has been used. This is - normally only used to ensure that X is only declared external - once. Stored in the `used' field. - -`SYMBOL_REF_FLAG (X)' - In a `symbol_ref', this is used as a flag for machine-specific - purposes. Stored in the `volatil' field and printed as `/v'. - -`LABEL_OUTSIDE_LOOP_P' - In `label_ref' expressions, nonzero if this is a reference to a - label that is outside the innermost loop containing the reference - to the label. Stored in the `in_struct' field and printed as `/s'. - -`INSN_DELETED_P (INSN)' - In an insn, nonzero if the insn has been deleted. Stored in the - `volatil' field and printed as `/v'. - -`INSN_ANNULLED_BRANCH_P (INSN)' - In an `insn' in the delay slot of a branch insn, indicates that an - annulling branch should be used. See the discussion under - `sequence' below. Stored in the `unchanging' field and printed as - `/u'. - -`INSN_FROM_TARGET_P (INSN)' - In an `insn' in a delay slot of a branch, indicates that the insn - is from the target of the branch. If the branch insn has - `INSN_ANNULLED_BRANCH_P' set, this insn should only be executed if - the branch is taken. For annulled branches with this bit clear, - the insn should be executed only if the branch is not taken. - Stored in the `in_struct' field and printed as `/s'. - -`CONSTANT_POOL_ADDRESS_P (X)' - Nonzero in a `symbol_ref' if it refers to part of the current - function's "constants pool". These are addresses close to the - beginning of the function, and GNU CC assumes they can be addressed - directly (perhaps with the help of base registers). Stored in the - `unchanging' field and printed as `/u'. - -`CONST_CALL_P (X)' - In a `call_insn', indicates that the insn represents a call to a - const function. Stored in the `unchanging' field and printed as - `/u'. - -`LABEL_PRESERVE_P (X)' - In a `code_label', indicates that the label can never be deleted. - Labels referenced by a non-local goto will have this bit set. - Stored in the `in_struct' field and printed as `/s'. - -`SCHED_GROUP_P (INSN)' - During instruction scheduling, in an insn, indicates that the - previous insn must be scheduled together with this insn. This is - used to ensure that certain groups of instructions will not be - split up by the instruction scheduling pass, for example, `use' - insns before a `call_insn' may not be separated from the - `call_insn'. Stored in the `in_struct' field and printed as `/s'. - - These are the fields which the above macros refer to: - -`used' - Normally, this flag is used only momentarily, at the end of RTL - generation for a function, to count the number of times an - expression appears in insns. Expressions that appear more than - once are copied, according to the rules for shared structure - (*note Sharing::.). - - In a `symbol_ref', it indicates that an external declaration for - the symbol has already been written. - - In a `reg', it is used by the leaf register renumbering code to - ensure that each register is only renumbered once. - -`volatil' - This flag is used in `mem', `symbol_ref' and `reg' expressions and - in insns. In RTL dump files, it is printed as `/v'. - - In a `mem' expression, it is 1 if the memory reference is volatile. - Volatile memory references may not be deleted, reordered or - combined. - - In a `symbol_ref' expression, it is used for machine-specific - purposes. - - In a `reg' expression, it is 1 if the value is a user-level - variable. 0 indicates an internal compiler temporary. - - In an insn, 1 means the insn has been deleted. - -`in_struct' - In `mem' expressions, it is 1 if the memory datum referred to is - all or part of a structure or array; 0 if it is (or might be) a - scalar variable. A reference through a C pointer has 0 because - the pointer might point to a scalar variable. This information - allows the compiler to determine something about possible cases of - aliasing. - - In an insn in the delay slot of a branch, 1 means that this insn - is from the target of the branch. - - During instruction scheduling, in an insn, 1 means that this insn - must be scheduled as part of a group together with the previous - insn. - - In `reg' expressions, it is 1 if the register has its entire life - contained within the test expression of some loop. - - In `subreg' expressions, 1 means that the `subreg' is accessing an - object that has had its mode promoted from a wider mode. - - In `label_ref' expressions, 1 means that the referenced label is - outside the innermost loop containing the insn in which the - `label_ref' was found. - - In `code_label' expressions, it is 1 if the label may never be - deleted. This is used for labels which are the target of - non-local gotos. - - In an RTL dump, this flag is represented as `/s'. - -`unchanging' - In `reg' and `mem' expressions, 1 means that the value of the - expression never changes. - - In `subreg' expressions, it is 1 if the `subreg' references an - unsigned object whose mode has been promoted to a wider mode. - - In an insn, 1 means that this is an annulling branch. - - In a `symbol_ref' expression, 1 means that this symbol addresses - something in the per-function constants pool. - - In a `call_insn', 1 means that this instruction is a call to a - const function. - - In an RTL dump, this flag is represented as `/u'. - -`integrated' - In some kinds of expressions, including insns, this flag means the - rtl was produced by procedure integration. - - In a `reg' expression, this flag indicates the register containing - the value to be returned by the current function. On machines - that pass parameters in registers, the same register number may be - used for parameters as well, but this flag is not set on such uses. - diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-14 b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-14 deleted file mode 100644 index 0de03f9d61d..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-14 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,970 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file gcc.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.63 from the input -file gcc.texi. - - This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU compiler. - - Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 -Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - - Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software -Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for -Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are -included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public -License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight -`Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in -translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the -original English. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Machine Modes, Next: Constants, Prev: Flags, Up: RTL - -Machine Modes -============= - - A machine mode describes a size of data object and the -representation used for it. In the C code, machine modes are -represented by an enumeration type, `enum machine_mode', defined in -`machmode.def'. Each RTL expression has room for a machine mode and so -do certain kinds of tree expressions (declarations and types, to be -precise). - - In debugging dumps and machine descriptions, the machine mode of an -RTL expression is written after the expression code with a colon to -separate them. The letters `mode' which appear at the end of each -machine mode name are omitted. For example, `(reg:SI 38)' is a `reg' -expression with machine mode `SImode'. If the mode is `VOIDmode', it -is not written at all. - - Here is a table of machine modes. The term "byte" below refers to an -object of `BITS_PER_UNIT' bits (*note Storage Layout::.). - -`QImode' - "Quarter-Integer" mode represents a single byte treated as an - integer. - -`HImode' - "Half-Integer" mode represents a two-byte integer. - -`PSImode' - "Partial Single Integer" mode represents an integer which occupies - four bytes but which doesn't really use all four. On some - machines, this is the right mode to use for pointers. - -`SImode' - "Single Integer" mode represents a four-byte integer. - -`PDImode' - "Partial Double Integer" mode represents an integer which occupies - eight bytes but which doesn't really use all eight. On some - machines, this is the right mode to use for certain pointers. - -`DImode' - "Double Integer" mode represents an eight-byte integer. - -`TImode' - "Tetra Integer" (?) mode represents a sixteen-byte integer. - -`SFmode' - "Single Floating" mode represents a single-precision (four byte) - floating point number. - -`DFmode' - "Double Floating" mode represents a double-precision (eight byte) - floating point number. - -`XFmode' - "Extended Floating" mode represents a triple-precision (twelve - byte) floating point number. This mode is used for IEEE extended - floating point. On some systems not all bits within these bytes - will actually be used. - -`TFmode' - "Tetra Floating" mode represents a quadruple-precision (sixteen - byte) floating point number. - -`CCmode' - "Condition Code" mode represents the value of a condition code, - which is a machine-specific set of bits used to represent the - result of a comparison operation. Other machine-specific modes - may also be used for the condition code. These modes are not used - on machines that use `cc0' (see *note Condition Code::.). - -`BLKmode' - "Block" mode represents values that are aggregates to which none of - the other modes apply. In RTL, only memory references can have - this mode, and only if they appear in string-move or vector - instructions. On machines which have no such instructions, - `BLKmode' will not appear in RTL. - -`VOIDmode' - Void mode means the absence of a mode or an unspecified mode. For - example, RTL expressions of code `const_int' have mode `VOIDmode' - because they can be taken to have whatever mode the context - requires. In debugging dumps of RTL, `VOIDmode' is expressed by - the absence of any mode. - -`SCmode, DCmode, XCmode, TCmode' - These modes stand for a complex number represented as a pair of - floating point values. The floating point values are in `SFmode', - `DFmode', `XFmode', and `TFmode', respectively. - -`CQImode, CHImode, CSImode, CDImode, CTImode, COImode' - These modes stand for a complex number represented as a pair of - integer values. The integer values are in `QImode', `HImode', - `SImode', `DImode', `TImode', and `OImode', respectively. - - The machine description defines `Pmode' as a C macro which expands -into the machine mode used for addresses. Normally this is the mode -whose size is `BITS_PER_WORD', `SImode' on 32-bit machines. - - The only modes which a machine description must support are -`QImode', and the modes corresponding to `BITS_PER_WORD', -`FLOAT_TYPE_SIZE' and `DOUBLE_TYPE_SIZE'. The compiler will attempt to -use `DImode' for 8-byte structures and unions, but this can be -prevented by overriding the definition of `MAX_FIXED_MODE_SIZE'. -Alternatively, you can have the compiler use `TImode' for 16-byte -structures and unions. Likewise, you can arrange for the C type `short -int' to avoid using `HImode'. - - Very few explicit references to machine modes remain in the compiler -and these few references will soon be removed. Instead, the machine -modes are divided into mode classes. These are represented by the -enumeration type `enum mode_class' defined in `machmode.h'. The -possible mode classes are: - -`MODE_INT' - Integer modes. By default these are `QImode', `HImode', `SImode', - `DImode', and `TImode'. - -`MODE_PARTIAL_INT' - The "partial integer" modes, `PSImode' and `PDImode'. - -`MODE_FLOAT' - floating point modes. By default these are `SFmode', `DFmode', - `XFmode' and `TFmode'. - -`MODE_COMPLEX_INT' - Complex integer modes. (These are not currently implemented). - -`MODE_COMPLEX_FLOAT' - Complex floating point modes. By default these are `SCmode', - `DCmode', `XCmode', and `TCmode'. - -`MODE_FUNCTION' - Algol or Pascal function variables including a static chain. - (These are not currently implemented). - -`MODE_CC' - Modes representing condition code values. These are `CCmode' plus - any modes listed in the `EXTRA_CC_MODES' macro. *Note Jump - Patterns::, also see *Note Condition Code::. - -`MODE_RANDOM' - This is a catchall mode class for modes which don't fit into the - above classes. Currently `VOIDmode' and `BLKmode' are in - `MODE_RANDOM'. - - Here are some C macros that relate to machine modes: - -`GET_MODE (X)' - Returns the machine mode of the RTX X. - -`PUT_MODE (X, NEWMODE)' - Alters the machine mode of the RTX X to be NEWMODE. - -`NUM_MACHINE_MODES' - Stands for the number of machine modes available on the target - machine. This is one greater than the largest numeric value of any - machine mode. - -`GET_MODE_NAME (M)' - Returns the name of mode M as a string. - -`GET_MODE_CLASS (M)' - Returns the mode class of mode M. - -`GET_MODE_WIDER_MODE (M)' - Returns the next wider natural mode. For example, the expression - `GET_MODE_WIDER_MODE (QImode)' returns `HImode'. - -`GET_MODE_SIZE (M)' - Returns the size in bytes of a datum of mode M. - -`GET_MODE_BITSIZE (M)' - Returns the size in bits of a datum of mode M. - -`GET_MODE_MASK (M)' - Returns a bitmask containing 1 for all bits in a word that fit - within mode M. This macro can only be used for modes whose - bitsize is less than or equal to `HOST_BITS_PER_INT'. - -`GET_MODE_ALIGNMENT (M))' - Return the required alignment, in bits, for an object of mode M. - -`GET_MODE_UNIT_SIZE (M)' - Returns the size in bytes of the subunits of a datum of mode M. - This is the same as `GET_MODE_SIZE' except in the case of complex - modes. For them, the unit size is the size of the real or - imaginary part. - -`GET_MODE_NUNITS (M)' - Returns the number of units contained in a mode, i.e., - `GET_MODE_SIZE' divided by `GET_MODE_UNIT_SIZE'. - -`GET_CLASS_NARROWEST_MODE (C)' - Returns the narrowest mode in mode class C. - - The global variables `byte_mode' and `word_mode' contain modes whose -classes are `MODE_INT' and whose bitsizes are either `BITS_PER_UNIT' or -`BITS_PER_WORD', respectively. On 32-bit machines, these are `QImode' -and `SImode', respectively. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Constants, Next: Regs and Memory, Prev: Machine Modes, Up: RTL - -Constant Expression Types -========================= - - The simplest RTL expressions are those that represent constant -values. - -`(const_int I)' - This type of expression represents the integer value I. I is - customarily accessed with the macro `INTVAL' as in `INTVAL (EXP)', - which is equivalent to `XWINT (EXP, 0)'. - - There is only one expression object for the integer value zero; it - is the value of the variable `const0_rtx'. Likewise, the only - expression for integer value one is found in `const1_rtx', the only - expression for integer value two is found in `const2_rtx', and the - only expression for integer value negative one is found in - `constm1_rtx'. Any attempt to create an expression of code - `const_int' and value zero, one, two or negative one will return - `const0_rtx', `const1_rtx', `const2_rtx' or `constm1_rtx' as - appropriate. - - Similarly, there is only one object for the integer whose value is - `STORE_FLAG_VALUE'. It is found in `const_true_rtx'. If - `STORE_FLAG_VALUE' is one, `const_true_rtx' and `const1_rtx' will - point to the same object. If `STORE_FLAG_VALUE' is -1, - `const_true_rtx' and `constm1_rtx' will point to the same object. - -`(const_double:M ADDR I0 I1 ...)' - Represents either a floating-point constant of mode M or an - integer constant too large to fit into `HOST_BITS_PER_WIDE_INT' - bits but small enough to fit within twice that number of bits (GNU - CC does not provide a mechanism to represent even larger - constants). In the latter case, M will be `VOIDmode'. - - ADDR is used to contain the `mem' expression that corresponds to - the location in memory that at which the constant can be found. If - it has not been allocated a memory location, but is on the chain - of all `const_double' expressions in this compilation (maintained - using an undisplayed field), ADDR contains `const0_rtx'. If it is - not on the chain, ADDR contains `cc0_rtx'. ADDR is customarily - accessed with the macro `CONST_DOUBLE_MEM' and the chain field via - `CONST_DOUBLE_CHAIN'. - - If M is `VOIDmode', the bits of the value are stored in I0 and I1. - I0 is customarily accessed with the macro `CONST_DOUBLE_LOW' and - I1 with `CONST_DOUBLE_HIGH'. - - If the constant is floating point (regardless of its precision), - then the number of integers used to store the value depends on the - size of `REAL_VALUE_TYPE' (*note Cross-compilation::.). The - integers represent a floating point number, but not precisely in - the target machine's or host machine's floating point format. To - convert them to the precise bit pattern used by the target - machine, use the macro `REAL_VALUE_TO_TARGET_DOUBLE' and friends - (*note Data Output::.). - - The macro `CONST0_RTX (MODE)' refers to an expression with value 0 - in mode MODE. If mode MODE is of mode class `MODE_INT', it - returns `const0_rtx'. Otherwise, it returns a `CONST_DOUBLE' - expression in mode MODE. Similarly, the macro `CONST1_RTX (MODE)' - refers to an expression with value 1 in mode MODE and similarly - for `CONST2_RTX'. - -`(const_string STR)' - Represents a constant string with value STR. Currently this is - used only for insn attributes (*note Insn Attributes::.) since - constant strings in C are placed in memory. - -`(symbol_ref:MODE SYMBOL)' - Represents the value of an assembler label for data. SYMBOL is a - string that describes the name of the assembler label. If it - starts with a `*', the label is the rest of SYMBOL not including - the `*'. Otherwise, the label is SYMBOL, usually prefixed with - `_'. - - The `symbol_ref' contains a mode, which is usually `Pmode'. - Usually that is the only mode for which a symbol is directly valid. - -`(label_ref LABEL)' - Represents the value of an assembler label for code. It contains - one operand, an expression, which must be a `code_label' that - appears in the instruction sequence to identify the place where - the label should go. - - The reason for using a distinct expression type for code label - references is so that jump optimization can distinguish them. - -`(const:M EXP)' - Represents a constant that is the result of an assembly-time - arithmetic computation. The operand, EXP, is an expression that - contains only constants (`const_int', `symbol_ref' and `label_ref' - expressions) combined with `plus' and `minus'. However, not all - combinations are valid, since the assembler cannot do arbitrary - arithmetic on relocatable symbols. - - M should be `Pmode'. - -`(high:M EXP)' - Represents the high-order bits of EXP, usually a `symbol_ref'. - The number of bits is machine-dependent and is normally the number - of bits specified in an instruction that initializes the high - order bits of a register. It is used with `lo_sum' to represent - the typical two-instruction sequence used in RISC machines to - reference a global memory location. - - M should be `Pmode'. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Regs and Memory, Next: Arithmetic, Prev: Constants, Up: RTL - -Registers and Memory -==================== - - Here are the RTL expression types for describing access to machine -registers and to main memory. - -`(reg:M N)' - For small values of the integer N (those that are less than - `FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER'), this stands for a reference to machine - register number N: a "hard register". For larger values of N, it - stands for a temporary value or "pseudo register". The compiler's - strategy is to generate code assuming an unlimited number of such - pseudo registers, and later convert them into hard registers or - into memory references. - - M is the machine mode of the reference. It is necessary because - machines can generally refer to each register in more than one - mode. For example, a register may contain a full word but there - may be instructions to refer to it as a half word or as a single - byte, as well as instructions to refer to it as a floating point - number of various precisions. - - Even for a register that the machine can access in only one mode, - the mode must always be specified. - - The symbol `FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER' is defined by the machine - description, since the number of hard registers on the machine is - an invariant characteristic of the machine. Note, however, that - not all of the machine registers must be general registers. All - the machine registers that can be used for storage of data are - given hard register numbers, even those that can be used only in - certain instructions or can hold only certain types of data. - - A hard register may be accessed in various modes throughout one - function, but each pseudo register is given a natural mode and is - accessed only in that mode. When it is necessary to describe an - access to a pseudo register using a nonnatural mode, a `subreg' - expression is used. - - A `reg' expression with a machine mode that specifies more than - one word of data may actually stand for several consecutive - registers. If in addition the register number specifies a - hardware register, then it actually represents several consecutive - hardware registers starting with the specified one. - - Each pseudo register number used in a function's RTL code is - represented by a unique `reg' expression. - - Some pseudo register numbers, those within the range of - `FIRST_VIRTUAL_REGISTER' to `LAST_VIRTUAL_REGISTER' only appear - during the RTL generation phase and are eliminated before the - optimization phases. These represent locations in the stack frame - that cannot be determined until RTL generation for the function - has been completed. The following virtual register numbers are - defined: - - `VIRTUAL_INCOMING_ARGS_REGNUM' - This points to the first word of the incoming arguments - passed on the stack. Normally these arguments are placed - there by the caller, but the callee may have pushed some - arguments that were previously passed in registers. - - When RTL generation is complete, this virtual register is - replaced by the sum of the register given by - `ARG_POINTER_REGNUM' and the value of `FIRST_PARM_OFFSET'. - - `VIRTUAL_STACK_VARS_REGNUM' - If `FRAME_GROWS_DOWNWARD' is defined, this points to - immediately above the first variable on the stack. - Otherwise, it points to the first variable on the stack. - - `VIRTUAL_STACK_VARS_REGNUM' is replaced with the sum of the - register given by `FRAME_POINTER_REGNUM' and the value - `STARTING_FRAME_OFFSET'. - - `VIRTUAL_STACK_DYNAMIC_REGNUM' - This points to the location of dynamically allocated memory - on the stack immediately after the stack pointer has been - adjusted by the amount of memory desired. - - This virtual register is replaced by the sum of the register - given by `STACK_POINTER_REGNUM' and the value - `STACK_DYNAMIC_OFFSET'. - - `VIRTUAL_OUTGOING_ARGS_REGNUM' - This points to the location in the stack at which outgoing - arguments should be written when the stack is pre-pushed - (arguments pushed using push insns should always use - `STACK_POINTER_REGNUM'). - - This virtual register is replaced by the sum of the register - given by `STACK_POINTER_REGNUM' and the value - `STACK_POINTER_OFFSET'. - -`(subreg:M REG WORDNUM)' - `subreg' expressions are used to refer to a register in a machine - mode other than its natural one, or to refer to one register of a - multi-word `reg' that actually refers to several registers. - - Each pseudo-register has a natural mode. If it is necessary to - operate on it in a different mode--for example, to perform a - fullword move instruction on a pseudo-register that contains a - single byte--the pseudo-register must be enclosed in a `subreg'. - In such a case, WORDNUM is zero. - - Usually M is at least as narrow as the mode of REG, in which case - it is restricting consideration to only the bits of REG that are - in M. - - Sometimes M is wider than the mode of REG. These `subreg' - expressions are often called "paradoxical". They are used in - cases where we want to refer to an object in a wider mode but do - not care what value the additional bits have. The reload pass - ensures that paradoxical references are only made to hard - registers. - - The other use of `subreg' is to extract the individual registers of - a multi-register value. Machine modes such as `DImode' and - `TImode' can indicate values longer than a word, values which - usually require two or more consecutive registers. To access one - of the registers, use a `subreg' with mode `SImode' and a WORDNUM - that says which register. - - Storing in a non-paradoxical `subreg' has undefined results for - bits belonging to the same word as the `subreg'. This laxity makes - it easier to generate efficient code for such instructions. To - represent an instruction that preserves all the bits outside of - those in the `subreg', use `strict_low_part' around the `subreg'. - - The compilation parameter `WORDS_BIG_ENDIAN', if set to 1, says - that word number zero is the most significant part; otherwise, it - is the least significant part. - - Between the combiner pass and the reload pass, it is possible to - have a paradoxical `subreg' which contains a `mem' instead of a - `reg' as its first operand. After the reload pass, it is also - possible to have a non-paradoxical `subreg' which contains a - `mem'; this usually occurs when the `mem' is a stack slot which - replaced a pseudo register. - - Note that it is not valid to access a `DFmode' value in `SFmode' - using a `subreg'. On some machines the most significant part of a - `DFmode' value does not have the same format as a single-precision - floating value. - - It is also not valid to access a single word of a multi-word value - in a hard register when less registers can hold the value than - would be expected from its size. For example, some 32-bit - machines have floating-point registers that can hold an entire - `DFmode' value. If register 10 were such a register `(subreg:SI - (reg:DF 10) 1)' would be invalid because there is no way to - convert that reference to a single machine register. The reload - pass prevents `subreg' expressions such as these from being formed. - - The first operand of a `subreg' expression is customarily accessed - with the `SUBREG_REG' macro and the second operand is customarily - accessed with the `SUBREG_WORD' macro. - -`(scratch:M)' - This represents a scratch register that will be required for the - execution of a single instruction and not used subsequently. It is - converted into a `reg' by either the local register allocator or - the reload pass. - - `scratch' is usually present inside a `clobber' operation (*note - Side Effects::.). - -`(cc0)' - This refers to the machine's condition code register. It has no - operands and may not have a machine mode. There are two ways to - use it: - - * To stand for a complete set of condition code flags. This is - best on most machines, where each comparison sets the entire - series of flags. - - With this technique, `(cc0)' may be validly used in only two - contexts: as the destination of an assignment (in test and - compare instructions) and in comparison operators comparing - against zero (`const_int' with value zero; that is to say, - `const0_rtx'). - - * To stand for a single flag that is the result of a single - condition. This is useful on machines that have only a - single flag bit, and in which comparison instructions must - specify the condition to test. - - With this technique, `(cc0)' may be validly used in only two - contexts: as the destination of an assignment (in test and - compare instructions) where the source is a comparison - operator, and as the first operand of `if_then_else' (in a - conditional branch). - - There is only one expression object of code `cc0'; it is the value - of the variable `cc0_rtx'. Any attempt to create an expression of - code `cc0' will return `cc0_rtx'. - - Instructions can set the condition code implicitly. On many - machines, nearly all instructions set the condition code based on - the value that they compute or store. It is not necessary to - record these actions explicitly in the RTL because the machine - description includes a prescription for recognizing the - instructions that do so (by means of the macro - `NOTICE_UPDATE_CC'). *Note Condition Code::. Only instructions - whose sole purpose is to set the condition code, and instructions - that use the condition code, need mention `(cc0)'. - - On some machines, the condition code register is given a register - number and a `reg' is used instead of `(cc0)'. This is usually the - preferable approach if only a small subset of instructions modify - the condition code. Other machines store condition codes in - general registers; in such cases a pseudo register should be used. - - Some machines, such as the Sparc and RS/6000, have two sets of - arithmetic instructions, one that sets and one that does not set - the condition code. This is best handled by normally generating - the instruction that does not set the condition code, and making a - pattern that both performs the arithmetic and sets the condition - code register (which would not be `(cc0)' in this case). For - examples, search for `addcc' and `andcc' in `sparc.md'. - -`(pc)' - This represents the machine's program counter. It has no operands - and may not have a machine mode. `(pc)' may be validly used only - in certain specific contexts in jump instructions. - - There is only one expression object of code `pc'; it is the value - of the variable `pc_rtx'. Any attempt to create an expression of - code `pc' will return `pc_rtx'. - - All instructions that do not jump alter the program counter - implicitly by incrementing it, but there is no need to mention - this in the RTL. - -`(mem:M ADDR)' - This RTX represents a reference to main memory at an address - represented by the expression ADDR. M specifies how large a unit - of memory is accessed. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Arithmetic, Next: Comparisons, Prev: Regs and Memory, Up: RTL - -RTL Expressions for Arithmetic -============================== - - Unless otherwise specified, all the operands of arithmetic -expressions must be valid for mode M. An operand is valid for mode M -if it has mode M, or if it is a `const_int' or `const_double' and M is -a mode of class `MODE_INT'. - - For commutative binary operations, constants should be placed in the -second operand. - -`(plus:M X Y)' - Represents the sum of the values represented by X and Y carried - out in machine mode M. - -`(lo_sum:M X Y)' - Like `plus', except that it represents that sum of X and the - low-order bits of Y. The number of low order bits is - machine-dependent but is normally the number of bits in a `Pmode' - item minus the number of bits set by the `high' code (*note - Constants::.). - - M should be `Pmode'. - -`(minus:M X Y)' - Like `plus' but represents subtraction. - -`(compare:M X Y)' - Represents the result of subtracting Y from X for purposes of - comparison. The result is computed without overflow, as if with - infinite precision. - - Of course, machines can't really subtract with infinite precision. - However, they can pretend to do so when only the sign of the - result will be used, which is the case when the result is stored - in the condition code. And that is the only way this kind of - expression may validly be used: as a value to be stored in the - condition codes. - - The mode M is not related to the modes of X and Y, but instead is - the mode of the condition code value. If `(cc0)' is used, it is - `VOIDmode'. Otherwise it is some mode in class `MODE_CC', often - `CCmode'. *Note Condition Code::. - - Normally, X and Y must have the same mode. Otherwise, `compare' - is valid only if the mode of X is in class `MODE_INT' and Y is a - `const_int' or `const_double' with mode `VOIDmode'. The mode of X - determines what mode the comparison is to be done in; thus it must - not be `VOIDmode'. - - If one of the operands is a constant, it should be placed in the - second operand and the comparison code adjusted as appropriate. - - A `compare' specifying two `VOIDmode' constants is not valid since - there is no way to know in what mode the comparison is to be - performed; the comparison must either be folded during the - compilation or the first operand must be loaded into a register - while its mode is still known. - -`(neg:M X)' - Represents the negation (subtraction from zero) of the value - represented by X, carried out in mode M. - -`(mult:M X Y)' - Represents the signed product of the values represented by X and Y - carried out in machine mode M. - - Some machines support a multiplication that generates a product - wider than the operands. Write the pattern for this as - - (mult:M (sign_extend:M X) (sign_extend:M Y)) - - where M is wider than the modes of X and Y, which need not be the - same. - - Write patterns for unsigned widening multiplication similarly using - `zero_extend'. - -`(div:M X Y)' - Represents the quotient in signed division of X by Y, carried out - in machine mode M. If M is a floating point mode, it represents - the exact quotient; otherwise, the integerized quotient. - - Some machines have division instructions in which the operands and - quotient widths are not all the same; you should represent such - instructions using `truncate' and `sign_extend' as in, - - (truncate:M1 (div:M2 X (sign_extend:M2 Y))) - -`(udiv:M X Y)' - Like `div' but represents unsigned division. - -`(mod:M X Y)' -`(umod:M X Y)' - Like `div' and `udiv' but represent the remainder instead of the - quotient. - -`(smin:M X Y)' -`(smax:M X Y)' - Represents the smaller (for `smin') or larger (for `smax') of X - and Y, interpreted as signed integers in mode M. - -`(umin:M X Y)' -`(umax:M X Y)' - Like `smin' and `smax', but the values are interpreted as unsigned - integers. - -`(not:M X)' - Represents the bitwise complement of the value represented by X, - carried out in mode M, which must be a fixed-point machine mode. - -`(and:M X Y)' - Represents the bitwise logical-and of the values represented by X - and Y, carried out in machine mode M, which must be a fixed-point - machine mode. - -`(ior:M X Y)' - Represents the bitwise inclusive-or of the values represented by X - and Y, carried out in machine mode M, which must be a fixed-point - mode. - -`(xor:M X Y)' - Represents the bitwise exclusive-or of the values represented by X - and Y, carried out in machine mode M, which must be a fixed-point - mode. - -`(ashift:M X C)' - Represents the result of arithmetically shifting X left by C - places. X have mode M, a fixed-point machine mode. C be a - fixed-point mode or be a constant with mode `VOIDmode'; which mode - is determined by the mode called for in the machine description - entry for the left-shift instruction. For example, on the Vax, - the mode of C is `QImode' regardless of M. - -`(lshiftrt:M X C)' -`(ashiftrt:M X C)' - Like `ashift' but for right shift. Unlike the case for left shift, - these two operations are distinct. - -`(rotate:M X C)' -`(rotatert:M X C)' - Similar but represent left and right rotate. If C is a constant, - use `rotate'. - -`(abs:M X)' - Represents the absolute value of X, computed in mode M. - -`(sqrt:M X)' - Represents the square root of X, computed in mode M. Most often M - will be a floating point mode. - -`(ffs:M X)' - Represents one plus the index of the least significant 1-bit in X, - represented as an integer of mode M. (The value is zero if X is - zero.) The mode of X need not be M; depending on the target - machine, various mode combinations may be valid. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Comparisons, Next: Bit Fields, Prev: Arithmetic, Up: RTL - -Comparison Operations -===================== - - Comparison operators test a relation on two operands and are -considered to represent a machine-dependent nonzero value described by, -but not necessarily equal to, `STORE_FLAG_VALUE' (*note Misc::.) if the -relation holds, or zero if it does not. The mode of the comparison -operation is independent of the mode of the data being compared. If -the comparison operation is being tested (e.g., the first operand of an -`if_then_else'), the mode must be `VOIDmode'. If the comparison -operation is producing data to be stored in some variable, the mode -must be in class `MODE_INT'. All comparison operations producing data -must use the same mode, which is machine-specific. - - There are two ways that comparison operations may be used. The -comparison operators may be used to compare the condition codes `(cc0)' -against zero, as in `(eq (cc0) (const_int 0))'. Such a construct -actually refers to the result of the preceding instruction in which the -condition codes were set. The instructing setting the condition code -must be adjacent to the instruction using the condition code; only -`note' insns may separate them. - - Alternatively, a comparison operation may directly compare two data -objects. The mode of the comparison is determined by the operands; they -must both be valid for a common machine mode. A comparison with both -operands constant would be invalid as the machine mode could not be -deduced from it, but such a comparison should never exist in RTL due to -constant folding. - - In the example above, if `(cc0)' were last set to `(compare X Y)', -the comparison operation is identical to `(eq X Y)'. Usually only one -style of comparisons is supported on a particular machine, but the -combine pass will try to merge the operations to produce the `eq' shown -in case it exists in the context of the particular insn involved. - - Inequality comparisons come in two flavors, signed and unsigned. -Thus, there are distinct expression codes `gt' and `gtu' for signed and -unsigned greater-than. These can produce different results for the same -pair of integer values: for example, 1 is signed greater-than -1 but not -unsigned greater-than, because -1 when regarded as unsigned is actually -`0xffffffff' which is greater than 1. - - The signed comparisons are also used for floating point values. -Floating point comparisons are distinguished by the machine modes of -the operands. - -`(eq:M X Y)' - 1 if the values represented by X and Y are equal, otherwise 0. - -`(ne:M X Y)' - 1 if the values represented by X and Y are not equal, otherwise 0. - -`(gt:M X Y)' - 1 if the X is greater than Y. If they are fixed-point, the - comparison is done in a signed sense. - -`(gtu:M X Y)' - Like `gt' but does unsigned comparison, on fixed-point numbers - only. - -`(lt:M X Y)' -`(ltu:M X Y)' - Like `gt' and `gtu' but test for "less than". - -`(ge:M X Y)' -`(geu:M X Y)' - Like `gt' and `gtu' but test for "greater than or equal". - -`(le:M X Y)' -`(leu:M X Y)' - Like `gt' and `gtu' but test for "less than or equal". - -`(if_then_else COND THEN ELSE)' - This is not a comparison operation but is listed here because it is - always used in conjunction with a comparison operation. To be - precise, COND is a comparison expression. This expression - represents a choice, according to COND, between the value - represented by THEN and the one represented by ELSE. - - On most machines, `if_then_else' expressions are valid only to - express conditional jumps. - -`(cond [TEST1 VALUE1 TEST2 VALUE2 ...] DEFAULT)' - Similar to `if_then_else', but more general. Each of TEST1, - TEST2, ... is performed in turn. The result of this expression is - the VALUE corresponding to the first non-zero test, or DEFAULT if - none of the tests are non-zero expressions. - - This is currently not valid for instruction patterns and is - supported only for insn attributes. *Note Insn Attributes::. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Bit Fields, Next: Conversions, Prev: Comparisons, Up: RTL - -Bit Fields -========== - - Special expression codes exist to represent bitfield instructions. -These types of expressions are lvalues in RTL; they may appear on the -left side of an assignment, indicating insertion of a value into the -specified bit field. - -`(sign_extract:M LOC SIZE POS)' - This represents a reference to a sign-extended bit field contained - or starting in LOC (a memory or register reference). The bit field - is SIZE bits wide and starts at bit POS. The compilation option - `BITS_BIG_ENDIAN' says which end of the memory unit POS counts - from. - - If LOC is in memory, its mode must be a single-byte integer mode. - If LOC is in a register, the mode to use is specified by the - operand of the `insv' or `extv' pattern (*note Standard Names::.) - and is usually a full-word integer mode. - - The mode of POS is machine-specific and is also specified in the - `insv' or `extv' pattern. - - The mode M is the same as the mode that would be used for LOC if - it were a register. - -`(zero_extract:M LOC SIZE POS)' - Like `sign_extract' but refers to an unsigned or zero-extended bit - field. The same sequence of bits are extracted, but they are - filled to an entire word with zeros instead of by sign-extension. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Conversions, Next: RTL Declarations, Prev: Bit Fields, Up: RTL - -Conversions -=========== - - All conversions between machine modes must be represented by -explicit conversion operations. For example, an expression which is -the sum of a byte and a full word cannot be written as `(plus:SI -(reg:QI 34) (reg:SI 80))' because the `plus' operation requires two -operands of the same machine mode. Therefore, the byte-sized operand -is enclosed in a conversion operation, as in - - (plus:SI (sign_extend:SI (reg:QI 34)) (reg:SI 80)) - - The conversion operation is not a mere placeholder, because there -may be more than one way of converting from a given starting mode to -the desired final mode. The conversion operation code says how to do -it. - - For all conversion operations, X must not be `VOIDmode' because the -mode in which to do the conversion would not be known. The conversion -must either be done at compile-time or X must be placed into a register. - -`(sign_extend:M X)' - Represents the result of sign-extending the value X to machine - mode M. M must be a fixed-point mode and X a fixed-point value of - a mode narrower than M. - -`(zero_extend:M X)' - Represents the result of zero-extending the value X to machine - mode M. M must be a fixed-point mode and X a fixed-point value of - a mode narrower than M. - -`(float_extend:M X)' - Represents the result of extending the value X to machine mode M. - M must be a floating point mode and X a floating point value of a - mode narrower than M. - -`(truncate:M X)' - Represents the result of truncating the value X to machine mode M. - M must be a fixed-point mode and X a fixed-point value of a mode - wider than M. - -`(float_truncate:M X)' - Represents the result of truncating the value X to machine mode M. - M must be a floating point mode and X a floating point value of a - mode wider than M. - -`(float:M X)' - Represents the result of converting fixed point value X, regarded - as signed, to floating point mode M. - -`(unsigned_float:M X)' - Represents the result of converting fixed point value X, regarded - as unsigned, to floating point mode M. - -`(fix:M X)' - When M is a fixed point mode, represents the result of converting - floating point value X to mode M, regarded as signed. How - rounding is done is not specified, so this operation may be used - validly in compiling C code only for integer-valued operands. - -`(unsigned_fix:M X)' - Represents the result of converting floating point value X to - fixed point mode M, regarded as unsigned. How rounding is done is - not specified. - -`(fix:M X)' - When M is a floating point mode, represents the result of - converting floating point value X (valid for mode M) to an - integer, still represented in floating point mode M, by rounding - towards zero. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: RTL Declarations, Next: Side Effects, Prev: Conversions, Up: RTL - -Declarations -============ - - Declaration expression codes do not represent arithmetic operations -but rather state assertions about their operands. - -`(strict_low_part (subreg:M (reg:N R) 0))' - This expression code is used in only one context: as the - destination operand of a `set' expression. In addition, the - operand of this expression must be a non-paradoxical `subreg' - expression. - - The presence of `strict_low_part' says that the part of the - register which is meaningful in mode N, but is not part of mode M, - is not to be altered. Normally, an assignment to such a subreg is - allowed to have undefined effects on the rest of the register when - M is less than a word. - diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-15 b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-15 deleted file mode 100644 index 8039d75a71f..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-15 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1108 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file gcc.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.63 from the input -file gcc.texi. - - This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU compiler. - - Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 -Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - - Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software -Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for -Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are -included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public -License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight -`Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in -translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the -original English. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Side Effects, Next: Incdec, Prev: RTL Declarations, Up: RTL - -Side Effect Expressions -======================= - - The expression codes described so far represent values, not actions. -But machine instructions never produce values; they are meaningful only -for their side effects on the state of the machine. Special expression -codes are used to represent side effects. - - The body of an instruction is always one of these side effect codes; -the codes described above, which represent values, appear only as the -operands of these. - -`(set LVAL X)' - Represents the action of storing the value of X into the place - represented by LVAL. LVAL must be an expression representing a - place that can be stored in: `reg' (or `subreg' or - `strict_low_part'), `mem', `pc' or `cc0'. - - If LVAL is a `reg', `subreg' or `mem', it has a machine mode; then - X must be valid for that mode. - - If LVAL is a `reg' whose machine mode is less than the full width - of the register, then it means that the part of the register - specified by the machine mode is given the specified value and the - rest of the register receives an undefined value. Likewise, if - LVAL is a `subreg' whose machine mode is narrower than the mode of - the register, the rest of the register can be changed in an - undefined way. - - If LVAL is a `strict_low_part' of a `subreg', then the part of the - register specified by the machine mode of the `subreg' is given - the value X and the rest of the register is not changed. - - If LVAL is `(cc0)', it has no machine mode, and X may be either a - `compare' expression or a value that may have any mode. The - latter case represents a "test" instruction. The expression `(set - (cc0) (reg:M N))' is equivalent to `(set (cc0) (compare (reg:M N) - (const_int 0)))'. Use the former expression to save space during - the compilation. - - If LVAL is `(pc)', we have a jump instruction, and the - possibilities for X are very limited. It may be a `label_ref' - expression (unconditional jump). It may be an `if_then_else' - (conditional jump), in which case either the second or the third - operand must be `(pc)' (for the case which does not jump) and the - other of the two must be a `label_ref' (for the case which does - jump). X may also be a `mem' or `(plus:SI (pc) Y)', where Y may - be a `reg' or a `mem'; these unusual patterns are used to - represent jumps through branch tables. - - If LVAL is neither `(cc0)' nor `(pc)', the mode of LVAL must not - be `VOIDmode' and the mode of X must be valid for the mode of LVAL. - - LVAL is customarily accessed with the `SET_DEST' macro and X with - the `SET_SRC' macro. - -`(return)' - As the sole expression in a pattern, represents a return from the - current function, on machines where this can be done with one - instruction, such as Vaxes. On machines where a multi-instruction - "epilogue" must be executed in order to return from the function, - returning is done by jumping to a label which precedes the - epilogue, and the `return' expression code is never used. - - Inside an `if_then_else' expression, represents the value to be - placed in `pc' to return to the caller. - - Note that an insn pattern of `(return)' is logically equivalent to - `(set (pc) (return))', but the latter form is never used. - -`(call FUNCTION NARGS)' - Represents a function call. FUNCTION is a `mem' expression whose - address is the address of the function to be called. NARGS is an - expression which can be used for two purposes: on some machines it - represents the number of bytes of stack argument; on others, it - represents the number of argument registers. - - Each machine has a standard machine mode which FUNCTION must have. - The machine description defines macro `FUNCTION_MODE' to expand - into the requisite mode name. The purpose of this mode is to - specify what kind of addressing is allowed, on machines where the - allowed kinds of addressing depend on the machine mode being - addressed. - -`(clobber X)' - Represents the storing or possible storing of an unpredictable, - undescribed value into X, which must be a `reg', `scratch' or - `mem' expression. - - One place this is used is in string instructions that store - standard values into particular hard registers. It may not be - worth the trouble to describe the values that are stored, but it - is essential to inform the compiler that the registers will be - altered, lest it attempt to keep data in them across the string - instruction. - - If X is `(mem:BLK (const_int 0))', it means that all memory - locations must be presumed clobbered. - - Note that the machine description classifies certain hard - registers as "call-clobbered". All function call instructions are - assumed by default to clobber these registers, so there is no need - to use `clobber' expressions to indicate this fact. Also, each - function call is assumed to have the potential to alter any memory - location, unless the function is declared `const'. - - If the last group of expressions in a `parallel' are each a - `clobber' expression whose arguments are `reg' or `match_scratch' - (*note RTL Template::.) expressions, the combiner phase can add - the appropriate `clobber' expressions to an insn it has - constructed when doing so will cause a pattern to be matched. - - This feature can be used, for example, on a machine that whose - multiply and add instructions don't use an MQ register but which - has an add-accumulate instruction that does clobber the MQ - register. Similarly, a combined instruction might require a - temporary register while the constituent instructions might not. - - When a `clobber' expression for a register appears inside a - `parallel' with other side effects, the register allocator - guarantees that the register is unoccupied both before and after - that insn. However, the reload phase may allocate a register used - for one of the inputs unless the `&' constraint is specified for - the selected alternative (*note Modifiers::.). You can clobber - either a specific hard register, a pseudo register, or a `scratch' - expression; in the latter two cases, GNU CC will allocate a hard - register that is available there for use as a temporary. - - For instructions that require a temporary register, you should use - `scratch' instead of a pseudo-register because this will allow the - combiner phase to add the `clobber' when required. You do this by - coding (`clobber' (`match_scratch' ...)). If you do clobber a - pseudo register, use one which appears nowhere else--generate a - new one each time. Otherwise, you may confuse CSE. - - There is one other known use for clobbering a pseudo register in a - `parallel': when one of the input operands of the insn is also - clobbered by the insn. In this case, using the same pseudo - register in the clobber and elsewhere in the insn produces the - expected results. - -`(use X)' - Represents the use of the value of X. It indicates that the value - in X at this point in the program is needed, even though it may - not be apparent why this is so. Therefore, the compiler will not - attempt to delete previous instructions whose only effect is to - store a value in X. X must be a `reg' expression. - - During the delayed branch scheduling phase, X may be an insn. - This indicates that X previously was located at this place in the - code and its data dependencies need to be taken into account. - These `use' insns will be deleted before the delayed branch - scheduling phase exits. - -`(parallel [X0 X1 ...])' - Represents several side effects performed in parallel. The square - brackets stand for a vector; the operand of `parallel' is a vector - of expressions. X0, X1 and so on are individual side effect - expressions--expressions of code `set', `call', `return', - `clobber' or `use'. - - "In parallel" means that first all the values used in the - individual side-effects are computed, and second all the actual - side-effects are performed. For example, - - (parallel [(set (reg:SI 1) (mem:SI (reg:SI 1))) - (set (mem:SI (reg:SI 1)) (reg:SI 1))]) - - says unambiguously that the values of hard register 1 and the - memory location addressed by it are interchanged. In both places - where `(reg:SI 1)' appears as a memory address it refers to the - value in register 1 *before* the execution of the insn. - - It follows that it is *incorrect* to use `parallel' and expect the - result of one `set' to be available for the next one. For - example, people sometimes attempt to represent a jump-if-zero - instruction this way: - - (parallel [(set (cc0) (reg:SI 34)) - (set (pc) (if_then_else - (eq (cc0) (const_int 0)) - (label_ref ...) - (pc)))]) - - But this is incorrect, because it says that the jump condition - depends on the condition code value *before* this instruction, not - on the new value that is set by this instruction. - - Peephole optimization, which takes place together with final - assembly code output, can produce insns whose patterns consist of - a `parallel' whose elements are the operands needed to output the - resulting assembler code--often `reg', `mem' or constant - expressions. This would not be well-formed RTL at any other stage - in compilation, but it is ok then because no further optimization - remains to be done. However, the definition of the macro - `NOTICE_UPDATE_CC', if any, must deal with such insns if you - define any peephole optimizations. - -`(sequence [INSNS ...])' - Represents a sequence of insns. Each of the INSNS that appears in - the vector is suitable for appearing in the chain of insns, so it - must be an `insn', `jump_insn', `call_insn', `code_label', - `barrier' or `note'. - - A `sequence' RTX is never placed in an actual insn during RTL - generation. It represents the sequence of insns that result from a - `define_expand' *before* those insns are passed to `emit_insn' to - insert them in the chain of insns. When actually inserted, the - individual sub-insns are separated out and the `sequence' is - forgotten. - - After delay-slot scheduling is completed, an insn and all the - insns that reside in its delay slots are grouped together into a - `sequence'. The insn requiring the delay slot is the first insn - in the vector; subsequent insns are to be placed in the delay slot. - - `INSN_ANNULLED_BRANCH_P' is set on an insn in a delay slot to - indicate that a branch insn should be used that will conditionally - annul the effect of the insns in the delay slots. In such a case, - `INSN_FROM_TARGET_P' indicates that the insn is from the target of - the branch and should be executed only if the branch is taken; - otherwise the insn should be executed only if the branch is not - taken. *Note Delay Slots::. - - These expression codes appear in place of a side effect, as the body -of an insn, though strictly speaking they do not always describe side -effects as such: - -`(asm_input S)' - Represents literal assembler code as described by the string S. - -`(unspec [OPERANDS ...] INDEX)' -`(unspec_volatile [OPERANDS ...] INDEX)' - Represents a machine-specific operation on OPERANDS. INDEX - selects between multiple machine-specific operations. - `unspec_volatile' is used for volatile operations and operations - that may trap; `unspec' is used for other operations. - - These codes may appear inside a `pattern' of an insn, inside a - `parallel', or inside an expression. - -`(addr_vec:M [LR0 LR1 ...])' - Represents a table of jump addresses. The vector elements LR0, - etc., are `label_ref' expressions. The mode M specifies how much - space is given to each address; normally M would be `Pmode'. - -`(addr_diff_vec:M BASE [LR0 LR1 ...])' - Represents a table of jump addresses expressed as offsets from - BASE. The vector elements LR0, etc., are `label_ref' expressions - and so is BASE. The mode M specifies how much space is given to - each address-difference. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Incdec, Next: Assembler, Prev: Side Effects, Up: RTL - -Embedded Side-Effects on Addresses -================================== - - Four special side-effect expression codes appear as memory addresses. - -`(pre_dec:M X)' - Represents the side effect of decrementing X by a standard amount - and represents also the value that X has after being decremented. - X must be a `reg' or `mem', but most machines allow only a `reg'. - M must be the machine mode for pointers on the machine in use. - The amount X is decremented by is the length in bytes of the - machine mode of the containing memory reference of which this - expression serves as the address. Here is an example of its use: - - (mem:DF (pre_dec:SI (reg:SI 39))) - - This says to decrement pseudo register 39 by the length of a - `DFmode' value and use the result to address a `DFmode' value. - -`(pre_inc:M X)' - Similar, but specifies incrementing X instead of decrementing it. - -`(post_dec:M X)' - Represents the same side effect as `pre_dec' but a different - value. The value represented here is the value X has before being - decremented. - -`(post_inc:M X)' - Similar, but specifies incrementing X instead of decrementing it. - - These embedded side effect expressions must be used with care. -Instruction patterns may not use them. Until the `flow' pass of the -compiler, they may occur only to represent pushes onto the stack. The -`flow' pass finds cases where registers are incremented or decremented -in one instruction and used as an address shortly before or after; -these cases are then transformed to use pre- or post-increment or --decrement. - - If a register used as the operand of these expressions is used in -another address in an insn, the original value of the register is used. -Uses of the register outside of an address are not permitted within the -same insn as a use in an embedded side effect expression because such -insns behave differently on different machines and hence must be treated -as ambiguous and disallowed. - - An instruction that can be represented with an embedded side effect -could also be represented using `parallel' containing an additional -`set' to describe how the address register is altered. This is not -done because machines that allow these operations at all typically -allow them wherever a memory address is called for. Describing them as -additional parallel stores would require doubling the number of entries -in the machine description. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Assembler, Next: Insns, Prev: Incdec, Up: RTL - -Assembler Instructions as Expressions -===================================== - - The RTX code `asm_operands' represents a value produced by a -user-specified assembler instruction. It is used to represent an `asm' -statement with arguments. An `asm' statement with a single output -operand, like this: - - asm ("foo %1,%2,%0" : "=a" (outputvar) : "g" (x + y), "di" (*z)); - -is represented using a single `asm_operands' RTX which represents the -value that is stored in `outputvar': - - (set RTX-FOR-OUTPUTVAR - (asm_operands "foo %1,%2,%0" "a" 0 - [RTX-FOR-ADDITION-RESULT RTX-FOR-*Z] - [(asm_input:M1 "g") - (asm_input:M2 "di")])) - -Here the operands of the `asm_operands' RTX are the assembler template -string, the output-operand's constraint, the index-number of the output -operand among the output operands specified, a vector of input operand -RTX's, and a vector of input-operand modes and constraints. The mode -M1 is the mode of the sum `x+y'; M2 is that of `*z'. - - When an `asm' statement has multiple output values, its insn has -several such `set' RTX's inside of a `parallel'. Each `set' contains a -`asm_operands'; all of these share the same assembler template and -vectors, but each contains the constraint for the respective output -operand. They are also distinguished by the output-operand index -number, which is 0, 1, ... for successive output operands. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Insns, Next: Calls, Prev: Assembler, Up: RTL - -Insns -===== - - The RTL representation of the code for a function is a doubly-linked -chain of objects called "insns". Insns are expressions with special -codes that are used for no other purpose. Some insns are actual -instructions; others represent dispatch tables for `switch' statements; -others represent labels to jump to or various sorts of declarative -information. - - In addition to its own specific data, each insn must have a unique -id-number that distinguishes it from all other insns in the current -function (after delayed branch scheduling, copies of an insn with the -same id-number may be present in multiple places in a function, but -these copies will always be identical and will only appear inside a -`sequence'), and chain pointers to the preceding and following insns. -These three fields occupy the same position in every insn, independent -of the expression code of the insn. They could be accessed with `XEXP' -and `XINT', but instead three special macros are always used: - -`INSN_UID (I)' - Accesses the unique id of insn I. - -`PREV_INSN (I)' - Accesses the chain pointer to the insn preceding I. If I is the - first insn, this is a null pointer. - -`NEXT_INSN (I)' - Accesses the chain pointer to the insn following I. If I is the - last insn, this is a null pointer. - - The first insn in the chain is obtained by calling `get_insns'; the -last insn is the result of calling `get_last_insn'. Within the chain -delimited by these insns, the `NEXT_INSN' and `PREV_INSN' pointers must -always correspond: if INSN is not the first insn, - - NEXT_INSN (PREV_INSN (INSN)) == INSN - -is always true and if INSN is not the last insn, - - PREV_INSN (NEXT_INSN (INSN)) == INSN - -is always true. - - After delay slot scheduling, some of the insns in the chain might be -`sequence' expressions, which contain a vector of insns. The value of -`NEXT_INSN' in all but the last of these insns is the next insn in the -vector; the value of `NEXT_INSN' of the last insn in the vector is the -same as the value of `NEXT_INSN' for the `sequence' in which it is -contained. Similar rules apply for `PREV_INSN'. - - This means that the above invariants are not necessarily true for -insns inside `sequence' expressions. Specifically, if INSN is the -first insn in a `sequence', `NEXT_INSN (PREV_INSN (INSN))' is the insn -containing the `sequence' expression, as is the value of `PREV_INSN -(NEXT_INSN (INSN))' is INSN is the last insn in the `sequence' -expression. You can use these expressions to find the containing -`sequence' expression. - - Every insn has one of the following six expression codes: - -`insn' - The expression code `insn' is used for instructions that do not - jump and do not do function calls. `sequence' expressions are - always contained in insns with code `insn' even if one of those - insns should jump or do function calls. - - Insns with code `insn' have four additional fields beyond the three - mandatory ones listed above. These four are described in a table - below. - -`jump_insn' - The expression code `jump_insn' is used for instructions that may - jump (or, more generally, may contain `label_ref' expressions). If - there is an instruction to return from the current function, it is - recorded as a `jump_insn'. - - `jump_insn' insns have the same extra fields as `insn' insns, - accessed in the same way and in addition contain a field - `JUMP_LABEL' which is defined once jump optimization has completed. - - For simple conditional and unconditional jumps, this field - contains the `code_label' to which this insn will (possibly - conditionally) branch. In a more complex jump, `JUMP_LABEL' - records one of the labels that the insn refers to; the only way to - find the others is to scan the entire body of the insn. - - Return insns count as jumps, but since they do not refer to any - labels, they have zero in the `JUMP_LABEL' field. - -`call_insn' - The expression code `call_insn' is used for instructions that may - do function calls. It is important to distinguish these - instructions because they imply that certain registers and memory - locations may be altered unpredictably. - - `call_insn' insns have the same extra fields as `insn' insns, - accessed in the same way and in addition contain a field - `CALL_INSN_FUNCTION_USAGE', which contains a list (chain of - `expr_list' expressions) containing `use' and `clobber' - expressions that denote hard registers used or clobbered by the - called function. A register specified in a `clobber' in this list - is modified *after* the execution of the `call_insn', while a - register in a `clobber' in the body of the `call_insn' is - clobbered before the insn completes execution. `clobber' - expressions in this list augment registers specified in - `CALL_USED_REGISTERS' (*note Register Basics::.). - -`code_label' - A `code_label' insn represents a label that a jump insn can jump - to. It contains two special fields of data in addition to the - three standard ones. `CODE_LABEL_NUMBER' is used to hold the - "label number", a number that identifies this label uniquely among - all the labels in the compilation (not just in the current - function). Ultimately, the label is represented in the assembler - output as an assembler label, usually of the form `LN' where N is - the label number. - - When a `code_label' appears in an RTL expression, it normally - appears within a `label_ref' which represents the address of the - label, as a number. - - The field `LABEL_NUSES' is only defined once the jump optimization - phase is completed and contains the number of times this label is - referenced in the current function. - -`barrier' - Barriers are placed in the instruction stream when control cannot - flow past them. They are placed after unconditional jump - instructions to indicate that the jumps are unconditional and - after calls to `volatile' functions, which do not return (e.g., - `exit'). They contain no information beyond the three standard - fields. - -`note' - `note' insns are used to represent additional debugging and - declarative information. They contain two nonstandard fields, an - integer which is accessed with the macro `NOTE_LINE_NUMBER' and a - string accessed with `NOTE_SOURCE_FILE'. - - If `NOTE_LINE_NUMBER' is positive, the note represents the - position of a source line and `NOTE_SOURCE_FILE' is the source - file name that the line came from. These notes control generation - of line number data in the assembler output. - - Otherwise, `NOTE_LINE_NUMBER' is not really a line number but a - code with one of the following values (and `NOTE_SOURCE_FILE' must - contain a null pointer): - - `NOTE_INSN_DELETED' - Such a note is completely ignorable. Some passes of the - compiler delete insns by altering them into notes of this - kind. - - `NOTE_INSN_BLOCK_BEG' - `NOTE_INSN_BLOCK_END' - These types of notes indicate the position of the beginning - and end of a level of scoping of variable names. They - control the output of debugging information. - - `NOTE_INSN_LOOP_BEG' - `NOTE_INSN_LOOP_END' - These types of notes indicate the position of the beginning - and end of a `while' or `for' loop. They enable the loop - optimizer to find loops quickly. - - `NOTE_INSN_LOOP_CONT' - Appears at the place in a loop that `continue' statements - jump to. - - `NOTE_INSN_LOOP_VTOP' - This note indicates the place in a loop where the exit test - begins for those loops in which the exit test has been - duplicated. This position becomes another virtual start of - the loop when considering loop invariants. - - `NOTE_INSN_FUNCTION_END' - Appears near the end of the function body, just before the - label that `return' statements jump to (on machine where a - single instruction does not suffice for returning). This - note may be deleted by jump optimization. - - `NOTE_INSN_SETJMP' - Appears following each call to `setjmp' or a related function. - - These codes are printed symbolically when they appear in debugging - dumps. - - The machine mode of an insn is normally `VOIDmode', but some phases -use the mode for various purposes; for example, the reload pass sets it -to `HImode' if the insn needs reloading but not register elimination -and `QImode' if both are required. The common subexpression -elimination pass sets the mode of an insn to `QImode' when it is the -first insn in a block that has already been processed. - - Here is a table of the extra fields of `insn', `jump_insn' and -`call_insn' insns: - -`PATTERN (I)' - An expression for the side effect performed by this insn. This - must be one of the following codes: `set', `call', `use', - `clobber', `return', `asm_input', `asm_output', `addr_vec', - `addr_diff_vec', `trap_if', `unspec', `unspec_volatile', - `parallel', or `sequence'. If it is a `parallel', each element of - the `parallel' must be one these codes, except that `parallel' - expressions cannot be nested and `addr_vec' and `addr_diff_vec' - are not permitted inside a `parallel' expression. - -`INSN_CODE (I)' - An integer that says which pattern in the machine description - matches this insn, or -1 if the matching has not yet been - attempted. - - Such matching is never attempted and this field remains -1 on an - insn whose pattern consists of a single `use', `clobber', - `asm_input', `addr_vec' or `addr_diff_vec' expression. - - Matching is also never attempted on insns that result from an `asm' - statement. These contain at least one `asm_operands' expression. - The function `asm_noperands' returns a non-negative value for such - insns. - - In the debugging output, this field is printed as a number - followed by a symbolic representation that locates the pattern in - the `md' file as some small positive or negative offset from a - named pattern. - -`LOG_LINKS (I)' - A list (chain of `insn_list' expressions) giving information about - dependencies between instructions within a basic block. Neither a - jump nor a label may come between the related insns. - -`REG_NOTES (I)' - A list (chain of `expr_list' and `insn_list' expressions) giving - miscellaneous information about the insn. It is often information - pertaining to the registers used in this insn. - - The `LOG_LINKS' field of an insn is a chain of `insn_list' -expressions. Each of these has two operands: the first is an insn, and -the second is another `insn_list' expression (the next one in the -chain). The last `insn_list' in the chain has a null pointer as second -operand. The significant thing about the chain is which insns appear -in it (as first operands of `insn_list' expressions). Their order is -not significant. - - This list is originally set up by the flow analysis pass; it is a -null pointer until then. Flow only adds links for those data -dependencies which can be used for instruction combination. For each -insn, the flow analysis pass adds a link to insns which store into -registers values that are used for the first time in this insn. The -instruction scheduling pass adds extra links so that every dependence -will be represented. Links represent data dependencies, -antidependencies and output dependencies; the machine mode of the link -distinguishes these three types: antidependencies have mode -`REG_DEP_ANTI', output dependencies have mode `REG_DEP_OUTPUT', and -data dependencies have mode `VOIDmode'. - - The `REG_NOTES' field of an insn is a chain similar to the -`LOG_LINKS' field but it includes `expr_list' expressions in addition -to `insn_list' expressions. There are several kinds of register notes, -which are distinguished by the machine mode, which in a register note -is really understood as being an `enum reg_note'. The first operand OP -of the note is data whose meaning depends on the kind of note. - - The macro `REG_NOTE_KIND (X)' returns the kind of register note. -Its counterpart, the macro `PUT_REG_NOTE_KIND (X, NEWKIND)' sets the -register note type of X to be NEWKIND. - - Register notes are of three classes: They may say something about an -input to an insn, they may say something about an output of an insn, or -they may create a linkage between two insns. There are also a set of -values that are only used in `LOG_LINKS'. - - These register notes annotate inputs to an insn: - -`REG_DEAD' - The value in OP dies in this insn; that is to say, altering the - value immediately after this insn would not affect the future - behavior of the program. - - This does not necessarily mean that the register OP has no useful - value after this insn since it may also be an output of the insn. - In such a case, however, a `REG_DEAD' note would be redundant and - is usually not present until after the reload pass, but no code - relies on this fact. - -`REG_INC' - The register OP is incremented (or decremented; at this level - there is no distinction) by an embedded side effect inside this - insn. This means it appears in a `post_inc', `pre_inc', - `post_dec' or `pre_dec' expression. - -`REG_NONNEG' - The register OP is known to have a nonnegative value when this - insn is reached. This is used so that decrement and branch until - zero instructions, such as the m68k dbra, can be matched. - - The `REG_NONNEG' note is added to insns only if the machine - description has a `decrement_and_branch_until_zero' pattern. - -`REG_NO_CONFLICT' - This insn does not cause a conflict between OP and the item being - set by this insn even though it might appear that it does. In - other words, if the destination register and OP could otherwise be - assigned the same register, this insn does not prevent that - assignment. - - Insns with this note are usually part of a block that begins with a - `clobber' insn specifying a multi-word pseudo register (which will - be the output of the block), a group of insns that each set one - word of the value and have the `REG_NO_CONFLICT' note attached, - and a final insn that copies the output to itself with an attached - `REG_EQUAL' note giving the expression being computed. This block - is encapsulated with `REG_LIBCALL' and `REG_RETVAL' notes on the - first and last insns, respectively. - -`REG_LABEL' - This insn uses OP, a `code_label', but is not a `jump_insn'. The - presence of this note allows jump optimization to be aware that OP - is, in fact, being used. - - The following notes describe attributes of outputs of an insn: - -`REG_EQUIV' -`REG_EQUAL' - This note is only valid on an insn that sets only one register and - indicates that that register will be equal to OP at run time; the - scope of this equivalence differs between the two types of notes. - The value which the insn explicitly copies into the register may - look different from OP, but they will be equal at run time. If the - output of the single `set' is a `strict_low_part' expression, the - note refers to the register that is contained in `SUBREG_REG' of - the `subreg' expression. - - For `REG_EQUIV', the register is equivalent to OP throughout the - entire function, and could validly be replaced in all its - occurrences by OP. ("Validly" here refers to the data flow of the - program; simple replacement may make some insns invalid.) For - example, when a constant is loaded into a register that is never - assigned any other value, this kind of note is used. - - When a parameter is copied into a pseudo-register at entry to a - function, a note of this kind records that the register is - equivalent to the stack slot where the parameter was passed. - Although in this case the register may be set by other insns, it - is still valid to replace the register by the stack slot - throughout the function. - - In the case of `REG_EQUAL', the register that is set by this insn - will be equal to OP at run time at the end of this insn but not - necessarily elsewhere in the function. In this case, OP is - typically an arithmetic expression. For example, when a sequence - of insns such as a library call is used to perform an arithmetic - operation, this kind of note is attached to the insn that produces - or copies the final value. - - These two notes are used in different ways by the compiler passes. - `REG_EQUAL' is used by passes prior to register allocation (such as - common subexpression elimination and loop optimization) to tell - them how to think of that value. `REG_EQUIV' notes are used by - register allocation to indicate that there is an available - substitute expression (either a constant or a `mem' expression for - the location of a parameter on the stack) that may be used in - place of a register if insufficient registers are available. - - Except for stack homes for parameters, which are indicated by a - `REG_EQUIV' note and are not useful to the early optimization - passes and pseudo registers that are equivalent to a memory - location throughout there entire life, which is not detected until - later in the compilation, all equivalences are initially indicated - by an attached `REG_EQUAL' note. In the early stages of register - allocation, a `REG_EQUAL' note is changed into a `REG_EQUIV' note - if OP is a constant and the insn represents the only set of its - destination register. - - Thus, compiler passes prior to register allocation need only check - for `REG_EQUAL' notes and passes subsequent to register allocation - need only check for `REG_EQUIV' notes. - -`REG_UNUSED' - The register OP being set by this insn will not be used in a - subsequent insn. This differs from a `REG_DEAD' note, which - indicates that the value in an input will not be used subsequently. - These two notes are independent; both may be present for the same - register. - -`REG_WAS_0' - The single output of this insn contained zero before this insn. - OP is the insn that set it to zero. You can rely on this note if - it is present and OP has not been deleted or turned into a `note'; - its absence implies nothing. - - These notes describe linkages between insns. They occur in pairs: -one insn has one of a pair of notes that points to a second insn, which -has the inverse note pointing back to the first insn. - -`REG_RETVAL' - This insn copies the value of a multi-insn sequence (for example, a - library call), and OP is the first insn of the sequence (for a - library call, the first insn that was generated to set up the - arguments for the library call). - - Loop optimization uses this note to treat such a sequence as a - single operation for code motion purposes and flow analysis uses - this note to delete such sequences whose results are dead. - - A `REG_EQUAL' note will also usually be attached to this insn to - provide the expression being computed by the sequence. - -`REG_LIBCALL' - This is the inverse of `REG_RETVAL': it is placed on the first - insn of a multi-insn sequence, and it points to the last one. - -`REG_CC_SETTER' -`REG_CC_USER' - On machines that use `cc0', the insns which set and use `cc0' set - and use `cc0' are adjacent. However, when branch delay slot - filling is done, this may no longer be true. In this case a - `REG_CC_USER' note will be placed on the insn setting `cc0' to - point to the insn using `cc0' and a `REG_CC_SETTER' note will be - placed on the insn using `cc0' to point to the insn setting `cc0'. - - These values are only used in the `LOG_LINKS' field, and indicate -the type of dependency that each link represents. Links which indicate -a data dependence (a read after write dependence) do not use any code, -they simply have mode `VOIDmode', and are printed without any -descriptive text. - -`REG_DEP_ANTI' - This indicates an anti dependence (a write after read dependence). - -`REG_DEP_OUTPUT' - This indicates an output dependence (a write after write - dependence). - - For convenience, the machine mode in an `insn_list' or `expr_list' -is printed using these symbolic codes in debugging dumps. - - The only difference between the expression codes `insn_list' and -`expr_list' is that the first operand of an `insn_list' is assumed to -be an insn and is printed in debugging dumps as the insn's unique id; -the first operand of an `expr_list' is printed in the ordinary way as -an expression. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Calls, Next: Sharing, Prev: Insns, Up: RTL - -RTL Representation of Function-Call Insns -========================================= - - Insns that call subroutines have the RTL expression code `call_insn'. -These insns must satisfy special rules, and their bodies must use a -special RTL expression code, `call'. - - A `call' expression has two operands, as follows: - - (call (mem:FM ADDR) NBYTES) - -Here NBYTES is an operand that represents the number of bytes of -argument data being passed to the subroutine, FM is a machine mode -(which must equal as the definition of the `FUNCTION_MODE' macro in the -machine description) and ADDR represents the address of the subroutine. - - For a subroutine that returns no value, the `call' expression as -shown above is the entire body of the insn, except that the insn might -also contain `use' or `clobber' expressions. - - For a subroutine that returns a value whose mode is not `BLKmode', -the value is returned in a hard register. If this register's number is -R, then the body of the call insn looks like this: - - (set (reg:M R) - (call (mem:FM ADDR) NBYTES)) - -This RTL expression makes it clear (to the optimizer passes) that the -appropriate register receives a useful value in this insn. - - When a subroutine returns a `BLKmode' value, it is handled by -passing to the subroutine the address of a place to store the value. -So the call insn itself does not "return" any value, and it has the -same RTL form as a call that returns nothing. - - On some machines, the call instruction itself clobbers some register, -for example to contain the return address. `call_insn' insns on these -machines should have a body which is a `parallel' that contains both -the `call' expression and `clobber' expressions that indicate which -registers are destroyed. Similarly, if the call instruction requires -some register other than the stack pointer that is not explicitly -mentioned it its RTL, a `use' subexpression should mention that -register. - - Functions that are called are assumed to modify all registers listed -in the configuration macro `CALL_USED_REGISTERS' (*note Register -Basics::.) and, with the exception of `const' functions and library -calls, to modify all of memory. - - Insns containing just `use' expressions directly precede the -`call_insn' insn to indicate which registers contain inputs to the -function. Similarly, if registers other than those in -`CALL_USED_REGISTERS' are clobbered by the called function, insns -containing a single `clobber' follow immediately after the call to -indicate which registers. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Sharing, Next: Reading RTL, Prev: Calls, Up: RTL - -Structure Sharing Assumptions -============================= - - The compiler assumes that certain kinds of RTL expressions are -unique; there do not exist two distinct objects representing the same -value. In other cases, it makes an opposite assumption: that no RTL -expression object of a certain kind appears in more than one place in -the containing structure. - - These assumptions refer to a single function; except for the RTL -objects that describe global variables and external functions, and a -few standard objects such as small integer constants, no RTL objects -are common to two functions. - - * Each pseudo-register has only a single `reg' object to represent - it, and therefore only a single machine mode. - - * For any symbolic label, there is only one `symbol_ref' object - referring to it. - - * There is only one `const_int' expression with value 0, only one - with value 1, and only one with value -1. Some other integer - values are also stored uniquely. - - * There is only one `pc' expression. - - * There is only one `cc0' expression. - - * There is only one `const_double' expression with value 0 for each - floating point mode. Likewise for values 1 and 2. - - * No `label_ref' or `scratch' appears in more than one place in the - RTL structure; in other words, it is safe to do a tree-walk of all - the insns in the function and assume that each time a `label_ref' - or `scratch' is seen it is distinct from all others that are seen. - - * Only one `mem' object is normally created for each static variable - or stack slot, so these objects are frequently shared in all the - places they appear. However, separate but equal objects for these - variables are occasionally made. - - * When a single `asm' statement has multiple output operands, a - distinct `asm_operands' expression is made for each output operand. - However, these all share the vector which contains the sequence of - input operands. This sharing is used later on to test whether two - `asm_operands' expressions come from the same statement, so all - optimizations must carefully preserve the sharing if they copy the - vector at all. - - * No RTL object appears in more than one place in the RTL structure - except as described above. Many passes of the compiler rely on - this by assuming that they can modify RTL objects in place without - unwanted side-effects on other insns. - - * During initial RTL generation, shared structure is freely - introduced. After all the RTL for a function has been generated, - all shared structure is copied by `unshare_all_rtl' in - `emit-rtl.c', after which the above rules are guaranteed to be - followed. - - * During the combiner pass, shared structure within an insn can exist - temporarily. However, the shared structure is copied before the - combiner is finished with the insn. This is done by calling - `copy_rtx_if_shared', which is a subroutine of `unshare_all_rtl'. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Reading RTL, Prev: Sharing, Up: RTL - -Reading RTL -=========== - - To read an RTL object from a file, call `read_rtx'. It takes one -argument, a stdio stream, and returns a single RTL object. - - Reading RTL from a file is very slow. This is not currently a -problem since reading RTL occurs only as part of building the compiler. - - People frequently have the idea of using RTL stored as text in a -file as an interface between a language front end and the bulk of GNU -CC. This idea is not feasible. - - GNU CC was designed to use RTL internally only. Correct RTL for a -given program is very dependent on the particular target machine. And -the RTL does not contain all the information about the program. - - The proper way to interface GNU CC to a new language front end is -with the "tree" data structure. There is no manual for this data -structure, but it is described in the files `tree.h' and `tree.def'. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Machine Desc, Next: Target Macros, Prev: RTL, Up: Top - -Machine Descriptions -******************** - - A machine description has two parts: a file of instruction patterns -(`.md' file) and a C header file of macro definitions. - - The `.md' file for a target machine contains a pattern for each -instruction that the target machine supports (or at least each -instruction that is worth telling the compiler about). It may also -contain comments. A semicolon causes the rest of the line to be a -comment, unless the semicolon is inside a quoted string. - - See the next chapter for information on the C header file. - -* Menu: - -* Patterns:: How to write instruction patterns. -* Example:: An explained example of a `define_insn' pattern. -* RTL Template:: The RTL template defines what insns match a pattern. -* Output Template:: The output template says how to make assembler code - from such an insn. -* Output Statement:: For more generality, write C code to output - the assembler code. -* Constraints:: When not all operands are general operands. -* Standard Names:: Names mark patterns to use for code generation. -* Pattern Ordering:: When the order of patterns makes a difference. -* Dependent Patterns:: Having one pattern may make you need another. -* Jump Patterns:: Special considerations for patterns for jump insns. -* Insn Canonicalizations::Canonicalization of Instructions -* Peephole Definitions::Defining machine-specific peephole optimizations. -* Expander Definitions::Generating a sequence of several RTL insns - for a standard operation. -* Insn Splitting:: Splitting Instructions into Multiple Instructions -* Insn Attributes:: Specifying the value of attributes for generated insns. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Patterns, Next: Example, Up: Machine Desc - -Everything about Instruction Patterns -===================================== - - Each instruction pattern contains an incomplete RTL expression, with -pieces to be filled in later, operand constraints that restrict how the -pieces can be filled in, and an output pattern or C code to generate -the assembler output, all wrapped up in a `define_insn' expression. - - A `define_insn' is an RTL expression containing four or five -operands: - - 1. An optional name. The presence of a name indicate that this - instruction pattern can perform a certain standard job for the - RTL-generation pass of the compiler. This pass knows certain - names and will use the instruction patterns with those names, if - the names are defined in the machine description. - - The absence of a name is indicated by writing an empty string - where the name should go. Nameless instruction patterns are never - used for generating RTL code, but they may permit several simpler - insns to be combined later on. - - Names that are not thus known and used in RTL-generation have no - effect; they are equivalent to no name at all. - - 2. The "RTL template" (*note RTL Template::.) is a vector of - incomplete RTL expressions which show what the instruction should - look like. It is incomplete because it may contain - `match_operand', `match_operator', and `match_dup' expressions - that stand for operands of the instruction. - - If the vector has only one element, that element is the template - for the instruction pattern. If the vector has multiple elements, - then the instruction pattern is a `parallel' expression containing - the elements described. - - 3. A condition. This is a string which contains a C expression that - is the final test to decide whether an insn body matches this - pattern. - - For a named pattern, the condition (if present) may not depend on - the data in the insn being matched, but only the - target-machine-type flags. The compiler needs to test these - conditions during initialization in order to learn exactly which - named instructions are available in a particular run. - - For nameless patterns, the condition is applied only when matching - an individual insn, and only after the insn has matched the - pattern's recognition template. The insn's operands may be found - in the vector `operands'. - - 4. The "output template": a string that says how to output matching - insns as assembler code. `%' in this string specifies where to - substitute the value of an operand. *Note Output Template::. - - When simple substitution isn't general enough, you can specify a - piece of C code to compute the output. *Note Output Statement::. - - 5. Optionally, a vector containing the values of attributes for insns - matching this pattern. *Note Insn Attributes::. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Example, Next: RTL Template, Prev: Patterns, Up: Machine Desc - -Example of `define_insn' -======================== - - Here is an actual example of an instruction pattern, for the -68000/68020. - - (define_insn "tstsi" - [(set (cc0) - (match_operand:SI 0 "general_operand" "rm"))] - "" - "* - { if (TARGET_68020 || ! ADDRESS_REG_P (operands[0])) - return \"tstl %0\"; - return \"cmpl #0,%0\"; }") - - This is an instruction that sets the condition codes based on the -value of a general operand. It has no condition, so any insn whose RTL -description has the form shown may be handled according to this -pattern. The name `tstsi' means "test a `SImode' value" and tells the -RTL generation pass that, when it is necessary to test such a value, an -insn to do so can be constructed using this pattern. - - The output control string is a piece of C code which chooses which -output template to return based on the kind of operand and the specific -type of CPU for which code is being generated. - - `"rm"' is an operand constraint. Its meaning is explained below. - diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-16 b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-16 deleted file mode 100644 index d6da22716a5..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-16 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1327 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file gcc.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.63 from the input -file gcc.texi. - - This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU compiler. - - Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 -Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - - Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software -Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for -Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are -included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public -License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight -`Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in -translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the -original English. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: RTL Template, Next: Output Template, Prev: Example, Up: Machine Desc - -RTL Template -============ - - The RTL template is used to define which insns match the particular -pattern and how to find their operands. For named patterns, the RTL -template also says how to construct an insn from specified operands. - - Construction involves substituting specified operands into a copy of -the template. Matching involves determining the values that serve as -the operands in the insn being matched. Both of these activities are -controlled by special expression types that direct matching and -substitution of the operands. - -`(match_operand:M N PREDICATE CONSTRAINT)' - This expression is a placeholder for operand number N of the insn. - When constructing an insn, operand number N will be substituted - at this point. When matching an insn, whatever appears at this - position in the insn will be taken as operand number N; but it - must satisfy PREDICATE or this instruction pattern will not match - at all. - - Operand numbers must be chosen consecutively counting from zero in - each instruction pattern. There may be only one `match_operand' - expression in the pattern for each operand number. Usually - operands are numbered in the order of appearance in `match_operand' - expressions. - - PREDICATE is a string that is the name of a C function that - accepts two arguments, an expression and a machine mode. During - matching, the function will be called with the putative operand as - the expression and M as the mode argument (if M is not specified, - `VOIDmode' will be used, which normally causes PREDICATE to accept - any mode). If it returns zero, this instruction pattern fails to - match. PREDICATE may be an empty string; then it means no test is - to be done on the operand, so anything which occurs in this - position is valid. - - Most of the time, PREDICATE will reject modes other than M--but - not always. For example, the predicate `address_operand' uses M - as the mode of memory ref that the address should be valid for. - Many predicates accept `const_int' nodes even though their mode is - `VOIDmode'. - - CONSTRAINT controls reloading and the choice of the best register - class to use for a value, as explained later (*note - Constraints::.). - - People are often unclear on the difference between the constraint - and the predicate. The predicate helps decide whether a given - insn matches the pattern. The constraint plays no role in this - decision; instead, it controls various decisions in the case of an - insn which does match. - - On CISC machines, the most common PREDICATE is - `"general_operand"'. This function checks that the putative - operand is either a constant, a register or a memory reference, - and that it is valid for mode M. - - For an operand that must be a register, PREDICATE should be - `"register_operand"'. Using `"general_operand"' would be valid, - since the reload pass would copy any non-register operands through - registers, but this would make GNU CC do extra work, it would - prevent invariant operands (such as constant) from being removed - from loops, and it would prevent the register allocator from doing - the best possible job. On RISC machines, it is usually most - efficient to allow PREDICATE to accept only objects that the - constraints allow. - - For an operand that must be a constant, you must be sure to either - use `"immediate_operand"' for PREDICATE, or make the instruction - pattern's extra condition require a constant, or both. You cannot - expect the constraints to do this work! If the constraints allow - only constants, but the predicate allows something else, the - compiler will crash when that case arises. - -`(match_scratch:M N CONSTRAINT)' - This expression is also a placeholder for operand number N and - indicates that operand must be a `scratch' or `reg' expression. - - When matching patterns, this is equivalent to - - (match_operand:M N "scratch_operand" PRED) - - but, when generating RTL, it produces a (`scratch':M) expression. - - If the last few expressions in a `parallel' are `clobber' - expressions whose operands are either a hard register or - `match_scratch', the combiner can add or delete them when - necessary. *Note Side Effects::. - -`(match_dup N)' - This expression is also a placeholder for operand number N. It is - used when the operand needs to appear more than once in the insn. - - In construction, `match_dup' acts just like `match_operand': the - operand is substituted into the insn being constructed. But in - matching, `match_dup' behaves differently. It assumes that operand - number N has already been determined by a `match_operand' - appearing earlier in the recognition template, and it matches only - an identical-looking expression. - -`(match_operator:M N PREDICATE [OPERANDS...])' - This pattern is a kind of placeholder for a variable RTL expression - code. - - When constructing an insn, it stands for an RTL expression whose - expression code is taken from that of operand N, and whose - operands are constructed from the patterns OPERANDS. - - When matching an expression, it matches an expression if the - function PREDICATE returns nonzero on that expression *and* the - patterns OPERANDS match the operands of the expression. - - Suppose that the function `commutative_operator' is defined as - follows, to match any expression whose operator is one of the - commutative arithmetic operators of RTL and whose mode is MODE: - - int - commutative_operator (x, mode) - rtx x; - enum machine_mode mode; - { - enum rtx_code code = GET_CODE (x); - if (GET_MODE (x) != mode) - return 0; - return (GET_RTX_CLASS (code) == 'c' - || code == EQ || code == NE); - } - - Then the following pattern will match any RTL expression consisting - of a commutative operator applied to two general operands: - - (match_operator:SI 3 "commutative_operator" - [(match_operand:SI 1 "general_operand" "g") - (match_operand:SI 2 "general_operand" "g")]) - - Here the vector `[OPERANDS...]' contains two patterns because the - expressions to be matched all contain two operands. - - When this pattern does match, the two operands of the commutative - operator are recorded as operands 1 and 2 of the insn. (This is - done by the two instances of `match_operand'.) Operand 3 of the - insn will be the entire commutative expression: use `GET_CODE - (operands[3])' to see which commutative operator was used. - - The machine mode M of `match_operator' works like that of - `match_operand': it is passed as the second argument to the - predicate function, and that function is solely responsible for - deciding whether the expression to be matched "has" that mode. - - When constructing an insn, argument 3 of the gen-function will - specify the operation (i.e. the expression code) for the - expression to be made. It should be an RTL expression, whose - expression code is copied into a new expression whose operands are - arguments 1 and 2 of the gen-function. The subexpressions of - argument 3 are not used; only its expression code matters. - - When `match_operator' is used in a pattern for matching an insn, - it usually best if the operand number of the `match_operator' is - higher than that of the actual operands of the insn. This improves - register allocation because the register allocator often looks at - operands 1 and 2 of insns to see if it can do register tying. - - There is no way to specify constraints in `match_operator'. The - operand of the insn which corresponds to the `match_operator' - never has any constraints because it is never reloaded as a whole. - However, if parts of its OPERANDS are matched by `match_operand' - patterns, those parts may have constraints of their own. - -`(match_op_dup:M N[OPERANDS...])' - Like `match_dup', except that it applies to operators instead of - operands. When constructing an insn, operand number N will be - substituted at this point. But in matching, `match_op_dup' behaves - differently. It assumes that operand number N has already been - determined by a `match_operator' appearing earlier in the - recognition template, and it matches only an identical-looking - expression. - -`(match_parallel N PREDICATE [SUBPAT...])' - This pattern is a placeholder for an insn that consists of a - `parallel' expression with a variable number of elements. This - expression should only appear at the top level of an insn pattern. - - When constructing an insn, operand number N will be substituted at - this point. When matching an insn, it matches if the body of the - insn is a `parallel' expression with at least as many elements as - the vector of SUBPAT expressions in the `match_parallel', if each - SUBPAT matches the corresponding element of the `parallel', *and* - the function PREDICATE returns nonzero on the `parallel' that is - the body of the insn. It is the responsibility of the predicate - to validate elements of the `parallel' beyond those listed in the - `match_parallel'. - - A typical use of `match_parallel' is to match load and store - multiple expressions, which can contain a variable number of - elements in a `parallel'. For example, - - (define_insn "" - [(match_parallel 0 "load_multiple_operation" - [(set (match_operand:SI 1 "gpc_reg_operand" "=r") - (match_operand:SI 2 "memory_operand" "m")) - (use (reg:SI 179)) - (clobber (reg:SI 179))])] - "" - "loadm 0,0,%1,%2") - - This example comes from `a29k.md'. The function - `load_multiple_operations' is defined in `a29k.c' and checks that - subsequent elements in the `parallel' are the same as the `set' in - the pattern, except that they are referencing subsequent registers - and memory locations. - - An insn that matches this pattern might look like: - - (parallel - [(set (reg:SI 20) (mem:SI (reg:SI 100))) - (use (reg:SI 179)) - (clobber (reg:SI 179)) - (set (reg:SI 21) - (mem:SI (plus:SI (reg:SI 100) - (const_int 4)))) - (set (reg:SI 22) - (mem:SI (plus:SI (reg:SI 100) - (const_int 8))))]) - -`(match_par_dup N [SUBPAT...])' - Like `match_op_dup', but for `match_parallel' instead of - `match_operator'. - -`(address (match_operand:M N "address_operand" ""))' - This complex of expressions is a placeholder for an operand number - N in a "load address" instruction: an operand which specifies a - memory location in the usual way, but for which the actual operand - value used is the address of the location, not the contents of the - location. - - `address' expressions never appear in RTL code, only in machine - descriptions. And they are used only in machine descriptions that - do not use the operand constraint feature. When operand - constraints are in use, the letter `p' in the constraint serves - this purpose. - - M is the machine mode of the *memory location being addressed*, - not the machine mode of the address itself. That mode is always - the same on a given target machine (it is `Pmode', which normally - is `SImode'), so there is no point in mentioning it; thus, no - machine mode is written in the `address' expression. If some day - support is added for machines in which addresses of different - kinds of objects appear differently or are used differently (such - as the PDP-10), different formats would perhaps need different - machine modes and these modes might be written in the `address' - expression. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Output Template, Next: Output Statement, Prev: RTL Template, Up: Machine Desc - -Output Templates and Operand Substitution -========================================= - - The "output template" is a string which specifies how to output the -assembler code for an instruction pattern. Most of the template is a -fixed string which is output literally. The character `%' is used to -specify where to substitute an operand; it can also be used to identify -places where different variants of the assembler require different -syntax. - - In the simplest case, a `%' followed by a digit N says to output -operand N at that point in the string. - - `%' followed by a letter and a digit says to output an operand in an -alternate fashion. Four letters have standard, built-in meanings -described below. The machine description macro `PRINT_OPERAND' can -define additional letters with nonstandard meanings. - - `%cDIGIT' can be used to substitute an operand that is a constant -value without the syntax that normally indicates an immediate operand. - - `%nDIGIT' is like `%cDIGIT' except that the value of the constant is -negated before printing. - - `%aDIGIT' can be used to substitute an operand as if it were a -memory reference, with the actual operand treated as the address. This -may be useful when outputting a "load address" instruction, because -often the assembler syntax for such an instruction requires you to -write the operand as if it were a memory reference. - - `%lDIGIT' is used to substitute a `label_ref' into a jump -instruction. - - `%=' outputs a number which is unique to each instruction in the -entire compilation. This is useful for making local labels to be -referred to more than once in a single template that generates multiple -assembler instructions. - - `%' followed by a punctuation character specifies a substitution that -does not use an operand. Only one case is standard: `%%' outputs a `%' -into the assembler code. Other nonstandard cases can be defined in the -`PRINT_OPERAND' macro. You must also define which punctuation -characters are valid with the `PRINT_OPERAND_PUNCT_VALID_P' macro. - - The template may generate multiple assembler instructions. Write -the text for the instructions, with `\;' between them. - - When the RTL contains two operands which are required by constraint -to match each other, the output template must refer only to the -lower-numbered operand. Matching operands are not always identical, -and the rest of the compiler arranges to put the proper RTL expression -for printing into the lower-numbered operand. - - One use of nonstandard letters or punctuation following `%' is to -distinguish between different assembler languages for the same machine; -for example, Motorola syntax versus MIT syntax for the 68000. Motorola -syntax requires periods in most opcode names, while MIT syntax does -not. For example, the opcode `movel' in MIT syntax is `move.l' in -Motorola syntax. The same file of patterns is used for both kinds of -output syntax, but the character sequence `%.' is used in each place -where Motorola syntax wants a period. The `PRINT_OPERAND' macro for -Motorola syntax defines the sequence to output a period; the macro for -MIT syntax defines it to do nothing. - - As a special case, a template consisting of the single character `#' -instructs the compiler to first split the insn, and then output the -resulting instructions separately. This helps eliminate redundancy in -the output templates. If you have a `define_insn' that needs to emit -multiple assembler instructions, and there is an matching `define_split' -already defined, then you can simply use `#' as the output template -instead of writing an output template that emits the multiple assembler -instructions. - - If `ASSEMBLER_DIALECT' is defined, you can use -`{option0|option1|option2}' constructs in the templates. These -describe multiple variants of assembler language syntax. *Note -Instruction Output::. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Output Statement, Next: Constraints, Prev: Output Template, Up: Machine Desc - -C Statements for Assembler Output -================================= - - Often a single fixed template string cannot produce correct and -efficient assembler code for all the cases that are recognized by a -single instruction pattern. For example, the opcodes may depend on the -kinds of operands; or some unfortunate combinations of operands may -require extra machine instructions. - - If the output control string starts with a `@', then it is actually -a series of templates, each on a separate line. (Blank lines and -leading spaces and tabs are ignored.) The templates correspond to the -pattern's constraint alternatives (*note Multi-Alternative::.). For -example, if a target machine has a two-address add instruction `addr' -to add into a register and another `addm' to add a register to memory, -you might write this pattern: - - (define_insn "addsi3" - [(set (match_operand:SI 0 "general_operand" "=r,m") - (plus:SI (match_operand:SI 1 "general_operand" "0,0") - (match_operand:SI 2 "general_operand" "g,r")))] - "" - "@ - addr %2,%0 - addm %2,%0") - - If the output control string starts with a `*', then it is not an -output template but rather a piece of C program that should compute a -template. It should execute a `return' statement to return the -template-string you want. Most such templates use C string literals, -which require doublequote characters to delimit them. To include these -doublequote characters in the string, prefix each one with `\'. - - The operands may be found in the array `operands', whose C data type -is `rtx []'. - - It is very common to select different ways of generating assembler -code based on whether an immediate operand is within a certain range. -Be careful when doing this, because the result of `INTVAL' is an -integer on the host machine. If the host machine has more bits in an -`int' than the target machine has in the mode in which the constant -will be used, then some of the bits you get from `INTVAL' will be -superfluous. For proper results, you must carefully disregard the -values of those bits. - - It is possible to output an assembler instruction and then go on to -output or compute more of them, using the subroutine `output_asm_insn'. -This receives two arguments: a template-string and a vector of -operands. The vector may be `operands', or it may be another array of -`rtx' that you declare locally and initialize yourself. - - When an insn pattern has multiple alternatives in its constraints, -often the appearance of the assembler code is determined mostly by -which alternative was matched. When this is so, the C code can test -the variable `which_alternative', which is the ordinal number of the -alternative that was actually satisfied (0 for the first, 1 for the -second alternative, etc.). - - For example, suppose there are two opcodes for storing zero, `clrreg' -for registers and `clrmem' for memory locations. Here is how a pattern -could use `which_alternative' to choose between them: - - (define_insn "" - [(set (match_operand:SI 0 "general_operand" "=r,m") - (const_int 0))] - "" - "* - return (which_alternative == 0 - ? \"clrreg %0\" : \"clrmem %0\"); - ") - - The example above, where the assembler code to generate was *solely* -determined by the alternative, could also have been specified as -follows, having the output control string start with a `@': - - (define_insn "" - [(set (match_operand:SI 0 "general_operand" "=r,m") - (const_int 0))] - "" - "@ - clrreg %0 - clrmem %0") - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Constraints, Next: Standard Names, Prev: Output Statement, Up: Machine Desc - -Operand Constraints -=================== - - Each `match_operand' in an instruction pattern can specify a -constraint for the type of operands allowed. Constraints can say -whether an operand may be in a register, and which kinds of register; -whether the operand can be a memory reference, and which kinds of -address; whether the operand may be an immediate constant, and which -possible values it may have. Constraints can also require two operands -to match. - -* Menu: - -* Simple Constraints:: Basic use of constraints. -* Multi-Alternative:: When an insn has two alternative constraint-patterns. -* Class Preferences:: Constraints guide which hard register to put things in. -* Modifiers:: More precise control over effects of constraints. -* Machine Constraints:: Existing constraints for some particular machines. -* No Constraints:: Describing a clean machine without constraints. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Simple Constraints, Next: Multi-Alternative, Up: Constraints - -Simple Constraints ------------------- - - The simplest kind of constraint is a string full of letters, each of -which describes one kind of operand that is permitted. Here are the -letters that are allowed: - -`m' - A memory operand is allowed, with any kind of address that the - machine supports in general. - -`o' - A memory operand is allowed, but only if the address is - "offsettable". This means that adding a small integer (actually, - the width in bytes of the operand, as determined by its machine - mode) may be added to the address and the result is also a valid - memory address. - - For example, an address which is constant is offsettable; so is an - address that is the sum of a register and a constant (as long as a - slightly larger constant is also within the range of - address-offsets supported by the machine); but an autoincrement or - autodecrement address is not offsettable. More complicated - indirect/indexed addresses may or may not be offsettable depending - on the other addressing modes that the machine supports. - - Note that in an output operand which can be matched by another - operand, the constraint letter `o' is valid only when accompanied - by both `<' (if the target machine has predecrement addressing) - and `>' (if the target machine has preincrement addressing). - -`V' - A memory operand that is not offsettable. In other words, - anything that would fit the `m' constraint but not the `o' - constraint. - -`<' - A memory operand with autodecrement addressing (either - predecrement or postdecrement) is allowed. - -`>' - A memory operand with autoincrement addressing (either - preincrement or postincrement) is allowed. - -`r' - A register operand is allowed provided that it is in a general - register. - -`d', `a', `f', ... - Other letters can be defined in machine-dependent fashion to stand - for particular classes of registers. `d', `a' and `f' are defined - on the 68000/68020 to stand for data, address and floating point - registers. - -`i' - An immediate integer operand (one with constant value) is allowed. - This includes symbolic constants whose values will be known only at - assembly time. - -`n' - An immediate integer operand with a known numeric value is allowed. - Many systems cannot support assembly-time constants for operands - less than a word wide. Constraints for these operands should use - `n' rather than `i'. - -`I', `J', `K', ... `P' - Other letters in the range `I' through `P' may be defined in a - machine-dependent fashion to permit immediate integer operands with - explicit integer values in specified ranges. For example, on the - 68000, `I' is defined to stand for the range of values 1 to 8. - This is the range permitted as a shift count in the shift - instructions. - -`E' - An immediate floating operand (expression code `const_double') is - allowed, but only if the target floating point format is the same - as that of the host machine (on which the compiler is running). - -`F' - An immediate floating operand (expression code `const_double') is - allowed. - -`G', `H' - `G' and `H' may be defined in a machine-dependent fashion to - permit immediate floating operands in particular ranges of values. - -`s' - An immediate integer operand whose value is not an explicit - integer is allowed. - - This might appear strange; if an insn allows a constant operand - with a value not known at compile time, it certainly must allow - any known value. So why use `s' instead of `i'? Sometimes it - allows better code to be generated. - - For example, on the 68000 in a fullword instruction it is possible - to use an immediate operand; but if the immediate value is between - -128 and 127, better code results from loading the value into a - register and using the register. This is because the load into - the register can be done with a `moveq' instruction. We arrange - for this to happen by defining the letter `K' to mean "any integer - outside the range -128 to 127", and then specifying `Ks' in the - operand constraints. - -`g' - Any register, memory or immediate integer operand is allowed, - except for registers that are not general registers. - -`X' - Any operand whatsoever is allowed, even if it does not satisfy - `general_operand'. This is normally used in the constraint of a - `match_scratch' when certain alternatives will not actually - require a scratch register. - -`0', `1', `2', ... `9' - An operand that matches the specified operand number is allowed. - If a digit is used together with letters within the same - alternative, the digit should come last. - - This is called a "matching constraint" and what it really means is - that the assembler has only a single operand that fills two roles - considered separate in the RTL insn. For example, an add insn has - two input operands and one output operand in the RTL, but on most - CISC machines an add instruction really has only two operands, one - of them an input-output operand: - - addl #35,r12 - - Matching constraints are used in these circumstances. More - precisely, the two operands that match must include one input-only - operand and one output-only operand. Moreover, the digit must be a - smaller number than the number of the operand that uses it in the - constraint. - - For operands to match in a particular case usually means that they - are identical-looking RTL expressions. But in a few special cases - specific kinds of dissimilarity are allowed. For example, `*x' as - an input operand will match `*x++' as an output operand. For - proper results in such cases, the output template should always - use the output-operand's number when printing the operand. - -`p' - An operand that is a valid memory address is allowed. This is for - "load address" and "push address" instructions. - - `p' in the constraint must be accompanied by `address_operand' as - the predicate in the `match_operand'. This predicate interprets - the mode specified in the `match_operand' as the mode of the memory - reference for which the address would be valid. - -`Q', `R', `S', ... `U' - Letters in the range `Q' through `U' may be defined in a - machine-dependent fashion to stand for arbitrary operand types. - The machine description macro `EXTRA_CONSTRAINT' is passed the - operand as its first argument and the constraint letter as its - second operand. - - A typical use for this would be to distinguish certain types of - memory references that affect other insn operands. - - Do not define these constraint letters to accept register - references (`reg'); the reload pass does not expect this and would - not handle it properly. - - In order to have valid assembler code, each operand must satisfy its -constraint. But a failure to do so does not prevent the pattern from -applying to an insn. Instead, it directs the compiler to modify the -code so that the constraint will be satisfied. Usually this is done by -copying an operand into a register. - - Contrast, therefore, the two instruction patterns that follow: - - (define_insn "" - [(set (match_operand:SI 0 "general_operand" "=r") - (plus:SI (match_dup 0) - (match_operand:SI 1 "general_operand" "r")))] - "" - "...") - -which has two operands, one of which must appear in two places, and - - (define_insn "" - [(set (match_operand:SI 0 "general_operand" "=r") - (plus:SI (match_operand:SI 1 "general_operand" "0") - (match_operand:SI 2 "general_operand" "r")))] - "" - "...") - -which has three operands, two of which are required by a constraint to -be identical. If we are considering an insn of the form - - (insn N PREV NEXT - (set (reg:SI 3) - (plus:SI (reg:SI 6) (reg:SI 109))) - ...) - -the first pattern would not apply at all, because this insn does not -contain two identical subexpressions in the right place. The pattern -would say, "That does not look like an add instruction; try other -patterns." The second pattern would say, "Yes, that's an add -instruction, but there is something wrong with it." It would direct -the reload pass of the compiler to generate additional insns to make -the constraint true. The results might look like this: - - (insn N2 PREV N - (set (reg:SI 3) (reg:SI 6)) - ...) - - (insn N N2 NEXT - (set (reg:SI 3) - (plus:SI (reg:SI 3) (reg:SI 109))) - ...) - - It is up to you to make sure that each operand, in each pattern, has -constraints that can handle any RTL expression that could be present for -that operand. (When multiple alternatives are in use, each pattern -must, for each possible combination of operand expressions, have at -least one alternative which can handle that combination of operands.) -The constraints don't need to *allow* any possible operand--when this is -the case, they do not constrain--but they must at least point the way to -reloading any possible operand so that it will fit. - - * If the constraint accepts whatever operands the predicate permits, - there is no problem: reloading is never necessary for this operand. - - For example, an operand whose constraints permit everything except - registers is safe provided its predicate rejects registers. - - An operand whose predicate accepts only constant values is safe - provided its constraints include the letter `i'. If any possible - constant value is accepted, then nothing less than `i' will do; if - the predicate is more selective, then the constraints may also be - more selective. - - * Any operand expression can be reloaded by copying it into a - register. So if an operand's constraints allow some kind of - register, it is certain to be safe. It need not permit all - classes of registers; the compiler knows how to copy a register - into another register of the proper class in order to make an - instruction valid. - - * A nonoffsettable memory reference can be reloaded by copying the - address into a register. So if the constraint uses the letter - `o', all memory references are taken care of. - - * A constant operand can be reloaded by allocating space in memory to - hold it as preinitialized data. Then the memory reference can be - used in place of the constant. So if the constraint uses the - letters `o' or `m', constant operands are not a problem. - - * If the constraint permits a constant and a pseudo register used in - an insn was not allocated to a hard register and is equivalent to - a constant, the register will be replaced with the constant. If - the predicate does not permit a constant and the insn is - re-recognized for some reason, the compiler will crash. Thus the - predicate must always recognize any objects allowed by the - constraint. - - If the operand's predicate can recognize registers, but the -constraint does not permit them, it can make the compiler crash. When -this operand happens to be a register, the reload pass will be stymied, -because it does not know how to copy a register temporarily into memory. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Multi-Alternative, Next: Class Preferences, Prev: Simple Constraints, Up: Constraints - -Multiple Alternative Constraints --------------------------------- - - Sometimes a single instruction has multiple alternative sets of -possible operands. For example, on the 68000, a logical-or instruction -can combine register or an immediate value into memory, or it can -combine any kind of operand into a register; but it cannot combine one -memory location into another. - - These constraints are represented as multiple alternatives. An -alternative can be described by a series of letters for each operand. -The overall constraint for an operand is made from the letters for this -operand from the first alternative, a comma, the letters for this -operand from the second alternative, a comma, and so on until the last -alternative. Here is how it is done for fullword logical-or on the -68000: - - (define_insn "iorsi3" - [(set (match_operand:SI 0 "general_operand" "=m,d") - (ior:SI (match_operand:SI 1 "general_operand" "%0,0") - (match_operand:SI 2 "general_operand" "dKs,dmKs")))] - ...) - - The first alternative has `m' (memory) for operand 0, `0' for -operand 1 (meaning it must match operand 0), and `dKs' for operand 2. -The second alternative has `d' (data register) for operand 0, `0' for -operand 1, and `dmKs' for operand 2. The `=' and `%' in the -constraints apply to all the alternatives; their meaning is explained -in the next section (*note Class Preferences::.). - - If all the operands fit any one alternative, the instruction is -valid. Otherwise, for each alternative, the compiler counts how many -instructions must be added to copy the operands so that that -alternative applies. The alternative requiring the least copying is -chosen. If two alternatives need the same amount of copying, the one -that comes first is chosen. These choices can be altered with the `?' -and `!' characters: - -`?' - Disparage slightly the alternative that the `?' appears in, as a - choice when no alternative applies exactly. The compiler regards - this alternative as one unit more costly for each `?' that appears - in it. - -`!' - Disparage severely the alternative that the `!' appears in. This - alternative can still be used if it fits without reloading, but if - reloading is needed, some other alternative will be used. - - When an insn pattern has multiple alternatives in its constraints, -often the appearance of the assembler code is determined mostly by which -alternative was matched. When this is so, the C code for writing the -assembler code can use the variable `which_alternative', which is the -ordinal number of the alternative that was actually satisfied (0 for -the first, 1 for the second alternative, etc.). *Note Output -Statement::. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Class Preferences, Next: Modifiers, Prev: Multi-Alternative, Up: Constraints - -Register Class Preferences --------------------------- - - The operand constraints have another function: they enable the -compiler to decide which kind of hardware register a pseudo register is -best allocated to. The compiler examines the constraints that apply to -the insns that use the pseudo register, looking for the -machine-dependent letters such as `d' and `a' that specify classes of -registers. The pseudo register is put in whichever class gets the most -"votes". The constraint letters `g' and `r' also vote: they vote in -favor of a general register. The machine description says which -registers are considered general. - - Of course, on some machines all registers are equivalent, and no -register classes are defined. Then none of this complexity is relevant. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Modifiers, Next: Machine Constraints, Prev: Class Preferences, Up: Constraints - -Constraint Modifier Characters ------------------------------- - - Here are constraint modifier characters. - -`=' - Means that this operand is write-only for this instruction: the - previous value is discarded and replaced by output data. - -`+' - Means that this operand is both read and written by the - instruction. - - When the compiler fixes up the operands to satisfy the constraints, - it needs to know which operands are inputs to the instruction and - which are outputs from it. `=' identifies an output; `+' - identifies an operand that is both input and output; all other - operands are assumed to be input only. - -`&' - Means (in a particular alternative) that this operand is written - before the instruction is finished using the input operands. - Therefore, this operand may not lie in a register that is used as - an input operand or as part of any memory address. - - `&' applies only to the alternative in which it is written. In - constraints with multiple alternatives, sometimes one alternative - requires `&' while others do not. See, for example, the `movdf' - insn of the 68000. - - `&' does not obviate the need to write `='. - -`%' - Declares the instruction to be commutative for this operand and the - following operand. This means that the compiler may interchange - the two operands if that is the cheapest way to make all operands - fit the constraints. This is often used in patterns for addition - instructions that really have only two operands: the result must - go in one of the arguments. Here for example, is how the 68000 - halfword-add instruction is defined: - - (define_insn "addhi3" - [(set (match_operand:HI 0 "general_operand" "=m,r") - (plus:HI (match_operand:HI 1 "general_operand" "%0,0") - (match_operand:HI 2 "general_operand" "di,g")))] - ...) - -`#' - Says that all following characters, up to the next comma, are to be - ignored as a constraint. They are significant only for choosing - register preferences. - -`*' - Says that the following character should be ignored when choosing - register preferences. `*' has no effect on the meaning of the - constraint as a constraint, and no effect on reloading. - - Here is an example: the 68000 has an instruction to sign-extend a - halfword in a data register, and can also sign-extend a value by - copying it into an address register. While either kind of - register is acceptable, the constraints on an address-register - destination are less strict, so it is best if register allocation - makes an address register its goal. Therefore, `*' is used so - that the `d' constraint letter (for data register) is ignored when - computing register preferences. - - (define_insn "extendhisi2" - [(set (match_operand:SI 0 "general_operand" "=*d,a") - (sign_extend:SI - (match_operand:HI 1 "general_operand" "0,g")))] - ...) - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Machine Constraints, Next: No Constraints, Prev: Modifiers, Up: Constraints - -Constraints for Particular Machines ------------------------------------ - - Whenever possible, you should use the general-purpose constraint -letters in `asm' arguments, since they will convey meaning more readily -to people reading your code. Failing that, use the constraint letters -that usually have very similar meanings across architectures. The most -commonly used constraints are `m' and `r' (for memory and -general-purpose registers respectively; *note Simple Constraints::.), -and `I', usually the letter indicating the most common -immediate-constant format. - - For each machine architecture, the `config/MACHINE.h' file defines -additional constraints. These constraints are used by the compiler -itself for instruction generation, as well as for `asm' statements; -therefore, some of the constraints are not particularly interesting for -`asm'. The constraints are defined through these macros: - -`REG_CLASS_FROM_LETTER' - Register class constraints (usually lower case). - -`CONST_OK_FOR_LETTER_P' - Immediate constant constraints, for non-floating point constants of - word size or smaller precision (usually upper case). - -`CONST_DOUBLE_OK_FOR_LETTER_P' - Immediate constant constraints, for all floating point constants - and for constants of greater than word size precision (usually - upper case). - -`EXTRA_CONSTRAINT' - Special cases of registers or memory. This macro is not required, - and is only defined for some machines. - - Inspecting these macro definitions in the compiler source for your -machine is the best way to be certain you have the right constraints. -However, here is a summary of the machine-dependent constraints -available on some particular machines. - -*ARM family--`arm.h'* - `f' - Floating-point register - - `F' - One of the floating-point constants 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, - 4.0, 5.0 or 10.0 - - `G' - Floating-point constant that would satisfy the constraint `F' - if it were negated - - `I' - Integer that is valid as an immediate operand in a data - processing instruction. That is, an integer in the range 0 - to 255 rotated by a multiple of 2 - - `J' - Integer in the range -4095 to 4095 - - `K' - Integer that satisfies constraint `I' when inverted (ones - complement) - - `L' - Integer that satisfies constraint `I' when negated (twos - complement) - - `M' - Integer in the range 0 to 32 - - `Q' - A memory reference where the exact address is in a single - register (``m'' is preferable for `asm' statements) - - `R' - An item in the constant pool - - `S' - A symbol in the text segment of the current file - -*AMD 29000 family--`a29k.h'* - `l' - Local register 0 - - `b' - Byte Pointer (`BP') register - - `q' - `Q' register - - `h' - Special purpose register - - `A' - First accumulator register - - `a' - Other accumulator register - - `f' - Floating point register - - `I' - Constant greater than 0, less than 0x100 - - `J' - Constant greater than 0, less than 0x10000 - - `K' - Constant whose high 24 bits are on (1) - - `L' - 16 bit constant whose high 8 bits are on (1) - - `M' - 32 bit constant whose high 16 bits are on (1) - - `N' - 32 bit negative constant that fits in 8 bits - - `O' - The constant 0x80000000 or, on the 29050, any 32 bit constant - whose low 16 bits are 0. - - `P' - 16 bit negative constant that fits in 8 bits - - `G' - `H' - A floating point constant (in `asm' statements, use the - machine independent `E' or `F' instead) - -*IBM RS6000--`rs6000.h'* - `b' - Address base register - - `f' - Floating point register - - `h' - `MQ', `CTR', or `LINK' register - - `q' - `MQ' register - - `c' - `CTR' register - - `l' - `LINK' register - - `x' - `CR' register (condition register) number 0 - - `y' - `CR' register (condition register) - - `I' - Signed 16 bit constant - - `J' - Constant whose low 16 bits are 0 - - `K' - Constant whose high 16 bits are 0 - - `L' - Constant suitable as a mask operand - - `M' - Constant larger than 31 - - `N' - Exact power of 2 - - `O' - Zero - - `P' - Constant whose negation is a signed 16 bit constant - - `G' - Floating point constant that can be loaded into a register - with one instruction per word - - `Q' - Memory operand that is an offset from a register (`m' is - preferable for `asm' statements) - -*Intel 386--`i386.h'* - `q' - `a', `b', `c', or `d' register - - `A' - `a', or `d' register (for 64-bit ints) - - `f' - Floating point register - - `t' - First (top of stack) floating point register - - `u' - Second floating point register - - `a' - `a' register - - `b' - `b' register - - `c' - `c' register - - `d' - `d' register - - `D' - `di' register - - `S' - `si' register - - `I' - Constant in range 0 to 31 (for 32 bit shifts) - - `J' - Constant in range 0 to 63 (for 64 bit shifts) - - `K' - `0xff' - - `L' - `0xffff' - - `M' - 0, 1, 2, or 3 (shifts for `lea' instruction) - - `N' - Constant in range 0 to 255 (for `out' instruction) - - `G' - Standard 80387 floating point constant - -*Intel 960--`i960.h'* - `f' - Floating point register (`fp0' to `fp3') - - `l' - Local register (`r0' to `r15') - - `b' - Global register (`g0' to `g15') - - `d' - Any local or global register - - `I' - Integers from 0 to 31 - - `J' - 0 - - `K' - Integers from -31 to 0 - - `G' - Floating point 0 - - `H' - Floating point 1 - -*MIPS--`mips.h'* - `d' - General-purpose integer register - - `f' - Floating-point register (if available) - - `h' - `Hi' register - - `l' - `Lo' register - - `x' - `Hi' or `Lo' register - - `y' - General-purpose integer register - - `z' - Floating-point status register - - `I' - Signed 16 bit constant (for arithmetic instructions) - - `J' - Zero - - `K' - Zero-extended 16-bit constant (for logic instructions) - - `L' - Constant with low 16 bits zero (can be loaded with `lui') - - `M' - 32 bit constant which requires two instructions to load (a - constant which is not `I', `K', or `L') - - `N' - Negative 16 bit constant - - `O' - Exact power of two - - `P' - Positive 16 bit constant - - `G' - Floating point zero - - `Q' - Memory reference that can be loaded with more than one - instruction (`m' is preferable for `asm' statements) - - `R' - Memory reference that can be loaded with one instruction (`m' - is preferable for `asm' statements) - - `S' - Memory reference in external OSF/rose PIC format (`m' is - preferable for `asm' statements) - -*Motorola 680x0--`m68k.h'* - `a' - Address register - - `d' - Data register - - `f' - 68881 floating-point register, if available - - `x' - Sun FPA (floating-point) register, if available - - `y' - First 16 Sun FPA registers, if available - - `I' - Integer in the range 1 to 8 - - `J' - 16 bit signed number - - `K' - Signed number whose magnitude is greater than 0x80 - - `L' - Integer in the range -8 to -1 - - `G' - Floating point constant that is not a 68881 constant - - `H' - Floating point constant that can be used by Sun FPA - -*SPARC--`sparc.h'* - `f' - Floating-point register - - `I' - Signed 13 bit constant - - `J' - Zero - - `K' - 32 bit constant with the low 12 bits clear (a constant that - can be loaded with the `sethi' instruction) - - `G' - Floating-point zero - - `H' - Signed 13 bit constant, sign-extended to 32 or 64 bits - - `Q' - Memory reference that can be loaded with one instruction - (`m' is more appropriate for `asm' statements) - - `S' - Constant, or memory address - - `T' - Memory address aligned to an 8-byte boundary - - `U' - Even register - - -File: gcc.info, Node: No Constraints, Prev: Machine Constraints, Up: Constraints - -Not Using Constraints ---------------------- - - Some machines are so clean that operand constraints are not -required. For example, on the Vax, an operand valid in one context is -valid in any other context. On such a machine, every operand -constraint would be `g', excepting only operands of "load address" -instructions which are written as if they referred to a memory -location's contents but actual refer to its address. They would have -constraint `p'. - - For such machines, instead of writing `g' and `p' for all the -constraints, you can choose to write a description with empty -constraints. Then you write `""' for the constraint in every -`match_operand'. Address operands are identified by writing an -`address' expression around the `match_operand', not by their -constraints. - - When the machine description has just empty constraints, certain -parts of compilation are skipped, making the compiler faster. However, -few machines actually do not need constraints; all machine descriptions -now in existence use constraints. - diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-17 b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-17 deleted file mode 100644 index d50cdc85be1..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-17 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1107 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file gcc.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.63 from the input -file gcc.texi. - - This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU compiler. - - Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 -Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - - Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software -Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for -Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are -included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public -License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight -`Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in -translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the -original English. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Standard Names, Next: Pattern Ordering, Prev: Constraints, Up: Machine Desc - -Standard Pattern Names For Generation -===================================== - - Here is a table of the instruction names that are meaningful in the -RTL generation pass of the compiler. Giving one of these names to an -instruction pattern tells the RTL generation pass that it can use the -pattern in to accomplish a certain task. - -`movM' - Here M stands for a two-letter machine mode name, in lower case. - This instruction pattern moves data with that machine mode from - operand 1 to operand 0. For example, `movsi' moves full-word data. - - If operand 0 is a `subreg' with mode M of a register whose own - mode is wider than M, the effect of this instruction is to store - the specified value in the part of the register that corresponds - to mode M. The effect on the rest of the register is undefined. - - This class of patterns is special in several ways. First of all, - each of these names *must* be defined, because there is no other - way to copy a datum from one place to another. - - Second, these patterns are not used solely in the RTL generation - pass. Even the reload pass can generate move insns to copy values - from stack slots into temporary registers. When it does so, one - of the operands is a hard register and the other is an operand - that can need to be reloaded into a register. - - Therefore, when given such a pair of operands, the pattern must - generate RTL which needs no reloading and needs no temporary - registers--no registers other than the operands. For example, if - you support the pattern with a `define_expand', then in such a - case the `define_expand' mustn't call `force_reg' or any other such - function which might generate new pseudo registers. - - This requirement exists even for subword modes on a RISC machine - where fetching those modes from memory normally requires several - insns and some temporary registers. Look in `spur.md' to see how - the requirement can be satisfied. - - During reload a memory reference with an invalid address may be - passed as an operand. Such an address will be replaced with a - valid address later in the reload pass. In this case, nothing may - be done with the address except to use it as it stands. If it is - copied, it will not be replaced with a valid address. No attempt - should be made to make such an address into a valid address and no - routine (such as `change_address') that will do so may be called. - Note that `general_operand' will fail when applied to such an - address. - - The global variable `reload_in_progress' (which must be explicitly - declared if required) can be used to determine whether such special - handling is required. - - The variety of operands that have reloads depends on the rest of - the machine description, but typically on a RISC machine these can - only be pseudo registers that did not get hard registers, while on - other machines explicit memory references will get optional - reloads. - - If a scratch register is required to move an object to or from - memory, it can be allocated using `gen_reg_rtx' prior to reload. - But this is impossible during and after reload. If there are - cases needing scratch registers after reload, you must define - `SECONDARY_INPUT_RELOAD_CLASS' and perhaps also - `SECONDARY_OUTPUT_RELOAD_CLASS' to detect them, and provide - patterns `reload_inM' or `reload_outM' to handle them. *Note - Register Classes::. - - The constraints on a `moveM' must permit moving any hard register - to any other hard register provided that `HARD_REGNO_MODE_OK' - permits mode M in both registers and `REGISTER_MOVE_COST' applied - to their classes returns a value of 2. - - It is obligatory to support floating point `moveM' instructions - into and out of any registers that can hold fixed point values, - because unions and structures (which have modes `SImode' or - `DImode') can be in those registers and they may have floating - point members. - - There may also be a need to support fixed point `moveM' - instructions in and out of floating point registers. - Unfortunately, I have forgotten why this was so, and I don't know - whether it is still true. If `HARD_REGNO_MODE_OK' rejects fixed - point values in floating point registers, then the constraints of - the fixed point `moveM' instructions must be designed to avoid - ever trying to reload into a floating point register. - -`reload_inM' -`reload_outM' - Like `movM', but used when a scratch register is required to move - between operand 0 and operand 1. Operand 2 describes the scratch - register. See the discussion of the `SECONDARY_RELOAD_CLASS' - macro in *note Register Classes::.. - -`movstrictM' - Like `movM' except that if operand 0 is a `subreg' with mode M of - a register whose natural mode is wider, the `movstrictM' - instruction is guaranteed not to alter any of the register except - the part which belongs to mode M. - -`load_multiple' - Load several consecutive memory locations into consecutive - registers. Operand 0 is the first of the consecutive registers, - operand 1 is the first memory location, and operand 2 is a - constant: the number of consecutive registers. - - Define this only if the target machine really has such an - instruction; do not define this if the most efficient way of - loading consecutive registers from memory is to do them one at a - time. - - On some machines, there are restrictions as to which consecutive - registers can be stored into memory, such as particular starting or - ending register numbers or only a range of valid counts. For those - machines, use a `define_expand' (*note Expander Definitions::.) - and make the pattern fail if the restrictions are not met. - - Write the generated insn as a `parallel' with elements being a - `set' of one register from the appropriate memory location (you may - also need `use' or `clobber' elements). Use a `match_parallel' - (*note RTL Template::.) to recognize the insn. See `a29k.md' and - `rs6000.md' for examples of the use of this insn pattern. - -`store_multiple' - Similar to `load_multiple', but store several consecutive registers - into consecutive memory locations. Operand 0 is the first of the - consecutive memory locations, operand 1 is the first register, and - operand 2 is a constant: the number of consecutive registers. - -`addM3' - Add operand 2 and operand 1, storing the result in operand 0. All - operands must have mode M. This can be used even on two-address - machines, by means of constraints requiring operands 1 and 0 to be - the same location. - -`subM3', `mulM3' -`divM3', `udivM3', `modM3', `umodM3' -`sminM3', `smaxM3', `uminM3', `umaxM3' -`andM3', `iorM3', `xorM3' - Similar, for other arithmetic operations. - -`mulhisi3' - Multiply operands 1 and 2, which have mode `HImode', and store a - `SImode' product in operand 0. - -`mulqihi3', `mulsidi3' - Similar widening-multiplication instructions of other widths. - -`umulqihi3', `umulhisi3', `umulsidi3' - Similar widening-multiplication instructions that do unsigned - multiplication. - -`mulM3_highpart' - Perform a signed multiplication of operands 1 and 2, which have - mode M, and store the most significant half of the product in - operand 0. The least significant half of the product is discarded. - -`umulM3_highpart' - Similar, but the multiplication is unsigned. - -`divmodM4' - Signed division that produces both a quotient and a remainder. - Operand 1 is divided by operand 2 to produce a quotient stored in - operand 0 and a remainder stored in operand 3. - - For machines with an instruction that produces both a quotient and - a remainder, provide a pattern for `divmodM4' but do not provide - patterns for `divM3' and `modM3'. This allows optimization in the - relatively common case when both the quotient and remainder are - computed. - - If an instruction that just produces a quotient or just a remainder - exists and is more efficient than the instruction that produces - both, write the output routine of `divmodM4' to call - `find_reg_note' and look for a `REG_UNUSED' note on the quotient - or remainder and generate the appropriate instruction. - -`udivmodM4' - Similar, but does unsigned division. - -`ashlM3' - Arithmetic-shift operand 1 left by a number of bits specified by - operand 2, and store the result in operand 0. Here M is the mode - of operand 0 and operand 1; operand 2's mode is specified by the - instruction pattern, and the compiler will convert the operand to - that mode before generating the instruction. - -`ashrM3', `lshrM3', `rotlM3', `rotrM3' - Other shift and rotate instructions, analogous to the `ashlM3' - instructions. - -`negM2' - Negate operand 1 and store the result in operand 0. - -`absM2' - Store the absolute value of operand 1 into operand 0. - -`sqrtM2' - Store the square root of operand 1 into operand 0. - - The `sqrt' built-in function of C always uses the mode which - corresponds to the C data type `double'. - -`ffsM2' - Store into operand 0 one plus the index of the least significant - 1-bit of operand 1. If operand 1 is zero, store zero. M is the - mode of operand 0; operand 1's mode is specified by the instruction - pattern, and the compiler will convert the operand to that mode - before generating the instruction. - - The `ffs' built-in function of C always uses the mode which - corresponds to the C data type `int'. - -`one_cmplM2' - Store the bitwise-complement of operand 1 into operand 0. - -`cmpM' - Compare operand 0 and operand 1, and set the condition codes. The - RTL pattern should look like this: - - (set (cc0) (compare (match_operand:M 0 ...) - (match_operand:M 1 ...))) - -`tstM' - Compare operand 0 against zero, and set the condition codes. The - RTL pattern should look like this: - - (set (cc0) (match_operand:M 0 ...)) - - `tstM' patterns should not be defined for machines that do not use - `(cc0)'. Doing so would confuse the optimizer since it would no - longer be clear which `set' operations were comparisons. The - `cmpM' patterns should be used instead. - -`movstrM' - Block move instruction. The addresses of the destination and - source strings are the first two operands, and both are in mode - `Pmode'. The number of bytes to move is the third operand, in - mode M. - - The fourth operand is the known shared alignment of the source and - destination, in the form of a `const_int' rtx. Thus, if the - compiler knows that both source and destination are word-aligned, - it may provide the value 4 for this operand. - - These patterns need not give special consideration to the - possibility that the source and destination strings might overlap. - -`cmpstrM' - Block compare instruction, with five operands. Operand 0 is the - output; it has mode M. The remaining four operands are like the - operands of `movstrM'. The two memory blocks specified are - compared byte by byte in lexicographic order. The effect of the - instruction is to store a value in operand 0 whose sign indicates - the result of the comparison. - - Compute the length of a string, with three operands. Operand 0 is - the result (of mode M), operand 1 is a `mem' referring to the - first character of the string, operand 2 is the character to - search for (normally zero), and operand 3 is a constant describing - the known alignment of the beginning of the string. - -`floatMN2' - Convert signed integer operand 1 (valid for fixed point mode M) to - floating point mode N and store in operand 0 (which has mode N). - -`floatunsMN2' - Convert unsigned integer operand 1 (valid for fixed point mode M) - to floating point mode N and store in operand 0 (which has mode N). - -`fixMN2' - Convert operand 1 (valid for floating point mode M) to fixed point - mode N as a signed number and store in operand 0 (which has mode - N). This instruction's result is defined only when the value of - operand 1 is an integer. - -`fixunsMN2' - Convert operand 1 (valid for floating point mode M) to fixed point - mode N as an unsigned number and store in operand 0 (which has - mode N). This instruction's result is defined only when the value - of operand 1 is an integer. - -`ftruncM2' - Convert operand 1 (valid for floating point mode M) to an integer - value, still represented in floating point mode M, and store it in - operand 0 (valid for floating point mode M). - -`fix_truncMN2' - Like `fixMN2' but works for any floating point value of mode M by - converting the value to an integer. - -`fixuns_truncMN2' - Like `fixunsMN2' but works for any floating point value of mode M - by converting the value to an integer. - -`truncMN' - Truncate operand 1 (valid for mode M) to mode N and store in - operand 0 (which has mode N). Both modes must be fixed point or - both floating point. - -`extendMN' - Sign-extend operand 1 (valid for mode M) to mode N and store in - operand 0 (which has mode N). Both modes must be fixed point or - both floating point. - -`zero_extendMN' - Zero-extend operand 1 (valid for mode M) to mode N and store in - operand 0 (which has mode N). Both modes must be fixed point. - -`extv' - Extract a bit field from operand 1 (a register or memory operand), - where operand 2 specifies the width in bits and operand 3 the - starting bit, and store it in operand 0. Operand 0 must have mode - `word_mode'. Operand 1 may have mode `byte_mode' or `word_mode'; - often `word_mode' is allowed only for registers. Operands 2 and 3 - must be valid for `word_mode'. - - The RTL generation pass generates this instruction only with - constants for operands 2 and 3. - - The bit-field value is sign-extended to a full word integer before - it is stored in operand 0. - -`extzv' - Like `extv' except that the bit-field value is zero-extended. - -`insv' - Store operand 3 (which must be valid for `word_mode') into a bit - field in operand 0, where operand 1 specifies the width in bits and - operand 2 the starting bit. Operand 0 may have mode `byte_mode' or - `word_mode'; often `word_mode' is allowed only for registers. - Operands 1 and 2 must be valid for `word_mode'. - - The RTL generation pass generates this instruction only with - constants for operands 1 and 2. - -`movMODEcc' - Conditionally move operand 2 or operand 3 into operand 0 according - to the comparison in operand 1. If the comparison is true, - operand 2 is moved into operand 0, otherwise operand 3 is moved. - - The mode of the operands being compared need not be the same as - the operands being moved. Some machines, sparc64 for example, - have instructions that conditionally move an integer value based - on the floating point condition codes and vice versa. - - If the machine does not have conditional move instructions, do not - define these patterns. - -`sCOND' - Store zero or nonzero in the operand according to the condition - codes. Value stored is nonzero iff the condition COND is true. - COND is the name of a comparison operation expression code, such - as `eq', `lt' or `leu'. - - You specify the mode that the operand must have when you write the - `match_operand' expression. The compiler automatically sees which - mode you have used and supplies an operand of that mode. - - The value stored for a true condition must have 1 as its low bit, - or else must be negative. Otherwise the instruction is not - suitable and you should omit it from the machine description. You - describe to the compiler exactly which value is stored by defining - the macro `STORE_FLAG_VALUE' (*note Misc::.). If a description - cannot be found that can be used for all the `sCOND' patterns, you - should omit those operations from the machine description. - - These operations may fail, but should do so only in relatively - uncommon cases; if they would fail for common cases involving - integer comparisons, it is best to omit these patterns. - - If these operations are omitted, the compiler will usually - generate code that copies the constant one to the target and - branches around an assignment of zero to the target. If this code - is more efficient than the potential instructions used for the - `sCOND' pattern followed by those required to convert the result - into a 1 or a zero in `SImode', you should omit the `sCOND' - operations from the machine description. - -`bCOND' - Conditional branch instruction. Operand 0 is a `label_ref' that - refers to the label to jump to. Jump if the condition codes meet - condition COND. - - Some machines do not follow the model assumed here where a - comparison instruction is followed by a conditional branch - instruction. In that case, the `cmpM' (and `tstM') patterns should - simply store the operands away and generate all the required insns - in a `define_expand' (*note Expander Definitions::.) for the - conditional branch operations. All calls to expand `bCOND' - patterns are immediately preceded by calls to expand either a - `cmpM' pattern or a `tstM' pattern. - - Machines that use a pseudo register for the condition code value, - or where the mode used for the comparison depends on the condition - being tested, should also use the above mechanism. *Note Jump - Patterns:: - - The above discussion also applies to the `movMODEcc' and `sCOND' - patterns. - -`call' - Subroutine call instruction returning no value. Operand 0 is the - function to call; operand 1 is the number of bytes of arguments - pushed (in mode `SImode', except it is normally a `const_int'); - operand 2 is the number of registers used as operands. - - On most machines, operand 2 is not actually stored into the RTL - pattern. It is supplied for the sake of some RISC machines which - need to put this information into the assembler code; they can put - it in the RTL instead of operand 1. - - Operand 0 should be a `mem' RTX whose address is the address of the - function. Note, however, that this address can be a `symbol_ref' - expression even if it would not be a legitimate memory address on - the target machine. If it is also not a valid argument for a call - instruction, the pattern for this operation should be a - `define_expand' (*note Expander Definitions::.) that places the - address into a register and uses that register in the call - instruction. - -`call_value' - Subroutine call instruction returning a value. Operand 0 is the - hard register in which the value is returned. There are three more - operands, the same as the three operands of the `call' instruction - (but with numbers increased by one). - - Subroutines that return `BLKmode' objects use the `call' insn. - -`call_pop', `call_value_pop' - Similar to `call' and `call_value', except used if defined and if - `RETURN_POPS_ARGS' is non-zero. They should emit a `parallel' - that contains both the function call and a `set' to indicate the - adjustment made to the frame pointer. - - For machines where `RETURN_POPS_ARGS' can be non-zero, the use of - these patterns increases the number of functions for which the - frame pointer can be eliminated, if desired. - -`untyped_call' - Subroutine call instruction returning a value of any type. - Operand 0 is the function to call; operand 1 is a memory location - where the result of calling the function is to be stored; operand - 2 is a `parallel' expression where each element is a `set' - expression that indicates the saving of a function return value - into the result block. - - This instruction pattern should be defined to support - `__builtin_apply' on machines where special instructions are needed - to call a subroutine with arbitrary arguments or to save the value - returned. This instruction pattern is required on machines that - have multiple registers that can hold a return value (i.e. - `FUNCTION_VALUE_REGNO_P' is true for more than one register). - -`return' - Subroutine return instruction. This instruction pattern name - should be defined only if a single instruction can do all the work - of returning from a function. - - Like the `movM' patterns, this pattern is also used after the RTL - generation phase. In this case it is to support machines where - multiple instructions are usually needed to return from a - function, but some class of functions only requires one - instruction to implement a return. Normally, the applicable - functions are those which do not need to save any registers or - allocate stack space. - - For such machines, the condition specified in this pattern should - only be true when `reload_completed' is non-zero and the function's - epilogue would only be a single instruction. For machines with - register windows, the routine `leaf_function_p' may be used to - determine if a register window push is required. - - Machines that have conditional return instructions should define - patterns such as - - (define_insn "" - [(set (pc) - (if_then_else (match_operator - 0 "comparison_operator" - [(cc0) (const_int 0)]) - (return) - (pc)))] - "CONDITION" - "...") - - where CONDITION would normally be the same condition specified on - the named `return' pattern. - -`untyped_return' - Untyped subroutine return instruction. This instruction pattern - should be defined to support `__builtin_return' on machines where - special instructions are needed to return a value of any type. - - Operand 0 is a memory location where the result of calling a - function with `__builtin_apply' is stored; operand 1 is a - `parallel' expression where each element is a `set' expression - that indicates the restoring of a function return value from the - result block. - -`nop' - No-op instruction. This instruction pattern name should always be - defined to output a no-op in assembler code. `(const_int 0)' will - do as an RTL pattern. - -`indirect_jump' - An instruction to jump to an address which is operand zero. This - pattern name is mandatory on all machines. - -`casesi' - Instruction to jump through a dispatch table, including bounds - checking. This instruction takes five operands: - - 1. The index to dispatch on, which has mode `SImode'. - - 2. The lower bound for indices in the table, an integer constant. - - 3. The total range of indices in the table--the largest index - minus the smallest one (both inclusive). - - 4. A label that precedes the table itself. - - 5. A label to jump to if the index has a value outside the - bounds. (If the machine-description macro - `CASE_DROPS_THROUGH' is defined, then an out-of-bounds index - drops through to the code following the jump table instead of - jumping to this label. In that case, this label is not - actually used by the `casesi' instruction, but it is always - provided as an operand.) - - The table is a `addr_vec' or `addr_diff_vec' inside of a - `jump_insn'. The number of elements in the table is one plus the - difference between the upper bound and the lower bound. - -`tablejump' - Instruction to jump to a variable address. This is a low-level - capability which can be used to implement a dispatch table when - there is no `casesi' pattern. - - This pattern requires two operands: the address or offset, and a - label which should immediately precede the jump table. If the - macro `CASE_VECTOR_PC_RELATIVE' is defined then the first operand - is an offset which counts from the address of the table; - otherwise, it is an absolute address to jump to. In either case, - the first operand has mode `Pmode'. - - The `tablejump' insn is always the last insn before the jump table - it uses. Its assembler code normally has no need to use the - second operand, but you should incorporate it in the RTL pattern so - that the jump optimizer will not delete the table as unreachable - code. - -`save_stack_block' -`save_stack_function' -`save_stack_nonlocal' -`restore_stack_block' -`restore_stack_function' -`restore_stack_nonlocal' - Most machines save and restore the stack pointer by copying it to - or from an object of mode `Pmode'. Do not define these patterns on - such machines. - - Some machines require special handling for stack pointer saves and - restores. On those machines, define the patterns corresponding to - the non-standard cases by using a `define_expand' (*note Expander - Definitions::.) that produces the required insns. The three types - of saves and restores are: - - 1. `save_stack_block' saves the stack pointer at the start of a - block that allocates a variable-sized object, and - `restore_stack_block' restores the stack pointer when the - block is exited. - - 2. `save_stack_function' and `restore_stack_function' do a - similar job for the outermost block of a function and are - used when the function allocates variable-sized objects or - calls `alloca'. Only the epilogue uses the restored stack - pointer, allowing a simpler save or restore sequence on some - machines. - - 3. `save_stack_nonlocal' is used in functions that contain labels - branched to by nested functions. It saves the stack pointer - in such a way that the inner function can use - `restore_stack_nonlocal' to restore the stack pointer. The - compiler generates code to restore the frame and argument - pointer registers, but some machines require saving and - restoring additional data such as register window information - or stack backchains. Place insns in these patterns to save - and restore any such required data. - - When saving the stack pointer, operand 0 is the save area and - operand 1 is the stack pointer. The mode used to allocate the - save area is the mode of operand 0. You must specify an integral - mode, or `VOIDmode' if no save area is needed for a particular - type of save (either because no save is needed or because a - machine-specific save area can be used). Operand 0 is the stack - pointer and operand 1 is the save area for restore operations. If - `save_stack_block' is defined, operand 0 must not be `VOIDmode' - since these saves can be arbitrarily nested. - - A save area is a `mem' that is at a constant offset from - `virtual_stack_vars_rtx' when the stack pointer is saved for use by - nonlocal gotos and a `reg' in the other two cases. - -`allocate_stack' - Subtract (or add if `STACK_GROWS_DOWNWARD' is undefined) operand 0 - from the stack pointer to create space for dynamically allocated - data. - - Do not define this pattern if all that must be done is the - subtraction. Some machines require other operations such as stack - probes or maintaining the back chain. Define this pattern to emit - those operations in addition to updating the stack pointer. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Pattern Ordering, Next: Dependent Patterns, Prev: Standard Names, Up: Machine Desc - -When the Order of Patterns Matters -================================== - - Sometimes an insn can match more than one instruction pattern. Then -the pattern that appears first in the machine description is the one -used. Therefore, more specific patterns (patterns that will match -fewer things) and faster instructions (those that will produce better -code when they do match) should usually go first in the description. - - In some cases the effect of ordering the patterns can be used to hide -a pattern when it is not valid. For example, the 68000 has an -instruction for converting a fullword to floating point and another for -converting a byte to floating point. An instruction converting an -integer to floating point could match either one. We put the pattern -to convert the fullword first to make sure that one will be used rather -than the other. (Otherwise a large integer might be generated as a -single-byte immediate quantity, which would not work.) Instead of using -this pattern ordering it would be possible to make the pattern for -convert-a-byte smart enough to deal properly with any constant value. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Dependent Patterns, Next: Jump Patterns, Prev: Pattern Ordering, Up: Machine Desc - -Interdependence of Patterns -=========================== - - Every machine description must have a named pattern for each of the -conditional branch names `bCOND'. The recognition template must always -have the form - - (set (pc) - (if_then_else (COND (cc0) (const_int 0)) - (label_ref (match_operand 0 "" "")) - (pc))) - -In addition, every machine description must have an anonymous pattern -for each of the possible reverse-conditional branches. Their templates -look like - - (set (pc) - (if_then_else (COND (cc0) (const_int 0)) - (pc) - (label_ref (match_operand 0 "" "")))) - -They are necessary because jump optimization can turn direct-conditional -branches into reverse-conditional branches. - - It is often convenient to use the `match_operator' construct to -reduce the number of patterns that must be specified for branches. For -example, - - (define_insn "" - [(set (pc) - (if_then_else (match_operator 0 "comparison_operator" - [(cc0) (const_int 0)]) - (pc) - (label_ref (match_operand 1 "" ""))))] - "CONDITION" - "...") - - In some cases machines support instructions identical except for the -machine mode of one or more operands. For example, there may be -"sign-extend halfword" and "sign-extend byte" instructions whose -patterns are - - (set (match_operand:SI 0 ...) - (extend:SI (match_operand:HI 1 ...))) - - (set (match_operand:SI 0 ...) - (extend:SI (match_operand:QI 1 ...))) - -Constant integers do not specify a machine mode, so an instruction to -extend a constant value could match either pattern. The pattern it -actually will match is the one that appears first in the file. For -correct results, this must be the one for the widest possible mode -(`HImode', here). If the pattern matches the `QImode' instruction, the -results will be incorrect if the constant value does not actually fit -that mode. - - Such instructions to extend constants are rarely generated because -they are optimized away, but they do occasionally happen in nonoptimized -compilations. - - If a constraint in a pattern allows a constant, the reload pass may -replace a register with a constant permitted by the constraint in some -cases. Similarly for memory references. Because of this substitution, -you should not provide separate patterns for increment and decrement -instructions. Instead, they should be generated from the same pattern -that supports register-register add insns by examining the operands and -generating the appropriate machine instruction. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Jump Patterns, Next: Insn Canonicalizations, Prev: Dependent Patterns, Up: Machine Desc - -Defining Jump Instruction Patterns -================================== - - For most machines, GNU CC assumes that the machine has a condition -code. A comparison insn sets the condition code, recording the results -of both signed and unsigned comparison of the given operands. A -separate branch insn tests the condition code and branches or not -according its value. The branch insns come in distinct signed and -unsigned flavors. Many common machines, such as the Vax, the 68000 and -the 32000, work this way. - - Some machines have distinct signed and unsigned compare -instructions, and only one set of conditional branch instructions. The -easiest way to handle these machines is to treat them just like the -others until the final stage where assembly code is written. At this -time, when outputting code for the compare instruction, peek ahead at -the following branch using `next_cc0_user (insn)'. (The variable -`insn' refers to the insn being output, in the output-writing code in -an instruction pattern.) If the RTL says that is an unsigned branch, -output an unsigned compare; otherwise output a signed compare. When -the branch itself is output, you can treat signed and unsigned branches -identically. - - The reason you can do this is that GNU CC always generates a pair of -consecutive RTL insns, possibly separated by `note' insns, one to set -the condition code and one to test it, and keeps the pair inviolate -until the end. - - To go with this technique, you must define the machine-description -macro `NOTICE_UPDATE_CC' to do `CC_STATUS_INIT'; in other words, no -compare instruction is superfluous. - - Some machines have compare-and-branch instructions and no condition -code. A similar technique works for them. When it is time to "output" -a compare instruction, record its operands in two static variables. -When outputting the branch-on-condition-code instruction that follows, -actually output a compare-and-branch instruction that uses the -remembered operands. - - It also works to define patterns for compare-and-branch instructions. -In optimizing compilation, the pair of compare and branch instructions -will be combined according to these patterns. But this does not happen -if optimization is not requested. So you must use one of the solutions -above in addition to any special patterns you define. - - In many RISC machines, most instructions do not affect the condition -code and there may not even be a separate condition code register. On -these machines, the restriction that the definition and use of the -condition code be adjacent insns is not necessary and can prevent -important optimizations. For example, on the IBM RS/6000, there is a -delay for taken branches unless the condition code register is set three -instructions earlier than the conditional branch. The instruction -scheduler cannot perform this optimization if it is not permitted to -separate the definition and use of the condition code register. - - On these machines, do not use `(cc0)', but instead use a register to -represent the condition code. If there is a specific condition code -register in the machine, use a hard register. If the condition code or -comparison result can be placed in any general register, or if there are -multiple condition registers, use a pseudo register. - - On some machines, the type of branch instruction generated may -depend on the way the condition code was produced; for example, on the -68k and Sparc, setting the condition code directly from an add or -subtract instruction does not clear the overflow bit the way that a test -instruction does, so a different branch instruction must be used for -some conditional branches. For machines that use `(cc0)', the set and -use of the condition code must be adjacent (separated only by `note' -insns) allowing flags in `cc_status' to be used. (*Note Condition -Code::.) Also, the comparison and branch insns can be located from -each other by using the functions `prev_cc0_setter' and `next_cc0_user'. - - However, this is not true on machines that do not use `(cc0)'. On -those machines, no assumptions can be made about the adjacency of the -compare and branch insns and the above methods cannot be used. Instead, -we use the machine mode of the condition code register to record -different formats of the condition code register. - - Registers used to store the condition code value should have a mode -that is in class `MODE_CC'. Normally, it will be `CCmode'. If -additional modes are required (as for the add example mentioned above in -the Sparc), define the macro `EXTRA_CC_MODES' to list the additional -modes required (*note Condition Code::.). Also define `EXTRA_CC_NAMES' -to list the names of those modes and `SELECT_CC_MODE' to choose a mode -given an operand of a compare. - - If it is known during RTL generation that a different mode will be -required (for example, if the machine has separate compare instructions -for signed and unsigned quantities, like most IBM processors), they can -be specified at that time. - - If the cases that require different modes would be made by -instruction combination, the macro `SELECT_CC_MODE' determines which -machine mode should be used for the comparison result. The patterns -should be written using that mode. To support the case of the add on -the Sparc discussed above, we have the pattern - - (define_insn "" - [(set (reg:CC_NOOV 0) - (compare:CC_NOOV - (plus:SI (match_operand:SI 0 "register_operand" "%r") - (match_operand:SI 1 "arith_operand" "rI")) - (const_int 0)))] - "" - "...") - - The `SELECT_CC_MODE' macro on the Sparc returns `CC_NOOVmode' for -comparisons whose argument is a `plus'. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Insn Canonicalizations, Next: Peephole Definitions, Prev: Jump Patterns, Up: Machine Desc - -Canonicalization of Instructions -================================ - - There are often cases where multiple RTL expressions could represent -an operation performed by a single machine instruction. This situation -is most commonly encountered with logical, branch, and -multiply-accumulate instructions. In such cases, the compiler attempts -to convert these multiple RTL expressions into a single canonical form -to reduce the number of insn patterns required. - - In addition to algebraic simplifications, following canonicalizations -are performed: - - * For commutative and comparison operators, a constant is always - made the second operand. If a machine only supports a constant as - the second operand, only patterns that match a constant in the - second operand need be supplied. - - For these operators, if only one operand is a `neg', `not', - `mult', `plus', or `minus' expression, it will be the first - operand. - - * For the `compare' operator, a constant is always the second operand - on machines where `cc0' is used (*note Jump Patterns::.). On other - machines, there are rare cases where the compiler might want to - construct a `compare' with a constant as the first operand. - However, these cases are not common enough for it to be worthwhile - to provide a pattern matching a constant as the first operand - unless the machine actually has such an instruction. - - An operand of `neg', `not', `mult', `plus', or `minus' is made the - first operand under the same conditions as above. - - * `(minus X (const_int N))' is converted to `(plus X (const_int - -N))'. - - * Within address computations (i.e., inside `mem'), a left shift is - converted into the appropriate multiplication by a power of two. - - De`Morgan's Law is used to move bitwise negation inside a bitwise - logical-and or logical-or operation. If this results in only one - operand being a `not' expression, it will be the first one. - - A machine that has an instruction that performs a bitwise - logical-and of one operand with the bitwise negation of the other - should specify the pattern for that instruction as - - (define_insn "" - [(set (match_operand:M 0 ...) - (and:M (not:M (match_operand:M 1 ...)) - (match_operand:M 2 ...)))] - "..." - "...") - - Similarly, a pattern for a "NAND" instruction should be written - - (define_insn "" - [(set (match_operand:M 0 ...) - (ior:M (not:M (match_operand:M 1 ...)) - (not:M (match_operand:M 2 ...))))] - "..." - "...") - - In both cases, it is not necessary to include patterns for the many - logically equivalent RTL expressions. - - * The only possible RTL expressions involving both bitwise - exclusive-or and bitwise negation are `(xor:M X Y)' and `(not:M - (xor:M X Y))'. - - * The sum of three items, one of which is a constant, will only - appear in the form - - (plus:M (plus:M X Y) CONSTANT) - - * On machines that do not use `cc0', `(compare X (const_int 0))' - will be converted to X. - - * Equality comparisons of a group of bits (usually a single bit) - with zero will be written using `zero_extract' rather than the - equivalent `and' or `sign_extract' operations. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Peephole Definitions, Next: Expander Definitions, Prev: Insn Canonicalizations, Up: Machine Desc - -Machine-Specific Peephole Optimizers -==================================== - - In addition to instruction patterns the `md' file may contain -definitions of machine-specific peephole optimizations. - - The combiner does not notice certain peephole optimizations when the -data flow in the program does not suggest that it should try them. For -example, sometimes two consecutive insns related in purpose can be -combined even though the second one does not appear to use a register -computed in the first one. A machine-specific peephole optimizer can -detect such opportunities. - - A definition looks like this: - - (define_peephole - [INSN-PATTERN-1 - INSN-PATTERN-2 - ...] - "CONDITION" - "TEMPLATE" - "OPTIONAL INSN-ATTRIBUTES") - -The last string operand may be omitted if you are not using any -machine-specific information in this machine description. If present, -it must obey the same rules as in a `define_insn'. - - In this skeleton, INSN-PATTERN-1 and so on are patterns to match -consecutive insns. The optimization applies to a sequence of insns when -INSN-PATTERN-1 matches the first one, INSN-PATTERN-2 matches the next, -and so on. - - Each of the insns matched by a peephole must also match a -`define_insn'. Peepholes are checked only at the last stage just -before code generation, and only optionally. Therefore, any insn which -would match a peephole but no `define_insn' will cause a crash in code -generation in an unoptimized compilation, or at various optimization -stages. - - The operands of the insns are matched with `match_operands', -`match_operator', and `match_dup', as usual. What is not usual is that -the operand numbers apply to all the insn patterns in the definition. -So, you can check for identical operands in two insns by using -`match_operand' in one insn and `match_dup' in the other. - - The operand constraints used in `match_operand' patterns do not have -any direct effect on the applicability of the peephole, but they will -be validated afterward, so make sure your constraints are general enough -to apply whenever the peephole matches. If the peephole matches but -the constraints are not satisfied, the compiler will crash. - - It is safe to omit constraints in all the operands of the peephole; -or you can write constraints which serve as a double-check on the -criteria previously tested. - - Once a sequence of insns matches the patterns, the CONDITION is -checked. This is a C expression which makes the final decision whether -to perform the optimization (we do so if the expression is nonzero). If -CONDITION is omitted (in other words, the string is empty) then the -optimization is applied to every sequence of insns that matches the -patterns. - - The defined peephole optimizations are applied after register -allocation is complete. Therefore, the peephole definition can check -which operands have ended up in which kinds of registers, just by -looking at the operands. - - The way to refer to the operands in CONDITION is to write -`operands[I]' for operand number I (as matched by `(match_operand I -...)'). Use the variable `insn' to refer to the last of the insns -being matched; use `prev_active_insn' to find the preceding insns. - - When optimizing computations with intermediate results, you can use -CONDITION to match only when the intermediate results are not used -elsewhere. Use the C expression `dead_or_set_p (INSN, OP)', where INSN -is the insn in which you expect the value to be used for the last time -(from the value of `insn', together with use of `prev_nonnote_insn'), -and OP is the intermediate value (from `operands[I]'). - - Applying the optimization means replacing the sequence of insns with -one new insn. The TEMPLATE controls ultimate output of assembler code -for this combined insn. It works exactly like the template of a -`define_insn'. Operand numbers in this template are the same ones used -in matching the original sequence of insns. - - The result of a defined peephole optimizer does not need to match -any of the insn patterns in the machine description; it does not even -have an opportunity to match them. The peephole optimizer definition -itself serves as the insn pattern to control how the insn is output. - - Defined peephole optimizers are run as assembler code is being -output, so the insns they produce are never combined or rearranged in -any way. - - Here is an example, taken from the 68000 machine description: - - (define_peephole - [(set (reg:SI 15) (plus:SI (reg:SI 15) (const_int 4))) - (set (match_operand:DF 0 "register_operand" "=f") - (match_operand:DF 1 "register_operand" "ad"))] - "FP_REG_P (operands[0]) && ! FP_REG_P (operands[1])" - "* - { - rtx xoperands[2]; - xoperands[1] = gen_rtx (REG, SImode, REGNO (operands[1]) + 1); - #ifdef MOTOROLA - output_asm_insn (\"move.l %1,(sp)\", xoperands); - output_asm_insn (\"move.l %1,-(sp)\", operands); - return \"fmove.d (sp)+,%0\"; - #else - output_asm_insn (\"movel %1,sp@\", xoperands); - output_asm_insn (\"movel %1,sp@-\", operands); - return \"fmoved sp@+,%0\"; - #endif - } - ") - - The effect of this optimization is to change - - jbsr _foobar - addql #4,sp - movel d1,sp@- - movel d0,sp@- - fmoved sp@+,fp0 - -into - - jbsr _foobar - movel d1,sp@ - movel d0,sp@- - fmoved sp@+,fp0 - - INSN-PATTERN-1 and so on look *almost* like the second operand of -`define_insn'. There is one important difference: the second operand -of `define_insn' consists of one or more RTX's enclosed in square -brackets. Usually, there is only one: then the same action can be -written as an element of a `define_peephole'. But when there are -multiple actions in a `define_insn', they are implicitly enclosed in a -`parallel'. Then you must explicitly write the `parallel', and the -square brackets within it, in the `define_peephole'. Thus, if an insn -pattern looks like this, - - (define_insn "divmodsi4" - [(set (match_operand:SI 0 "general_operand" "=d") - (div:SI (match_operand:SI 1 "general_operand" "0") - (match_operand:SI 2 "general_operand" "dmsK"))) - (set (match_operand:SI 3 "general_operand" "=d") - (mod:SI (match_dup 1) (match_dup 2)))] - "TARGET_68020" - "divsl%.l %2,%3:%0") - -then the way to mention this insn in a peephole is as follows: - - (define_peephole - [... - (parallel - [(set (match_operand:SI 0 "general_operand" "=d") - (div:SI (match_operand:SI 1 "general_operand" "0") - (match_operand:SI 2 "general_operand" "dmsK"))) - (set (match_operand:SI 3 "general_operand" "=d") - (mod:SI (match_dup 1) (match_dup 2)))]) - ...] - ...) - diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-18 b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-18 deleted file mode 100644 index 430002e0637..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-18 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1057 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file gcc.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.63 from the input -file gcc.texi. - - This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU compiler. - - Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 -Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - - Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software -Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for -Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are -included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public -License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight -`Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in -translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the -original English. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Expander Definitions, Next: Insn Splitting, Prev: Peephole Definitions, Up: Machine Desc - -Defining RTL Sequences for Code Generation -========================================== - - On some target machines, some standard pattern names for RTL -generation cannot be handled with single insn, but a sequence of RTL -insns can represent them. For these target machines, you can write a -`define_expand' to specify how to generate the sequence of RTL. - - A `define_expand' is an RTL expression that looks almost like a -`define_insn'; but, unlike the latter, a `define_expand' is used only -for RTL generation and it can produce more than one RTL insn. - - A `define_expand' RTX has four operands: - - * The name. Each `define_expand' must have a name, since the only - use for it is to refer to it by name. - - * The RTL template. This is just like the RTL template for a - `define_peephole' in that it is a vector of RTL expressions each - being one insn. - - * The condition, a string containing a C expression. This - expression is used to express how the availability of this pattern - depends on subclasses of target machine, selected by command-line - options when GNU CC is run. This is just like the condition of a - `define_insn' that has a standard name. Therefore, the condition - (if present) may not depend on the data in the insn being matched, - but only the target-machine-type flags. The compiler needs to - test these conditions during initialization in order to learn - exactly which named instructions are available in a particular run. - - * The preparation statements, a string containing zero or more C - statements which are to be executed before RTL code is generated - from the RTL template. - - Usually these statements prepare temporary registers for use as - internal operands in the RTL template, but they can also generate - RTL insns directly by calling routines such as `emit_insn', etc. - Any such insns precede the ones that come from the RTL template. - - Every RTL insn emitted by a `define_expand' must match some -`define_insn' in the machine description. Otherwise, the compiler will -crash when trying to generate code for the insn or trying to optimize -it. - - The RTL template, in addition to controlling generation of RTL insns, -also describes the operands that need to be specified when this pattern -is used. In particular, it gives a predicate for each operand. - - A true operand, which needs to be specified in order to generate RTL -from the pattern, should be described with a `match_operand' in its -first occurrence in the RTL template. This enters information on the -operand's predicate into the tables that record such things. GNU CC -uses the information to preload the operand into a register if that is -required for valid RTL code. If the operand is referred to more than -once, subsequent references should use `match_dup'. - - The RTL template may also refer to internal "operands" which are -temporary registers or labels used only within the sequence made by the -`define_expand'. Internal operands are substituted into the RTL -template with `match_dup', never with `match_operand'. The values of -the internal operands are not passed in as arguments by the compiler -when it requests use of this pattern. Instead, they are computed -within the pattern, in the preparation statements. These statements -compute the values and store them into the appropriate elements of -`operands' so that `match_dup' can find them. - - There are two special macros defined for use in the preparation -statements: `DONE' and `FAIL'. Use them with a following semicolon, as -a statement. - -`DONE' - Use the `DONE' macro to end RTL generation for the pattern. The - only RTL insns resulting from the pattern on this occasion will be - those already emitted by explicit calls to `emit_insn' within the - preparation statements; the RTL template will not be generated. - -`FAIL' - Make the pattern fail on this occasion. When a pattern fails, it - means that the pattern was not truly available. The calling - routines in the compiler will try other strategies for code - generation using other patterns. - - Failure is currently supported only for binary (addition, - multiplication, shifting, etc.) and bitfield (`extv', `extzv', and - `insv') operations. - - Here is an example, the definition of left-shift for the SPUR chip: - - (define_expand "ashlsi3" - [(set (match_operand:SI 0 "register_operand" "") - (ashift:SI - - (match_operand:SI 1 "register_operand" "") - (match_operand:SI 2 "nonmemory_operand" "")))] - "" - " - - { - if (GET_CODE (operands[2]) != CONST_INT - || (unsigned) INTVAL (operands[2]) > 3) - FAIL; - }") - -This example uses `define_expand' so that it can generate an RTL insn -for shifting when the shift-count is in the supported range of 0 to 3 -but fail in other cases where machine insns aren't available. When it -fails, the compiler tries another strategy using different patterns -(such as, a library call). - - If the compiler were able to handle nontrivial condition-strings in -patterns with names, then it would be possible to use a `define_insn' -in that case. Here is another case (zero-extension on the 68000) which -makes more use of the power of `define_expand': - - (define_expand "zero_extendhisi2" - [(set (match_operand:SI 0 "general_operand" "") - (const_int 0)) - (set (strict_low_part - (subreg:HI - (match_dup 0) - 0)) - (match_operand:HI 1 "general_operand" ""))] - "" - "operands[1] = make_safe_from (operands[1], operands[0]);") - -Here two RTL insns are generated, one to clear the entire output operand -and the other to copy the input operand into its low half. This -sequence is incorrect if the input operand refers to [the old value of] -the output operand, so the preparation statement makes sure this isn't -so. The function `make_safe_from' copies the `operands[1]' into a -temporary register if it refers to `operands[0]'. It does this by -emitting another RTL insn. - - Finally, a third example shows the use of an internal operand. -Zero-extension on the SPUR chip is done by `and'-ing the result against -a halfword mask. But this mask cannot be represented by a `const_int' -because the constant value is too large to be legitimate on this -machine. So it must be copied into a register with `force_reg' and -then the register used in the `and'. - - (define_expand "zero_extendhisi2" - [(set (match_operand:SI 0 "register_operand" "") - (and:SI (subreg:SI - (match_operand:HI 1 "register_operand" "") - 0) - (match_dup 2)))] - "" - "operands[2] - = force_reg (SImode, gen_rtx (CONST_INT, - VOIDmode, 65535)); ") - - *Note:* If the `define_expand' is used to serve a standard binary or -unary arithmetic operation or a bitfield operation, then the last insn -it generates must not be a `code_label', `barrier' or `note'. It must -be an `insn', `jump_insn' or `call_insn'. If you don't need a real insn -at the end, emit an insn to copy the result of the operation into -itself. Such an insn will generate no code, but it can avoid problems -in the compiler. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Insn Splitting, Next: Insn Attributes, Prev: Expander Definitions, Up: Machine Desc - -Defining How to Split Instructions -================================== - - There are two cases where you should specify how to split a pattern -into multiple insns. On machines that have instructions requiring delay -slots (*note Delay Slots::.) or that have instructions whose output is -not available for multiple cycles (*note Function Units::.), the -compiler phases that optimize these cases need to be able to move insns -into one-instruction delay slots. However, some insns may generate -more than one machine instruction. These insns cannot be placed into a -delay slot. - - Often you can rewrite the single insn as a list of individual insns, -each corresponding to one machine instruction. The disadvantage of -doing so is that it will cause the compilation to be slower and require -more space. If the resulting insns are too complex, it may also -suppress some optimizations. The compiler splits the insn if there is a -reason to believe that it might improve instruction or delay slot -scheduling. - - The insn combiner phase also splits putative insns. If three insns -are merged into one insn with a complex expression that cannot be -matched by some `define_insn' pattern, the combiner phase attempts to -split the complex pattern into two insns that are recognized. Usually -it can break the complex pattern into two patterns by splitting out some -subexpression. However, in some other cases, such as performing an -addition of a large constant in two insns on a RISC machine, the way to -split the addition into two insns is machine-dependent. - - The `define_split' definition tells the compiler how to split a -complex insn into several simpler insns. It looks like this: - - (define_split - [INSN-PATTERN] - "CONDITION" - [NEW-INSN-PATTERN-1 - NEW-INSN-PATTERN-2 - ...] - "PREPARATION STATEMENTS") - - INSN-PATTERN is a pattern that needs to be split and CONDITION is -the final condition to be tested, as in a `define_insn'. When an insn -matching INSN-PATTERN and satisfying CONDITION is found, it is replaced -in the insn list with the insns given by NEW-INSN-PATTERN-1, -NEW-INSN-PATTERN-2, etc. - - The PREPARATION STATEMENTS are similar to those statements that are -specified for `define_expand' (*note Expander Definitions::.) and are -executed before the new RTL is generated to prepare for the generated -code or emit some insns whose pattern is not fixed. Unlike those in -`define_expand', however, these statements must not generate any new -pseudo-registers. Once reload has completed, they also must not -allocate any space in the stack frame. - - Patterns are matched against INSN-PATTERN in two different -circumstances. If an insn needs to be split for delay slot scheduling -or insn scheduling, the insn is already known to be valid, which means -that it must have been matched by some `define_insn' and, if -`reload_completed' is non-zero, is known to satisfy the constraints of -that `define_insn'. In that case, the new insn patterns must also be -insns that are matched by some `define_insn' and, if `reload_completed' -is non-zero, must also satisfy the constraints of those definitions. - - As an example of this usage of `define_split', consider the following -example from `a29k.md', which splits a `sign_extend' from `HImode' to -`SImode' into a pair of shift insns: - - (define_split - [(set (match_operand:SI 0 "gen_reg_operand" "") - (sign_extend:SI (match_operand:HI 1 "gen_reg_operand" "")))] - "" - [(set (match_dup 0) - (ashift:SI (match_dup 1) - (const_int 16))) - (set (match_dup 0) - (ashiftrt:SI (match_dup 0) - (const_int 16)))] - " - { operands[1] = gen_lowpart (SImode, operands[1]); }") - - When the combiner phase tries to split an insn pattern, it is always -the case that the pattern is *not* matched by any `define_insn'. The -combiner pass first tries to split a single `set' expression and then -the same `set' expression inside a `parallel', but followed by a -`clobber' of a pseudo-reg to use as a scratch register. In these -cases, the combiner expects exactly two new insn patterns to be -generated. It will verify that these patterns match some `define_insn' -definitions, so you need not do this test in the `define_split' (of -course, there is no point in writing a `define_split' that will never -produce insns that match). - - Here is an example of this use of `define_split', taken from -`rs6000.md': - - (define_split - [(set (match_operand:SI 0 "gen_reg_operand" "") - (plus:SI (match_operand:SI 1 "gen_reg_operand" "") - (match_operand:SI 2 "non_add_cint_operand" "")))] - "" - [(set (match_dup 0) (plus:SI (match_dup 1) (match_dup 3))) - (set (match_dup 0) (plus:SI (match_dup 0) (match_dup 4)))] - " - { - int low = INTVAL (operands[2]) & 0xffff; - int high = (unsigned) INTVAL (operands[2]) >> 16; - - if (low & 0x8000) - high++, low |= 0xffff0000; - - operands[3] = gen_rtx (CONST_INT, VOIDmode, high << 16); - operands[4] = gen_rtx (CONST_INT, VOIDmode, low); - }") - - Here the predicate `non_add_cint_operand' matches any `const_int' -that is *not* a valid operand of a single add insn. The add with the -smaller displacement is written so that it can be substituted into the -address of a subsequent operation. - - An example that uses a scratch register, from the same file, -generates an equality comparison of a register and a large constant: - - (define_split - [(set (match_operand:CC 0 "cc_reg_operand" "") - (compare:CC (match_operand:SI 1 "gen_reg_operand" "") - (match_operand:SI 2 "non_short_cint_operand" ""))) - (clobber (match_operand:SI 3 "gen_reg_operand" ""))] - "find_single_use (operands[0], insn, 0) - && (GET_CODE (*find_single_use (operands[0], insn, 0)) == EQ - || GET_CODE (*find_single_use (operands[0], insn, 0)) == NE)" - [(set (match_dup 3) (xor:SI (match_dup 1) (match_dup 4))) - (set (match_dup 0) (compare:CC (match_dup 3) (match_dup 5)))] - " - { - /* Get the constant we are comparing against, C, and see what it - looks like sign-extended to 16 bits. Then see what constant - could be XOR'ed with C to get the sign-extended value. */ - - int c = INTVAL (operands[2]); - int sextc = (c << 16) >> 16; - int xorv = c ^ sextc; - - operands[4] = gen_rtx (CONST_INT, VOIDmode, xorv); - operands[5] = gen_rtx (CONST_INT, VOIDmode, sextc); - }") - - To avoid confusion, don't write a single `define_split' that accepts -some insns that match some `define_insn' as well as some insns that -don't. Instead, write two separate `define_split' definitions, one for -the insns that are valid and one for the insns that are not valid. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Insn Attributes, Prev: Insn Splitting, Up: Machine Desc - -Instruction Attributes -====================== - - In addition to describing the instruction supported by the target -machine, the `md' file also defines a group of "attributes" and a set of -values for each. Every generated insn is assigned a value for each -attribute. One possible attribute would be the effect that the insn -has on the machine's condition code. This attribute can then be used -by `NOTICE_UPDATE_CC' to track the condition codes. - -* Menu: - -* Defining Attributes:: Specifying attributes and their values. -* Expressions:: Valid expressions for attribute values. -* Tagging Insns:: Assigning attribute values to insns. -* Attr Example:: An example of assigning attributes. -* Insn Lengths:: Computing the length of insns. -* Constant Attributes:: Defining attributes that are constant. -* Delay Slots:: Defining delay slots required for a machine. -* Function Units:: Specifying information for insn scheduling. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Defining Attributes, Next: Expressions, Up: Insn Attributes - -Defining Attributes and their Values ------------------------------------- - - The `define_attr' expression is used to define each attribute -required by the target machine. It looks like: - - (define_attr NAME LIST-OF-VALUES DEFAULT) - - NAME is a string specifying the name of the attribute being defined. - - LIST-OF-VALUES is either a string that specifies a comma-separated -list of values that can be assigned to the attribute, or a null string -to indicate that the attribute takes numeric values. - - DEFAULT is an attribute expression that gives the value of this -attribute for insns that match patterns whose definition does not -include an explicit value for this attribute. *Note Attr Example::, -for more information on the handling of defaults. *Note Constant -Attributes::, for information on attributes that do not depend on any -particular insn. - - For each defined attribute, a number of definitions are written to -the `insn-attr.h' file. For cases where an explicit set of values is -specified for an attribute, the following are defined: - - * A `#define' is written for the symbol `HAVE_ATTR_NAME'. - - * An enumeral class is defined for `attr_NAME' with elements of the - form `UPPER-NAME_UPPER-VALUE' where the attribute name and value - are first converted to upper case. - - * A function `get_attr_NAME' is defined that is passed an insn and - returns the attribute value for that insn. - - For example, if the following is present in the `md' file: - - (define_attr "type" "branch,fp,load,store,arith" ...) - -the following lines will be written to the file `insn-attr.h'. - - #define HAVE_ATTR_type - enum attr_type {TYPE_BRANCH, TYPE_FP, TYPE_LOAD, - TYPE_STORE, TYPE_ARITH}; - extern enum attr_type get_attr_type (); - - If the attribute takes numeric values, no `enum' type will be -defined and the function to obtain the attribute's value will return -`int'. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Expressions, Next: Tagging Insns, Prev: Defining Attributes, Up: Insn Attributes - -Attribute Expressions ---------------------- - - RTL expressions used to define attributes use the codes described -above plus a few specific to attribute definitions, to be discussed -below. Attribute value expressions must have one of the following -forms: - -`(const_int I)' - The integer I specifies the value of a numeric attribute. I must - be non-negative. - - The value of a numeric attribute can be specified either with a - `const_int' or as an integer represented as a string in - `const_string', `eq_attr' (see below), and `set_attr' (*note - Tagging Insns::.) expressions. - -`(const_string VALUE)' - The string VALUE specifies a constant attribute value. If VALUE - is specified as `"*"', it means that the default value of the - attribute is to be used for the insn containing this expression. - `"*"' obviously cannot be used in the DEFAULT expression of a - `define_attr'. - - If the attribute whose value is being specified is numeric, VALUE - must be a string containing a non-negative integer (normally - `const_int' would be used in this case). Otherwise, it must - contain one of the valid values for the attribute. - -`(if_then_else TEST TRUE-VALUE FALSE-VALUE)' - TEST specifies an attribute test, whose format is defined below. - The value of this expression is TRUE-VALUE if TEST is true, - otherwise it is FALSE-VALUE. - -`(cond [TEST1 VALUE1 ...] DEFAULT)' - The first operand of this expression is a vector containing an even - number of expressions and consisting of pairs of TEST and VALUE - expressions. The value of the `cond' expression is that of the - VALUE corresponding to the first true TEST expression. If none of - the TEST expressions are true, the value of the `cond' expression - is that of the DEFAULT expression. - - TEST expressions can have one of the following forms: - -`(const_int I)' - This test is true if I is non-zero and false otherwise. - -`(not TEST)' -`(ior TEST1 TEST2)' -`(and TEST1 TEST2)' - These tests are true if the indicated logical function is true. - -`(match_operand:M N PRED CONSTRAINTS)' - This test is true if operand N of the insn whose attribute value - is being determined has mode M (this part of the test is ignored - if M is `VOIDmode') and the function specified by the string PRED - returns a non-zero value when passed operand N and mode M (this - part of the test is ignored if PRED is the null string). - - The CONSTRAINTS operand is ignored and should be the null string. - -`(le ARITH1 ARITH2)' -`(leu ARITH1 ARITH2)' -`(lt ARITH1 ARITH2)' -`(ltu ARITH1 ARITH2)' -`(gt ARITH1 ARITH2)' -`(gtu ARITH1 ARITH2)' -`(ge ARITH1 ARITH2)' -`(geu ARITH1 ARITH2)' -`(ne ARITH1 ARITH2)' -`(eq ARITH1 ARITH2)' - These tests are true if the indicated comparison of the two - arithmetic expressions is true. Arithmetic expressions are formed - with `plus', `minus', `mult', `div', `mod', `abs', `neg', `and', - `ior', `xor', `not', `ashift', `lshiftrt', and `ashiftrt' - expressions. - - `const_int' and `symbol_ref' are always valid terms (*note Insn - Lengths::.,for additional forms). `symbol_ref' is a string - denoting a C expression that yields an `int' when evaluated by the - `get_attr_...' routine. It should normally be a global variable. - -`(eq_attr NAME VALUE)' - NAME is a string specifying the name of an attribute. - - VALUE is a string that is either a valid value for attribute NAME, - a comma-separated list of values, or `!' followed by a value or - list. If VALUE does not begin with a `!', this test is true if - the value of the NAME attribute of the current insn is in the list - specified by VALUE. If VALUE begins with a `!', this test is true - if the attribute's value is *not* in the specified list. - - For example, - - (eq_attr "type" "load,store") - - is equivalent to - - (ior (eq_attr "type" "load") (eq_attr "type" "store")) - - If NAME specifies an attribute of `alternative', it refers to the - value of the compiler variable `which_alternative' (*note Output - Statement::.) and the values must be small integers. For example, - - (eq_attr "alternative" "2,3") - - is equivalent to - - (ior (eq (symbol_ref "which_alternative") (const_int 2)) - (eq (symbol_ref "which_alternative") (const_int 3))) - - Note that, for most attributes, an `eq_attr' test is simplified in - cases where the value of the attribute being tested is known for - all insns matching a particular pattern. This is by far the most - common case. - -`(attr_flag NAME)' - The value of an `attr_flag' expression is true if the flag - specified by NAME is true for the `insn' currently being scheduled. - - NAME is a string specifying one of a fixed set of flags to test. - Test the flags `forward' and `backward' to determine the direction - of a conditional branch. Test the flags `very_likely', `likely', - `very_unlikely', and `unlikely' to determine if a conditional - branch is expected to be taken. - - If the `very_likely' flag is true, then the `likely' flag is also - true. Likewise for the `very_unlikely' and `unlikely' flags. - - This example describes a conditional branch delay slot which can - be nullified for forward branches that are taken (annul-true) or - for backward branches which are not taken (annul-false). - - (define_delay (eq_attr "type" "cbranch") - [(eq_attr "in_branch_delay" "true") - (and (eq_attr "in_branch_delay" "true") - (attr_flag "forward")) - (and (eq_attr "in_branch_delay" "true") - (attr_flag "backward"))]) - - The `forward' and `backward' flags are false if the current `insn' - being scheduled is not a conditional branch. - - The `very_likely' and `likely' flags are true if the `insn' being - scheduled is not a conditional branch. The The `very_unlikely' - and `unlikely' flags are false if the `insn' being scheduled is - not a conditional branch. - - `attr_flag' is only used during delay slot scheduling and has no - meaning to other passes of the compiler. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Tagging Insns, Next: Attr Example, Prev: Expressions, Up: Insn Attributes - -Assigning Attribute Values to Insns ------------------------------------ - - The value assigned to an attribute of an insn is primarily -determined by which pattern is matched by that insn (or which -`define_peephole' generated it). Every `define_insn' and -`define_peephole' can have an optional last argument to specify the -values of attributes for matching insns. The value of any attribute -not specified in a particular insn is set to the default value for that -attribute, as specified in its `define_attr'. Extensive use of default -values for attributes permits the specification of the values for only -one or two attributes in the definition of most insn patterns, as seen -in the example in the next section. - - The optional last argument of `define_insn' and `define_peephole' is -a vector of expressions, each of which defines the value for a single -attribute. The most general way of assigning an attribute's value is -to use a `set' expression whose first operand is an `attr' expression -giving the name of the attribute being set. The second operand of the -`set' is an attribute expression (*note Expressions::.) giving the -value of the attribute. - - When the attribute value depends on the `alternative' attribute -(i.e., which is the applicable alternative in the constraint of the -insn), the `set_attr_alternative' expression can be used. It allows -the specification of a vector of attribute expressions, one for each -alternative. - - When the generality of arbitrary attribute expressions is not -required, the simpler `set_attr' expression can be used, which allows -specifying a string giving either a single attribute value or a list of -attribute values, one for each alternative. - - The form of each of the above specifications is shown below. In -each case, NAME is a string specifying the attribute to be set. - -`(set_attr NAME VALUE-STRING)' - VALUE-STRING is either a string giving the desired attribute value, - or a string containing a comma-separated list giving the values for - succeeding alternatives. The number of elements must match the - number of alternatives in the constraint of the insn pattern. - - Note that it may be useful to specify `*' for some alternative, in - which case the attribute will assume its default value for insns - matching that alternative. - -`(set_attr_alternative NAME [VALUE1 VALUE2 ...])' - Depending on the alternative of the insn, the value will be one of - the specified values. This is a shorthand for using a `cond' with - tests on the `alternative' attribute. - -`(set (attr NAME) VALUE)' - The first operand of this `set' must be the special RTL expression - `attr', whose sole operand is a string giving the name of the - attribute being set. VALUE is the value of the attribute. - - The following shows three different ways of representing the same -attribute value specification: - - (set_attr "type" "load,store,arith") - - (set_attr_alternative "type" - [(const_string "load") (const_string "store") - (const_string "arith")]) - - (set (attr "type") - (cond [(eq_attr "alternative" "1") (const_string "load") - (eq_attr "alternative" "2") (const_string "store")] - (const_string "arith"))) - - The `define_asm_attributes' expression provides a mechanism to -specify the attributes assigned to insns produced from an `asm' -statement. It has the form: - - (define_asm_attributes [ATTR-SETS]) - -where ATTR-SETS is specified the same as for both the `define_insn' and -the `define_peephole' expressions. - - These values will typically be the "worst case" attribute values. -For example, they might indicate that the condition code will be -clobbered. - - A specification for a `length' attribute is handled specially. The -way to compute the length of an `asm' insn is to multiply the length -specified in the expression `define_asm_attributes' by the number of -machine instructions specified in the `asm' statement, determined by -counting the number of semicolons and newlines in the string. -Therefore, the value of the `length' attribute specified in a -`define_asm_attributes' should be the maximum possible length of a -single machine instruction. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Attr Example, Next: Insn Lengths, Prev: Tagging Insns, Up: Insn Attributes - -Example of Attribute Specifications ------------------------------------ - - The judicious use of defaulting is important in the efficient use of -insn attributes. Typically, insns are divided into "types" and an -attribute, customarily called `type', is used to represent this value. -This attribute is normally used only to define the default value for -other attributes. An example will clarify this usage. - - Assume we have a RISC machine with a condition code and in which only -full-word operations are performed in registers. Let us assume that we -can divide all insns into loads, stores, (integer) arithmetic -operations, floating point operations, and branches. - - Here we will concern ourselves with determining the effect of an -insn on the condition code and will limit ourselves to the following -possible effects: The condition code can be set unpredictably -(clobbered), not be changed, be set to agree with the results of the -operation, or only changed if the item previously set into the -condition code has been modified. - - Here is part of a sample `md' file for such a machine: - - (define_attr "type" "load,store,arith,fp,branch" (const_string "arith")) - - (define_attr "cc" "clobber,unchanged,set,change0" - (cond [(eq_attr "type" "load") - (const_string "change0") - (eq_attr "type" "store,branch") - (const_string "unchanged") - (eq_attr "type" "arith") - (if_then_else (match_operand:SI 0 "" "") - (const_string "set") - (const_string "clobber"))] - (const_string "clobber"))) - - (define_insn "" - [(set (match_operand:SI 0 "general_operand" "=r,r,m") - (match_operand:SI 1 "general_operand" "r,m,r"))] - "" - "@ - move %0,%1 - load %0,%1 - store %0,%1" - [(set_attr "type" "arith,load,store")]) - - Note that we assume in the above example that arithmetic operations -performed on quantities smaller than a machine word clobber the -condition code since they will set the condition code to a value -corresponding to the full-word result. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Insn Lengths, Next: Constant Attributes, Prev: Attr Example, Up: Insn Attributes - -Computing the Length of an Insn -------------------------------- - - For many machines, multiple types of branch instructions are -provided, each for different length branch displacements. In most -cases, the assembler will choose the correct instruction to use. -However, when the assembler cannot do so, GCC can when a special -attribute, the `length' attribute, is defined. This attribute must be -defined to have numeric values by specifying a null string in its -`define_attr'. - - In the case of the `length' attribute, two additional forms of -arithmetic terms are allowed in test expressions: - -`(match_dup N)' - This refers to the address of operand N of the current insn, which - must be a `label_ref'. - -`(pc)' - This refers to the address of the *current* insn. It might have - been more consistent with other usage to make this the address of - the *next* insn but this would be confusing because the length of - the current insn is to be computed. - - For normal insns, the length will be determined by value of the -`length' attribute. In the case of `addr_vec' and `addr_diff_vec' insn -patterns, the length is computed as the number of vectors multiplied by -the size of each vector. - - Lengths are measured in addressable storage units (bytes). - - The following macros can be used to refine the length computation: - -`FIRST_INSN_ADDRESS' - When the `length' insn attribute is used, this macro specifies the - value to be assigned to the address of the first insn in a - function. If not specified, 0 is used. - -`ADJUST_INSN_LENGTH (INSN, LENGTH)' - If defined, modifies the length assigned to instruction INSN as a - function of the context in which it is used. LENGTH is an lvalue - that contains the initially computed length of the insn and should - be updated with the correct length of the insn. If updating is - required, INSN must not be a varying-length insn. - - This macro will normally not be required. A case in which it is - required is the ROMP. On this machine, the size of an `addr_vec' - insn must be increased by two to compensate for the fact that - alignment may be required. - - The routine that returns `get_attr_length' (the value of the -`length' attribute) can be used by the output routine to determine the -form of the branch instruction to be written, as the example below -illustrates. - - As an example of the specification of variable-length branches, -consider the IBM 360. If we adopt the convention that a register will -be set to the starting address of a function, we can jump to labels -within 4k of the start using a four-byte instruction. Otherwise, we -need a six-byte sequence to load the address from memory and then -branch to it. - - On such a machine, a pattern for a branch instruction might be -specified as follows: - - (define_insn "jump" - [(set (pc) - (label_ref (match_operand 0 "" "")))] - "" - "* - { - return (get_attr_length (insn) == 4 - ? \"b %l0\" : \"l r15,=a(%l0); br r15\"); - }" - [(set (attr "length") (if_then_else (lt (match_dup 0) (const_int 4096)) - (const_int 4) - (const_int 6)))]) - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Constant Attributes, Next: Delay Slots, Prev: Insn Lengths, Up: Insn Attributes - -Constant Attributes -------------------- - - A special form of `define_attr', where the expression for the -default value is a `const' expression, indicates an attribute that is -constant for a given run of the compiler. Constant attributes may be -used to specify which variety of processor is used. For example, - - (define_attr "cpu" "m88100,m88110,m88000" - (const - (cond [(symbol_ref "TARGET_88100") (const_string "m88100") - (symbol_ref "TARGET_88110") (const_string "m88110")] - (const_string "m88000")))) - - (define_attr "memory" "fast,slow" - (const - (if_then_else (symbol_ref "TARGET_FAST_MEM") - (const_string "fast") - (const_string "slow")))) - - The routine generated for constant attributes has no parameters as it -does not depend on any particular insn. RTL expressions used to define -the value of a constant attribute may use the `symbol_ref' form, but -may not use either the `match_operand' form or `eq_attr' forms -involving insn attributes. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Delay Slots, Next: Function Units, Prev: Constant Attributes, Up: Insn Attributes - -Delay Slot Scheduling ---------------------- - - The insn attribute mechanism can be used to specify the requirements -for delay slots, if any, on a target machine. An instruction is said to -require a "delay slot" if some instructions that are physically after -the instruction are executed as if they were located before it. -Classic examples are branch and call instructions, which often execute -the following instruction before the branch or call is performed. - - On some machines, conditional branch instructions can optionally -"annul" instructions in the delay slot. This means that the -instruction will not be executed for certain branch outcomes. Both -instructions that annul if the branch is true and instructions that -annul if the branch is false are supported. - - Delay slot scheduling differs from instruction scheduling in that -determining whether an instruction needs a delay slot is dependent only -on the type of instruction being generated, not on data flow between the -instructions. See the next section for a discussion of data-dependent -instruction scheduling. - - The requirement of an insn needing one or more delay slots is -indicated via the `define_delay' expression. It has the following form: - - (define_delay TEST - [DELAY-1 ANNUL-TRUE-1 ANNUL-FALSE-1 - DELAY-2 ANNUL-TRUE-2 ANNUL-FALSE-2 - ...]) - - TEST is an attribute test that indicates whether this `define_delay' -applies to a particular insn. If so, the number of required delay -slots is determined by the length of the vector specified as the second -argument. An insn placed in delay slot N must satisfy attribute test -DELAY-N. ANNUL-TRUE-N is an attribute test that specifies which insns -may be annulled if the branch is true. Similarly, ANNUL-FALSE-N -specifies which insns in the delay slot may be annulled if the branch -is false. If annulling is not supported for that delay slot, `(nil)' -should be coded. - - For example, in the common case where branch and call insns require -a single delay slot, which may contain any insn other than a branch or -call, the following would be placed in the `md' file: - - (define_delay (eq_attr "type" "branch,call") - [(eq_attr "type" "!branch,call") (nil) (nil)]) - - Multiple `define_delay' expressions may be specified. In this case, -each such expression specifies different delay slot requirements and -there must be no insn for which tests in two `define_delay' expressions -are both true. - - For example, if we have a machine that requires one delay slot for -branches but two for calls, no delay slot can contain a branch or call -insn, and any valid insn in the delay slot for the branch can be -annulled if the branch is true, we might represent this as follows: - - (define_delay (eq_attr "type" "branch") - [(eq_attr "type" "!branch,call") - (eq_attr "type" "!branch,call") - (nil)]) - - (define_delay (eq_attr "type" "call") - [(eq_attr "type" "!branch,call") (nil) (nil) - (eq_attr "type" "!branch,call") (nil) (nil)]) - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Function Units, Prev: Delay Slots, Up: Insn Attributes - -Specifying Function Units -------------------------- - - On most RISC machines, there are instructions whose results are not -available for a specific number of cycles. Common cases are -instructions that load data from memory. On many machines, a pipeline -stall will result if the data is referenced too soon after the load -instruction. - - In addition, many newer microprocessors have multiple function -units, usually one for integer and one for floating point, and often -will incur pipeline stalls when a result that is needed is not yet -ready. - - The descriptions in this section allow the specification of how much -time must elapse between the execution of an instruction and the time -when its result is used. It also allows specification of when the -execution of an instruction will delay execution of similar instructions -due to function unit conflicts. - - For the purposes of the specifications in this section, a machine is -divided into "function units", each of which execute a specific class -of instructions in first-in-first-out order. Function units that -accept one instruction each cycle and allow a result to be used in the -succeeding instruction (usually via forwarding) need not be specified. -Classic RISC microprocessors will normally have a single function unit, -which we can call `memory'. The newer "superscalar" processors will -often have function units for floating point operations, usually at -least a floating point adder and multiplier. - - Each usage of a function units by a class of insns is specified with -a `define_function_unit' expression, which looks like this: - - (define_function_unit NAME MULTIPLICITY SIMULTANEITY - TEST READY-DELAY ISSUE-DELAY - [CONFLICT-LIST]) - - NAME is a string giving the name of the function unit. - - MULTIPLICITY is an integer specifying the number of identical units -in the processor. If more than one unit is specified, they will be -scheduled independently. Only truly independent units should be -counted; a pipelined unit should be specified as a single unit. (The -only common example of a machine that has multiple function units for a -single instruction class that are truly independent and not pipelined -are the two multiply and two increment units of the CDC 6600.) - - SIMULTANEITY specifies the maximum number of insns that can be -executing in each instance of the function unit simultaneously or zero -if the unit is pipelined and has no limit. - - All `define_function_unit' definitions referring to function unit -NAME must have the same name and values for MULTIPLICITY and -SIMULTANEITY. - - TEST is an attribute test that selects the insns we are describing -in this definition. Note that an insn may use more than one function -unit and a function unit may be specified in more than one -`define_function_unit'. - - READY-DELAY is an integer that specifies the number of cycles after -which the result of the instruction can be used without introducing any -stalls. - - ISSUE-DELAY is an integer that specifies the number of cycles after -the instruction matching the TEST expression begins using this unit -until a subsequent instruction can begin. A cost of N indicates an N-1 -cycle delay. A subsequent instruction may also be delayed if an -earlier instruction has a longer READY-DELAY value. This blocking -effect is computed using the SIMULTANEITY, READY-DELAY, ISSUE-DELAY, -and CONFLICT-LIST terms. For a normal non-pipelined function unit, -SIMULTANEITY is one, the unit is taken to block for the READY-DELAY -cycles of the executing insn, and smaller values of ISSUE-DELAY are -ignored. - - CONFLICT-LIST is an optional list giving detailed conflict costs for -this unit. If specified, it is a list of condition test expressions to -be applied to insns chosen to execute in NAME following the particular -insn matching TEST that is already executing in NAME. For each insn in -the list, ISSUE-DELAY specifies the conflict cost; for insns not in the -list, the cost is zero. If not specified, CONFLICT-LIST defaults to -all instructions that use the function unit. - - Typical uses of this vector are where a floating point function unit -can pipeline either single- or double-precision operations, but not -both, or where a memory unit can pipeline loads, but not stores, etc. - - As an example, consider a classic RISC machine where the result of a -load instruction is not available for two cycles (a single "delay" -instruction is required) and where only one load instruction can be -executed simultaneously. This would be specified as: - - (define_function_unit "memory" 1 1 (eq_attr "type" "load") 2 0) - - For the case of a floating point function unit that can pipeline -either single or double precision, but not both, the following could be -specified: - - (define_function_unit - "fp" 1 0 (eq_attr "type" "sp_fp") 4 4 [(eq_attr "type" "dp_fp")]) - (define_function_unit - "fp" 1 0 (eq_attr "type" "dp_fp") 4 4 [(eq_attr "type" "sp_fp")]) - - *Note:* The scheduler attempts to avoid function unit conflicts and -uses all the specifications in the `define_function_unit' expression. -It has recently come to our attention that these specifications may not -allow modeling of some of the newer "superscalar" processors that have -insns using multiple pipelined units. These insns will cause a -potential conflict for the second unit used during their execution and -there is no way of representing that conflict. We welcome any examples -of how function unit conflicts work in such processors and suggestions -for their representation. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Target Macros, Next: Config, Prev: Machine Desc, Up: Top - -Target Description Macros -************************* - - In addition to the file `MACHINE.md', a machine description includes -a C header file conventionally given the name `MACHINE.h'. This header -file defines numerous macros that convey the information about the -target machine that does not fit into the scheme of the `.md' file. -The file `tm.h' should be a link to `MACHINE.h'. The header file -`config.h' includes `tm.h' and most compiler source files include -`config.h'. - -* Menu: - -* Driver:: Controlling how the driver runs the compilation passes. -* Run-time Target:: Defining `-m' options like `-m68000' and `-m68020'. -* Storage Layout:: Defining sizes and alignments of data. -* Type Layout:: Defining sizes and properties of basic user data types. -* Registers:: Naming and describing the hardware registers. -* Register Classes:: Defining the classes of hardware registers. -* Stack and Calling:: Defining which way the stack grows and by how much. -* Varargs:: Defining the varargs macros. -* Trampolines:: Code set up at run time to enter a nested function. -* Library Calls:: Controlling how library routines are implicitly called. -* Addressing Modes:: Defining addressing modes valid for memory operands. -* Condition Code:: Defining how insns update the condition code. -* Costs:: Defining relative costs of different operations. -* Sections:: Dividing storage into text, data, and other sections. -* PIC:: Macros for position independent code. -* Assembler Format:: Defining how to write insns and pseudo-ops to output. -* Debugging Info:: Defining the format of debugging output. -* Cross-compilation:: Handling floating point for cross-compilers. -* Misc:: Everything else. - diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-19 b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-19 deleted file mode 100644 index 3f488df28eb..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-19 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1202 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file gcc.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.63 from the input -file gcc.texi. - - This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU compiler. - - Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 -Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - - Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software -Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for -Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are -included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public -License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight -`Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in -translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the -original English. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Driver, Next: Run-time Target, Up: Target Macros - -Controlling the Compilation Driver, `gcc' -========================================= - - You can control the compilation driver. - -`SWITCH_TAKES_ARG (CHAR)' - A C expression which determines whether the option `-CHAR' takes - arguments. The value should be the number of arguments that - option takes-zero, for many options. - - By default, this macro is defined to handle the standard options - properly. You need not define it unless you wish to add additional - options which take arguments. - -`WORD_SWITCH_TAKES_ARG (NAME)' - A C expression which determines whether the option `-NAME' takes - arguments. The value should be the number of arguments that - option takes-zero, for many options. This macro rather than - `SWITCH_TAKES_ARG' is used for multi-character option names. - - By default, this macro is defined as - `DEFAULT_WORD_SWITCH_TAKES_ARG', which handles the standard options - properly. You need not define `WORD_SWITCH_TAKES_ARG' unless you - wish to add additional options which take arguments. Any - redefinition should call `DEFAULT_WORD_SWITCH_TAKES_ARG' and then - check for additional options. - -`SWITCHES_NEED_SPACES' - A string-valued C expression which is nonempty if the linker needs - a space between the `-L' or `-o' option and its argument. - - If this macro is not defined, the default value is 0. - -`CPP_SPEC' - A C string constant that tells the GNU CC driver program options to - pass to CPP. It can also specify how to translate options you - give to GNU CC into options for GNU CC to pass to the CPP. - - Do not define this macro if it does not need to do anything. - -`NO_BUILTIN_SIZE_TYPE' - If this macro is defined, the preprocessor will not define the - builtin macro `__SIZE_TYPE__'. The macro `__SIZE_TYPE__' must - then be defined by `CPP_SPEC' instead. - - This should be defined if `SIZE_TYPE' depends on target dependent - flags which are not accessible to the preprocessor. Otherwise, it - should not be defined. - -`NO_BUILTIN_PTRDIFF_TYPE' - If this macro is defined, the preprocessor will not define the - builtin macro `__PTRDIFF_TYPE__'. The macro `__PTRDIFF_TYPE__' - must then be defined by `CPP_SPEC' instead. - - This should be defined if `PTRDIFF_TYPE' depends on target - dependent flags which are not accessible to the preprocessor. - Otherwise, it should not be defined. - -`SIGNED_CHAR_SPEC' - A C string constant that tells the GNU CC driver program options to - pass to CPP. By default, this macro is defined to pass the option - `-D__CHAR_UNSIGNED__' to CPP if `char' will be treated as - `unsigned char' by `cc1'. - - Do not define this macro unless you need to override the default - definition. - -`CC1_SPEC' - A C string constant that tells the GNU CC driver program options to - pass to `cc1'. It can also specify how to translate options you - give to GNU CC into options for GNU CC to pass to the `cc1'. - - Do not define this macro if it does not need to do anything. - -`CC1PLUS_SPEC' - A C string constant that tells the GNU CC driver program options to - pass to `cc1plus'. It can also specify how to translate options - you give to GNU CC into options for GNU CC to pass to the - `cc1plus'. - - Do not define this macro if it does not need to do anything. - -`ASM_SPEC' - A C string constant that tells the GNU CC driver program options to - pass to the assembler. It can also specify how to translate - options you give to GNU CC into options for GNU CC to pass to the - assembler. See the file `sun3.h' for an example of this. - - Do not define this macro if it does not need to do anything. - -`ASM_FINAL_SPEC' - A C string constant that tells the GNU CC driver program how to - run any programs which cleanup after the normal assembler. - Normally, this is not needed. See the file `mips.h' for an - example of this. - - Do not define this macro if it does not need to do anything. - -`LINK_SPEC' - A C string constant that tells the GNU CC driver program options to - pass to the linker. It can also specify how to translate options - you give to GNU CC into options for GNU CC to pass to the linker. - - Do not define this macro if it does not need to do anything. - -`LIB_SPEC' - Another C string constant used much like `LINK_SPEC'. The - difference between the two is that `LIB_SPEC' is used at the end - of the command given to the linker. - - If this macro is not defined, a default is provided that loads the - standard C library from the usual place. See `gcc.c'. - -`LIBGCC_SPEC' - Another C string constant that tells the GNU CC driver program how - and when to place a reference to `libgcc.a' into the linker - command line. This constant is placed both before and after the - value of `LIB_SPEC'. - - If this macro is not defined, the GNU CC driver provides a default - that passes the string `-lgcc' to the linker unless the `-shared' - option is specified. - -`STARTFILE_SPEC' - Another C string constant used much like `LINK_SPEC'. The - difference between the two is that `STARTFILE_SPEC' is used at the - very beginning of the command given to the linker. - - If this macro is not defined, a default is provided that loads the - standard C startup file from the usual place. See `gcc.c'. - -`ENDFILE_SPEC' - Another C string constant used much like `LINK_SPEC'. The - difference between the two is that `ENDFILE_SPEC' is used at the - very end of the command given to the linker. - - Do not define this macro if it does not need to do anything. - -`LINK_LIBGCC_SPECIAL' - Define this macro if the driver program should find the library - `libgcc.a' itself and should not pass `-L' options to the linker. - If you do not define this macro, the driver program will pass the - argument `-lgcc' to tell the linker to do the search and will pass - `-L' options to it. - -`LINK_LIBGCC_SPECIAL_1' - Define this macro if the driver program should find the library - `libgcc.a'. If you do not define this macro, the driver program - will pass the argument `-lgcc' to tell the linker to do the search. - This macro is similar to `LINK_LIBGCC_SPECIAL', except that it does - not affect `-L' options. - -`MULTILIB_DEFAULTS' - Define this macro as a C expression for the initializer of an - array of string to tell the driver program which options are - defaults for this target and thus do not need to be handled - specially when using `MULTILIB_OPTIONS'. - - Do not define this macro if `MULTILIB_OPTIONS' is not defined in - the target makefile fragment or if none of the options listed in - `MULTILIB_OPTIONS' are set by default. *Note Target Fragment::. - -`RELATIVE_PREFIX_NOT_LINKDIR' - Define this macro to tell `gcc' that it should only translate a - `-B' prefix into a `-L' linker option if the prefix indicates an - absolute file name. - -`STANDARD_EXEC_PREFIX' - Define this macro as a C string constant if you wish to override - the standard choice of `/usr/local/lib/gcc-lib/' as the default - prefix to try when searching for the executable files of the - compiler. - -`MD_EXEC_PREFIX' - If defined, this macro is an additional prefix to try after - `STANDARD_EXEC_PREFIX'. `MD_EXEC_PREFIX' is not searched when the - `-b' option is used, or the compiler is built as a cross compiler. - -`STANDARD_STARTFILE_PREFIX' - Define this macro as a C string constant if you wish to override - the standard choice of `/usr/local/lib/' as the default prefix to - try when searching for startup files such as `crt0.o'. - -`MD_STARTFILE_PREFIX' - If defined, this macro supplies an additional prefix to try after - the standard prefixes. `MD_EXEC_PREFIX' is not searched when the - `-b' option is used, or when the compiler is built as a cross - compiler. - -`MD_STARTFILE_PREFIX_1' - If defined, this macro supplies yet another prefix to try after the - standard prefixes. It is not searched when the `-b' option is - used, or when the compiler is built as a cross compiler. - -`INIT_ENVIRONMENT' - Define this macro as a C string constant if you with to set - environment variables for programs called by the driver, such as - the assembler and loader. The driver passes the value of this - macro to `putenv' to initialize the necessary environment - variables. - -`LOCAL_INCLUDE_DIR' - Define this macro as a C string constant if you wish to override - the standard choice of `/usr/local/include' as the default prefix - to try when searching for local header files. `LOCAL_INCLUDE_DIR' - comes before `SYSTEM_INCLUDE_DIR' in the search order. - - Cross compilers do not use this macro and do not search either - `/usr/local/include' or its replacement. - -`SYSTEM_INCLUDE_DIR' - Define this macro as a C string constant if you wish to specify a - system-specific directory to search for header files before the - standard directory. `SYSTEM_INCLUDE_DIR' comes before - `STANDARD_INCLUDE_DIR' in the search order. - - Cross compilers do not use this macro and do not search the - directory specified. - -`STANDARD_INCLUDE_DIR' - Define this macro as a C string constant if you wish to override - the standard choice of `/usr/include' as the default prefix to try - when searching for header files. - - Cross compilers do not use this macro and do not search either - `/usr/include' or its replacement. - -`INCLUDE_DEFAULTS' - Define this macro if you wish to override the entire default - search path for include files. The default search path includes - `GCC_INCLUDE_DIR', `LOCAL_INCLUDE_DIR', `SYSTEM_INCLUDE_DIR', - `GPLUSPLUS_INCLUDE_DIR', and `STANDARD_INCLUDE_DIR'. In addition, - `GPLUSPLUS_INCLUDE_DIR' and `GCC_INCLUDE_DIR' are defined - automatically by `Makefile', and specify private search areas for - GCC. The directory `GPLUSPLUS_INCLUDE_DIR' is used only for C++ - programs. - - The definition should be an initializer for an array of structures. - Each array element should have two elements: the directory name (a - string constant) and a flag for C++-only directories. Mark the - end of the array with a null element. For example, here is the - definition used for VMS: - - #define INCLUDE_DEFAULTS \ - { \ - { "GNU_GXX_INCLUDE:", 1}, \ - { "GNU_CC_INCLUDE:", 0}, \ - { "SYS$SYSROOT:[SYSLIB.]", 0}, \ - { ".", 0}, \ - { 0, 0} \ - } - - Here is the order of prefixes tried for exec files: - - 1. Any prefixes specified by the user with `-B'. - - 2. The environment variable `GCC_EXEC_PREFIX', if any. - - 3. The directories specified by the environment variable - `COMPILER_PATH'. - - 4. The macro `STANDARD_EXEC_PREFIX'. - - 5. `/usr/lib/gcc/'. - - 6. The macro `MD_EXEC_PREFIX', if any. - - Here is the order of prefixes tried for startfiles: - - 1. Any prefixes specified by the user with `-B'. - - 2. The environment variable `GCC_EXEC_PREFIX', if any. - - 3. The directories specified by the environment variable - `LIBRARY_PATH' (native only, cross compilers do not use this). - - 4. The macro `STANDARD_EXEC_PREFIX'. - - 5. `/usr/lib/gcc/'. - - 6. The macro `MD_EXEC_PREFIX', if any. - - 7. The macro `MD_STARTFILE_PREFIX', if any. - - 8. The macro `STANDARD_STARTFILE_PREFIX'. - - 9. `/lib/'. - - 10. `/usr/lib/'. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Run-time Target, Next: Storage Layout, Prev: Driver, Up: Target Macros - -Run-time Target Specification -============================= - - Here are run-time target specifications. - -`CPP_PREDEFINES' - Define this to be a string constant containing `-D' options to - define the predefined macros that identify this machine and system. - These macros will be predefined unless the `-ansi' option is - specified. - - In addition, a parallel set of macros are predefined, whose names - are made by appending `__' at the beginning and at the end. These - `__' macros are permitted by the ANSI standard, so they are - predefined regardless of whether `-ansi' is specified. - - For example, on the Sun, one can use the following value: - - "-Dmc68000 -Dsun -Dunix" - - The result is to define the macros `__mc68000__', `__sun__' and - `__unix__' unconditionally, and the macros `mc68000', `sun' and - `unix' provided `-ansi' is not specified. - -`extern int target_flags;' - This declaration should be present. - -`TARGET_...' - This series of macros is to allow compiler command arguments to - enable or disable the use of optional features of the target - machine. For example, one machine description serves both the - 68000 and the 68020; a command argument tells the compiler whether - it should use 68020-only instructions or not. This command - argument works by means of a macro `TARGET_68020' that tests a bit - in `target_flags'. - - Define a macro `TARGET_FEATURENAME' for each such option. Its - definition should test a bit in `target_flags'; for example: - - #define TARGET_68020 (target_flags & 1) - - One place where these macros are used is in the - condition-expressions of instruction patterns. Note how - `TARGET_68020' appears frequently in the 68000 machine description - file, `m68k.md'. Another place they are used is in the - definitions of the other macros in the `MACHINE.h' file. - -`TARGET_SWITCHES' - This macro defines names of command options to set and clear bits - in `target_flags'. Its definition is an initializer with a - subgrouping for each command option. - - Each subgrouping contains a string constant, that defines the - option name, and a number, which contains the bits to set in - `target_flags'. A negative number says to clear bits instead; the - negative of the number is which bits to clear. The actual option - name is made by appending `-m' to the specified name. - - One of the subgroupings should have a null string. The number in - this grouping is the default value for `target_flags'. Any target - options act starting with that value. - - Here is an example which defines `-m68000' and `-m68020' with - opposite meanings, and picks the latter as the default: - - #define TARGET_SWITCHES \ - { { "68020", 1}, \ - { "68000", -1}, \ - { "", 1}} - -`TARGET_OPTIONS' - This macro is similar to `TARGET_SWITCHES' but defines names of - command options that have values. Its definition is an - initializer with a subgrouping for each command option. - - Each subgrouping contains a string constant, that defines the - fixed part of the option name, and the address of a variable. The - variable, type `char *', is set to the variable part of the given - option if the fixed part matches. The actual option name is made - by appending `-m' to the specified name. - - Here is an example which defines `-mshort-data-NUMBER'. If the - given option is `-mshort-data-512', the variable `m88k_short_data' - will be set to the string `"512"'. - - extern char *m88k_short_data; - #define TARGET_OPTIONS \ - { { "short-data-", &m88k_short_data } } - -`TARGET_VERSION' - This macro is a C statement to print on `stderr' a string - describing the particular machine description choice. Every - machine description should define `TARGET_VERSION'. For example: - - #ifdef MOTOROLA - #define TARGET_VERSION \ - fprintf (stderr, " (68k, Motorola syntax)"); - #else - #define TARGET_VERSION \ - fprintf (stderr, " (68k, MIT syntax)"); - #endif - -`OVERRIDE_OPTIONS' - Sometimes certain combinations of command options do not make - sense on a particular target machine. You can define a macro - `OVERRIDE_OPTIONS' to take account of this. This macro, if - defined, is executed once just after all the command options have - been parsed. - - Don't use this macro to turn on various extra optimizations for - `-O'. That is what `OPTIMIZATION_OPTIONS' is for. - -`OPTIMIZATION_OPTIONS (LEVEL)' - Some machines may desire to change what optimizations are - performed for various optimization levels. This macro, if - defined, is executed once just after the optimization level is - determined and before the remainder of the command options have - been parsed. Values set in this macro are used as the default - values for the other command line options. - - LEVEL is the optimization level specified; 2 if `-O2' is - specified, 1 if `-O' is specified, and 0 if neither is specified. - - You should not use this macro to change options that are not - machine-specific. These should uniformly selected by the same - optimization level on all supported machines. Use this macro to - enable machbine-specific optimizations. - - *Do not examine `write_symbols' in this macro!* The debugging - options are not supposed to alter the generated code. - -`CAN_DEBUG_WITHOUT_FP' - Define this macro if debugging can be performed even without a - frame pointer. If this macro is defined, GNU CC will turn on the - `-fomit-frame-pointer' option whenever `-O' is specified. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Storage Layout, Next: Type Layout, Prev: Run-time Target, Up: Target Macros - -Storage Layout -============== - - Note that the definitions of the macros in this table which are -sizes or alignments measured in bits do not need to be constant. They -can be C expressions that refer to static variables, such as the -`target_flags'. *Note Run-time Target::. - -`BITS_BIG_ENDIAN' - Define this macro to have the value 1 if the most significant bit - in a byte has the lowest number; otherwise define it to have the - value zero. This means that bit-field instructions count from the - most significant bit. If the machine has no bit-field - instructions, then this must still be defined, but it doesn't - matter which value it is defined to. This macro need not be a - constant. - - This macro does not affect the way structure fields are packed into - bytes or words; that is controlled by `BYTES_BIG_ENDIAN'. - -`BYTES_BIG_ENDIAN' - Define this macro to have the value 1 if the most significant byte - in a word has the lowest number. This macro need not be a - constant. - -`WORDS_BIG_ENDIAN' - Define this macro to have the value 1 if, in a multiword object, - the most significant word has the lowest number. This applies to - both memory locations and registers; GNU CC fundamentally assumes - that the order of words in memory is the same as the order in - registers. This macro need not be a constant. - -`LIBGCC2_WORDS_BIG_ENDIAN' - Define this macro if WORDS_BIG_ENDIAN is not constant. This must - be a constant value with the same meaning as WORDS_BIG_ENDIAN, - which will be used only when compiling libgcc2.c. Typically the - value will be set based on preprocessor defines. - -`FLOAT_WORDS_BIG_ENDIAN' - Define this macro to have the value 1 if `DFmode', `XFmode' or - `TFmode' floating point numbers are stored in memory with the word - containing the sign bit at the lowest address; otherwise define it - to have the value 0. This macro need not be a constant. - - You need not define this macro if the ordering is the same as for - multi-word integers. - -`BITS_PER_UNIT' - Define this macro to be the number of bits in an addressable - storage unit (byte); normally 8. - -`BITS_PER_WORD' - Number of bits in a word; normally 32. - -`MAX_BITS_PER_WORD' - Maximum number of bits in a word. If this is undefined, the - default is `BITS_PER_WORD'. Otherwise, it is the constant value - that is the largest value that `BITS_PER_WORD' can have at - run-time. - -`UNITS_PER_WORD' - Number of storage units in a word; normally 4. - -`MIN_UNITS_PER_WORD' - Minimum number of units in a word. If this is undefined, the - default is `UNITS_PER_WORD'. Otherwise, it is the constant value - that is the smallest value that `UNITS_PER_WORD' can have at - run-time. - -`POINTER_SIZE' - Width of a pointer, in bits. You must specify a value no wider - than the width of `Pmode'. If it is not equal to the width of - `Pmode', you must define `POINTERS_EXTEND_UNSIGNED'. - -`POINTERS_EXTEND_UNSIGNED' - A C expression whose value is nonzero if pointers that need to be - extended from being `POINTER_SIZE' bits wide to `Pmode' are - sign-extended and zero if they are zero-extended. - - You need not define this macro if the `POINTER_SIZE' is equal to - the width of `Pmode'. - -`PROMOTE_MODE (M, UNSIGNEDP, TYPE)' - A macro to update M and UNSIGNEDP when an object whose type is - TYPE and which has the specified mode and signedness is to be - stored in a register. This macro is only called when TYPE is a - scalar type. - - On most RISC machines, which only have operations that operate on - a full register, define this macro to set M to `word_mode' if M is - an integer mode narrower than `BITS_PER_WORD'. In most cases, - only integer modes should be widened because wider-precision - floating-point operations are usually more expensive than their - narrower counterparts. - - For most machines, the macro definition does not change UNSIGNEDP. - However, some machines, have instructions that preferentially - handle either signed or unsigned quantities of certain modes. For - example, on the DEC Alpha, 32-bit loads from memory and 32-bit add - instructions sign-extend the result to 64 bits. On such machines, - set UNSIGNEDP according to which kind of extension is more - efficient. - - Do not define this macro if it would never modify M. - -`PROMOTE_FUNCTION_ARGS' - Define this macro if the promotion described by `PROMOTE_MODE' - should also be done for outgoing function arguments. - -`PROMOTE_FUNCTION_RETURN' - Define this macro if the promotion described by `PROMOTE_MODE' - should also be done for the return value of functions. - - If this macro is defined, `FUNCTION_VALUE' must perform the same - promotions done by `PROMOTE_MODE'. - -`PROMOTE_FOR_CALL_ONLY' - Define this macro if the promotion described by `PROMOTE_MODE' - should *only* be performed for outgoing function arguments or - function return values, as specified by `PROMOTE_FUNCTION_ARGS' - and `PROMOTE_FUNCTION_RETURN', respectively. - -`PARM_BOUNDARY' - Normal alignment required for function parameters on the stack, in - bits. All stack parameters receive at least this much alignment - regardless of data type. On most machines, this is the same as the - size of an integer. - -`STACK_BOUNDARY' - Define this macro if you wish to preserve a certain alignment for - the stack pointer. The definition is a C expression for the - desired alignment (measured in bits). - - If `PUSH_ROUNDING' is not defined, the stack will always be aligned - to the specified boundary. If `PUSH_ROUNDING' is defined and - specifies a less strict alignment than `STACK_BOUNDARY', the stack - may be momentarily unaligned while pushing arguments. - -`FUNCTION_BOUNDARY' - Alignment required for a function entry point, in bits. - -`BIGGEST_ALIGNMENT' - Biggest alignment that any data type can require on this machine, - in bits. - -`BIGGEST_FIELD_ALIGNMENT' - Biggest alignment that any structure field can require on this - machine, in bits. If defined, this overrides `BIGGEST_ALIGNMENT' - for structure fields only. - -`MAX_OFILE_ALIGNMENT' - Biggest alignment supported by the object file format of this - machine. Use this macro to limit the alignment which can be - specified using the `__attribute__ ((aligned (N)))' construct. If - not defined, the default value is `BIGGEST_ALIGNMENT'. - -`DATA_ALIGNMENT (TYPE, BASIC-ALIGN)' - If defined, a C expression to compute the alignment for a static - variable. TYPE is the data type, and BASIC-ALIGN is the alignment - that the object would ordinarily have. The value of this macro is - used instead of that alignment to align the object. - - If this macro is not defined, then BASIC-ALIGN is used. - - One use of this macro is to increase alignment of medium-size data - to make it all fit in fewer cache lines. Another is to cause - character arrays to be word-aligned so that `strcpy' calls that - copy constants to character arrays can be done inline. - -`CONSTANT_ALIGNMENT (CONSTANT, BASIC-ALIGN)' - If defined, a C expression to compute the alignment given to a - constant that is being placed in memory. CONSTANT is the constant - and BASIC-ALIGN is the alignment that the object would ordinarily - have. The value of this macro is used instead of that alignment to - align the object. - - If this macro is not defined, then BASIC-ALIGN is used. - - The typical use of this macro is to increase alignment for string - constants to be word aligned so that `strcpy' calls that copy - constants can be done inline. - -`EMPTY_FIELD_BOUNDARY' - Alignment in bits to be given to a structure bit field that - follows an empty field such as `int : 0;'. - - Note that `PCC_BITFIELD_TYPE_MATTERS' also affects the alignment - that results from an empty field. - -`STRUCTURE_SIZE_BOUNDARY' - Number of bits which any structure or union's size must be a - multiple of. Each structure or union's size is rounded up to a - multiple of this. - - If you do not define this macro, the default is the same as - `BITS_PER_UNIT'. - -`STRICT_ALIGNMENT' - Define this macro to be the value 1 if instructions will fail to - work if given data not on the nominal alignment. If instructions - will merely go slower in that case, define this macro as 0. - -`PCC_BITFIELD_TYPE_MATTERS' - Define this if you wish to imitate the way many other C compilers - handle alignment of bitfields and the structures that contain them. - - The behavior is that the type written for a bitfield (`int', - `short', or other integer type) imposes an alignment for the - entire structure, as if the structure really did contain an - ordinary field of that type. In addition, the bitfield is placed - within the structure so that it would fit within such a field, not - crossing a boundary for it. - - Thus, on most machines, a bitfield whose type is written as `int' - would not cross a four-byte boundary, and would force four-byte - alignment for the whole structure. (The alignment used may not be - four bytes; it is controlled by the other alignment parameters.) - - If the macro is defined, its definition should be a C expression; - a nonzero value for the expression enables this behavior. - - Note that if this macro is not defined, or its value is zero, some - bitfields may cross more than one alignment boundary. The - compiler can support such references if there are `insv', `extv', - and `extzv' insns that can directly reference memory. - - The other known way of making bitfields work is to define - `STRUCTURE_SIZE_BOUNDARY' as large as `BIGGEST_ALIGNMENT'. Then - every structure can be accessed with fullwords. - - Unless the machine has bitfield instructions or you define - `STRUCTURE_SIZE_BOUNDARY' that way, you must define - `PCC_BITFIELD_TYPE_MATTERS' to have a nonzero value. - - If your aim is to make GNU CC use the same conventions for laying - out bitfields as are used by another compiler, here is how to - investigate what the other compiler does. Compile and run this - program: - - struct foo1 - { - char x; - char :0; - char y; - }; - - struct foo2 - { - char x; - int :0; - char y; - }; - - main () - { - printf ("Size of foo1 is %d\n", - sizeof (struct foo1)); - printf ("Size of foo2 is %d\n", - sizeof (struct foo2)); - exit (0); - } - - If this prints 2 and 5, then the compiler's behavior is what you - would get from `PCC_BITFIELD_TYPE_MATTERS'. - -`BITFIELD_NBYTES_LIMITED' - Like PCC_BITFIELD_TYPE_MATTERS except that its effect is limited to - aligning a bitfield within the structure. - -`ROUND_TYPE_SIZE (STRUCT, SIZE, ALIGN)' - Define this macro as an expression for the overall size of a - structure (given by STRUCT as a tree node) when the size computed - from the fields is SIZE and the alignment is ALIGN. - - The default is to round SIZE up to a multiple of ALIGN. - -`ROUND_TYPE_ALIGN (STRUCT, COMPUTED, SPECIFIED)' - Define this macro as an expression for the alignment of a structure - (given by STRUCT as a tree node) if the alignment computed in the - usual way is COMPUTED and the alignment explicitly specified was - SPECIFIED. - - The default is to use SPECIFIED if it is larger; otherwise, use - the smaller of COMPUTED and `BIGGEST_ALIGNMENT' - -`MAX_FIXED_MODE_SIZE' - An integer expression for the size in bits of the largest integer - machine mode that should actually be used. All integer machine - modes of this size or smaller can be used for structures and - unions with the appropriate sizes. If this macro is undefined, - `GET_MODE_BITSIZE (DImode)' is assumed. - -`CHECK_FLOAT_VALUE (MODE, VALUE, OVERFLOW)' - A C statement to validate the value VALUE (of type `double') for - mode MODE. This means that you check whether VALUE fits within - the possible range of values for mode MODE on this target machine. - The mode MODE is always a mode of class `MODE_FLOAT'. OVERFLOW - is nonzero if the value is already known to be out of range. - - If VALUE is not valid or if OVERFLOW is nonzero, you should set - OVERFLOW to 1 and then assign some valid value to VALUE. Allowing - an invalid value to go through the compiler can produce incorrect - assembler code which may even cause Unix assemblers to crash. - - This macro need not be defined if there is no work for it to do. - -`TARGET_FLOAT_FORMAT' - A code distinguishing the floating point format of the target - machine. There are three defined values: - - `IEEE_FLOAT_FORMAT' - This code indicates IEEE floating point. It is the default; - there is no need to define this macro when the format is IEEE. - - `VAX_FLOAT_FORMAT' - This code indicates the peculiar format used on the Vax. - - `UNKNOWN_FLOAT_FORMAT' - This code indicates any other format. - - The value of this macro is compared with `HOST_FLOAT_FORMAT' - (*note Config::.) to determine whether the target machine has the - same format as the host machine. If any other formats are - actually in use on supported machines, new codes should be defined - for them. - - The ordering of the component words of floating point values - stored in memory is controlled by `FLOAT_WORDS_BIG_ENDIAN' for the - target machine and `HOST_FLOAT_WORDS_BIG_ENDIAN' for the host. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Type Layout, Next: Registers, Prev: Storage Layout, Up: Target Macros - -Layout of Source Language Data Types -==================================== - - These macros define the sizes and other characteristics of the -standard basic data types used in programs being compiled. Unlike the -macros in the previous section, these apply to specific features of C -and related languages, rather than to fundamental aspects of storage -layout. - -`INT_TYPE_SIZE' - A C expression for the size in bits of the type `int' on the - target machine. If you don't define this, the default is one word. - -`MAX_INT_TYPE_SIZE' - Maximum number for the size in bits of the type `int' on the target - machine. If this is undefined, the default is `INT_TYPE_SIZE'. - Otherwise, it is the constant value that is the largest value that - `INT_TYPE_SIZE' can have at run-time. This is used in `cpp'. - -`SHORT_TYPE_SIZE' - A C expression for the size in bits of the type `short' on the - target machine. If you don't define this, the default is half a - word. (If this would be less than one storage unit, it is rounded - up to one unit.) - -`LONG_TYPE_SIZE' - A C expression for the size in bits of the type `long' on the - target machine. If you don't define this, the default is one word. - -`MAX_LONG_TYPE_SIZE' - Maximum number for the size in bits of the type `long' on the - target machine. If this is undefined, the default is - `LONG_TYPE_SIZE'. Otherwise, it is the constant value that is the - largest value that `LONG_TYPE_SIZE' can have at run-time. This is - used in `cpp'. - -`LONG_LONG_TYPE_SIZE' - A C expression for the size in bits of the type `long long' on the - target machine. If you don't define this, the default is two - words. If you want to support GNU Ada on your machine, the value - of macro must be at least 64. - -`CHAR_TYPE_SIZE' - A C expression for the size in bits of the type `char' on the - target machine. If you don't define this, the default is one - quarter of a word. (If this would be less than one storage unit, - it is rounded up to one unit.) - -`MAX_CHAR_TYPE_SIZE' - Maximum number for the size in bits of the type `char' on the - target machine. If this is undefined, the default is - `CHAR_TYPE_SIZE'. Otherwise, it is the constant value that is the - largest value that `CHAR_TYPE_SIZE' can have at run-time. This is - used in `cpp'. - -`FLOAT_TYPE_SIZE' - A C expression for the size in bits of the type `float' on the - target machine. If you don't define this, the default is one word. - -`DOUBLE_TYPE_SIZE' - A C expression for the size in bits of the type `double' on the - target machine. If you don't define this, the default is two - words. - -`LONG_DOUBLE_TYPE_SIZE' - A C expression for the size in bits of the type `long double' on - the target machine. If you don't define this, the default is two - words. - -`DEFAULT_SIGNED_CHAR' - An expression whose value is 1 or 0, according to whether the type - `char' should be signed or unsigned by default. The user can - always override this default with the options `-fsigned-char' and - `-funsigned-char'. - -`DEFAULT_SHORT_ENUMS' - A C expression to determine whether to give an `enum' type only as - many bytes as it takes to represent the range of possible values - of that type. A nonzero value means to do that; a zero value - means all `enum' types should be allocated like `int'. - - If you don't define the macro, the default is 0. - -`SIZE_TYPE' - A C expression for a string describing the name of the data type - to use for size values. The typedef name `size_t' is defined - using the contents of the string. - - The string can contain more than one keyword. If so, separate - them with spaces, and write first any length keyword, then - `unsigned' if appropriate, and finally `int'. The string must - exactly match one of the data type names defined in the function - `init_decl_processing' in the file `c-decl.c'. You may not omit - `int' or change the order--that would cause the compiler to crash - on startup. - - If you don't define this macro, the default is `"long unsigned - int"'. - -`PTRDIFF_TYPE' - A C expression for a string describing the name of the data type - to use for the result of subtracting two pointers. The typedef - name `ptrdiff_t' is defined using the contents of the string. See - `SIZE_TYPE' above for more information. - - If you don't define this macro, the default is `"long int"'. - -`WCHAR_TYPE' - A C expression for a string describing the name of the data type - to use for wide characters. The typedef name `wchar_t' is defined - using the contents of the string. See `SIZE_TYPE' above for more - information. - - If you don't define this macro, the default is `"int"'. - -`WCHAR_TYPE_SIZE' - A C expression for the size in bits of the data type for wide - characters. This is used in `cpp', which cannot make use of - `WCHAR_TYPE'. - -`MAX_WCHAR_TYPE_SIZE' - Maximum number for the size in bits of the data type for wide - characters. If this is undefined, the default is - `WCHAR_TYPE_SIZE'. Otherwise, it is the constant value that is the - largest value that `WCHAR_TYPE_SIZE' can have at run-time. This is - used in `cpp'. - -`OBJC_INT_SELECTORS' - Define this macro if the type of Objective C selectors should be - `int'. - - If this macro is not defined, then selectors should have the type - `struct objc_selector *'. - -`OBJC_SELECTORS_WITHOUT_LABELS' - Define this macro if the compiler can group all the selectors - together into a vector and use just one label at the beginning of - the vector. Otherwise, the compiler must give each selector its - own assembler label. - - On certain machines, it is important to have a separate label for - each selector because this enables the linker to eliminate - duplicate selectors. - -`TARGET_BELL' - A C constant expression for the integer value for escape sequence - `\a'. - -`TARGET_BS' -`TARGET_TAB' -`TARGET_NEWLINE' - C constant expressions for the integer values for escape sequences - `\b', `\t' and `\n'. - -`TARGET_VT' -`TARGET_FF' -`TARGET_CR' - C constant expressions for the integer values for escape sequences - `\v', `\f' and `\r'. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Registers, Next: Register Classes, Prev: Type Layout, Up: Target Macros - -Register Usage -============== - - This section explains how to describe what registers the target -machine has, and how (in general) they can be used. - - The description of which registers a specific instruction can use is -done with register classes; see *Note Register Classes::. For -information on using registers to access a stack frame, see *Note Frame -Registers::. For passing values in registers, see *Note Register -Arguments::. For returning values in registers, see *Note Scalar -Return::. - -* Menu: - -* Register Basics:: Number and kinds of registers. -* Allocation Order:: Order in which registers are allocated. -* Values in Registers:: What kinds of values each reg can hold. -* Leaf Functions:: Renumbering registers for leaf functions. -* Stack Registers:: Handling a register stack such as 80387. -* Obsolete Register Macros:: Macros formerly used for the 80387. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Register Basics, Next: Allocation Order, Up: Registers - -Basic Characteristics of Registers ----------------------------------- - - Registers have various characteristics. - -`FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER' - Number of hardware registers known to the compiler. They receive - numbers 0 through `FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER-1'; thus, the first - pseudo register's number really is assigned the number - `FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER'. - -`FIXED_REGISTERS' - An initializer that says which registers are used for fixed - purposes all throughout the compiled code and are therefore not - available for general allocation. These would include the stack - pointer, the frame pointer (except on machines where that can be - used as a general register when no frame pointer is needed), the - program counter on machines where that is considered one of the - addressable registers, and any other numbered register with a - standard use. - - This information is expressed as a sequence of numbers, separated - by commas and surrounded by braces. The Nth number is 1 if - register N is fixed, 0 otherwise. - - The table initialized from this macro, and the table initialized by - the following one, may be overridden at run time either - automatically, by the actions of the macro - `CONDITIONAL_REGISTER_USAGE', or by the user with the command - options `-ffixed-REG', `-fcall-used-REG' and `-fcall-saved-REG'. - -`CALL_USED_REGISTERS' - Like `FIXED_REGISTERS' but has 1 for each register that is - clobbered (in general) by function calls as well as for fixed - registers. This macro therefore identifies the registers that are - not available for general allocation of values that must live - across function calls. - - If a register has 0 in `CALL_USED_REGISTERS', the compiler - automatically saves it on function entry and restores it on - function exit, if the register is used within the function. - -`CONDITIONAL_REGISTER_USAGE' - Zero or more C statements that may conditionally modify two - variables `fixed_regs' and `call_used_regs' (both of type `char - []') after they have been initialized from the two preceding - macros. - - This is necessary in case the fixed or call-clobbered registers - depend on target flags. - - You need not define this macro if it has no work to do. - - If the usage of an entire class of registers depends on the target - flags, you may indicate this to GCC by using this macro to modify - `fixed_regs' and `call_used_regs' to 1 for each of the registers - in the classes which should not be used by GCC. Also define the - macro `REG_CLASS_FROM_LETTER' to return `NO_REGS' if it is called - with a letter for a class that shouldn't be used. - - (However, if this class is not included in `GENERAL_REGS' and all - of the insn patterns whose constraints permit this class are - controlled by target switches, then GCC will automatically avoid - using these registers when the target switches are opposed to - them.) - -`NON_SAVING_SETJMP' - If this macro is defined and has a nonzero value, it means that - `setjmp' and related functions fail to save the registers, or that - `longjmp' fails to restore them. To compensate, the compiler - avoids putting variables in registers in functions that use - `setjmp'. - -`INCOMING_REGNO (OUT)' - Define this macro if the target machine has register windows. - This C expression returns the register number as seen by the - called function corresponding to the register number OUT as seen - by the calling function. Return OUT if register number OUT is not - an outbound register. - -`OUTGOING_REGNO (IN)' - Define this macro if the target machine has register windows. - This C expression returns the register number as seen by the - calling function corresponding to the register number IN as seen - by the called function. Return IN if register number IN is not an - inbound register. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Allocation Order, Next: Values in Registers, Prev: Register Basics, Up: Registers - -Order of Allocation of Registers --------------------------------- - - Registers are allocated in order. - -`REG_ALLOC_ORDER' - If defined, an initializer for a vector of integers, containing the - numbers of hard registers in the order in which GNU CC should - prefer to use them (from most preferred to least). - - If this macro is not defined, registers are used lowest numbered - first (all else being equal). - - One use of this macro is on machines where the highest numbered - registers must always be saved and the save-multiple-registers - instruction supports only sequences of consecutive registers. On - such machines, define `REG_ALLOC_ORDER' to be an initializer that - lists the highest numbered allocatable register first. - -`ORDER_REGS_FOR_LOCAL_ALLOC' - A C statement (sans semicolon) to choose the order in which to - allocate hard registers for pseudo-registers local to a basic - block. - - Store the desired register order in the array `reg_alloc_order'. - Element 0 should be the register to allocate first; element 1, the - next register; and so on. - - The macro body should not assume anything about the contents of - `reg_alloc_order' before execution of the macro. - - On most machines, it is not necessary to define this macro. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Values in Registers, Next: Leaf Functions, Prev: Allocation Order, Up: Registers - -How Values Fit in Registers ---------------------------- - - This section discusses the macros that describe which kinds of values -(specifically, which machine modes) each register can hold, and how many -consecutive registers are needed for a given mode. - -`HARD_REGNO_NREGS (REGNO, MODE)' - A C expression for the number of consecutive hard registers, - starting at register number REGNO, required to hold a value of mode - MODE. - - On a machine where all registers are exactly one word, a suitable - definition of this macro is - - #define HARD_REGNO_NREGS(REGNO, MODE) \ - ((GET_MODE_SIZE (MODE) + UNITS_PER_WORD - 1) \ - / UNITS_PER_WORD)) - -`HARD_REGNO_MODE_OK (REGNO, MODE)' - A C expression that is nonzero if it is permissible to store a - value of mode MODE in hard register number REGNO (or in several - registers starting with that one). For a machine where all - registers are equivalent, a suitable definition is - - #define HARD_REGNO_MODE_OK(REGNO, MODE) 1 - - It is not necessary for this macro to check for the numbers of - fixed registers, because the allocation mechanism considers them - to be always occupied. - - On some machines, double-precision values must be kept in even/odd - register pairs. The way to implement that is to define this macro - to reject odd register numbers for such modes. - - The minimum requirement for a mode to be OK in a register is that - the `movMODE' instruction pattern support moves between the - register and any other hard register for which the mode is OK; and - that moving a value into the register and back out not alter it. - - Since the same instruction used to move `SImode' will work for all - narrower integer modes, it is not necessary on any machine for - `HARD_REGNO_MODE_OK' to distinguish between these modes, provided - you define patterns `movhi', etc., to take advantage of this. This - is useful because of the interaction between `HARD_REGNO_MODE_OK' - and `MODES_TIEABLE_P'; it is very desirable for all integer modes - to be tieable. - - Many machines have special registers for floating point arithmetic. - Often people assume that floating point machine modes are allowed - only in floating point registers. This is not true. Any - registers that can hold integers can safely *hold* a floating - point machine mode, whether or not floating arithmetic can be done - on it in those registers. Integer move instructions can be used - to move the values. - - On some machines, though, the converse is true: fixed-point machine - modes may not go in floating registers. This is true if the - floating registers normalize any value stored in them, because - storing a non-floating value there would garble it. In this case, - `HARD_REGNO_MODE_OK' should reject fixed-point machine modes in - floating registers. But if the floating registers do not - automatically normalize, if you can store any bit pattern in one - and retrieve it unchanged without a trap, then any machine mode - may go in a floating register, so you can define this macro to say - so. - - The primary significance of special floating registers is rather - that they are the registers acceptable in floating point arithmetic - instructions. However, this is of no concern to - `HARD_REGNO_MODE_OK'. You handle it by writing the proper - constraints for those instructions. - - On some machines, the floating registers are especially slow to - access, so that it is better to store a value in a stack frame - than in such a register if floating point arithmetic is not being - done. As long as the floating registers are not in class - `GENERAL_REGS', they will not be used unless some pattern's - constraint asks for one. - -`MODES_TIEABLE_P (MODE1, MODE2)' - A C expression that is nonzero if it is desirable to choose - register allocation so as to avoid move instructions between a - value of mode MODE1 and a value of mode MODE2. - - If `HARD_REGNO_MODE_OK (R, MODE1)' and `HARD_REGNO_MODE_OK (R, - MODE2)' are ever different for any R, then `MODES_TIEABLE_P (MODE1, - MODE2)' must be zero. - diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-2 b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-2 deleted file mode 100644 index 5d90f03ebcd..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-2 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,904 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file gcc.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.63 from the input -file gcc.texi. - - This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU compiler. - - Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 -Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - - Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software -Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for -Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are -included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public -License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight -`Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in -translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the -original English. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Option Summary, Next: Overall Options, Up: Invoking GCC - -Option Summary -============== - - Here is a summary of all the options, grouped by type. Explanations -are in the following sections. - -*Overall Options* - *Note Options Controlling the Kind of Output: Overall Options. - -c -S -E -o FILE -pipe -v -x LANGUAGE - -*C Language Options* - *Note Options Controlling C Dialect: C Dialect Options. - -ansi -fallow-single-precision -fcond-mismatch -fno-asm - -fno-builtin -fsigned-bitfields -fsigned-char - -funsigned-bitfields -funsigned-char -fwritable-strings - -traditional -traditional-cpp -trigraphs - -*C++ Language Options* - *Note Options Controlling C++ Dialect: C++ Dialect Options. - -fall-virtual -fdollars-in-identifiers -felide-constructors - -fenum-int-equiv -fexternal-templates -ffor-scope -fno-for-scope - -fhandle-signatures -fmemoize-lookups -fno-default-inline -fno-gnu-keywords - -fnonnull-objects -foperator-names -fstrict-prototype - -fthis-is-variable -nostdinc++ -traditional +eN - -*Warning Options* - *Note Options to Request or Suppress Warnings: Warning Options. - -fsyntax-only -pedantic -pedantic-errors - -w -W -Wall -Waggregate-return -Wbad-function-cast - -Wcast-align -Wcast-qual -Wchar-subscript -Wcomment - -Wconversion -Wenum-clash -Werror -Wformat - -Wid-clash-LEN -Wimplicit -Wimport -Winline - -Wlarger-than-LEN -Wmissing-declarations - -Wmissing-prototypes -Wnested-externs - -Wno-import -Woverloaded-virtual -Wparentheses - -Wpointer-arith -Wredundant-decls -Wreorder -Wreturn-type -Wshadow - -Wstrict-prototypes -Wswitch -Wsynth -Wtemplate-debugging - -Wtraditional -Wtrigraphs -Wuninitialized -Wunused - -Wwrite-strings - -*Debugging Options* - *Note Options for Debugging Your Program or GCC: Debugging Options. - -a -dLETTERS -fpretend-float - -g -gLEVEL -gcoff -gdwarf -gdwarf+ - -ggdb -gstabs -gstabs+ -gxcoff -gxcoff+ - -p -pg -print-file-name=LIBRARY -print-libgcc-file-name - -print-prog-name=PROGRAM -print-search-dirs -save-temps - -*Optimization Options* - *Note Options that Control Optimization: Optimize Options. - -fcaller-saves -fcse-follow-jumps -fcse-skip-blocks - -fdelayed-branch -fexpensive-optimizations - -ffast-math -ffloat-store -fforce-addr -fforce-mem - -finline-functions -fkeep-inline-functions - -fno-default-inline -fno-defer-pop -fno-function-cse - -fno-inline -fno-peephole -fomit-frame-pointer - -frerun-cse-after-loop -fschedule-insns - -fschedule-insns2 -fstrength-reduce -fthread-jumps - -funroll-all-loops -funroll-loops - -O -O0 -O1 -O2 -O3 - -*Preprocessor Options* - *Note Options Controlling the Preprocessor: Preprocessor Options. - -AQUESTION(ANSWER) -C -dD -dM -dN - -DMACRO[=DEFN] -E -H - -idirafter DIR - -include FILE -imacros FILE - -iprefix FILE -iwithprefix DIR - -iwithprefixbefore DIR -isystem DIR - -M -MD -MM -MMD -MG -nostdinc -P -trigraphs - -undef -UMACRO -Wp,OPTION - -*Assembler Option* - *Note Passing Options to the Assembler: Assembler Options. - -Wa,OPTION - -*Linker Options* - *Note Options for Linking: Link Options. - OBJECT-FILE-NAME -lLIBRARY - -nostartfiles -nodefaultlibs -nostdlib - -s -static -shared -symbolic - -Wl,OPTION -Xlinker OPTION - -u SYMBOL - -*Directory Options* - *Note Options for Directory Search: Directory Options. - -BPREFIX -IDIR -I- -LDIR - -*Target Options* - *Note Target Options::. - -b MACHINE -V VERSION - -*Machine Dependent Options* - *Note Hardware Models and Configurations: Submodel Options. - *M680x0 Options* - -m68000 -m68020 -m68020-40 -m68030 -m68040 -m68881 - -mbitfield -mc68000 -mc68020 -mfpa -mnobitfield - -mrtd -mshort -msoft-float - - *VAX Options* - -mg -mgnu -munix - - *SPARC Options* - -mapp-regs -mcypress -mepilogue -mflat -mfpu -mhard-float - -mhard-quad-float -mno-app-regs -mno-flat -mno-fpu - -mno-epilogue -mno-unaligned-doubles - -msoft-float -msoft-quad-float - -msparclite -msupersparc -munaligned-doubles -mv8 - - SPARC V9 compilers support the following options - in addition to the above: - - -mmedlow -mmedany - -mint32 -mint64 -mlong32 -mlong64 - -mno-stack-bias -mstack-bias - - *Convex Options* - -mc1 -mc2 -mc32 -mc34 -mc38 - -margcount -mnoargcount - -mlong32 -mlong64 - -mvolatile-cache -mvolatile-nocache - - *AMD29K Options* - -m29000 -m29050 -mbw -mnbw -mdw -mndw - -mlarge -mnormal -msmall - -mkernel-registers -mno-reuse-arg-regs - -mno-stack-check -mno-storem-bug - -mreuse-arg-regs -msoft-float -mstack-check - -mstorem-bug -muser-registers - - *ARM Options* - -mapcs -m2 -m3 -m6 -mbsd -mxopen -mno-symrename - - *M88K Options* - -m88000 -m88100 -m88110 -mbig-pic - -mcheck-zero-division -mhandle-large-shift - -midentify-revision -mno-check-zero-division - -mno-ocs-debug-info -mno-ocs-frame-position - -mno-optimize-arg-area -mno-serialize-volatile - -mno-underscores -mocs-debug-info - -mocs-frame-position -moptimize-arg-area - -mserialize-volatile -mshort-data-NUM -msvr3 - -msvr4 -mtrap-large-shift -muse-div-instruction - -mversion-03.00 -mwarn-passed-structs - - *RS/6000 and PowerPC Options* - -mcpu=CPU TYPE - -mpower -mno-power -mpower2 -mno-power2 - -mpowerpc -mno-powerpc - -mpowerpc-gpopt -mno-powerpc-gpopt - -mpowerpc-gfxopt -mno-powerpc-gfxopt - -mnew-mnemonics -mno-new-mnemonics - -mfull-toc -mminimal-toc -mno-fop-in-toc -mno-sum-in-toc - -msoft-float -mhard-float -mmultiple -mno-multiple - -mstring -mno-string -mbit-align -mno-bit-align - -mstrict-align -mno-strict-align -mrelocatable -mno-relocatable - -mtoc -mno-toc -mtraceback -mno-traceback - -mlittle -mlittle-endian -mbig -mbig-endian - -mcall-aix -mcall-sysv -mprototype - - *RT Options* - -mcall-lib-mul -mfp-arg-in-fpregs -mfp-arg-in-gregs - -mfull-fp-blocks -mhc-struct-return -min-line-mul - -mminimum-fp-blocks -mnohc-struct-return - - *MIPS Options* - -mabicalls -mcpu=CPU TYPE -membedded-data - -membedded-pic -mfp32 -mfp64 -mgas -mgp32 -mgp64 - -mgpopt -mhalf-pic -mhard-float -mint64 -mips1 - -mips2 -mips3 -mlong64 -mlong-calls -mmemcpy - -mmips-as -mmips-tfile -mno-abicalls - -mno-embedded-data -mno-embedded-pic - -mno-gpopt -mno-long-calls - -mno-memcpy -mno-mips-tfile -mno-rnames -mno-stats - -mrnames -msoft-float - -m4650 -msingle-float -mmad - -mstats -EL -EB -G NUM -nocpp - - *i386 Options* - -m486 -m386 -mieee-fp -mno-fancy-math-387 - -mno-fp-ret-in-387 -msoft-float -msvr3-shlib - -mno-wide-multiply -mrtd -malign-double - -mreg-alloc=LIST -mregparm=NUM - -malign-jumps=NUM -malign-loops=NUM - -malign-functions=NUM - - *HPPA Options* - -mdisable-fpregs -mdisable-indexing -mfast-indirect-calls - -mgas -mjump-in-delay -mlong-millicode-calls -mno-disable-fpregs - -mno-disable-indexing -mno-fast-indirect-calls -mno-gas - -mno-jump-in-delay -mno-millicode-long-calls - -mno-portable-runtime -mno-soft-float -msoft-float - -mpa-risc-1-0 -mpa-risc-1-1 -mportable-runtime -mschedule=LIST - - *Intel 960 Options* - -mCPU TYPE -masm-compat -mclean-linkage - -mcode-align -mcomplex-addr -mleaf-procedures - -mic-compat -mic2.0-compat -mic3.0-compat - -mintel-asm -mno-clean-linkage -mno-code-align - -mno-complex-addr -mno-leaf-procedures - -mno-old-align -mno-strict-align -mno-tail-call - -mnumerics -mold-align -msoft-float -mstrict-align - -mtail-call - - *DEC Alpha Options* - -mfp-regs -mno-fp-regs -mno-soft-float - -msoft-float - - *Clipper Options* - -mc300 -mc400 - - *H8/300 Options* - -mrelax -mh - - *System V Options* - -Qy -Qn -YP,PATHS -Ym,DIR - -*Code Generation Options* - *Note Options for Code Generation Conventions: Code Gen Options. - -fcall-saved-REG -fcall-used-REG - -ffixed-REG -finhibit-size-directive - -fno-common -fno-ident -fno-gnu-linker - -fpcc-struct-return -fpic -fPIC - -freg-struct-return -fshared-data -fshort-enums - -fshort-double -fvolatile -fvolatile-global - -fverbose-asm -fpack-struct +e0 +e1 - -* Menu: - -* Overall Options:: Controlling the kind of output: - an executable, object files, assembler files, - or preprocessed source. -* C Dialect Options:: Controlling the variant of C language compiled. -* C++ Dialect Options:: Variations on C++. -* Warning Options:: How picky should the compiler be? -* Debugging Options:: Symbol tables, measurements, and debugging dumps. -* Optimize Options:: How much optimization? -* Preprocessor Options:: Controlling header files and macro definitions. - Also, getting dependency information for Make. -* Assembler Options:: Passing options to the assembler. -* Link Options:: Specifying libraries and so on. -* Directory Options:: Where to find header files and libraries. - Where to find the compiler executable files. -* Target Options:: Running a cross-compiler, or an old version of GNU CC. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Overall Options, Next: Invoking G++, Prev: Option Summary, Up: Invoking GCC - -Options Controlling the Kind of Output -====================================== - - Compilation can involve up to four stages: preprocessing, compilation -proper, assembly and linking, always in that order. The first three -stages apply to an individual source file, and end by producing an -object file; linking combines all the object files (those newly -compiled, and those specified as input) into an executable file. - - For any given input file, the file name suffix determines what kind -of compilation is done: - -`FILE.c' - C source code which must be preprocessed. - -`FILE.i' - C source code which should not be preprocessed. - -`FILE.ii' - C++ source code which should not be preprocessed. - -`FILE.m' - Objective-C source code. Note that you must link with the library - `libobjc.a' to make an Objective-C program work. - -`FILE.h' - C header file (not to be compiled or linked). - -`FILE.cc' -`FILE.cxx' -`FILE.cpp' -`FILE.C' - C++ source code which must be preprocessed. Note that in `.cxx', - the last two letters must both be literally `x'. Likewise, `.C' - refers to a literal capital C. - -`FILE.s' - Assembler code. - -`FILE.S' - Assembler code which must be preprocessed. - -`OTHER' - An object file to be fed straight into linking. Any file name - with no recognized suffix is treated this way. - - You can specify the input language explicitly with the `-x' option: - -`-x LANGUAGE' - Specify explicitly the LANGUAGE for the following input files - (rather than letting the compiler choose a default based on the - file name suffix). This option applies to all following input - files until the next `-x' option. Possible values for LANGUAGE - are: - c objective-c c++ - c-header cpp-output c++-cpp-output - assembler assembler-with-cpp - -`-x none' - Turn off any specification of a language, so that subsequent files - are handled according to their file name suffixes (as they are if - `-x' has not been used at all). - - If you only want some of the stages of compilation, you can use `-x' -(or filename suffixes) to tell `gcc' where to start, and one of the -options `-c', `-S', or `-E' to say where `gcc' is to stop. Note that -some combinations (for example, `-x cpp-output -E' instruct `gcc' to do -nothing at all. - -`-c' - Compile or assemble the source files, but do not link. The linking - stage simply is not done. The ultimate output is in the form of an - object file for each source file. - - By default, the object file name for a source file is made by - replacing the suffix `.c', `.i', `.s', etc., with `.o'. - - Unrecognized input files, not requiring compilation or assembly, - are ignored. - -`-S' - Stop after the stage of compilation proper; do not assemble. The - output is in the form of an assembler code file for each - non-assembler input file specified. - - By default, the assembler file name for a source file is made by - replacing the suffix `.c', `.i', etc., with `.s'. - - Input files that don't require compilation are ignored. - -`-E' - Stop after the preprocessing stage; do not run the compiler - proper. The output is in the form of preprocessed source code, - which is sent to the standard output. - - Input files which don't require preprocessing are ignored. - -`-o FILE' - Place output in file FILE. This applies regardless to whatever - sort of output is being produced, whether it be an executable file, - an object file, an assembler file or preprocessed C code. - - Since only one output file can be specified, it does not make - sense to use `-o' when compiling more than one input file, unless - you are producing an executable file as output. - - If `-o' is not specified, the default is to put an executable file - in `a.out', the object file for `SOURCE.SUFFIX' in `SOURCE.o', its - assembler file in `SOURCE.s', and all preprocessed C source on - standard output. - -`-v' - Print (on standard error output) the commands executed to run the - stages of compilation. Also print the version number of the - compiler driver program and of the preprocessor and the compiler - proper. - -`-pipe' - Use pipes rather than temporary files for communication between the - various stages of compilation. This fails to work on some systems - where the assembler is unable to read from a pipe; but the GNU - assembler has no trouble. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Invoking G++, Next: C Dialect Options, Prev: Overall Options, Up: Invoking GCC - -Compiling C++ Programs -====================== - - C++ source files conventionally use one of the suffixes `.C', `.cc', -`cpp', or `.cxx'; preprocessed C++ files use the suffix `.ii'. GNU CC -recognizes files with these names and compiles them as C++ programs -even if you call the compiler the same way as for compiling C programs -(usually with the name `gcc'). - - However, C++ programs often require class libraries as well as a -compiler that understands the C++ language--and under some -circumstances, you might want to compile programs from standard input, -or otherwise without a suffix that flags them as C++ programs. `g++' -is a program that calls GNU CC with the default language set to C++, -and automatically specifies linking against the GNU class library -libg++. (1) On many systems, the script `g++' is also installed with -the name `c++'. - - When you compile C++ programs, you may specify many of the same -command-line options that you use for compiling programs in any -language; or command-line options meaningful for C and related -languages; or options that are meaningful only for C++ programs. *Note -Options Controlling C Dialect: C Dialect Options, for explanations of -options for languages related to C. *Note Options Controlling C++ -Dialect: C++ Dialect Options, for explanations of options that are -meaningful only for C++ programs. - - ---------- Footnotes ---------- - - (1) Prior to release 2 of the compiler, there was a separate `g++' -compiler. That version was based on GNU CC, but not integrated with -it. Versions of `g++' with a `1.XX' version number--for example, `g++' -version 1.37 or 1.42--are much less reliable than the versions -integrated with GCC 2. Moreover, combining G++ `1.XX' with a version 2 -GCC will simply not work. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: C Dialect Options, Next: C++ Dialect Options, Prev: Invoking G++, Up: Invoking GCC - -Options Controlling C Dialect -============================= - - The following options control the dialect of C (or languages derived -from C, such as C++ and Objective C) that the compiler accepts: - -`-ansi' - Support all ANSI standard C programs. - - This turns off certain features of GNU C that are incompatible - with ANSI C, such as the `asm', `inline' and `typeof' keywords, and - predefined macros such as `unix' and `vax' that identify the type - of system you are using. It also enables the undesirable and - rarely used ANSI trigraph feature, disallows `$' as part of - identifiers, and disables recognition of C++ style `//' comments. - - The alternate keywords `__asm__', `__extension__', `__inline__' - and `__typeof__' continue to work despite `-ansi'. You would not - want to use them in an ANSI C program, of course, but it is useful - to put them in header files that might be included in compilations - done with `-ansi'. Alternate predefined macros such as `__unix__' - and `__vax__' are also available, with or without `-ansi'. - - The `-ansi' option does not cause non-ANSI programs to be rejected - gratuitously. For that, `-pedantic' is required in addition to - `-ansi'. *Note Warning Options::. - - The macro `__STRICT_ANSI__' is predefined when the `-ansi' option - is used. Some header files may notice this macro and refrain from - declaring certain functions or defining certain macros that the - ANSI standard doesn't call for; this is to avoid interfering with - any programs that might use these names for other things. - - The functions `alloca', `abort', `exit', and `_exit' are not - builtin functions when `-ansi' is used. - -`-fno-asm' - Do not recognize `asm', `inline' or `typeof' as a keyword, so that - code can use these words as identifiers. You can use the keywords - `__asm__', `__inline__' and `__typeof__' instead. `-ansi' implies - `-fno-asm'. - - In C++, this switch only affects the `typeof' keyword, since `asm' - and `inline' are standard keywords. You may want to use the - `-fno-gnu-keywords' flag instead, as it also disables the other, - C++-specific, extension keywords such as `headof'. - -`-fno-builtin' - Don't recognize builtin functions that do not begin with two - leading underscores. Currently, the functions affected include - `abort', `abs', `alloca', `cos', `exit', `fabs', `ffs', `labs', - `memcmp', `memcpy', `sin', `sqrt', `strcmp', `strcpy', and - `strlen'. - - GCC normally generates special code to handle certain builtin - functions more efficiently; for instance, calls to `alloca' may - become single instructions that adjust the stack directly, and - calls to `memcpy' may become inline copy loops. The resulting - code is often both smaller and faster, but since the function - calls no longer appear as such, you cannot set a breakpoint on - those calls, nor can you change the behavior of the functions by - linking with a different library. - - The `-ansi' option prevents `alloca' and `ffs' from being builtin - functions, since these functions do not have an ANSI standard - meaning. - -`-trigraphs' - Support ANSI C trigraphs. You don't want to know about this - brain-damage. The `-ansi' option implies `-trigraphs'. - -`-traditional' - Attempt to support some aspects of traditional C compilers. - Specifically: - - * All `extern' declarations take effect globally even if they - are written inside of a function definition. This includes - implicit declarations of functions. - - * The newer keywords `typeof', `inline', `signed', `const' and - `volatile' are not recognized. (You can still use the - alternative keywords such as `__typeof__', `__inline__', and - so on.) - - * Comparisons between pointers and integers are always allowed. - - * Integer types `unsigned short' and `unsigned char' promote to - `unsigned int'. - - * Out-of-range floating point literals are not an error. - - * Certain constructs which ANSI regards as a single invalid - preprocessing number, such as `0xe-0xd', are treated as - expressions instead. - - * String "constants" are not necessarily constant; they are - stored in writable space, and identical looking constants are - allocated separately. (This is the same as the effect of - `-fwritable-strings'.) - - * All automatic variables not declared `register' are preserved - by `longjmp'. Ordinarily, GNU C follows ANSI C: automatic - variables not declared `volatile' may be clobbered. - - * The character escape sequences `\x' and `\a' evaluate as the - literal characters `x' and `a' respectively. Without - `-traditional', `\x' is a prefix for the hexadecimal - representation of a character, and `\a' produces a bell. - - * In C++ programs, assignment to `this' is permitted with - `-traditional'. (The option `-fthis-is-variable' also has - this effect.) - - You may wish to use `-fno-builtin' as well as `-traditional' if - your program uses names that are normally GNU C builtin functions - for other purposes of its own. - - You cannot use `-traditional' if you include any header files that - rely on ANSI C features. Some vendors are starting to ship - systems with ANSI C header files and you cannot use `-traditional' - on such systems to compile files that include any system headers. - -`' - In the preprocessor, comments convert to nothing at all, rather - than to a space. This allows traditional token concatenation. - -`' - In preprocessing directive, the `#' symbol must appear as the first - character of a line. - -`' - In the preprocessor, macro arguments are recognized within string - constants in a macro definition (and their values are stringified, - though without additional quote marks, when they appear in such a - context). The preprocessor always considers a string constant to - end at a newline. - -`' - The predefined macro `__STDC__' is not defined when you use - `-traditional', but `__GNUC__' is (since the GNU extensions which - `__GNUC__' indicates are not affected by `-traditional'). If you - need to write header files that work differently depending on - whether `-traditional' is in use, by testing both of these - predefined macros you can distinguish four situations: GNU C, - traditional GNU C, other ANSI C compilers, and other old C - compilers. The predefined macro `__STDC_VERSION__' is also not - defined when you use `-traditional'. *Note Standard Predefined - Macros: (cpp.info)Standard Predefined, for more discussion of - these and other predefined macros. - -`' - The preprocessor considers a string constant to end at a newline - (unless the newline is escaped with `\'). (Without `-traditional', - string constants can contain the newline character as typed.) - -`-traditional-cpp' - Attempt to support some aspects of traditional C preprocessors. - This includes the last five items in the table immediately above, - but none of the other effects of `-traditional'. - -`-fcond-mismatch' - Allow conditional expressions with mismatched types in the second - and third arguments. The value of such an expression is void. - -`-funsigned-char' - Let the type `char' be unsigned, like `unsigned char'. - - Each kind of machine has a default for what `char' should be. It - is either like `unsigned char' by default or like `signed char' by - default. - - Ideally, a portable program should always use `signed char' or - `unsigned char' when it depends on the signedness of an object. - But many programs have been written to use plain `char' and expect - it to be signed, or expect it to be unsigned, depending on the - machines they were written for. This option, and its inverse, let - you make such a program work with the opposite default. - - The type `char' is always a distinct type from each of `signed - char' or `unsigned char', even though its behavior is always just - like one of those two. - -`-fsigned-char' - Let the type `char' be signed, like `signed char'. - - Note that this is equivalent to `-fno-unsigned-char', which is the - negative form of `-funsigned-char'. Likewise, the option - `-fno-signed-char' is equivalent to `-funsigned-char'. - -`-fsigned-bitfields' -`-funsigned-bitfields' -`-fno-signed-bitfields' -`-fno-unsigned-bitfields' - These options control whether a bitfield is signed or unsigned, - when the declaration does not use either `signed' or `unsigned'. - By default, such a bitfield is signed, because this is consistent: - the basic integer types such as `int' are signed types. - - However, when `-traditional' is used, bitfields are all unsigned - no matter what. - -`-fwritable-strings' - Store string constants in the writable data segment and don't - uniquize them. This is for compatibility with old programs which - assume they can write into string constants. The option - `-traditional' also has this effect. - - Writing into string constants is a very bad idea; "constants" - should be constant. - -`-fallow-single-precision' - Do not promote single precision math operations to double - precision, even when compiling with `-traditional'. - - Traditional K&R C promotes all floating point operations to double - precision, regardless of the sizes of the operands. On the - architecture for which you are compiling, single precision may be - faster than double precision. If you must use `-traditional', - but want to use single precision operations when the operands are - single precision, use this option. This option has no effect - when compiling with ANSI or GNU C conventions (the default). - - -File: gcc.info, Node: C++ Dialect Options, Next: Warning Options, Prev: C Dialect Options, Up: Invoking GCC - -Options Controlling C++ Dialect -=============================== - - This section describes the command-line options that are only -meaningful for C++ programs; but you can also use most of the GNU -compiler options regardless of what language your program is in. For -example, you might compile a file `firstClass.C' like this: - - g++ -g -felide-constructors -O -c firstClass.C - -In this example, only `-felide-constructors' is an option meant only -for C++ programs; you can use the other options with any language -supported by GNU CC. - - Here is a list of options that are *only* for compiling C++ programs: - -`-fno-access-control' - Turn off all access checking. This switch is mainly useful for - working around bugs in the access control code. - -`-fall-virtual' - Treat all possible member functions as virtual, implicitly. All - member functions (except for constructor functions and `new' or - `delete' member operators) are treated as virtual functions of the - class where they appear. - - This does not mean that all calls to these member functions will - be made through the internal table of virtual functions. Under - some circumstances, the compiler can determine that a call to a - given virtual function can be made directly; in these cases the - calls are direct in any case. - -`-fcheck-new' - Check that the pointer returned by `operator new' is non-null - before attempting to modify the storage allocated. The current - Working Paper requires that `operator new' never return a null - pointer, so this check is normally unnecessary. - -`-fconserve-space' - Put uninitialized or runtime-initialized global variables into the - common segment, as C does. This saves space in the executable at - the cost of not diagnosing duplicate definitions. If you compile - with this flag and your program mysteriously crashes after - `main()' has completed, you may have an object that is being - destroyed twice because two definitions were merged. - -`-fdollars-in-identifiers' - Accept `$' in identifiers. You can also explicitly prohibit use of - `$' with the option `-fno-dollars-in-identifiers'. (GNU C++ - allows `$' by default on some target systems but not others.) - Traditional C allowed the character `$' to form part of - identifiers. However, ANSI C and C++ forbid `$' in identifiers. - -`-fenum-int-equiv' - Anachronistically permit implicit conversion of `int' to - enumeration types. Current C++ allows conversion of `enum' to - `int', but not the other way around. - -`-fexternal-templates' - Cause template instantiations to obey `#pragma interface' and - `implementation'; template instances are emitted or not according - to the location of the template definition. *Note Template - Instantiation::, for more information. - -`-falt-external-templates' - Similar to -fexternal-templates, but template instances are - emitted or not according to the place where they are first - instantiated. *Note Template Instantiation::, for more - information. - -`-ffor-scope' -`-fno-for-scope' - If -ffor-scope is specified, the scope of variables declared in a - for-init-statement is limited to the `for' loop itself, as - specified by the draft C++ standard. If -fno-for-scope is - specified, the scope of variables declared in a for-init-statement - extends to the end of the enclosing scope, as was the case in old - versions of gcc, and other (traditional) implementations of C++. - - The default if neither flag is given to follow the standard, but - to allow and give a warning for old-style code that would - otherwise be invalid, or have different behavior. - -`-fno-gnu-keywords' - Do not recognize `classof', `headof', `signature', `sigof' or - `typeof' as a keyword, so that code can use these words as - identifiers. You can use the keywords `__classof__', - `__headof__', `__signature__', `__sigof__', and `__typeof__' - instead. `-ansi' implies `-fno-gnu-keywords'. - -`-fno-implicit-templates' - Never emit code for templates which are instantiated implicitly - (i.e. by use); only emit code for explicit instantiations. *Note - Template Instantiation::, for more information. - -`-fhandle-signatures' - Recognize the `signature' and `sigof' keywords for specifying - abstract types. The default (`-fno-handle-signatures') is not to - recognize them. *Note Type Abstraction using Signatures: C++ - Signatures. - -`-fhuge-objects' - Support virtual function calls for objects that exceed the size - representable by a `short int'. Users should not use this flag by - default; if you need to use it, the compiler will tell you so. If - you compile any of your code with this flag, you must compile - *all* of your code with this flag (including libg++, if you use - it). - - This flag is not useful when compiling with -fvtable-thunks. - -`-fno-implement-inlines' - To save space, do not emit out-of-line copies of inline functions - controlled by `#pragma implementation'. This will cause linker - errors if these functions are not inlined everywhere they are - called. - -`-fmemoize-lookups' -`-fsave-memoized' - Use heuristics to compile faster. These heuristics are not - enabled by default, since they are only effective for certain - input files. Other input files compile more slowly. - - The first time the compiler must build a call to a member function - (or reference to a data member), it must (1) determine whether the - class implements member functions of that name; (2) resolve which - member function to call (which involves figuring out what sorts of - type conversions need to be made); and (3) check the visibility of - the member function to the caller. All of this adds up to slower - compilation. Normally, the second time a call is made to that - member function (or reference to that data member), it must go - through the same lengthy process again. This means that code like - this: - - cout << "This " << p << " has " << n << " legs.\n"; - - makes six passes through all three steps. By using a software - cache, a "hit" significantly reduces this cost. Unfortunately, - using the cache introduces another layer of mechanisms which must - be implemented, and so incurs its own overhead. - `-fmemoize-lookups' enables the software cache. - - Because access privileges (visibility) to members and member - functions may differ from one function context to the next, G++ - may need to flush the cache. With the `-fmemoize-lookups' flag, - the cache is flushed after every function that is compiled. The - `-fsave-memoized' flag enables the same software cache, but when - the compiler determines that the context of the last function - compiled would yield the same access privileges of the next - function to compile, it preserves the cache. This is most helpful - when defining many member functions for the same class: with the - exception of member functions which are friends of other classes, - each member function has exactly the same access privileges as - every other, and the cache need not be flushed. - - The code that implements these flags has rotted; you should - probably avoid using them. - -`-fstrict-prototype' - Within an `extern "C"' linkage specification, treat a function - declaration with no arguments, such as `int foo ();', as declaring - the function to take no arguments. Normally, such a declaration - means that the function `foo' can take any combination of - arguments, as in C. `-pedantic' implies `-fstrict-prototype' - unless overridden with `-fno-strict-prototype'. - - This flag no longer affects declarations with C++ linkage. - -`-fno-nonnull-objects' - Don't assume that a reference is initialized to refer to a valid - object. Although the current C++ Working Paper prohibits null - references, some old code may rely on them, and you can use - `-fno-nonnull-objects' to turn on checking. - - At the moment, the compiler only does this checking for - conversions to virtual base classes. - -`-foperator-names' - Recognize the operator name keywords `and', `bitand', `bitor', - `compl', `not', `or' and `xor' as synonyms for the symbols they - refer to. `-ansi' implies `-foperator-names'. - -`-fthis-is-variable' - Permit assignment to `this'. The incorporation of user-defined - free store management into C++ has made assignment to `this' an - anachronism. Therefore, by default it is invalid to assign to - `this' within a class member function; that is, GNU C++ treats - `this' in a member function of class `X' as a non-lvalue of type - `X *'. However, for backwards compatibility, you can make it - valid with `-fthis-is-variable'. - -`-fvtable-thunks' - Use `thunks' to implement the virtual function dispatch table - (`vtable'). The traditional (cfront-style) approach to - implementing vtables was to store a pointer to the function and two - offsets for adjusting the `this' pointer at the call site. Newer - implementations store a single pointer to a `thunk' function which - does any necessary adjustment and then calls the target function. - - This option also enables a heuristic for controlling emission of - vtables; if a class has any non-inline virtual functions, the - vtable will be emitted in the translation unit containing the - first one of those. - -`-nostdinc++' - Do not search for header files in the standard directories - specific to C++, but do still search the other standard - directories. (This option is used when building libg++.) - -`-traditional' - For C++ programs (in addition to the effects that apply to both C - and C++), this has the same effect as `-fthis-is-variable'. *Note - Options Controlling C Dialect: C Dialect Options. - - In addition, these optimization, warning, and code generation options -have meanings only for C++ programs: - -`-fno-default-inline' - Do not assume `inline' for functions defined inside a class scope. - *Note Options That Control Optimization: Optimize Options. - -`-Wenum-clash' -`-Woverloaded-virtual' -`-Wtemplate-debugging' - Warnings that apply only to C++ programs. *Note Options to - Request or Suppress Warnings: Warning Options. - -`+eN' - Control how virtual function definitions are used, in a fashion - compatible with `cfront' 1.x. *Note Options for Code Generation - Conventions: Code Gen Options. - diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-20 b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-20 deleted file mode 100644 index 5dd66f92d69..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-20 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,981 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file gcc.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.63 from the input -file gcc.texi. - - This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU compiler. - - Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 -Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - - Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software -Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for -Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are -included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public -License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight -`Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in -translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the -original English. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Leaf Functions, Next: Stack Registers, Prev: Values in Registers, Up: Registers - -Handling Leaf Functions ------------------------ - - On some machines, a leaf function (i.e., one which makes no calls) -can run more efficiently if it does not make its own register window. -Often this means it is required to receive its arguments in the -registers where they are passed by the caller, instead of the registers -where they would normally arrive. - - The special treatment for leaf functions generally applies only when -other conditions are met; for example, often they may use only those -registers for its own variables and temporaries. We use the term "leaf -function" to mean a function that is suitable for this special -handling, so that functions with no calls are not necessarily "leaf -functions". - - GNU CC assigns register numbers before it knows whether the function -is suitable for leaf function treatment. So it needs to renumber the -registers in order to output a leaf function. The following macros -accomplish this. - -`LEAF_REGISTERS' - A C initializer for a vector, indexed by hard register number, - which contains 1 for a register that is allowable in a candidate - for leaf function treatment. - - If leaf function treatment involves renumbering the registers, - then the registers marked here should be the ones before - renumbering--those that GNU CC would ordinarily allocate. The - registers which will actually be used in the assembler code, after - renumbering, should not be marked with 1 in this vector. - - Define this macro only if the target machine offers a way to - optimize the treatment of leaf functions. - -`LEAF_REG_REMAP (REGNO)' - A C expression whose value is the register number to which REGNO - should be renumbered, when a function is treated as a leaf - function. - - If REGNO is a register number which should not appear in a leaf - function before renumbering, then the expression should yield -1, - which will cause the compiler to abort. - - Define this macro only if the target machine offers a way to - optimize the treatment of leaf functions, and registers need to be - renumbered to do this. - - Normally, `FUNCTION_PROLOGUE' and `FUNCTION_EPILOGUE' must treat -leaf functions specially. It can test the C variable `leaf_function' -which is nonzero for leaf functions. (The variable `leaf_function' is -defined only if `LEAF_REGISTERS' is defined.) - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Stack Registers, Next: Obsolete Register Macros, Prev: Leaf Functions, Up: Registers - -Registers That Form a Stack ---------------------------- - - There are special features to handle computers where some of the -"registers" form a stack, as in the 80387 coprocessor for the 80386. -Stack registers are normally written by pushing onto the stack, and are -numbered relative to the top of the stack. - - Currently, GNU CC can only handle one group of stack-like registers, -and they must be consecutively numbered. - -`STACK_REGS' - Define this if the machine has any stack-like registers. - -`FIRST_STACK_REG' - The number of the first stack-like register. This one is the top - of the stack. - -`LAST_STACK_REG' - The number of the last stack-like register. This one is the - bottom of the stack. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Obsolete Register Macros, Prev: Stack Registers, Up: Registers - -Obsolete Macros for Controlling Register Usage ----------------------------------------------- - - These features do not work very well. They exist because they used -to be required to generate correct code for the 80387 coprocessor of the -80386. They are no longer used by that machine description and may be -removed in a later version of the compiler. Don't use them! - -`OVERLAPPING_REGNO_P (REGNO)' - If defined, this is a C expression whose value is nonzero if hard - register number REGNO is an overlapping register. This means a - hard register which overlaps a hard register with a different - number. (Such overlap is undesirable, but occasionally it allows - a machine to be supported which otherwise could not be.) This - macro must return nonzero for *all* the registers which overlap - each other. GNU CC can use an overlapping register only in - certain limited ways. It can be used for allocation within a - basic block, and may be spilled for reloading; that is all. - - If this macro is not defined, it means that none of the hard - registers overlap each other. This is the usual situation. - -`INSN_CLOBBERS_REGNO_P (INSN, REGNO)' - If defined, this is a C expression whose value should be nonzero if - the insn INSN has the effect of mysteriously clobbering the - contents of hard register number REGNO. By "mysterious" we mean - that the insn's RTL expression doesn't describe such an effect. - - If this macro is not defined, it means that no insn clobbers - registers mysteriously. This is the usual situation; all else - being equal, it is best for the RTL expression to show all the - activity. - -`PRESERVE_DEATH_INFO_REGNO_P (REGNO)' - If defined, this is a C expression whose value is nonzero if - accurate `REG_DEAD' notes are needed for hard register number REGNO - at the time of outputting the assembler code. When this is so, a - few optimizations that take place after register allocation and - could invalidate the death notes are not done when this register is - involved. - - You would arrange to preserve death info for a register when some - of the code in the machine description which is executed to write - the assembler code looks at the death notes. This is necessary - only when the actual hardware feature which GNU CC thinks of as a - register is not actually a register of the usual sort. (It might, - for example, be a hardware stack.) - - If this macro is not defined, it means that no death notes need to - be preserved. This is the usual situation. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Register Classes, Next: Stack and Calling, Prev: Registers, Up: Target Macros - -Register Classes -================ - - On many machines, the numbered registers are not all equivalent. -For example, certain registers may not be allowed for indexed -addressing; certain registers may not be allowed in some instructions. -These machine restrictions are described to the compiler using -"register classes". - - You define a number of register classes, giving each one a name and -saying which of the registers belong to it. Then you can specify -register classes that are allowed as operands to particular instruction -patterns. - - In general, each register will belong to several classes. In fact, -one class must be named `ALL_REGS' and contain all the registers. -Another class must be named `NO_REGS' and contain no registers. Often -the union of two classes will be another class; however, this is not -required. - - One of the classes must be named `GENERAL_REGS'. There is nothing -terribly special about the name, but the operand constraint letters `r' -and `g' specify this class. If `GENERAL_REGS' is the same as -`ALL_REGS', just define it as a macro which expands to `ALL_REGS'. - - Order the classes so that if class X is contained in class Y then X -has a lower class number than Y. - - The way classes other than `GENERAL_REGS' are specified in operand -constraints is through machine-dependent operand constraint letters. -You can define such letters to correspond to various classes, then use -them in operand constraints. - - You should define a class for the union of two classes whenever some -instruction allows both classes. For example, if an instruction allows -either a floating point (coprocessor) register or a general register -for a certain operand, you should define a class `FLOAT_OR_GENERAL_REGS' -which includes both of them. Otherwise you will get suboptimal code. - - You must also specify certain redundant information about the -register classes: for each class, which classes contain it and which -ones are contained in it; for each pair of classes, the largest class -contained in their union. - - When a value occupying several consecutive registers is expected in a -certain class, all the registers used must belong to that class. -Therefore, register classes cannot be used to enforce a requirement for -a register pair to start with an even-numbered register. The way to -specify this requirement is with `HARD_REGNO_MODE_OK'. - - Register classes used for input-operands of bitwise-and or shift -instructions have a special requirement: each such class must have, for -each fixed-point machine mode, a subclass whose registers can transfer -that mode to or from memory. For example, on some machines, the -operations for single-byte values (`QImode') are limited to certain -registers. When this is so, each register class that is used in a -bitwise-and or shift instruction must have a subclass consisting of -registers from which single-byte values can be loaded or stored. This -is so that `PREFERRED_RELOAD_CLASS' can always have a possible value to -return. - -`enum reg_class' - An enumeral type that must be defined with all the register class - names as enumeral values. `NO_REGS' must be first. `ALL_REGS' - must be the last register class, followed by one more enumeral - value, `LIM_REG_CLASSES', which is not a register class but rather - tells how many classes there are. - - Each register class has a number, which is the value of casting - the class name to type `int'. The number serves as an index in - many of the tables described below. - -`N_REG_CLASSES' - The number of distinct register classes, defined as follows: - - #define N_REG_CLASSES (int) LIM_REG_CLASSES - -`REG_CLASS_NAMES' - An initializer containing the names of the register classes as C - string constants. These names are used in writing some of the - debugging dumps. - -`REG_CLASS_CONTENTS' - An initializer containing the contents of the register classes, as - integers which are bit masks. The Nth integer specifies the - contents of class N. The way the integer MASK is interpreted is - that register R is in the class if `MASK & (1 << R)' is 1. - - When the machine has more than 32 registers, an integer does not - suffice. Then the integers are replaced by sub-initializers, - braced groupings containing several integers. Each - sub-initializer must be suitable as an initializer for the type - `HARD_REG_SET' which is defined in `hard-reg-set.h'. - -`REGNO_REG_CLASS (REGNO)' - A C expression whose value is a register class containing hard - register REGNO. In general there is more than one such class; - choose a class which is "minimal", meaning that no smaller class - also contains the register. - -`BASE_REG_CLASS' - A macro whose definition is the name of the class to which a valid - base register must belong. A base register is one used in an - address which is the register value plus a displacement. - -`INDEX_REG_CLASS' - A macro whose definition is the name of the class to which a valid - index register must belong. An index register is one used in an - address where its value is either multiplied by a scale factor or - added to another register (as well as added to a displacement). - -`REG_CLASS_FROM_LETTER (CHAR)' - A C expression which defines the machine-dependent operand - constraint letters for register classes. If CHAR is such a - letter, the value should be the register class corresponding to - it. Otherwise, the value should be `NO_REGS'. The register - letter `r', corresponding to class `GENERAL_REGS', will not be - passed to this macro; you do not need to handle it. - -`REGNO_OK_FOR_BASE_P (NUM)' - A C expression which is nonzero if register number NUM is suitable - for use as a base register in operand addresses. It may be either - a suitable hard register or a pseudo register that has been - allocated such a hard register. - -`REGNO_OK_FOR_INDEX_P (NUM)' - A C expression which is nonzero if register number NUM is suitable - for use as an index register in operand addresses. It may be - either a suitable hard register or a pseudo register that has been - allocated such a hard register. - - The difference between an index register and a base register is - that the index register may be scaled. If an address involves the - sum of two registers, neither one of them scaled, then either one - may be labeled the "base" and the other the "index"; but whichever - labeling is used must fit the machine's constraints of which - registers may serve in each capacity. The compiler will try both - labelings, looking for one that is valid, and will reload one or - both registers only if neither labeling works. - -`PREFERRED_RELOAD_CLASS (X, CLASS)' - A C expression that places additional restrictions on the register - class to use when it is necessary to copy value X into a register - in class CLASS. The value is a register class; perhaps CLASS, or - perhaps another, smaller class. On many machines, the following - definition is safe: - - #define PREFERRED_RELOAD_CLASS(X,CLASS) CLASS - - Sometimes returning a more restrictive class makes better code. - For example, on the 68000, when X is an integer constant that is - in range for a `moveq' instruction, the value of this macro is - always `DATA_REGS' as long as CLASS includes the data registers. - Requiring a data register guarantees that a `moveq' will be used. - - If X is a `const_double', by returning `NO_REGS' you can force X - into a memory constant. This is useful on certain machines where - immediate floating values cannot be loaded into certain kinds of - registers. - -`PREFERRED_OUTPUT_RELOAD_CLASS (X, CLASS)' - Like `PREFERRED_RELOAD_CLASS', but for output reloads instead of - input reloads. If you don't define this macro, the default is to - use CLASS, unchanged. - -`LIMIT_RELOAD_CLASS (MODE, CLASS)' - A C expression that places additional restrictions on the register - class to use when it is necessary to be able to hold a value of - mode MODE in a reload register for which class CLASS would - ordinarily be used. - - Unlike `PREFERRED_RELOAD_CLASS', this macro should be used when - there are certain modes that simply can't go in certain reload - classes. - - The value is a register class; perhaps CLASS, or perhaps another, - smaller class. - - Don't define this macro unless the target machine has limitations - which require the macro to do something nontrivial. - -`SECONDARY_RELOAD_CLASS (CLASS, MODE, X)' -`SECONDARY_INPUT_RELOAD_CLASS (CLASS, MODE, X)' -`SECONDARY_OUTPUT_RELOAD_CLASS (CLASS, MODE, X)' - Many machines have some registers that cannot be copied directly - to or from memory or even from other types of registers. An - example is the `MQ' register, which on most machines, can only be - copied to or from general registers, but not memory. Some - machines allow copying all registers to and from memory, but - require a scratch register for stores to some memory locations - (e.g., those with symbolic address on the RT, and those with - certain symbolic address on the Sparc when compiling PIC). In - some cases, both an intermediate and a scratch register are - required. - - You should define these macros to indicate to the reload phase - that it may need to allocate at least one register for a reload in - addition to the register to contain the data. Specifically, if - copying X to a register CLASS in MODE requires an intermediate - register, you should define `SECONDARY_INPUT_RELOAD_CLASS' to - return the largest register class all of whose registers can be - used as intermediate registers or scratch registers. - - If copying a register CLASS in MODE to X requires an intermediate - or scratch register, `SECONDARY_OUTPUT_RELOAD_CLASS' should be - defined to return the largest register class required. If the - requirements for input and output reloads are the same, the macro - `SECONDARY_RELOAD_CLASS' should be used instead of defining both - macros identically. - - The values returned by these macros are often `GENERAL_REGS'. - Return `NO_REGS' if no spare register is needed; i.e., if X can be - directly copied to or from a register of CLASS in MODE without - requiring a scratch register. Do not define this macro if it - would always return `NO_REGS'. - - If a scratch register is required (either with or without an - intermediate register), you should define patterns for - `reload_inM' or `reload_outM', as required (*note Standard - Names::.. These patterns, which will normally be implemented with - a `define_expand', should be similar to the `movM' patterns, - except that operand 2 is the scratch register. - - Define constraints for the reload register and scratch register - that contain a single register class. If the original reload - register (whose class is CLASS) can meet the constraint given in - the pattern, the value returned by these macros is used for the - class of the scratch register. Otherwise, two additional reload - registers are required. Their classes are obtained from the - constraints in the insn pattern. - - X might be a pseudo-register or a `subreg' of a pseudo-register, - which could either be in a hard register or in memory. Use - `true_regnum' to find out; it will return -1 if the pseudo is in - memory and the hard register number if it is in a register. - - These macros should not be used in the case where a particular - class of registers can only be copied to memory and not to another - class of registers. In that case, secondary reload registers are - not needed and would not be helpful. Instead, a stack location - must be used to perform the copy and the `movM' pattern should use - memory as a intermediate storage. This case often occurs between - floating-point and general registers. - -`SECONDARY_MEMORY_NEEDED (CLASS1, CLASS2, M)' - Certain machines have the property that some registers cannot be - copied to some other registers without using memory. Define this - macro on those machines to be a C expression that is non-zero if - objects of mode M in registers of CLASS1 can only be copied to - registers of class CLASS2 by storing a register of CLASS1 into - memory and loading that memory location into a register of CLASS2. - - Do not define this macro if its value would always be zero. - -`SECONDARY_MEMORY_NEEDED_RTX (MODE)' - Normally when `SECONDARY_MEMORY_NEEDED' is defined, the compiler - allocates a stack slot for a memory location needed for register - copies. If this macro is defined, the compiler instead uses the - memory location defined by this macro. - - Do not define this macro if you do not define - `SECONDARY_MEMORY_NEEDED'. - -`SECONDARY_MEMORY_NEEDED_MODE (MODE)' - When the compiler needs a secondary memory location to copy - between two registers of mode MODE, it normally allocates - sufficient memory to hold a quantity of `BITS_PER_WORD' bits and - performs the store and load operations in a mode that many bits - wide and whose class is the same as that of MODE. - - This is right thing to do on most machines because it ensures that - all bits of the register are copied and prevents accesses to the - registers in a narrower mode, which some machines prohibit for - floating-point registers. - - However, this default behavior is not correct on some machines, - such as the DEC Alpha, that store short integers in floating-point - registers differently than in integer registers. On those - machines, the default widening will not work correctly and you - must define this macro to suppress that widening in some cases. - See the file `alpha.h' for details. - - Do not define this macro if you do not define - `SECONDARY_MEMORY_NEEDED' or if widening MODE to a mode that is - `BITS_PER_WORD' bits wide is correct for your machine. - -`SMALL_REGISTER_CLASSES' - Normally the compiler avoids choosing registers that have been - explicitly mentioned in the rtl as spill registers (these - registers are normally those used to pass parameters and return - values). However, some machines have so few registers of certain - classes that there would not be enough registers to use as spill - registers if this were done. - - Define `SMALL_REGISTER_CLASSES' on these machines. When it is - defined, the compiler allows registers explicitly used in the rtl - to be used as spill registers but avoids extending the lifetime of - these registers. - - It is always safe to define this macro, but if you unnecessarily - define it, you will reduce the amount of optimizations that can be - performed in some cases. If you do not define this macro when it - is required, the compiler will run out of spill registers and - print a fatal error message. For most machines, you should not - define this macro. - -`CLASS_LIKELY_SPILLED_P (CLASS)' - A C expression whose value is nonzero if pseudos that have been - assigned to registers of class CLASS would likely be spilled - because registers of CLASS are needed for spill registers. - - The default value of this macro returns 1 if CLASS has exactly one - register and zero otherwise. On most machines, this default - should be used. Only define this macro to some other expression - if pseudo allocated by `local-alloc.c' end up in memory because - their hard registers were needed for spill registers. If this - macro returns nonzero for those classes, those pseudos will only - be allocated by `global.c', which knows how to reallocate the - pseudo to another register. If there would not be another - register available for reallocation, you should not change the - definition of this macro since the only effect of such a - definition would be to slow down register allocation. - -`CLASS_MAX_NREGS (CLASS, MODE)' - A C expression for the maximum number of consecutive registers of - class CLASS needed to hold a value of mode MODE. - - This is closely related to the macro `HARD_REGNO_NREGS'. In fact, - the value of the macro `CLASS_MAX_NREGS (CLASS, MODE)' should be - the maximum value of `HARD_REGNO_NREGS (REGNO, MODE)' for all - REGNO values in the class CLASS. - - This macro helps control the handling of multiple-word values in - the reload pass. - -`CLASS_CANNOT_CHANGE_SIZE' - If defined, a C expression for a class that contains registers - which the compiler must always access in a mode that is the same - size as the mode in which it loaded the register. - - For the example, loading 32-bit integer or floating-point objects - into floating-point registers on the Alpha extends them to 64-bits. - Therefore loading a 64-bit object and then storing it as a 32-bit - object does not store the low-order 32-bits, as would be the case - for a normal register. Therefore, `alpha.h' defines this macro as - `FLOAT_REGS'. - - Three other special macros describe which operands fit which -constraint letters. - -`CONST_OK_FOR_LETTER_P (VALUE, C)' - A C expression that defines the machine-dependent operand - constraint letters that specify particular ranges of integer - values. If C is one of those letters, the expression should check - that VALUE, an integer, is in the appropriate range and return 1 - if so, 0 otherwise. If C is not one of those letters, the value - should be 0 regardless of VALUE. - -`CONST_DOUBLE_OK_FOR_LETTER_P (VALUE, C)' - A C expression that defines the machine-dependent operand - constraint letters that specify particular ranges of - `const_double' values. - - If C is one of those letters, the expression should check that - VALUE, an RTX of code `const_double', is in the appropriate range - and return 1 if so, 0 otherwise. If C is not one of those - letters, the value should be 0 regardless of VALUE. - - `const_double' is used for all floating-point constants and for - `DImode' fixed-point constants. A given letter can accept either - or both kinds of values. It can use `GET_MODE' to distinguish - between these kinds. - -`EXTRA_CONSTRAINT (VALUE, C)' - A C expression that defines the optional machine-dependent - constraint letters that can be used to segregate specific types of - operands, usually memory references, for the target machine. - Normally this macro will not be defined. If it is required for a - particular target machine, it should return 1 if VALUE corresponds - to the operand type represented by the constraint letter C. If C - is not defined as an extra constraint, the value returned should - be 0 regardless of VALUE. - - For example, on the ROMP, load instructions cannot have their - output in r0 if the memory reference contains a symbolic address. - Constraint letter `Q' is defined as representing a memory address - that does *not* contain a symbolic address. An alternative is - specified with a `Q' constraint on the input and `r' on the - output. The next alternative specifies `m' on the input and a - register class that does not include r0 on the output. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Stack and Calling, Next: Varargs, Prev: Register Classes, Up: Target Macros - -Stack Layout and Calling Conventions -==================================== - - This describes the stack layout and calling conventions. - -* Menu: - -* Frame Layout:: -* Frame Registers:: -* Elimination:: -* Stack Arguments:: -* Register Arguments:: -* Scalar Return:: -* Aggregate Return:: -* Caller Saves:: -* Function Entry:: -* Profiling:: - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Frame Layout, Next: Frame Registers, Up: Stack and Calling - -Basic Stack Layout ------------------- - - Here is the basic stack layout. - -`STACK_GROWS_DOWNWARD' - Define this macro if pushing a word onto the stack moves the stack - pointer to a smaller address. - - When we say, "define this macro if ...," it means that the - compiler checks this macro only with `#ifdef' so the precise - definition used does not matter. - -`FRAME_GROWS_DOWNWARD' - Define this macro if the addresses of local variable slots are at - negative offsets from the frame pointer. - -`ARGS_GROW_DOWNWARD' - Define this macro if successive arguments to a function occupy - decreasing addresses on the stack. - -`STARTING_FRAME_OFFSET' - Offset from the frame pointer to the first local variable slot to - be allocated. - - If `FRAME_GROWS_DOWNWARD', find the next slot's offset by - subtracting the first slot's length from `STARTING_FRAME_OFFSET'. - Otherwise, it is found by adding the length of the first slot to - the value `STARTING_FRAME_OFFSET'. - -`STACK_POINTER_OFFSET' - Offset from the stack pointer register to the first location at - which outgoing arguments are placed. If not specified, the - default value of zero is used. This is the proper value for most - machines. - - If `ARGS_GROW_DOWNWARD', this is the offset to the location above - the first location at which outgoing arguments are placed. - -`FIRST_PARM_OFFSET (FUNDECL)' - Offset from the argument pointer register to the first argument's - address. On some machines it may depend on the data type of the - function. - - If `ARGS_GROW_DOWNWARD', this is the offset to the location above - the first argument's address. - -`STACK_DYNAMIC_OFFSET (FUNDECL)' - Offset from the stack pointer register to an item dynamically - allocated on the stack, e.g., by `alloca'. - - The default value for this macro is `STACK_POINTER_OFFSET' plus the - length of the outgoing arguments. The default is correct for most - machines. See `function.c' for details. - -`DYNAMIC_CHAIN_ADDRESS (FRAMEADDR)' - A C expression whose value is RTL representing the address in a - stack frame where the pointer to the caller's frame is stored. - Assume that FRAMEADDR is an RTL expression for the address of the - stack frame itself. - - If you don't define this macro, the default is to return the value - of FRAMEADDR--that is, the stack frame address is also the address - of the stack word that points to the previous frame. - -`SETUP_FRAME_ADDRESSES ()' - If defined, a C expression that produces the machine-specific code - to setup the stack so that arbitrary frames can be accessed. For - example, on the Sparc, we must flush all of the register windows - to the stack before we can access arbitrary stack frames. This - macro will seldom need to be defined. - -`RETURN_ADDR_RTX (COUNT, FRAMEADDR)' - A C expression whose value is RTL representing the value of the - return address for the frame COUNT steps up from the current frame. - FRAMEADDR is the frame pointer of the COUNT frame, or the frame - pointer of the COUNT - 1 frame if `RETURN_ADDR_IN_PREVIOUS_FRAME' - is defined. - -`RETURN_ADDR_IN_PREVIOUS_FRAME' - Define this if the return address of a particular stack frame is - accessed from the frame pointer of the previous stack frame. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Frame Registers, Next: Elimination, Prev: Frame Layout, Up: Stack and Calling - -Registers That Address the Stack Frame --------------------------------------- - - This discusses registers that address the stack frame. - -`STACK_POINTER_REGNUM' - The register number of the stack pointer register, which must also - be a fixed register according to `FIXED_REGISTERS'. On most - machines, the hardware determines which register this is. - -`FRAME_POINTER_REGNUM' - The register number of the frame pointer register, which is used to - access automatic variables in the stack frame. On some machines, - the hardware determines which register this is. On other - machines, you can choose any register you wish for this purpose. - -`HARD_FRAME_POINTER_REGNUM' - On some machines the offset between the frame pointer and starting - offset of the automatic variables is not known until after register - allocation has been done (for example, because the saved registers - are between these two locations). On those machines, define - `FRAME_POINTER_REGNUM' the number of a special, fixed register to - be used internally until the offset is known, and define - `HARD_FRAME_POINTER_REGNUM' to be actual the hard register number - used for the frame pointer. - - You should define this macro only in the very rare circumstances - when it is not possible to calculate the offset between the frame - pointer and the automatic variables until after register - allocation has been completed. When this macro is defined, you - must also indicate in your definition of `ELIMINABLE_REGS' how to - eliminate `FRAME_POINTER_REGNUM' into either - `HARD_FRAME_POINTER_REGNUM' or `STACK_POINTER_REGNUM'. - - Do not define this macro if it would be the same as - `FRAME_POINTER_REGNUM'. - -`ARG_POINTER_REGNUM' - The register number of the arg pointer register, which is used to - access the function's argument list. On some machines, this is - the same as the frame pointer register. On some machines, the - hardware determines which register this is. On other machines, - you can choose any register you wish for this purpose. If this is - not the same register as the frame pointer register, then you must - mark it as a fixed register according to `FIXED_REGISTERS', or - arrange to be able to eliminate it (*note Elimination::.). - -`STATIC_CHAIN_REGNUM' -`STATIC_CHAIN_INCOMING_REGNUM' - Register numbers used for passing a function's static chain - pointer. If register windows are used, the register number as - seen by the called function is `STATIC_CHAIN_INCOMING_REGNUM', - while the register number as seen by the calling function is - `STATIC_CHAIN_REGNUM'. If these registers are the same, - `STATIC_CHAIN_INCOMING_REGNUM' need not be defined. - - The static chain register need not be a fixed register. - - If the static chain is passed in memory, these macros should not be - defined; instead, the next two macros should be defined. - -`STATIC_CHAIN' -`STATIC_CHAIN_INCOMING' - If the static chain is passed in memory, these macros provide rtx - giving `mem' expressions that denote where they are stored. - `STATIC_CHAIN' and `STATIC_CHAIN_INCOMING' give the locations as - seen by the calling and called functions, respectively. Often the - former will be at an offset from the stack pointer and the latter - at an offset from the frame pointer. - - The variables `stack_pointer_rtx', `frame_pointer_rtx', and - `arg_pointer_rtx' will have been initialized prior to the use of - these macros and should be used to refer to those items. - - If the static chain is passed in a register, the two previous - macros should be defined instead. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Elimination, Next: Stack Arguments, Prev: Frame Registers, Up: Stack and Calling - -Eliminating Frame Pointer and Arg Pointer ------------------------------------------ - - This is about eliminating the frame pointer and arg pointer. - -`FRAME_POINTER_REQUIRED' - A C expression which is nonzero if a function must have and use a - frame pointer. This expression is evaluated in the reload pass. - If its value is nonzero the function will have a frame pointer. - - The expression can in principle examine the current function and - decide according to the facts, but on most machines the constant 0 - or the constant 1 suffices. Use 0 when the machine allows code to - be generated with no frame pointer, and doing so saves some time - or space. Use 1 when there is no possible advantage to avoiding a - frame pointer. - - In certain cases, the compiler does not know how to produce valid - code without a frame pointer. The compiler recognizes those cases - and automatically gives the function a frame pointer regardless of - what `FRAME_POINTER_REQUIRED' says. You don't need to worry about - them. - - In a function that does not require a frame pointer, the frame - pointer register can be allocated for ordinary usage, unless you - mark it as a fixed register. See `FIXED_REGISTERS' for more - information. - -`INITIAL_FRAME_POINTER_OFFSET (DEPTH-VAR)' - A C statement to store in the variable DEPTH-VAR the difference - between the frame pointer and the stack pointer values immediately - after the function prologue. The value would be computed from - information such as the result of `get_frame_size ()' and the - tables of registers `regs_ever_live' and `call_used_regs'. - - If `ELIMINABLE_REGS' is defined, this macro will be not be used and - need not be defined. Otherwise, it must be defined even if - `FRAME_POINTER_REQUIRED' is defined to always be true; in that - case, you may set DEPTH-VAR to anything. - -`ELIMINABLE_REGS' - If defined, this macro specifies a table of register pairs used to - eliminate unneeded registers that point into the stack frame. If - it is not defined, the only elimination attempted by the compiler - is to replace references to the frame pointer with references to - the stack pointer. - - The definition of this macro is a list of structure - initializations, each of which specifies an original and - replacement register. - - On some machines, the position of the argument pointer is not - known until the compilation is completed. In such a case, a - separate hard register must be used for the argument pointer. - This register can be eliminated by replacing it with either the - frame pointer or the argument pointer, depending on whether or not - the frame pointer has been eliminated. - - In this case, you might specify: - #define ELIMINABLE_REGS \ - {{ARG_POINTER_REGNUM, STACK_POINTER_REGNUM}, \ - {ARG_POINTER_REGNUM, FRAME_POINTER_REGNUM}, \ - {FRAME_POINTER_REGNUM, STACK_POINTER_REGNUM}} - - Note that the elimination of the argument pointer with the stack - pointer is specified first since that is the preferred elimination. - -`CAN_ELIMINATE (FROM-REG, TO-REG)' - A C expression that returns non-zero if the compiler is allowed to - try to replace register number FROM-REG with register number - TO-REG. This macro need only be defined if `ELIMINABLE_REGS' is - defined, and will usually be the constant 1, since most of the - cases preventing register elimination are things that the compiler - already knows about. - -`INITIAL_ELIMINATION_OFFSET (FROM-REG, TO-REG, OFFSET-VAR)' - This macro is similar to `INITIAL_FRAME_POINTER_OFFSET'. It - specifies the initial difference between the specified pair of - registers. This macro must be defined if `ELIMINABLE_REGS' is - defined. - -`LONGJMP_RESTORE_FROM_STACK' - Define this macro if the `longjmp' function restores registers from - the stack frames, rather than from those saved specifically by - `setjmp'. Certain quantities must not be kept in registers across - a call to `setjmp' on such machines. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Stack Arguments, Next: Register Arguments, Prev: Elimination, Up: Stack and Calling - -Passing Function Arguments on the Stack ---------------------------------------- - - The macros in this section control how arguments are passed on the -stack. See the following section for other macros that control passing -certain arguments in registers. - -`PROMOTE_PROTOTYPES' - Define this macro if an argument declared in a prototype as an - integral type smaller than `int' should actually be passed as an - `int'. In addition to avoiding errors in certain cases of - mismatch, it also makes for better code on certain machines. - -`PUSH_ROUNDING (NPUSHED)' - A C expression that is the number of bytes actually pushed onto the - stack when an instruction attempts to push NPUSHED bytes. - - If the target machine does not have a push instruction, do not - define this macro. That directs GNU CC to use an alternate - strategy: to allocate the entire argument block and then store the - arguments into it. - - On some machines, the definition - - #define PUSH_ROUNDING(BYTES) (BYTES) - - will suffice. But on other machines, instructions that appear to - push one byte actually push two bytes in an attempt to maintain - alignment. Then the definition should be - - #define PUSH_ROUNDING(BYTES) (((BYTES) + 1) & ~1) - -`ACCUMULATE_OUTGOING_ARGS' - If defined, the maximum amount of space required for outgoing - arguments will be computed and placed into the variable - `current_function_outgoing_args_size'. No space will be pushed - onto the stack for each call; instead, the function prologue should - increase the stack frame size by this amount. - - Defining both `PUSH_ROUNDING' and `ACCUMULATE_OUTGOING_ARGS' is - not proper. - -`REG_PARM_STACK_SPACE (FNDECL)' - Define this macro if functions should assume that stack space has - been allocated for arguments even when their values are passed in - registers. - - The value of this macro is the size, in bytes, of the area - reserved for arguments passed in registers for the function - represented by FNDECL. - - This space can be allocated by the caller, or be a part of the - machine-dependent stack frame: `OUTGOING_REG_PARM_STACK_SPACE' says - which. - -`MAYBE_REG_PARM_STACK_SPACE' -`FINAL_REG_PARM_STACK_SPACE (CONST_SIZE, VAR_SIZE)' - Define these macros in addition to the one above if functions might - allocate stack space for arguments even when their values are - passed in registers. These should be used when the stack space - allocated for arguments in registers is not a simple constant - independent of the function declaration. - - The value of the first macro is the size, in bytes, of the area - that we should initially assume would be reserved for arguments - passed in registers. - - The value of the second macro is the actual size, in bytes, of the - area that will be reserved for arguments passed in registers. - This takes two arguments: an integer representing the number of - bytes of fixed sized arguments on the stack, and a tree - representing the number of bytes of variable sized arguments on - the stack. - - When these macros are defined, `REG_PARM_STACK_SPACE' will only be - called for libcall functions, the current function, or for a - function being called when it is known that such stack space must - be allocated. In each case this value can be easily computed. - - When deciding whether a called function needs such stack space, - and how much space to reserve, GNU CC uses these two macros - instead of `REG_PARM_STACK_SPACE'. - -`OUTGOING_REG_PARM_STACK_SPACE' - Define this if it is the responsibility of the caller to allocate - the area reserved for arguments passed in registers. - - If `ACCUMULATE_OUTGOING_ARGS' is defined, this macro controls - whether the space for these arguments counts in the value of - `current_function_outgoing_args_size'. - -`STACK_PARMS_IN_REG_PARM_AREA' - Define this macro if `REG_PARM_STACK_SPACE' is defined, but the - stack parameters don't skip the area specified by it. - - Normally, when a parameter is not passed in registers, it is - placed on the stack beyond the `REG_PARM_STACK_SPACE' area. - Defining this macro suppresses this behavior and causes the - parameter to be passed on the stack in its natural location. - -`RETURN_POPS_ARGS (FUNDECL, FUNTYPE, STACK-SIZE)' - A C expression that should indicate the number of bytes of its own - arguments that a function pops on returning, or 0 if the function - pops no arguments and the caller must therefore pop them all after - the function returns. - - FUNDECL is a C variable whose value is a tree node that describes - the function in question. Normally it is a node of type - `FUNCTION_DECL' that describes the declaration of the function. - From this it is possible to obtain the DECL_MACHINE_ATTRIBUTES of - the function. - - FUNTYPE is a C variable whose value is a tree node that describes - the function in question. Normally it is a node of type - `FUNCTION_TYPE' that describes the data type of the function. - From this it is possible to obtain the data types of the value and - arguments (if known). - - When a call to a library function is being considered, FUNTYPE - will contain an identifier node for the library function. Thus, if - you need to distinguish among various library functions, you can - do so by their names. Note that "library function" in this - context means a function used to perform arithmetic, whose name is - known specially in the compiler and was not mentioned in the C - code being compiled. - - STACK-SIZE is the number of bytes of arguments passed on the - stack. If a variable number of bytes is passed, it is zero, and - argument popping will always be the responsibility of the calling - function. - - On the Vax, all functions always pop their arguments, so the - definition of this macro is STACK-SIZE. On the 68000, using the - standard calling convention, no functions pop their arguments, so - the value of the macro is always 0 in this case. But an - alternative calling convention is available in which functions - that take a fixed number of arguments pop them but other functions - (such as `printf') pop nothing (the caller pops all). When this - convention is in use, FUNTYPE is examined to determine whether a - function takes a fixed number of arguments. - diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-21 b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-21 deleted file mode 100644 index 82ba2f5fbd2..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-21 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,927 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file gcc.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.63 from the input -file gcc.texi. - - This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU compiler. - - Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 -Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - - Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software -Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for -Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are -included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public -License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight -`Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in -translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the -original English. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Register Arguments, Next: Scalar Return, Prev: Stack Arguments, Up: Stack and Calling - -Passing Arguments in Registers ------------------------------- - - This section describes the macros which let you control how various -types of arguments are passed in registers or how they are arranged in -the stack. - -`FUNCTION_ARG (CUM, MODE, TYPE, NAMED)' - A C expression that controls whether a function argument is passed - in a register, and which register. - - The arguments are CUM, which summarizes all the previous - arguments; MODE, the machine mode of the argument; TYPE, the data - type of the argument as a tree node or 0 if that is not known - (which happens for C support library functions); and NAMED, which - is 1 for an ordinary argument and 0 for nameless arguments that - correspond to `...' in the called function's prototype. - - The value of the expression should either be a `reg' RTX for the - hard register in which to pass the argument, or zero to pass the - argument on the stack. - - For machines like the Vax and 68000, where normally all arguments - are pushed, zero suffices as a definition. - - The usual way to make the ANSI library `stdarg.h' work on a machine - where some arguments are usually passed in registers, is to cause - nameless arguments to be passed on the stack instead. This is done - by making `FUNCTION_ARG' return 0 whenever NAMED is 0. - - You may use the macro `MUST_PASS_IN_STACK (MODE, TYPE)' in the - definition of this macro to determine if this argument is of a - type that must be passed in the stack. If `REG_PARM_STACK_SPACE' - is not defined and `FUNCTION_ARG' returns non-zero for such an - argument, the compiler will abort. If `REG_PARM_STACK_SPACE' is - defined, the argument will be computed in the stack and then - loaded into a register. - -`FUNCTION_INCOMING_ARG (CUM, MODE, TYPE, NAMED)' - Define this macro if the target machine has "register windows", so - that the register in which a function sees an arguments is not - necessarily the same as the one in which the caller passed the - argument. - - For such machines, `FUNCTION_ARG' computes the register in which - the caller passes the value, and `FUNCTION_INCOMING_ARG' should be - defined in a similar fashion to tell the function being called - where the arguments will arrive. - - If `FUNCTION_INCOMING_ARG' is not defined, `FUNCTION_ARG' serves - both purposes. - -`FUNCTION_ARG_PARTIAL_NREGS (CUM, MODE, TYPE, NAMED)' - A C expression for the number of words, at the beginning of an - argument, must be put in registers. The value must be zero for - arguments that are passed entirely in registers or that are - entirely pushed on the stack. - - On some machines, certain arguments must be passed partially in - registers and partially in memory. On these machines, typically - the first N words of arguments are passed in registers, and the - rest on the stack. If a multi-word argument (a `double' or a - structure) crosses that boundary, its first few words must be - passed in registers and the rest must be pushed. This macro tells - the compiler when this occurs, and how many of the words should go - in registers. - - `FUNCTION_ARG' for these arguments should return the first - register to be used by the caller for this argument; likewise - `FUNCTION_INCOMING_ARG', for the called function. - -`FUNCTION_ARG_PASS_BY_REFERENCE (CUM, MODE, TYPE, NAMED)' - A C expression that indicates when an argument must be passed by - reference. If nonzero for an argument, a copy of that argument is - made in memory and a pointer to the argument is passed instead of - the argument itself. The pointer is passed in whatever way is - appropriate for passing a pointer to that type. - - On machines where `REG_PARM_STACK_SPACE' is not defined, a suitable - definition of this macro might be - #define FUNCTION_ARG_PASS_BY_REFERENCE\ - (CUM, MODE, TYPE, NAMED) \ - MUST_PASS_IN_STACK (MODE, TYPE) - -`FUNCTION_ARG_CALLEE_COPIES (CUM, MODE, TYPE, NAMED)' - If defined, a C expression that indicates when it is the called - function's responsibility to make a copy of arguments passed by - invisible reference. Normally, the caller makes a copy and passes - the address of the copy to the routine being called. When - FUNCTION_ARG_CALLEE_COPIES is defined and is nonzero, the caller - does not make a copy. Instead, it passes a pointer to the "live" - value. The called function must not modify this value. If it can - be determined that the value won't be modified, it need not make a - copy; otherwise a copy must be made. - -`CUMULATIVE_ARGS' - A C type for declaring a variable that is used as the first - argument of `FUNCTION_ARG' and other related values. For some - target machines, the type `int' suffices and can hold the number - of bytes of argument so far. - - There is no need to record in `CUMULATIVE_ARGS' anything about the - arguments that have been passed on the stack. The compiler has - other variables to keep track of that. For target machines on - which all arguments are passed on the stack, there is no need to - store anything in `CUMULATIVE_ARGS'; however, the data structure - must exist and should not be empty, so use `int'. - -`INIT_CUMULATIVE_ARGS (CUM, FNTYPE, LIBNAME)' - A C statement (sans semicolon) for initializing the variable CUM - for the state at the beginning of the argument list. The variable - has type `CUMULATIVE_ARGS'. The value of FNTYPE is the tree node - for the data type of the function which will receive the args, or 0 - if the args are to a compiler support library function. - - When processing a call to a compiler support library function, - LIBNAME identifies which one. It is a `symbol_ref' rtx which - contains the name of the function, as a string. LIBNAME is 0 when - an ordinary C function call is being processed. Thus, each time - this macro is called, either LIBNAME or FNTYPE is nonzero, but - never both of them at once. - -`INIT_CUMULATIVE_INCOMING_ARGS (CUM, FNTYPE, LIBNAME)' - Like `INIT_CUMULATIVE_ARGS' but overrides it for the purposes of - finding the arguments for the function being compiled. If this - macro is undefined, `INIT_CUMULATIVE_ARGS' is used instead. - - The value passed for LIBNAME is always 0, since library routines - with special calling conventions are never compiled with GNU CC. - The argument LIBNAME exists for symmetry with - `INIT_CUMULATIVE_ARGS'. - -`FUNCTION_ARG_ADVANCE (CUM, MODE, TYPE, NAMED)' - A C statement (sans semicolon) to update the summarizer variable - CUM to advance past an argument in the argument list. The values - MODE, TYPE and NAMED describe that argument. Once this is done, - the variable CUM is suitable for analyzing the *following* - argument with `FUNCTION_ARG', etc. - - This macro need not do anything if the argument in question was - passed on the stack. The compiler knows how to track the amount - of stack space used for arguments without any special help. - -`FUNCTION_ARG_PADDING (MODE, TYPE)' - If defined, a C expression which determines whether, and in which - direction, to pad out an argument with extra space. The value - should be of type `enum direction': either `upward' to pad above - the argument, `downward' to pad below, or `none' to inhibit - padding. - - The *amount* of padding is always just enough to reach the next - multiple of `FUNCTION_ARG_BOUNDARY'; this macro does not control - it. - - This macro has a default definition which is right for most - systems. For little-endian machines, the default is to pad - upward. For big-endian machines, the default is to pad downward - for an argument of constant size shorter than an `int', and upward - otherwise. - -`FUNCTION_ARG_BOUNDARY (MODE, TYPE)' - If defined, a C expression that gives the alignment boundary, in - bits, of an argument with the specified mode and type. If it is - not defined, `PARM_BOUNDARY' is used for all arguments. - -`FUNCTION_ARG_REGNO_P (REGNO)' - A C expression that is nonzero if REGNO is the number of a hard - register in which function arguments are sometimes passed. This - does *not* include implicit arguments such as the static chain and - the structure-value address. On many machines, no registers can be - used for this purpose since all function arguments are pushed on - the stack. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Scalar Return, Next: Aggregate Return, Prev: Register Arguments, Up: Stack and Calling - -How Scalar Function Values Are Returned ---------------------------------------- - - This section discusses the macros that control returning scalars as -values--values that can fit in registers. - -`TRADITIONAL_RETURN_FLOAT' - Define this macro if `-traditional' should not cause functions - declared to return `float' to convert the value to `double'. - -`FUNCTION_VALUE (VALTYPE, FUNC)' - A C expression to create an RTX representing the place where a - function returns a value of data type VALTYPE. VALTYPE is a tree - node representing a data type. Write `TYPE_MODE (VALTYPE)' to get - the machine mode used to represent that type. On many machines, - only the mode is relevant. (Actually, on most machines, scalar - values are returned in the same place regardless of mode). - - If `PROMOTE_FUNCTION_RETURN' is defined, you must apply the same - promotion rules specified in `PROMOTE_MODE' if VALTYPE is a scalar - type. - - If the precise function being called is known, FUNC is a tree node - (`FUNCTION_DECL') for it; otherwise, FUNC is a null pointer. This - makes it possible to use a different value-returning convention - for specific functions when all their calls are known. - - `FUNCTION_VALUE' is not used for return vales with aggregate data - types, because these are returned in another way. See - `STRUCT_VALUE_REGNUM' and related macros, below. - -`FUNCTION_OUTGOING_VALUE (VALTYPE, FUNC)' - Define this macro if the target machine has "register windows" so - that the register in which a function returns its value is not the - same as the one in which the caller sees the value. - - For such machines, `FUNCTION_VALUE' computes the register in which - the caller will see the value. `FUNCTION_OUTGOING_VALUE' should be - defined in a similar fashion to tell the function where to put the - value. - - If `FUNCTION_OUTGOING_VALUE' is not defined, `FUNCTION_VALUE' - serves both purposes. - - `FUNCTION_OUTGOING_VALUE' is not used for return vales with - aggregate data types, because these are returned in another way. - See `STRUCT_VALUE_REGNUM' and related macros, below. - -`LIBCALL_VALUE (MODE)' - A C expression to create an RTX representing the place where a - library function returns a value of mode MODE. If the precise - function being called is known, FUNC is a tree node - (`FUNCTION_DECL') for it; otherwise, FUNC is a null pointer. This - makes it possible to use a different value-returning convention - for specific functions when all their calls are known. - - Note that "library function" in this context means a compiler - support routine, used to perform arithmetic, whose name is known - specially by the compiler and was not mentioned in the C code being - compiled. - - The definition of `LIBRARY_VALUE' need not be concerned aggregate - data types, because none of the library functions returns such - types. - -`FUNCTION_VALUE_REGNO_P (REGNO)' - A C expression that is nonzero if REGNO is the number of a hard - register in which the values of called function may come back. - - A register whose use for returning values is limited to serving as - the second of a pair (for a value of type `double', say) need not - be recognized by this macro. So for most machines, this definition - suffices: - - #define FUNCTION_VALUE_REGNO_P(N) ((N) == 0) - - If the machine has register windows, so that the caller and the - called function use different registers for the return value, this - macro should recognize only the caller's register numbers. - -`APPLY_RESULT_SIZE' - Define this macro if `untyped_call' and `untyped_return' need more - space than is implied by `FUNCTION_VALUE_REGNO_P' for saving and - restoring an arbitrary return value. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Aggregate Return, Next: Caller Saves, Prev: Scalar Return, Up: Stack and Calling - -How Large Values Are Returned ------------------------------ - - When a function value's mode is `BLKmode' (and in some other cases), -the value is not returned according to `FUNCTION_VALUE' (*note Scalar -Return::.). Instead, the caller passes the address of a block of -memory in which the value should be stored. This address is called the -"structure value address". - - This section describes how to control returning structure values in -memory. - -`RETURN_IN_MEMORY (TYPE)' - A C expression which can inhibit the returning of certain function - values in registers, based on the type of value. A nonzero value - says to return the function value in memory, just as large - structures are always returned. Here TYPE will be a C expression - of type `tree', representing the data type of the value. - - Note that values of mode `BLKmode' must be explicitly handled by - this macro. Also, the option `-fpcc-struct-return' takes effect - regardless of this macro. On most systems, it is possible to - leave the macro undefined; this causes a default definition to be - used, whose value is the constant 1 for `BLKmode' values, and 0 - otherwise. - - Do not use this macro to indicate that structures and unions - should always be returned in memory. You should instead use - `DEFAULT_PCC_STRUCT_RETURN' to indicate this. - -`DEFAULT_PCC_STRUCT_RETURN' - Define this macro to be 1 if all structure and union return values - must be in memory. Since this results in slower code, this should - be defined only if needed for compatibility with other compilers - or with an ABI. If you define this macro to be 0, then the - conventions used for structure and union return values are decided - by the `RETURN_IN_MEMORY' macro. - - If not defined, this defaults to the value 1. - -`STRUCT_VALUE_REGNUM' - If the structure value address is passed in a register, then - `STRUCT_VALUE_REGNUM' should be the number of that register. - -`STRUCT_VALUE' - If the structure value address is not passed in a register, define - `STRUCT_VALUE' as an expression returning an RTX for the place - where the address is passed. If it returns 0, the address is - passed as an "invisible" first argument. - -`STRUCT_VALUE_INCOMING_REGNUM' - On some architectures the place where the structure value address - is found by the called function is not the same place that the - caller put it. This can be due to register windows, or it could - be because the function prologue moves it to a different place. - - If the incoming location of the structure value address is in a - register, define this macro as the register number. - -`STRUCT_VALUE_INCOMING' - If the incoming location is not a register, then you should define - `STRUCT_VALUE_INCOMING' as an expression for an RTX for where the - called function should find the value. If it should find the - value on the stack, define this to create a `mem' which refers to - the frame pointer. A definition of 0 means that the address is - passed as an "invisible" first argument. - -`PCC_STATIC_STRUCT_RETURN' - Define this macro if the usual system convention on the target - machine for returning structures and unions is for the called - function to return the address of a static variable containing the - value. - - Do not define this if the usual system convention is for the - caller to pass an address to the subroutine. - - This macro has effect in `-fpcc-struct-return' mode, but it does - nothing when you use `-freg-struct-return' mode. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Caller Saves, Next: Function Entry, Prev: Aggregate Return, Up: Stack and Calling - -Caller-Saves Register Allocation --------------------------------- - - If you enable it, GNU CC can save registers around function calls. -This makes it possible to use call-clobbered registers to hold -variables that must live across calls. - -`DEFAULT_CALLER_SAVES' - Define this macro if function calls on the target machine do not - preserve any registers; in other words, if `CALL_USED_REGISTERS' - has 1 for all registers. This macro enables `-fcaller-saves' by - default. Eventually that option will be enabled by default on all - machines and both the option and this macro will be eliminated. - -`CALLER_SAVE_PROFITABLE (REFS, CALLS)' - A C expression to determine whether it is worthwhile to consider - placing a pseudo-register in a call-clobbered hard register and - saving and restoring it around each function call. The expression - should be 1 when this is worth doing, and 0 otherwise. - - If you don't define this macro, a default is used which is good on - most machines: `4 * CALLS < REFS'. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Function Entry, Next: Profiling, Prev: Caller Saves, Up: Stack and Calling - -Function Entry and Exit ------------------------ - - This section describes the macros that output function entry -("prologue") and exit ("epilogue") code. - -`FUNCTION_PROLOGUE (FILE, SIZE)' - A C compound statement that outputs the assembler code for entry - to a function. The prologue is responsible for setting up the - stack frame, initializing the frame pointer register, saving - registers that must be saved, and allocating SIZE additional bytes - of storage for the local variables. SIZE is an integer. FILE is - a stdio stream to which the assembler code should be output. - - The label for the beginning of the function need not be output by - this macro. That has already been done when the macro is run. - - To determine which registers to save, the macro can refer to the - array `regs_ever_live': element R is nonzero if hard register R is - used anywhere within the function. This implies the function - prologue should save register R, provided it is not one of the - call-used registers. (`FUNCTION_EPILOGUE' must likewise use - `regs_ever_live'.) - - On machines that have "register windows", the function entry code - does not save on the stack the registers that are in the windows, - even if they are supposed to be preserved by function calls; - instead it takes appropriate steps to "push" the register stack, - if any non-call-used registers are used in the function. - - On machines where functions may or may not have frame-pointers, the - function entry code must vary accordingly; it must set up the frame - pointer if one is wanted, and not otherwise. To determine whether - a frame pointer is in wanted, the macro can refer to the variable - `frame_pointer_needed'. The variable's value will be 1 at run - time in a function that needs a frame pointer. *Note - Elimination::. - - The function entry code is responsible for allocating any stack - space required for the function. This stack space consists of the - regions listed below. In most cases, these regions are allocated - in the order listed, with the last listed region closest to the - top of the stack (the lowest address if `STACK_GROWS_DOWNWARD' is - defined, and the highest address if it is not defined). You can - use a different order for a machine if doing so is more convenient - or required for compatibility reasons. Except in cases where - required by standard or by a debugger, there is no reason why the - stack layout used by GCC need agree with that used by other - compilers for a machine. - - * A region of `current_function_pretend_args_size' bytes of - uninitialized space just underneath the first argument - arriving on the stack. (This may not be at the very start of - the allocated stack region if the calling sequence has pushed - anything else since pushing the stack arguments. But - usually, on such machines, nothing else has been pushed yet, - because the function prologue itself does all the pushing.) - This region is used on machines where an argument may be - passed partly in registers and partly in memory, and, in some - cases to support the features in `varargs.h' and `stdargs.h'. - - * An area of memory used to save certain registers used by the - function. The size of this area, which may also include - space for such things as the return address and pointers to - previous stack frames, is machine-specific and usually - depends on which registers have been used in the function. - Machines with register windows often do not require a save - area. - - * A region of at least SIZE bytes, possibly rounded up to an - allocation boundary, to contain the local variables of the - function. On some machines, this region and the save area - may occur in the opposite order, with the save area closer to - the top of the stack. - - * Optionally, when `ACCUMULATE_OUTGOING_ARGS' is defined, a - region of `current_function_outgoing_args_size' bytes to be - used for outgoing argument lists of the function. *Note - Stack Arguments::. - - Normally, it is necessary for the macros `FUNCTION_PROLOGUE' and - `FUNCTION_EPILOGUE' to treat leaf functions specially. The C - variable `leaf_function' is nonzero for such a function. - -`EXIT_IGNORE_STACK' - Define this macro as a C expression that is nonzero if the return - instruction or the function epilogue ignores the value of the stack - pointer; in other words, if it is safe to delete an instruction to - adjust the stack pointer before a return from the function. - - Note that this macro's value is relevant only for functions for - which frame pointers are maintained. It is never safe to delete a - final stack adjustment in a function that has no frame pointer, - and the compiler knows this regardless of `EXIT_IGNORE_STACK'. - -`FUNCTION_EPILOGUE (FILE, SIZE)' - A C compound statement that outputs the assembler code for exit - from a function. The epilogue is responsible for restoring the - saved registers and stack pointer to their values when the - function was called, and returning control to the caller. This - macro takes the same arguments as the macro `FUNCTION_PROLOGUE', - and the registers to restore are determined from `regs_ever_live' - and `CALL_USED_REGISTERS' in the same way. - - On some machines, there is a single instruction that does all the - work of returning from the function. On these machines, give that - instruction the name `return' and do not define the macro - `FUNCTION_EPILOGUE' at all. - - Do not define a pattern named `return' if you want the - `FUNCTION_EPILOGUE' to be used. If you want the target switches - to control whether return instructions or epilogues are used, - define a `return' pattern with a validity condition that tests the - target switches appropriately. If the `return' pattern's validity - condition is false, epilogues will be used. - - On machines where functions may or may not have frame-pointers, the - function exit code must vary accordingly. Sometimes the code for - these two cases is completely different. To determine whether a - frame pointer is wanted, the macro can refer to the variable - `frame_pointer_needed'. The variable's value will be 1 when - compiling a function that needs a frame pointer. - - Normally, `FUNCTION_PROLOGUE' and `FUNCTION_EPILOGUE' must treat - leaf functions specially. The C variable `leaf_function' is - nonzero for such a function. *Note Leaf Functions::. - - On some machines, some functions pop their arguments on exit while - others leave that for the caller to do. For example, the 68020 - when given `-mrtd' pops arguments in functions that take a fixed - number of arguments. - - Your definition of the macro `RETURN_POPS_ARGS' decides which - functions pop their own arguments. `FUNCTION_EPILOGUE' needs to - know what was decided. The variable that is called - `current_function_pops_args' is the number of bytes of its - arguments that a function should pop. *Note Scalar Return::. - -`DELAY_SLOTS_FOR_EPILOGUE' - Define this macro if the function epilogue contains delay slots to - which instructions from the rest of the function can be "moved". - The definition should be a C expression whose value is an integer - representing the number of delay slots there. - -`ELIGIBLE_FOR_EPILOGUE_DELAY (INSN, N)' - A C expression that returns 1 if INSN can be placed in delay slot - number N of the epilogue. - - The argument N is an integer which identifies the delay slot now - being considered (since different slots may have different rules of - eligibility). It is never negative and is always less than the - number of epilogue delay slots (what `DELAY_SLOTS_FOR_EPILOGUE' - returns). If you reject a particular insn for a given delay slot, - in principle, it may be reconsidered for a subsequent delay slot. - Also, other insns may (at least in principle) be considered for - the so far unfilled delay slot. - - The insns accepted to fill the epilogue delay slots are put in an - RTL list made with `insn_list' objects, stored in the variable - `current_function_epilogue_delay_list'. The insn for the first - delay slot comes first in the list. Your definition of the macro - `FUNCTION_EPILOGUE' should fill the delay slots by outputting the - insns in this list, usually by calling `final_scan_insn'. - - You need not define this macro if you did not define - `DELAY_SLOTS_FOR_EPILOGUE'. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Profiling, Prev: Function Entry, Up: Stack and Calling - -Generating Code for Profiling ------------------------------ - - These macros will help you generate code for profiling. - -`FUNCTION_PROFILER (FILE, LABELNO)' - A C statement or compound statement to output to FILE some - assembler code to call the profiling subroutine `mcount'. Before - calling, the assembler code must load the address of a counter - variable into a register where `mcount' expects to find the - address. The name of this variable is `LP' followed by the number - LABELNO, so you would generate the name using `LP%d' in a - `fprintf'. - - The details of how the address should be passed to `mcount' are - determined by your operating system environment, not by GNU CC. To - figure them out, compile a small program for profiling using the - system's installed C compiler and look at the assembler code that - results. - -`PROFILE_BEFORE_PROLOGUE' - Define this macro if the code for function profiling should come - before the function prologue. Normally, the profiling code comes - after. - -`FUNCTION_BLOCK_PROFILER (FILE, LABELNO)' - A C statement or compound statement to output to FILE some - assembler code to initialize basic-block profiling for the current - object module. This code should call the subroutine - `__bb_init_func' once per object module, passing it as its sole - argument the address of a block allocated in the object module. - - The name of the block is a local symbol made with this statement: - - ASM_GENERATE_INTERNAL_LABEL (BUFFER, "LPBX", 0); - - Of course, since you are writing the definition of - `ASM_GENERATE_INTERNAL_LABEL' as well as that of this macro, you - can take a short cut in the definition of this macro and use the - name that you know will result. - - The first word of this block is a flag which will be nonzero if the - object module has already been initialized. So test this word - first, and do not call `__bb_init_func' if the flag is nonzero. - -`BLOCK_PROFILER (FILE, BLOCKNO)' - A C statement or compound statement to increment the count - associated with the basic block number BLOCKNO. Basic blocks are - numbered separately from zero within each compilation. The count - associated with block number BLOCKNO is at index BLOCKNO in a - vector of words; the name of this array is a local symbol made - with this statement: - - ASM_GENERATE_INTERNAL_LABEL (BUFFER, "LPBX", 2); - - Of course, since you are writing the definition of - `ASM_GENERATE_INTERNAL_LABEL' as well as that of this macro, you - can take a short cut in the definition of this macro and use the - name that you know will result. - -`BLOCK_PROFILER_CODE' - A C function or functions which are needed in the library to - support block profiling. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Varargs, Next: Trampolines, Prev: Stack and Calling, Up: Target Macros - -Implementing the Varargs Macros -=============================== - - GNU CC comes with an implementation of `varargs.h' and `stdarg.h' -that work without change on machines that pass arguments on the stack. -Other machines require their own implementations of varargs, and the -two machine independent header files must have conditionals to include -it. - - ANSI `stdarg.h' differs from traditional `varargs.h' mainly in the -calling convention for `va_start'. The traditional implementation -takes just one argument, which is the variable in which to store the -argument pointer. The ANSI implementation of `va_start' takes an -additional second argument. The user is supposed to write the last -named argument of the function here. - - However, `va_start' should not use this argument. The way to find -the end of the named arguments is with the built-in functions described -below. - -`__builtin_saveregs ()' - Use this built-in function to save the argument registers in - memory so that the varargs mechanism can access them. Both ANSI - and traditional versions of `va_start' must use - `__builtin_saveregs', unless you use `SETUP_INCOMING_VARARGS' (see - below) instead. - - On some machines, `__builtin_saveregs' is open-coded under the - control of the macro `EXPAND_BUILTIN_SAVEREGS'. On other machines, - it calls a routine written in assembler language, found in - `libgcc2.c'. - - Code generated for the call to `__builtin_saveregs' appears at the - beginning of the function, as opposed to where the call to - `__builtin_saveregs' is written, regardless of what the code is. - This is because the registers must be saved before the function - starts to use them for its own purposes. - -`__builtin_args_info (CATEGORY)' - Use this built-in function to find the first anonymous arguments in - registers. - - In general, a machine may have several categories of registers - used for arguments, each for a particular category of data types. - (For example, on some machines, floating-point registers are used - for floating-point arguments while other arguments are passed in - the general registers.) To make non-varargs functions use the - proper calling convention, you have defined the `CUMULATIVE_ARGS' - data type to record how many registers in each category have been - used so far - - `__builtin_args_info' accesses the same data structure of type - `CUMULATIVE_ARGS' after the ordinary argument layout is finished - with it, with CATEGORY specifying which word to access. Thus, the - value indicates the first unused register in a given category. - - Normally, you would use `__builtin_args_info' in the implementation - of `va_start', accessing each category just once and storing the - value in the `va_list' object. This is because `va_list' will - have to update the values, and there is no way to alter the values - accessed by `__builtin_args_info'. - -`__builtin_next_arg (LASTARG)' - This is the equivalent of `__builtin_args_info', for stack - arguments. It returns the address of the first anonymous stack - argument, as type `void *'. If `ARGS_GROW_DOWNWARD', it returns - the address of the location above the first anonymous stack - argument. Use it in `va_start' to initialize the pointer for - fetching arguments from the stack. Also use it in `va_start' to - verify that the second parameter LASTARG is the last named argument - of the current function. - -`__builtin_classify_type (OBJECT)' - Since each machine has its own conventions for which data types are - passed in which kind of register, your implementation of `va_arg' - has to embody these conventions. The easiest way to categorize the - specified data type is to use `__builtin_classify_type' together - with `sizeof' and `__alignof__'. - - `__builtin_classify_type' ignores the value of OBJECT, considering - only its data type. It returns an integer describing what kind of - type that is--integer, floating, pointer, structure, and so on. - - The file `typeclass.h' defines an enumeration that you can use to - interpret the values of `__builtin_classify_type'. - - These machine description macros help implement varargs: - -`EXPAND_BUILTIN_SAVEREGS (ARGS)' - If defined, is a C expression that produces the machine-specific - code for a call to `__builtin_saveregs'. This code will be moved - to the very beginning of the function, before any parameter access - are made. The return value of this function should be an RTX that - contains the value to use as the return of `__builtin_saveregs'. - - The argument ARGS is a `tree_list' containing the arguments that - were passed to `__builtin_saveregs'. - - If this macro is not defined, the compiler will output an ordinary - call to the library function `__builtin_saveregs'. - -`SETUP_INCOMING_VARARGS (ARGS_SO_FAR, MODE, TYPE,' - PRETEND_ARGS_SIZE, SECOND_TIME) This macro offers an alternative - to using `__builtin_saveregs' and defining the macro - `EXPAND_BUILTIN_SAVEREGS'. Use it to store the anonymous register - arguments into the stack so that all the arguments appear to have - been passed consecutively on the stack. Once this is done, you - can use the standard implementation of varargs that works for - machines that pass all their arguments on the stack. - - The argument ARGS_SO_FAR is the `CUMULATIVE_ARGS' data structure, - containing the values that obtain after processing of the named - arguments. The arguments MODE and TYPE describe the last named - argument--its machine mode and its data type as a tree node. - - The macro implementation should do two things: first, push onto the - stack all the argument registers *not* used for the named - arguments, and second, store the size of the data thus pushed into - the `int'-valued variable whose name is supplied as the argument - PRETEND_ARGS_SIZE. The value that you store here will serve as - additional offset for setting up the stack frame. - - Because you must generate code to push the anonymous arguments at - compile time without knowing their data types, - `SETUP_INCOMING_VARARGS' is only useful on machines that have just - a single category of argument register and use it uniformly for - all data types. - - If the argument SECOND_TIME is nonzero, it means that the - arguments of the function are being analyzed for the second time. - This happens for an inline function, which is not actually - compiled until the end of the source file. The macro - `SETUP_INCOMING_VARARGS' should not generate any instructions in - this case. - -`STRICT_ARGUMENT_NAMING' - Define this macro if the location where a function argument is - passed depends on whether or not it is a named argument. - - This macro controls how the NAMED argument to `FUNCTION_ARG' is - set for varargs and stdarg functions. With this macro defined, - the NAMED argument is always true for named arguments, and false - for unnamed arguments. If this is not defined, but - `SETUP_INCOMING_VARARGS' is defined, then all arguments are - treated as named. Otherwise, all named arguments except the last - are treated as named. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Trampolines, Next: Library Calls, Prev: Varargs, Up: Target Macros - -Trampolines for Nested Functions -================================ - - A "trampoline" is a small piece of code that is created at run time -when the address of a nested function is taken. It normally resides on -the stack, in the stack frame of the containing function. These macros -tell GNU CC how to generate code to allocate and initialize a -trampoline. - - The instructions in the trampoline must do two things: load a -constant address into the static chain register, and jump to the real -address of the nested function. On CISC machines such as the m68k, -this requires two instructions, a move immediate and a jump. Then the -two addresses exist in the trampoline as word-long immediate operands. -On RISC machines, it is often necessary to load each address into a -register in two parts. Then pieces of each address form separate -immediate operands. - - The code generated to initialize the trampoline must store the -variable parts--the static chain value and the function address--into -the immediate operands of the instructions. On a CISC machine, this is -simply a matter of copying each address to a memory reference at the -proper offset from the start of the trampoline. On a RISC machine, it -may be necessary to take out pieces of the address and store them -separately. - -`TRAMPOLINE_TEMPLATE (FILE)' - A C statement to output, on the stream FILE, assembler code for a - block of data that contains the constant parts of a trampoline. - This code should not include a label--the label is taken care of - automatically. - -`TRAMPOLINE_SECTION' - The name of a subroutine to switch to the section in which the - trampoline template is to be placed (*note Sections::.). The - default is a value of `readonly_data_section', which places the - trampoline in the section containing read-only data. - -`TRAMPOLINE_SIZE' - A C expression for the size in bytes of the trampoline, as an - integer. - -`TRAMPOLINE_ALIGNMENT' - Alignment required for trampolines, in bits. - - If you don't define this macro, the value of `BIGGEST_ALIGNMENT' - is used for aligning trampolines. - -`INITIALIZE_TRAMPOLINE (ADDR, FNADDR, STATIC_CHAIN)' - A C statement to initialize the variable parts of a trampoline. - ADDR is an RTX for the address of the trampoline; FNADDR is an RTX - for the address of the nested function; STATIC_CHAIN is an RTX for - the static chain value that should be passed to the function when - it is called. - -`ALLOCATE_TRAMPOLINE (FP)' - A C expression to allocate run-time space for a trampoline. The - expression value should be an RTX representing a memory reference - to the space for the trampoline. - - If this macro is not defined, by default the trampoline is - allocated as a stack slot. This default is right for most - machines. The exceptions are machines where it is impossible to - execute instructions in the stack area. On such machines, you may - have to implement a separate stack, using this macro in - conjunction with `FUNCTION_PROLOGUE' and `FUNCTION_EPILOGUE'. - - FP points to a data structure, a `struct function', which - describes the compilation status of the immediate containing - function of the function which the trampoline is for. Normally - (when `ALLOCATE_TRAMPOLINE' is not defined), the stack slot for the - trampoline is in the stack frame of this containing function. - Other allocation strategies probably must do something analogous - with this information. - - Implementing trampolines is difficult on many machines because they -have separate instruction and data caches. Writing into a stack -location fails to clear the memory in the instruction cache, so when -the program jumps to that location, it executes the old contents. - - Here are two possible solutions. One is to clear the relevant parts -of the instruction cache whenever a trampoline is set up. The other is -to make all trampolines identical, by having them jump to a standard -subroutine. The former technique makes trampoline execution faster; the -latter makes initialization faster. - - To clear the instruction cache when a trampoline is initialized, -define the following macros which describe the shape of the cache. - -`INSN_CACHE_SIZE' - The total size in bytes of the cache. - -`INSN_CACHE_LINE_WIDTH' - The length in bytes of each cache line. The cache is divided into - cache lines which are disjoint slots, each holding a contiguous - chunk of data fetched from memory. Each time data is brought into - the cache, an entire line is read at once. The data loaded into a - cache line is always aligned on a boundary equal to the line size. - -`INSN_CACHE_DEPTH' - The number of alternative cache lines that can hold any particular - memory location. - - Alternatively, if the machine has system calls or instructions to -clear the instruction cache directly, you can define the following -macro. - -`CLEAR_INSN_CACHE (BEG, END)' - If defined, expands to a C expression clearing the *instruction - cache* in the specified interval. If it is not defined, and the - macro INSN_CACHE_SIZE is defined, some generic code is generated - to clear the cache. The definition of this macro would typically - be a series of `asm' statements. Both BEG and END are both pointer - expressions. - - To use a standard subroutine, define the following macro. In -addition, you must make sure that the instructions in a trampoline fill -an entire cache line with identical instructions, or else ensure that -the beginning of the trampoline code is always aligned at the same -point in its cache line. Look in `m68k.h' as a guide. - -`TRANSFER_FROM_TRAMPOLINE' - Define this macro if trampolines need a special subroutine to do - their work. The macro should expand to a series of `asm' - statements which will be compiled with GNU CC. They go in a - library function named `__transfer_from_trampoline'. - - If you need to avoid executing the ordinary prologue code of a - compiled C function when you jump to the subroutine, you can do so - by placing a special label of your own in the assembler code. Use - one `asm' statement to generate an assembler label, and another to - make the label global. Then trampolines can use that label to - jump directly to your special assembler code. - diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-22 b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-22 deleted file mode 100644 index 3c22dbe18ae..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-22 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1116 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file gcc.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.63 from the input -file gcc.texi. - - This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU compiler. - - Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 -Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - - Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software -Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for -Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are -included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public -License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight -`Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in -translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the -original English. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Library Calls, Next: Addressing Modes, Prev: Trampolines, Up: Target Macros - -Implicit Calls to Library Routines -================================== - - Here is an explanation of implicit calls to library routines. - -`MULSI3_LIBCALL' - A C string constant giving the name of the function to call for - multiplication of one signed full-word by another. If you do not - define this macro, the default name is used, which is `__mulsi3', - a function defined in `libgcc.a'. - -`DIVSI3_LIBCALL' - A C string constant giving the name of the function to call for - division of one signed full-word by another. If you do not define - this macro, the default name is used, which is `__divsi3', a - function defined in `libgcc.a'. - -`UDIVSI3_LIBCALL' - A C string constant giving the name of the function to call for - division of one unsigned full-word by another. If you do not - define this macro, the default name is used, which is `__udivsi3', - a function defined in `libgcc.a'. - -`MODSI3_LIBCALL' - A C string constant giving the name of the function to call for the - remainder in division of one signed full-word by another. If you - do not define this macro, the default name is used, which is - `__modsi3', a function defined in `libgcc.a'. - -`UMODSI3_LIBCALL' - A C string constant giving the name of the function to call for the - remainder in division of one unsigned full-word by another. If - you do not define this macro, the default name is used, which is - `__umodsi3', a function defined in `libgcc.a'. - -`MULDI3_LIBCALL' - A C string constant giving the name of the function to call for - multiplication of one signed double-word by another. If you do not - define this macro, the default name is used, which is `__muldi3', - a function defined in `libgcc.a'. - -`DIVDI3_LIBCALL' - A C string constant giving the name of the function to call for - division of one signed double-word by another. If you do not - define this macro, the default name is used, which is `__divdi3', a - function defined in `libgcc.a'. - -`UDIVDI3_LIBCALL' - A C string constant giving the name of the function to call for - division of one unsigned full-word by another. If you do not - define this macro, the default name is used, which is `__udivdi3', - a function defined in `libgcc.a'. - -`MODDI3_LIBCALL' - A C string constant giving the name of the function to call for the - remainder in division of one signed double-word by another. If - you do not define this macro, the default name is used, which is - `__moddi3', a function defined in `libgcc.a'. - -`UMODDI3_LIBCALL' - A C string constant giving the name of the function to call for the - remainder in division of one unsigned full-word by another. If - you do not define this macro, the default name is used, which is - `__umoddi3', a function defined in `libgcc.a'. - -`INIT_TARGET_OPTABS' - Define this macro as a C statement that declares additional library - routines renames existing ones. `init_optabs' calls this macro - after initializing all the normal library routines. - -`TARGET_EDOM' - The value of `EDOM' on the target machine, as a C integer constant - expression. If you don't define this macro, GNU CC does not - attempt to deposit the value of `EDOM' into `errno' directly. - Look in `/usr/include/errno.h' to find the value of `EDOM' on your - system. - - If you do not define `TARGET_EDOM', then compiled code reports - domain errors by calling the library function and letting it - report the error. If mathematical functions on your system use - `matherr' when there is an error, then you should leave - `TARGET_EDOM' undefined so that `matherr' is used normally. - -`GEN_ERRNO_RTX' - Define this macro as a C expression to create an rtl expression - that refers to the global "variable" `errno'. (On certain systems, - `errno' may not actually be a variable.) If you don't define this - macro, a reasonable default is used. - -`TARGET_MEM_FUNCTIONS' - Define this macro if GNU CC should generate calls to the System V - (and ANSI C) library functions `memcpy' and `memset' rather than - the BSD functions `bcopy' and `bzero'. - -`LIBGCC_NEEDS_DOUBLE' - Define this macro if only `float' arguments cannot be passed to - library routines (so they must be converted to `double'). This - macro affects both how library calls are generated and how the - library routines in `libgcc1.c' accept their arguments. It is - useful on machines where floating and fixed point arguments are - passed differently, such as the i860. - -`FLOAT_ARG_TYPE' - Define this macro to override the type used by the library - routines to pick up arguments of type `float'. (By default, they - use a union of `float' and `int'.) - - The obvious choice would be `float'--but that won't work with - traditional C compilers that expect all arguments declared as - `float' to arrive as `double'. To avoid this conversion, the - library routines ask for the value as some other type and then - treat it as a `float'. - - On some systems, no other type will work for this. For these - systems, you must use `LIBGCC_NEEDS_DOUBLE' instead, to force - conversion of the values `double' before they are passed. - -`FLOATIFY (PASSED-VALUE)' - Define this macro to override the way library routines redesignate - a `float' argument as a `float' instead of the type it was passed - as. The default is an expression which takes the `float' field of - the union. - -`FLOAT_VALUE_TYPE' - Define this macro to override the type used by the library - routines to return values that ought to have type `float'. (By - default, they use `int'.) - - The obvious choice would be `float'--but that won't work with - traditional C compilers gratuitously convert values declared as - `float' into `double'. - -`INTIFY (FLOAT-VALUE)' - Define this macro to override the way the value of a - `float'-returning library routine should be packaged in order to - return it. These functions are actually declared to return type - `FLOAT_VALUE_TYPE' (normally `int'). - - These values can't be returned as type `float' because traditional - C compilers would gratuitously convert the value to a `double'. - - A local variable named `intify' is always available when the macro - `INTIFY' is used. It is a union of a `float' field named `f' and - a field named `i' whose type is `FLOAT_VALUE_TYPE' or `int'. - - If you don't define this macro, the default definition works by - copying the value through that union. - -`nongcc_SI_type' - Define this macro as the name of the data type corresponding to - `SImode' in the system's own C compiler. - - You need not define this macro if that type is `long int', as it - usually is. - -`nongcc_word_type' - Define this macro as the name of the data type corresponding to the - word_mode in the system's own C compiler. - - You need not define this macro if that type is `long int', as it - usually is. - -`perform_...' - Define these macros to supply explicit C statements to carry out - various arithmetic operations on types `float' and `double' in the - library routines in `libgcc1.c'. See that file for a full list of - these macros and their arguments. - - On most machines, you don't need to define any of these macros, - because the C compiler that comes with the system takes care of - doing them. - -`NEXT_OBJC_RUNTIME' - Define this macro to generate code for Objective C message sending - using the calling convention of the NeXT system. This calling - convention involves passing the object, the selector and the - method arguments all at once to the method-lookup library function. - - The default calling convention passes just the object and the - selector to the lookup function, which returns a pointer to the - method. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Addressing Modes, Next: Condition Code, Prev: Library Calls, Up: Target Macros - -Addressing Modes -================ - - This is about addressing modes. - -`HAVE_POST_INCREMENT' - Define this macro if the machine supports post-increment - addressing. - -`HAVE_PRE_INCREMENT' -`HAVE_POST_DECREMENT' -`HAVE_PRE_DECREMENT' - Similar for other kinds of addressing. - -`CONSTANT_ADDRESS_P (X)' - A C expression that is 1 if the RTX X is a constant which is a - valid address. On most machines, this can be defined as - `CONSTANT_P (X)', but a few machines are more restrictive in which - constant addresses are supported. - - `CONSTANT_P' accepts integer-values expressions whose values are - not explicitly known, such as `symbol_ref', `label_ref', and - `high' expressions and `const' arithmetic expressions, in addition - to `const_int' and `const_double' expressions. - -`MAX_REGS_PER_ADDRESS' - A number, the maximum number of registers that can appear in a - valid memory address. Note that it is up to you to specify a - value equal to the maximum number that `GO_IF_LEGITIMATE_ADDRESS' - would ever accept. - -`GO_IF_LEGITIMATE_ADDRESS (MODE, X, LABEL)' - A C compound statement with a conditional `goto LABEL;' executed - if X (an RTX) is a legitimate memory address on the target machine - for a memory operand of mode MODE. - - It usually pays to define several simpler macros to serve as - subroutines for this one. Otherwise it may be too complicated to - understand. - - This macro must exist in two variants: a strict variant and a - non-strict one. The strict variant is used in the reload pass. It - must be defined so that any pseudo-register that has not been - allocated a hard register is considered a memory reference. In - contexts where some kind of register is required, a pseudo-register - with no hard register must be rejected. - - The non-strict variant is used in other passes. It must be - defined to accept all pseudo-registers in every context where some - kind of register is required. - - Compiler source files that want to use the strict variant of this - macro define the macro `REG_OK_STRICT'. You should use an `#ifdef - REG_OK_STRICT' conditional to define the strict variant in that - case and the non-strict variant otherwise. - - Subroutines to check for acceptable registers for various purposes - (one for base registers, one for index registers, and so on) are - typically among the subroutines used to define - `GO_IF_LEGITIMATE_ADDRESS'. Then only these subroutine macros - need have two variants; the higher levels of macros may be the - same whether strict or not. - - Normally, constant addresses which are the sum of a `symbol_ref' - and an integer are stored inside a `const' RTX to mark them as - constant. Therefore, there is no need to recognize such sums - specifically as legitimate addresses. Normally you would simply - recognize any `const' as legitimate. - - Usually `PRINT_OPERAND_ADDRESS' is not prepared to handle constant - sums that are not marked with `const'. It assumes that a naked - `plus' indicates indexing. If so, then you *must* reject such - naked constant sums as illegitimate addresses, so that none of - them will be given to `PRINT_OPERAND_ADDRESS'. - - On some machines, whether a symbolic address is legitimate depends - on the section that the address refers to. On these machines, - define the macro `ENCODE_SECTION_INFO' to store the information - into the `symbol_ref', and then check for it here. When you see a - `const', you will have to look inside it to find the `symbol_ref' - in order to determine the section. *Note Assembler Format::. - - The best way to modify the name string is by adding text to the - beginning, with suitable punctuation to prevent any ambiguity. - Allocate the new name in `saveable_obstack'. You will have to - modify `ASM_OUTPUT_LABELREF' to remove and decode the added text - and output the name accordingly, and define `STRIP_NAME_ENCODING' - to access the original name string. - - You can check the information stored here into the `symbol_ref' in - the definitions of the macros `GO_IF_LEGITIMATE_ADDRESS' and - `PRINT_OPERAND_ADDRESS'. - -`REG_OK_FOR_BASE_P (X)' - A C expression that is nonzero if X (assumed to be a `reg' RTX) is - valid for use as a base register. For hard registers, it should - always accept those which the hardware permits and reject the - others. Whether the macro accepts or rejects pseudo registers - must be controlled by `REG_OK_STRICT' as described above. This - usually requires two variant definitions, of which `REG_OK_STRICT' - controls the one actually used. - -`REG_OK_FOR_INDEX_P (X)' - A C expression that is nonzero if X (assumed to be a `reg' RTX) is - valid for use as an index register. - - The difference between an index register and a base register is - that the index register may be scaled. If an address involves the - sum of two registers, neither one of them scaled, then either one - may be labeled the "base" and the other the "index"; but whichever - labeling is used must fit the machine's constraints of which - registers may serve in each capacity. The compiler will try both - labelings, looking for one that is valid, and will reload one or - both registers only if neither labeling works. - -`LEGITIMIZE_ADDRESS (X, OLDX, MODE, WIN)' - A C compound statement that attempts to replace X with a valid - memory address for an operand of mode MODE. WIN will be a C - statement label elsewhere in the code; the macro definition may use - - GO_IF_LEGITIMATE_ADDRESS (MODE, X, WIN); - - to avoid further processing if the address has become legitimate. - - X will always be the result of a call to `break_out_memory_refs', - and OLDX will be the operand that was given to that function to - produce X. - - The code generated by this macro should not alter the substructure - of X. If it transforms X into a more legitimate form, it should - assign X (which will always be a C variable) a new value. - - It is not necessary for this macro to come up with a legitimate - address. The compiler has standard ways of doing so in all cases. - In fact, it is safe for this macro to do nothing. But often a - machine-dependent strategy can generate better code. - -`GO_IF_MODE_DEPENDENT_ADDRESS (ADDR, LABEL)' - A C statement or compound statement with a conditional `goto - LABEL;' executed if memory address X (an RTX) can have different - meanings depending on the machine mode of the memory reference it - is used for or if the address is valid for some modes but not - others. - - Autoincrement and autodecrement addresses typically have - mode-dependent effects because the amount of the increment or - decrement is the size of the operand being addressed. Some - machines have other mode-dependent addresses. Many RISC machines - have no mode-dependent addresses. - - You may assume that ADDR is a valid address for the machine. - -`LEGITIMATE_CONSTANT_P (X)' - A C expression that is nonzero if X is a legitimate constant for - an immediate operand on the target machine. You can assume that X - satisfies `CONSTANT_P', so you need not check this. In fact, `1' - is a suitable definition for this macro on machines where anything - `CONSTANT_P' is valid. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Condition Code, Next: Costs, Prev: Addressing Modes, Up: Target Macros - -Condition Code Status -===================== - - This describes the condition code status. - - The file `conditions.h' defines a variable `cc_status' to describe -how the condition code was computed (in case the interpretation of the -condition code depends on the instruction that it was set by). This -variable contains the RTL expressions on which the condition code is -currently based, and several standard flags. - - Sometimes additional machine-specific flags must be defined in the -machine description header file. It can also add additional -machine-specific information by defining `CC_STATUS_MDEP'. - -`CC_STATUS_MDEP' - C code for a data type which is used for declaring the `mdep' - component of `cc_status'. It defaults to `int'. - - This macro is not used on machines that do not use `cc0'. - -`CC_STATUS_MDEP_INIT' - A C expression to initialize the `mdep' field to "empty". The - default definition does nothing, since most machines don't use the - field anyway. If you want to use the field, you should probably - define this macro to initialize it. - - This macro is not used on machines that do not use `cc0'. - -`NOTICE_UPDATE_CC (EXP, INSN)' - A C compound statement to set the components of `cc_status' - appropriately for an insn INSN whose body is EXP. It is this - macro's responsibility to recognize insns that set the condition - code as a byproduct of other activity as well as those that - explicitly set `(cc0)'. - - This macro is not used on machines that do not use `cc0'. - - If there are insns that do not set the condition code but do alter - other machine registers, this macro must check to see whether they - invalidate the expressions that the condition code is recorded as - reflecting. For example, on the 68000, insns that store in address - registers do not set the condition code, which means that usually - `NOTICE_UPDATE_CC' can leave `cc_status' unaltered for such insns. - But suppose that the previous insn set the condition code based - on location `a4@(102)' and the current insn stores a new value in - `a4'. Although the condition code is not changed by this, it will - no longer be true that it reflects the contents of `a4@(102)'. - Therefore, `NOTICE_UPDATE_CC' must alter `cc_status' in this case - to say that nothing is known about the condition code value. - - The definition of `NOTICE_UPDATE_CC' must be prepared to deal with - the results of peephole optimization: insns whose patterns are - `parallel' RTXs containing various `reg', `mem' or constants which - are just the operands. The RTL structure of these insns is not - sufficient to indicate what the insns actually do. What - `NOTICE_UPDATE_CC' should do when it sees one is just to run - `CC_STATUS_INIT'. - - A possible definition of `NOTICE_UPDATE_CC' is to call a function - that looks at an attribute (*note Insn Attributes::.) named, for - example, `cc'. This avoids having detailed information about - patterns in two places, the `md' file and in `NOTICE_UPDATE_CC'. - -`EXTRA_CC_MODES' - A list of names to be used for additional modes for condition code - values in registers (*note Jump Patterns::.). These names are - added to `enum machine_mode' and all have class `MODE_CC'. By - convention, they should start with `CC' and end with `mode'. - - You should only define this macro if your machine does not use - `cc0' and only if additional modes are required. - -`EXTRA_CC_NAMES' - A list of C strings giving the names for the modes listed in - `EXTRA_CC_MODES'. For example, the Sparc defines this macro and - `EXTRA_CC_MODES' as - - #define EXTRA_CC_MODES CC_NOOVmode, CCFPmode, CCFPEmode - #define EXTRA_CC_NAMES "CC_NOOV", "CCFP", "CCFPE" - - This macro is not required if `EXTRA_CC_MODES' is not defined. - -`SELECT_CC_MODE (OP, X, Y)' - Returns a mode from class `MODE_CC' to be used when comparison - operation code OP is applied to rtx X and Y. For example, on the - Sparc, `SELECT_CC_MODE' is defined as (see *note Jump Patterns::. - for a description of the reason for this definition) - - #define SELECT_CC_MODE(OP,X,Y) \ - (GET_MODE_CLASS (GET_MODE (X)) == MODE_FLOAT \ - ? ((OP == EQ || OP == NE) ? CCFPmode : CCFPEmode) \ - : ((GET_CODE (X) == PLUS || GET_CODE (X) == MINUS \ - || GET_CODE (X) == NEG) \ - ? CC_NOOVmode : CCmode)) - - You need not define this macro if `EXTRA_CC_MODES' is not defined. - -`CANONICALIZE_COMPARISON (CODE, OP0, OP1)' - One some machines not all possible comparisons are defined, but - you can convert an invalid comparison into a valid one. For - example, the Alpha does not have a `GT' comparison, but you can - use an `LT' comparison instead and swap the order of the operands. - - On such machines, define this macro to be a C statement to do any - required conversions. CODE is the initial comparison code and OP0 - and OP1 are the left and right operands of the comparison, - respectively. You should modify CODE, OP0, and OP1 as required. - - GNU CC will not assume that the comparison resulting from this - macro is valid but will see if the resulting insn matches a - pattern in the `md' file. - - You need not define this macro if it would never change the - comparison code or operands. - -`REVERSIBLE_CC_MODE (MODE)' - A C expression whose value is one if it is always safe to reverse a - comparison whose mode is MODE. If `SELECT_CC_MODE' can ever - return MODE for a floating-point inequality comparison, then - `REVERSIBLE_CC_MODE (MODE)' must be zero. - - You need not define this macro if it would always returns zero or - if the floating-point format is anything other than - `IEEE_FLOAT_FORMAT'. For example, here is the definition used on - the Sparc, where floating-point inequality comparisons are always - given `CCFPEmode': - - #define REVERSIBLE_CC_MODE(MODE) ((MODE) != CCFPEmode) - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Costs, Next: Sections, Prev: Condition Code, Up: Target Macros - -Describing Relative Costs of Operations -======================================= - - These macros let you describe the relative speed of various -operations on the target machine. - -`CONST_COSTS (X, CODE, OUTER_CODE)' - A part of a C `switch' statement that describes the relative costs - of constant RTL expressions. It must contain `case' labels for - expression codes `const_int', `const', `symbol_ref', `label_ref' - and `const_double'. Each case must ultimately reach a `return' - statement to return the relative cost of the use of that kind of - constant value in an expression. The cost may depend on the - precise value of the constant, which is available for examination - in X, and the rtx code of the expression in which it is contained, - found in OUTER_CODE. - - CODE is the expression code--redundant, since it can be obtained - with `GET_CODE (X)'. - -`RTX_COSTS (X, CODE, OUTER_CODE)' - Like `CONST_COSTS' but applies to nonconstant RTL expressions. - This can be used, for example, to indicate how costly a multiply - instruction is. In writing this macro, you can use the construct - `COSTS_N_INSNS (N)' to specify a cost equal to N fast - instructions. OUTER_CODE is the code of the expression in which X - is contained. - - This macro is optional; do not define it if the default cost - assumptions are adequate for the target machine. - -`ADDRESS_COST (ADDRESS)' - An expression giving the cost of an addressing mode that contains - ADDRESS. If not defined, the cost is computed from the ADDRESS - expression and the `CONST_COSTS' values. - - For most CISC machines, the default cost is a good approximation - of the true cost of the addressing mode. However, on RISC - machines, all instructions normally have the same length and - execution time. Hence all addresses will have equal costs. - - In cases where more than one form of an address is known, the form - with the lowest cost will be used. If multiple forms have the - same, lowest, cost, the one that is the most complex will be used. - - For example, suppose an address that is equal to the sum of a - register and a constant is used twice in the same basic block. - When this macro is not defined, the address will be computed in a - register and memory references will be indirect through that - register. On machines where the cost of the addressing mode - containing the sum is no higher than that of a simple indirect - reference, this will produce an additional instruction and - possibly require an additional register. Proper specification of - this macro eliminates this overhead for such machines. - - Similar use of this macro is made in strength reduction of loops. - - ADDRESS need not be valid as an address. In such a case, the cost - is not relevant and can be any value; invalid addresses need not be - assigned a different cost. - - On machines where an address involving more than one register is as - cheap as an address computation involving only one register, - defining `ADDRESS_COST' to reflect this can cause two registers to - be live over a region of code where only one would have been if - `ADDRESS_COST' were not defined in that manner. This effect should - be considered in the definition of this macro. Equivalent costs - should probably only be given to addresses with different numbers - of registers on machines with lots of registers. - - This macro will normally either not be defined or be defined as a - constant. - -`REGISTER_MOVE_COST (FROM, TO)' - A C expression for the cost of moving data from a register in class - FROM to one in class TO. The classes are expressed using the - enumeration values such as `GENERAL_REGS'. A value of 4 is the - default; other values are interpreted relative to that. - - It is not required that the cost always equal 2 when FROM is the - same as TO; on some machines it is expensive to move between - registers if they are not general registers. - - If reload sees an insn consisting of a single `set' between two - hard registers, and if `REGISTER_MOVE_COST' applied to their - classes returns a value of 2, reload does not check to ensure that - the constraints of the insn are met. Setting a cost of other than - 2 will allow reload to verify that the constraints are met. You - should do this if the `movM' pattern's constraints do not allow - such copying. - -`MEMORY_MOVE_COST (M)' - A C expression for the cost of moving data of mode M between a - register and memory. A value of 2 is the default; this cost is - relative to those in `REGISTER_MOVE_COST'. - - If moving between registers and memory is more expensive than - between two registers, you should define this macro to express the - relative cost. - -`BRANCH_COST' - A C expression for the cost of a branch instruction. A value of 1 - is the default; other values are interpreted relative to that. - - Here are additional macros which do not specify precise relative -costs, but only that certain actions are more expensive than GNU CC -would ordinarily expect. - -`SLOW_BYTE_ACCESS' - Define this macro as a C expression which is nonzero if accessing - less than a word of memory (i.e. a `char' or a `short') is no - faster than accessing a word of memory, i.e., if such access - require more than one instruction or if there is no difference in - cost between byte and (aligned) word loads. - - When this macro is not defined, the compiler will access a field by - finding the smallest containing object; when it is defined, a - fullword load will be used if alignment permits. Unless bytes - accesses are faster than word accesses, using word accesses is - preferable since it may eliminate subsequent memory access if - subsequent accesses occur to other fields in the same word of the - structure, but to different bytes. - -`SLOW_ZERO_EXTEND' - Define this macro if zero-extension (of a `char' or `short' to an - `int') can be done faster if the destination is a register that is - known to be zero. - - If you define this macro, you must have instruction patterns that - recognize RTL structures like this: - - (set (strict_low_part (subreg:QI (reg:SI ...) 0)) ...) - - and likewise for `HImode'. - -`SLOW_UNALIGNED_ACCESS' - Define this macro to be the value 1 if unaligned accesses have a - cost many times greater than aligned accesses, for example if they - are emulated in a trap handler. - - When this macro is non-zero, the compiler will act as if - `STRICT_ALIGNMENT' were non-zero when generating code for block - moves. This can cause significantly more instructions to be - produced. Therefore, do not set this macro non-zero if unaligned - accesses only add a cycle or two to the time for a memory access. - - If the value of this macro is always zero, it need not be defined. - -`DONT_REDUCE_ADDR' - Define this macro to inhibit strength reduction of memory - addresses. (On some machines, such strength reduction seems to do - harm rather than good.) - -`MOVE_RATIO' - The number of scalar move insns which should be generated instead - of a string move insn or a library call. Increasing the value - will always make code faster, but eventually incurs high cost in - increased code size. - - If you don't define this, a reasonable default is used. - -`NO_FUNCTION_CSE' - Define this macro if it is as good or better to call a constant - function address than to call an address kept in a register. - -`NO_RECURSIVE_FUNCTION_CSE' - Define this macro if it is as good or better for a function to call - itself with an explicit address than to call an address kept in a - register. - -`ADJUST_COST (INSN, LINK, DEP_INSN, COST)' - A C statement (sans semicolon) to update the integer variable COST - based on the relationship between INSN that is dependent on - DEP_INSN through the dependence LINK. The default is to make no - adjustment to COST. This can be used for example to specify to - the scheduler that an output- or anti-dependence does not incur - the same cost as a data-dependence. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Sections, Next: PIC, Prev: Costs, Up: Target Macros - -Dividing the Output into Sections (Texts, Data, ...) -==================================================== - - An object file is divided into sections containing different types of -data. In the most common case, there are three sections: the "text -section", which holds instructions and read-only data; the "data -section", which holds initialized writable data; and the "bss section", -which holds uninitialized data. Some systems have other kinds of -sections. - - The compiler must tell the assembler when to switch sections. These -macros control what commands to output to tell the assembler this. You -can also define additional sections. - -`TEXT_SECTION_ASM_OP' - A C expression whose value is a string containing the assembler - operation that should precede instructions and read-only data. - Normally `".text"' is right. - -`DATA_SECTION_ASM_OP' - A C expression whose value is a string containing the assembler - operation to identify the following data as writable initialized - data. Normally `".data"' is right. - -`SHARED_SECTION_ASM_OP' - if defined, a C expression whose value is a string containing the - assembler operation to identify the following data as shared data. - If not defined, `DATA_SECTION_ASM_OP' will be used. - -`INIT_SECTION_ASM_OP' - if defined, a C expression whose value is a string containing the - assembler operation to identify the following data as - initialization code. If not defined, GNU CC will assume such a - section does not exist. - -`EXTRA_SECTIONS' - A list of names for sections other than the standard two, which are - `in_text' and `in_data'. You need not define this macro on a - system with no other sections (that GCC needs to use). - -`EXTRA_SECTION_FUNCTIONS' - One or more functions to be defined in `varasm.c'. These - functions should do jobs analogous to those of `text_section' and - `data_section', for your additional sections. Do not define this - macro if you do not define `EXTRA_SECTIONS'. - -`READONLY_DATA_SECTION' - On most machines, read-only variables, constants, and jump tables - are placed in the text section. If this is not the case on your - machine, this macro should be defined to be the name of a function - (either `data_section' or a function defined in `EXTRA_SECTIONS') - that switches to the section to be used for read-only items. - - If these items should be placed in the text section, this macro - should not be defined. - -`SELECT_SECTION (EXP, RELOC)' - A C statement or statements to switch to the appropriate section - for output of EXP. You can assume that EXP is either a `VAR_DECL' - node or a constant of some sort. RELOC indicates whether the - initial value of EXP requires link-time relocations. Select the - section by calling `text_section' or one of the alternatives for - other sections. - - Do not define this macro if you put all read-only variables and - constants in the read-only data section (usually the text section). - -`SELECT_RTX_SECTION (MODE, RTX)' - A C statement or statements to switch to the appropriate section - for output of RTX in mode MODE. You can assume that RTX is some - kind of constant in RTL. The argument MODE is redundant except in - the case of a `const_int' rtx. Select the section by calling - `text_section' or one of the alternatives for other sections. - - Do not define this macro if you put all constants in the read-only - data section. - -`JUMP_TABLES_IN_TEXT_SECTION' - Define this macro if jump tables (for `tablejump' insns) should be - output in the text section, along with the assembler instructions. - Otherwise, the readonly data section is used. - - This macro is irrelevant if there is no separate readonly data - section. - -`ENCODE_SECTION_INFO (DECL)' - Define this macro if references to a symbol must be treated - differently depending on something about the variable or function - named by the symbol (such as what section it is in). - - The macro definition, if any, is executed immediately after the - rtl for DECL has been created and stored in `DECL_RTL (DECL)'. - The value of the rtl will be a `mem' whose address is a - `symbol_ref'. - - The usual thing for this macro to do is to record a flag in the - `symbol_ref' (such as `SYMBOL_REF_FLAG') or to store a modified - name string in the `symbol_ref' (if one bit is not enough - information). - -`STRIP_NAME_ENCODING (VAR, SYM_NAME)' - Decode SYM_NAME and store the real name part in VAR, sans the - characters that encode section info. Define this macro if - `ENCODE_SECTION_INFO' alters the symbol's name string. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: PIC, Next: Assembler Format, Prev: Sections, Up: Target Macros - -Position Independent Code -========================= - - This section describes macros that help implement generation of -position independent code. Simply defining these macros is not enough -to generate valid PIC; you must also add support to the macros -`GO_IF_LEGITIMATE_ADDRESS' and `PRINT_OPERAND_ADDRESS', as well as -`LEGITIMIZE_ADDRESS'. You must modify the definition of `movsi' to do -something appropriate when the source operand contains a symbolic -address. You may also need to alter the handling of switch statements -so that they use relative addresses. - -`PIC_OFFSET_TABLE_REGNUM' - The register number of the register used to address a table of - static data addresses in memory. In some cases this register is - defined by a processor's "application binary interface" (ABI). - When this macro is defined, RTL is generated for this register - once, as with the stack pointer and frame pointer registers. If - this macro is not defined, it is up to the machine-dependent files - to allocate such a register (if necessary). - -`PIC_OFFSET_TABLE_REG_CALL_CLOBBERED' - Define this macro if the register defined by - `PIC_OFFSET_TABLE_REGNUM' is clobbered by calls. Do not define - this macro if `PPIC_OFFSET_TABLE_REGNUM' is not defined. - -`FINALIZE_PIC' - By generating position-independent code, when two different - programs (A and B) share a common library (libC.a), the text of - the library can be shared whether or not the library is linked at - the same address for both programs. In some of these - environments, position-independent code requires not only the use - of different addressing modes, but also special code to enable the - use of these addressing modes. - - The `FINALIZE_PIC' macro serves as a hook to emit these special - codes once the function is being compiled into assembly code, but - not before. (It is not done before, because in the case of - compiling an inline function, it would lead to multiple PIC - prologues being included in functions which used inline functions - and were compiled to assembly language.) - -`LEGITIMATE_PIC_OPERAND_P (X)' - A C expression that is nonzero if X is a legitimate immediate - operand on the target machine when generating position independent - code. You can assume that X satisfies `CONSTANT_P', so you need - not check this. You can also assume FLAG_PIC is true, so you need - not check it either. You need not define this macro if all - constants (including `SYMBOL_REF') can be immediate operands when - generating position independent code. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Assembler Format, Next: Debugging Info, Prev: PIC, Up: Target Macros - -Defining the Output Assembler Language -====================================== - - This section describes macros whose principal purpose is to describe -how to write instructions in assembler language-rather than what the -instructions do. - -* Menu: - -* File Framework:: Structural information for the assembler file. -* Data Output:: Output of constants (numbers, strings, addresses). -* Uninitialized Data:: Output of uninitialized variables. -* Label Output:: Output and generation of labels. -* Initialization:: General principles of initialization - and termination routines. -* Macros for Initialization:: - Specific macros that control the handling of - initialization and termination routines. -* Instruction Output:: Output of actual instructions. -* Dispatch Tables:: Output of jump tables. -* Alignment Output:: Pseudo ops for alignment and skipping data. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: File Framework, Next: Data Output, Up: Assembler Format - -The Overall Framework of an Assembler File ------------------------------------------- - - This describes the overall framework of an assembler file. - -`ASM_FILE_START (STREAM)' - A C expression which outputs to the stdio stream STREAM some - appropriate text to go at the start of an assembler file. - - Normally this macro is defined to output a line containing - `#NO_APP', which is a comment that has no effect on most - assemblers but tells the GNU assembler that it can save time by not - checking for certain assembler constructs. - - On systems that use SDB, it is necessary to output certain - commands; see `attasm.h'. - -`ASM_FILE_END (STREAM)' - A C expression which outputs to the stdio stream STREAM some - appropriate text to go at the end of an assembler file. - - If this macro is not defined, the default is to output nothing - special at the end of the file. Most systems don't require any - definition. - - On systems that use SDB, it is necessary to output certain - commands; see `attasm.h'. - -`ASM_IDENTIFY_GCC (FILE)' - A C statement to output assembler commands which will identify the - object file as having been compiled with GNU CC (or another GNU - compiler). - - If you don't define this macro, the string `gcc_compiled.:' is - output. This string is calculated to define a symbol which, on - BSD systems, will never be defined for any other reason. GDB - checks for the presence of this symbol when reading the symbol - table of an executable. - - On non-BSD systems, you must arrange communication with GDB in - some other fashion. If GDB is not used on your system, you can - define this macro with an empty body. - -`ASM_COMMENT_START' - A C string constant describing how to begin a comment in the target - assembler language. The compiler assumes that the comment will - end at the end of the line. - -`ASM_APP_ON' - A C string constant for text to be output before each `asm' - statement or group of consecutive ones. Normally this is - `"#APP"', which is a comment that has no effect on most assemblers - but tells the GNU assembler that it must check the lines that - follow for all valid assembler constructs. - -`ASM_APP_OFF' - A C string constant for text to be output after each `asm' - statement or group of consecutive ones. Normally this is - `"#NO_APP"', which tells the GNU assembler to resume making the - time-saving assumptions that are valid for ordinary compiler - output. - -`ASM_OUTPUT_SOURCE_FILENAME (STREAM, NAME)' - A C statement to output COFF information or DWARF debugging - information which indicates that filename NAME is the current - source file to the stdio stream STREAM. - - This macro need not be defined if the standard form of output for - the file format in use is appropriate. - -`ASM_OUTPUT_SOURCE_LINE (STREAM, LINE)' - A C statement to output DBX or SDB debugging information before - code for line number LINE of the current source file to the stdio - stream STREAM. - - This macro need not be defined if the standard form of debugging - information for the debugger in use is appropriate. - -`ASM_OUTPUT_IDENT (STREAM, STRING)' - A C statement to output something to the assembler file to handle a - `#ident' directive containing the text STRING. If this macro is - not defined, nothing is output for a `#ident' directive. - -`ASM_OUTPUT_SECTION_NAME (STREAM, DECL, NAME)' - A C statement to output something to the assembler file to switch - to section NAME for object DECL which is either a `FUNCTION_DECL', - a `VAR_DECL' or `NULL_TREE'. Some target formats do not support - arbitrary sections. Do not define this macro in such cases. - - At present this macro is only used to support section attributes. - When this macro is undefined, section attributes are disabled. - -`OBJC_PROLOGUE' - A C statement to output any assembler statements which are - required to precede any Objective C object definitions or message - sending. The statement is executed only when compiling an - Objective C program. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Data Output, Next: Uninitialized Data, Prev: File Framework, Up: Assembler Format - -Output of Data --------------- - - This describes data output. - -`ASM_OUTPUT_LONG_DOUBLE (STREAM, VALUE)' -`ASM_OUTPUT_DOUBLE (STREAM, VALUE)' -`ASM_OUTPUT_FLOAT (STREAM, VALUE)' -`ASM_OUTPUT_THREE_QUARTER_FLOAT (STREAM, VALUE)' -`ASM_OUTPUT_SHORT_FLOAT (STREAM, VALUE)' -`ASM_OUTPUT_BYTE_FLOAT (STREAM, VALUE)' - A C statement to output to the stdio stream STREAM an assembler - instruction to assemble a floating-point constant of `TFmode', - `DFmode', `SFmode', `TQFmode', `HFmode', or `QFmode', - respectively, whose value is VALUE. VALUE will be a C expression - of type `REAL_VALUE_TYPE'. Macros such as - `REAL_VALUE_TO_TARGET_DOUBLE' are useful for writing these - definitions. - -`ASM_OUTPUT_QUADRUPLE_INT (STREAM, EXP)' -`ASM_OUTPUT_DOUBLE_INT (STREAM, EXP)' -`ASM_OUTPUT_INT (STREAM, EXP)' -`ASM_OUTPUT_SHORT (STREAM, EXP)' -`ASM_OUTPUT_CHAR (STREAM, EXP)' - A C statement to output to the stdio stream STREAM an assembler - instruction to assemble an integer of 16, 8, 4, 2 or 1 bytes, - respectively, whose value is VALUE. The argument EXP will be an - RTL expression which represents a constant value. Use - `output_addr_const (STREAM, EXP)' to output this value as an - assembler expression. - - For sizes larger than `UNITS_PER_WORD', if the action of a macro - would be identical to repeatedly calling the macro corresponding to - a size of `UNITS_PER_WORD', once for each word, you need not define - the macro. - -`ASM_OUTPUT_BYTE (STREAM, VALUE)' - A C statement to output to the stdio stream STREAM an assembler - instruction to assemble a single byte containing the number VALUE. - -`ASM_BYTE_OP' - A C string constant giving the pseudo-op to use for a sequence of - single-byte constants. If this macro is not defined, the default - is `"byte"'. - -`ASM_OUTPUT_ASCII (STREAM, PTR, LEN)' - A C statement to output to the stdio stream STREAM an assembler - instruction to assemble a string constant containing the LEN bytes - at PTR. PTR will be a C expression of type `char *' and LEN a C - expression of type `int'. - - If the assembler has a `.ascii' pseudo-op as found in the Berkeley - Unix assembler, do not define the macro `ASM_OUTPUT_ASCII'. - -`ASM_OUTPUT_POOL_PROLOGUE (FILE FUNNAME FUNDECL SIZE)' - A C statement to output assembler commands to define the start of - the constant pool for a function. FUNNAME is a string giving the - name of the function. Should the return type of the function be - required, it can be obtained via FUNDECL. SIZE is the size, in - bytes, of the constant pool that will be written immediately after - this call. - - If no constant-pool prefix is required, the usual case, this macro - need not be defined. - -`ASM_OUTPUT_SPECIAL_POOL_ENTRY (FILE, X, MODE, ALIGN, LABELNO, JUMPTO)' - A C statement (with or without semicolon) to output a constant in - the constant pool, if it needs special treatment. (This macro - need not do anything for RTL expressions that can be output - normally.) - - The argument FILE is the standard I/O stream to output the - assembler code on. X is the RTL expression for the constant to - output, and MODE is the machine mode (in case X is a `const_int'). - ALIGN is the required alignment for the value X; you should - output an assembler directive to force this much alignment. - - The argument LABELNO is a number to use in an internal label for - the address of this pool entry. The definition of this macro is - responsible for outputting the label definition at the proper - place. Here is how to do this: - - ASM_OUTPUT_INTERNAL_LABEL (FILE, "LC", LABELNO); - - When you output a pool entry specially, you should end with a - `goto' to the label JUMPTO. This will prevent the same pool entry - from being output a second time in the usual manner. - - You need not define this macro if it would do nothing. - -`IS_ASM_LOGICAL_LINE_SEPARATOR (C)' - Define this macro as a C expression which is nonzero if C is used - as a logical line separator by the assembler. - - If you do not define this macro, the default is that only the - character `;' is treated as a logical line separator. - -`ASM_OPEN_PAREN' -`ASM_CLOSE_PAREN' - These macros are defined as C string constant, describing the - syntax in the assembler for grouping arithmetic expressions. The - following definitions are correct for most assemblers: - - #define ASM_OPEN_PAREN "(" - #define ASM_CLOSE_PAREN ")" - - These macros are provided by `real.h' for writing the definitions of -`ASM_OUTPUT_DOUBLE' and the like: - -`REAL_VALUE_TO_TARGET_SINGLE (X, L)' -`REAL_VALUE_TO_TARGET_DOUBLE (X, L)' -`REAL_VALUE_TO_TARGET_LONG_DOUBLE (X, L)' - These translate X, of type `REAL_VALUE_TYPE', to the target's - floating point representation, and store its bit pattern in the - array of `long int' whose address is L. The number of elements in - the output array is determined by the size of the desired target - floating point data type: 32 bits of it go in each `long int' array - element. Each array element holds 32 bits of the result, even if - `long int' is wider than 32 bits on the host machine. - - The array element values are designed so that you can print them - out using `fprintf' in the order they should appear in the target - machine's memory. - -`REAL_VALUE_TO_DECIMAL (X, FORMAT, STRING)' - This macro converts X, of type `REAL_VALUE_TYPE', to a decimal - number and stores it as a string into STRING. You must pass, as - STRING, the address of a long enough block of space to hold the - result. - - The argument FORMAT is a `printf'-specification that serves as a - suggestion for how to format the output string. - diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-23 b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-23 deleted file mode 100644 index 1c9917fba92..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-23 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1146 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file gcc.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.63 from the input -file gcc.texi. - - This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU compiler. - - Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 -Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - - Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software -Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for -Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are -included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public -License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight -`Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in -translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the -original English. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Uninitialized Data, Next: Label Output, Prev: Data Output, Up: Assembler Format - -Output of Uninitialized Variables ---------------------------------- - - Each of the macros in this section is used to do the whole job of -outputting a single uninitialized variable. - -`ASM_OUTPUT_COMMON (STREAM, NAME, SIZE, ROUNDED)' - A C statement (sans semicolon) to output to the stdio stream - STREAM the assembler definition of a common-label named NAME whose - size is SIZE bytes. The variable ROUNDED is the size rounded up - to whatever alignment the caller wants. - - Use the expression `assemble_name (STREAM, NAME)' to output the - name itself; before and after that, output the additional - assembler syntax for defining the name, and a newline. - - This macro controls how the assembler definitions of uninitialized - global variables are output. - -`ASM_OUTPUT_ALIGNED_COMMON (STREAM, NAME, SIZE, ALIGNMENT)' - Like `ASM_OUTPUT_COMMON' except takes the required alignment as a - separate, explicit argument. If you define this macro, it is used - in place of `ASM_OUTPUT_COMMON', and gives you more flexibility in - handling the required alignment of the variable. The alignment is - specified as the number of bits. - -`ASM_OUTPUT_SHARED_COMMON (STREAM, NAME, SIZE, ROUNDED)' - If defined, it is similar to `ASM_OUTPUT_COMMON', except that it - is used when NAME is shared. If not defined, `ASM_OUTPUT_COMMON' - will be used. - -`ASM_OUTPUT_LOCAL (STREAM, NAME, SIZE, ROUNDED)' - A C statement (sans semicolon) to output to the stdio stream - STREAM the assembler definition of a local-common-label named NAME - whose size is SIZE bytes. The variable ROUNDED is the size - rounded up to whatever alignment the caller wants. - - Use the expression `assemble_name (STREAM, NAME)' to output the - name itself; before and after that, output the additional - assembler syntax for defining the name, and a newline. - - This macro controls how the assembler definitions of uninitialized - static variables are output. - -`ASM_OUTPUT_ALIGNED_LOCAL (STREAM, NAME, SIZE, ALIGNMENT)' - Like `ASM_OUTPUT_LOCAL' except takes the required alignment as a - separate, explicit argument. If you define this macro, it is used - in place of `ASM_OUTPUT_LOCAL', and gives you more flexibility in - handling the required alignment of the variable. The alignment is - specified as the number of bits. - -`ASM_OUTPUT_SHARED_LOCAL (STREAM, NAME, SIZE, ROUNDED)' - If defined, it is similar to `ASM_OUTPUT_LOCAL', except that it is - used when NAME is shared. If not defined, `ASM_OUTPUT_LOCAL' will - be used. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Label Output, Next: Initialization, Prev: Uninitialized Data, Up: Assembler Format - -Output and Generation of Labels -------------------------------- - - This is about outputting labels. - -`ASM_OUTPUT_LABEL (STREAM, NAME)' - A C statement (sans semicolon) to output to the stdio stream - STREAM the assembler definition of a label named NAME. Use the - expression `assemble_name (STREAM, NAME)' to output the name - itself; before and after that, output the additional assembler - syntax for defining the name, and a newline. - -`ASM_DECLARE_FUNCTION_NAME (STREAM, NAME, DECL)' - A C statement (sans semicolon) to output to the stdio stream - STREAM any text necessary for declaring the name NAME of a - function which is being defined. This macro is responsible for - outputting the label definition (perhaps using - `ASM_OUTPUT_LABEL'). The argument DECL is the `FUNCTION_DECL' - tree node representing the function. - - If this macro is not defined, then the function name is defined in - the usual manner as a label (by means of `ASM_OUTPUT_LABEL'). - -`ASM_DECLARE_FUNCTION_SIZE (STREAM, NAME, DECL)' - A C statement (sans semicolon) to output to the stdio stream - STREAM any text necessary for declaring the size of a function - which is being defined. The argument NAME is the name of the - function. The argument DECL is the `FUNCTION_DECL' tree node - representing the function. - - If this macro is not defined, then the function size is not - defined. - -`ASM_DECLARE_OBJECT_NAME (STREAM, NAME, DECL)' - A C statement (sans semicolon) to output to the stdio stream - STREAM any text necessary for declaring the name NAME of an - initialized variable which is being defined. This macro must - output the label definition (perhaps using `ASM_OUTPUT_LABEL'). - The argument DECL is the `VAR_DECL' tree node representing the - variable. - - If this macro is not defined, then the variable name is defined in - the usual manner as a label (by means of `ASM_OUTPUT_LABEL'). - -`ASM_FINISH_DECLARE_OBJECT (STREAM, DECL, TOPLEVEL, ATEND)' - A C statement (sans semicolon) to finish up declaring a variable - name once the compiler has processed its initializer fully and - thus has had a chance to determine the size of an array when - controlled by an initializer. This is used on systems where it's - necessary to declare something about the size of the object. - - If you don't define this macro, that is equivalent to defining it - to do nothing. - -`ASM_GLOBALIZE_LABEL (STREAM, NAME)' - A C statement (sans semicolon) to output to the stdio stream - STREAM some commands that will make the label NAME global; that - is, available for reference from other files. Use the expression - `assemble_name (STREAM, NAME)' to output the name itself; before - and after that, output the additional assembler syntax for making - that name global, and a newline. - -`ASM_WEAKEN_LABEL' - A C statement (sans semicolon) to output to the stdio stream - STREAM some commands that will make the label NAME weak; that is, - available for reference from other files but only used if no other - definition is available. Use the expression `assemble_name - (STREAM, NAME)' to output the name itself; before and after that, - output the additional assembler syntax for making that name weak, - and a newline. - - If you don't define this macro, GNU CC will not support weak - symbols and you should not define the `SUPPORTS_WEAK' macro. - -`SUPPORTS_WEAK' - A C expression which evaluates to true if the target supports weak - symbols. - - If you don't define this macro, `defaults.h' provides a default - definition. If `ASM_WEAKEN_LABEL' is defined, the default - definition is `1'; otherwise, it is `0'. Define this macro if you - want to control weak symbol support with a compiler flag such as - `-melf'. - -`ASM_OUTPUT_EXTERNAL (STREAM, DECL, NAME)' - A C statement (sans semicolon) to output to the stdio stream - STREAM any text necessary for declaring the name of an external - symbol named NAME which is referenced in this compilation but not - defined. The value of DECL is the tree node for the declaration. - - This macro need not be defined if it does not need to output - anything. The GNU assembler and most Unix assemblers don't - require anything. - -`ASM_OUTPUT_EXTERNAL_LIBCALL (STREAM, SYMREF)' - A C statement (sans semicolon) to output on STREAM an assembler - pseudo-op to declare a library function name external. The name - of the library function is given by SYMREF, which has type `rtx' - and is a `symbol_ref'. - - This macro need not be defined if it does not need to output - anything. The GNU assembler and most Unix assemblers don't - require anything. - -`ASM_OUTPUT_LABELREF (STREAM, NAME)' - A C statement (sans semicolon) to output to the stdio stream - STREAM a reference in assembler syntax to a label named NAME. - This should add `_' to the front of the name, if that is customary - on your operating system, as it is in most Berkeley Unix systems. - This macro is used in `assemble_name'. - -`ASM_OUTPUT_INTERNAL_LABEL (STREAM, PREFIX, NUM)' - A C statement to output to the stdio stream STREAM a label whose - name is made from the string PREFIX and the number NUM. - - It is absolutely essential that these labels be distinct from the - labels used for user-level functions and variables. Otherwise, - certain programs will have name conflicts with internal labels. - - It is desirable to exclude internal labels from the symbol table - of the object file. Most assemblers have a naming convention for - labels that should be excluded; on many systems, the letter `L' at - the beginning of a label has this effect. You should find out what - convention your system uses, and follow it. - - The usual definition of this macro is as follows: - - fprintf (STREAM, "L%s%d:\n", PREFIX, NUM) - -`ASM_GENERATE_INTERNAL_LABEL (STRING, PREFIX, NUM)' - A C statement to store into the string STRING a label whose name - is made from the string PREFIX and the number NUM. - - This string, when output subsequently by `assemble_name', should - produce the output that `ASM_OUTPUT_INTERNAL_LABEL' would produce - with the same PREFIX and NUM. - - If the string begins with `*', then `assemble_name' will output - the rest of the string unchanged. It is often convenient for - `ASM_GENERATE_INTERNAL_LABEL' to use `*' in this way. If the - string doesn't start with `*', then `ASM_OUTPUT_LABELREF' gets to - output the string, and may change it. (Of course, - `ASM_OUTPUT_LABELREF' is also part of your machine description, so - you should know what it does on your machine.) - -`ASM_FORMAT_PRIVATE_NAME (OUTVAR, NAME, NUMBER)' - A C expression to assign to OUTVAR (which is a variable of type - `char *') a newly allocated string made from the string NAME and - the number NUMBER, with some suitable punctuation added. Use - `alloca' to get space for the string. - - The string will be used as an argument to `ASM_OUTPUT_LABELREF' to - produce an assembler label for an internal static variable whose - name is NAME. Therefore, the string must be such as to result in - valid assembler code. The argument NUMBER is different each time - this macro is executed; it prevents conflicts between - similarly-named internal static variables in different scopes. - - Ideally this string should not be a valid C identifier, to prevent - any conflict with the user's own symbols. Most assemblers allow - periods or percent signs in assembler symbols; putting at least - one of these between the name and the number will suffice. - -`ASM_OUTPUT_DEF (STREAM, NAME, VALUE)' - A C statement to output to the stdio stream STREAM assembler code - which defines (equates) the symbol NAME to have the value VALUE. - - If SET_ASM_OP is defined, a default definition is provided which is - correct for most systems. - -`OBJC_GEN_METHOD_LABEL (BUF, IS_INST, CLASS_NAME, CAT_NAME, SEL_NAME)' - Define this macro to override the default assembler names used for - Objective C methods. - - The default name is a unique method number followed by the name of - the class (e.g. `_1_Foo'). For methods in categories, the name of - the category is also included in the assembler name (e.g. - `_1_Foo_Bar'). - - These names are safe on most systems, but make debugging difficult - since the method's selector is not present in the name. - Therefore, particular systems define other ways of computing names. - - BUF is an expression of type `char *' which gives you a buffer in - which to store the name; its length is as long as CLASS_NAME, - CAT_NAME and SEL_NAME put together, plus 50 characters extra. - - The argument IS_INST specifies whether the method is an instance - method or a class method; CLASS_NAME is the name of the class; - CAT_NAME is the name of the category (or NULL if the method is not - in a category); and SEL_NAME is the name of the selector. - - On systems where the assembler can handle quoted names, you can - use this macro to provide more human-readable names. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Initialization, Next: Macros for Initialization, Prev: Label Output, Up: Assembler Format - -How Initialization Functions Are Handled ----------------------------------------- - - The compiled code for certain languages includes "constructors" -(also called "initialization routines")--functions to initialize data -in the program when the program is started. These functions need to be -called before the program is "started"--that is to say, before `main' -is called. - - Compiling some languages generates "destructors" (also called -"termination routines") that should be called when the program -terminates. - - To make the initialization and termination functions work, the -compiler must output something in the assembler code to cause those -functions to be called at the appropriate time. When you port the -compiler to a new system, you need to specify how to do this. - - There are two major ways that GCC currently supports the execution of -initialization and termination functions. Each way has two variants. -Much of the structure is common to all four variations. - - The linker must build two lists of these functions--a list of -initialization functions, called `__CTOR_LIST__', and a list of -termination functions, called `__DTOR_LIST__'. - - Each list always begins with an ignored function pointer (which may -hold 0, -1, or a count of the function pointers after it, depending on -the environment). This is followed by a series of zero or more function -pointers to constructors (or destructors), followed by a function -pointer containing zero. - - Depending on the operating system and its executable file format, -either `crtstuff.c' or `libgcc2.c' traverses these lists at startup -time and exit time. Constructors are called in reverse order of the -list; destructors in forward order. - - The best way to handle static constructors works only for object file -formats which provide arbitrarily-named sections. A section is set -aside for a list of constructors, and another for a list of destructors. -Traditionally these are called `.ctors' and `.dtors'. Each object file -that defines an initialization function also puts a word in the -constructor section to point to that function. The linker accumulates -all these words into one contiguous `.ctors' section. Termination -functions are handled similarly. - - To use this method, you need appropriate definitions of the macros -`ASM_OUTPUT_CONSTRUCTOR' and `ASM_OUTPUT_DESTRUCTOR'. Usually you can -get them by including `svr4.h'. - - When arbitrary sections are available, there are two variants, -depending upon how the code in `crtstuff.c' is called. On systems that -support an "init" section which is executed at program startup, parts -of `crtstuff.c' are compiled into that section. The program is linked -by the `gcc' driver like this: - - ld -o OUTPUT_FILE crtbegin.o ... crtend.o -lgcc - - The head of a function (`__do_global_ctors') appears in the init -section of `crtbegin.o'; the remainder of the function appears in the -init section of `crtend.o'. The linker will pull these two parts of -the section together, making a whole function. If any of the user's -object files linked into the middle of it contribute code, then that -code will be executed as part of the body of `__do_global_ctors'. - - To use this variant, you must define the `INIT_SECTION_ASM_OP' macro -properly. - - If no init section is available, do not define -`INIT_SECTION_ASM_OP'. Then `__do_global_ctors' is built into the text -section like all other functions, and resides in `libgcc.a'. When GCC -compiles any function called `main', it inserts a procedure call to -`__main' as the first executable code after the function prologue. The -`__main' function, also defined in `libgcc2.c', simply calls -`__do_global_ctors'. - - In file formats that don't support arbitrary sections, there are -again two variants. In the simplest variant, the GNU linker (GNU `ld') -and an `a.out' format must be used. In this case, -`ASM_OUTPUT_CONSTRUCTOR' is defined to produce a `.stabs' entry of type -`N_SETT', referencing the name `__CTOR_LIST__', and with the address of -the void function containing the initialization code as its value. The -GNU linker recognizes this as a request to add the value to a "set"; -the values are accumulated, and are eventually placed in the executable -as a vector in the format described above, with a leading (ignored) -count and a trailing zero element. `ASM_OUTPUT_DESTRUCTOR' is handled -similarly. Since no init section is available, the absence of -`INIT_SECTION_ASM_OP' causes the compilation of `main' to call `__main' -as above, starting the initialization process. - - The last variant uses neither arbitrary sections nor the GNU linker. -This is preferable when you want to do dynamic linking and when using -file formats which the GNU linker does not support, such as `ECOFF'. In -this case, `ASM_OUTPUT_CONSTRUCTOR' does not produce an `N_SETT' -symbol; initialization and termination functions are recognized simply -by their names. This requires an extra program in the linkage step, -called `collect2'. This program pretends to be the linker, for use -with GNU CC; it does its job by running the ordinary linker, but also -arranges to include the vectors of initialization and termination -functions. These functions are called via `__main' as described above. - - Choosing among these configuration options has been simplified by a -set of operating-system-dependent files in the `config' subdirectory. -These files define all of the relevant parameters. Usually it is -sufficient to include one into your specific machine-dependent -configuration file. These files are: - -`aoutos.h' - For operating systems using the `a.out' format. - -`next.h' - For operating systems using the `MachO' format. - -`svr3.h' - For System V Release 3 and similar systems using `COFF' format. - -`svr4.h' - For System V Release 4 and similar systems using `ELF' format. - -`vms.h' - For the VMS operating system. - - The following section describes the specific macros that control and -customize the handling of initialization and termination functions. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Macros for Initialization, Next: Instruction Output, Prev: Initialization, Up: Assembler Format - -Macros Controlling Initialization Routines ------------------------------------------- - - Here are the macros that control how the compiler handles -initialization and termination functions: - -`INIT_SECTION_ASM_OP' - If defined, a C string constant for the assembler operation to - identify the following data as initialization code. If not - defined, GNU CC will assume such a section does not exist. When - you are using special sections for initialization and termination - functions, this macro also controls how `crtstuff.c' and - `libgcc2.c' arrange to run the initialization functions. - -`HAS_INIT_SECTION' - If defined, `main' will not call `__main' as described above. - This macro should be defined for systems that control the contents - of the init section on a symbol-by-symbol basis, such as OSF/1, - and should not be defined explicitly for systems that support - `INIT_SECTION_ASM_OP'. - -`LD_INIT_SWITCH' - If defined, a C string constant for a switch that tells the linker - that the following symbol is an initialization routine. - -`LD_FINI_SWITCH' - If defined, a C string constant for a switch that tells the linker - that the following symbol is a finalization routine. - -`INVOKE__main' - If defined, `main' will call `__main' despite the presence of - `INIT_SECTION_ASM_OP'. This macro should be defined for systems - where the init section is not actually run automatically, but is - still useful for collecting the lists of constructors and - destructors. - -`ASM_OUTPUT_CONSTRUCTOR (STREAM, NAME)' - Define this macro as a C statement to output on the stream STREAM - the assembler code to arrange to call the function named NAME at - initialization time. - - Assume that NAME is the name of a C function generated - automatically by the compiler. This function takes no arguments. - Use the function `assemble_name' to output the name NAME; this - performs any system-specific syntactic transformations such as - adding an underscore. - - If you don't define this macro, nothing special is output to - arrange to call the function. This is correct when the function - will be called in some other manner--for example, by means of the - `collect2' program, which looks through the symbol table to find - these functions by their names. - -`ASM_OUTPUT_DESTRUCTOR (STREAM, NAME)' - This is like `ASM_OUTPUT_CONSTRUCTOR' but used for termination - functions rather than initialization functions. - - If your system uses `collect2' as the means of processing -constructors, then that program normally uses `nm' to scan an object -file for constructor functions to be called. On certain kinds of -systems, you can define these macros to make `collect2' work faster -(and, in some cases, make it work at all): - -`OBJECT_FORMAT_COFF' - Define this macro if the system uses COFF (Common Object File - Format) object files, so that `collect2' can assume this format - and scan object files directly for dynamic constructor/destructor - functions. - -`OBJECT_FORMAT_ROSE' - Define this macro if the system uses ROSE format object files, so - that `collect2' can assume this format and scan object files - directly for dynamic constructor/destructor functions. - - These macros are effective only in a native compiler; `collect2' as - part of a cross compiler always uses `nm' for the target machine. - -`REAL_NM_FILE_NAME' - Define this macro as a C string constant containing the file name - to use to execute `nm'. The default is to search the path - normally for `nm'. - - If your system supports shared libraries and has a program to list - the dynamic dependencies of a given library or executable, you can - define these macros to enable support for running initialization - and termination functions in shared libraries: - -`LDD_SUFFIX' - Define this macro to a C string constant containing the name of the - program which lists dynamic dependencies, like `"ldd"' under SunOS - 4. - -`PARSE_LDD_OUTPUT (PTR)' - Define this macro to be C code that extracts filenames from the - output of the program denoted by `LDD_SUFFIX'. PTR is a variable - of type `char *' that points to the beginning of a line of output - from `LDD_SUFFIX'. If the line lists a dynamic dependency, the - code must advance PTR to the beginning of the filename on that - line. Otherwise, it must set PTR to `NULL'. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Instruction Output, Next: Dispatch Tables, Prev: Macros for Initialization, Up: Assembler Format - -Output of Assembler Instructions --------------------------------- - - This describes assembler instruction output. - -`REGISTER_NAMES' - A C initializer containing the assembler's names for the machine - registers, each one as a C string constant. This is what - translates register numbers in the compiler into assembler - language. - -`ADDITIONAL_REGISTER_NAMES' - If defined, a C initializer for an array of structures containing - a name and a register number. This macro defines additional names - for hard registers, thus allowing the `asm' option in declarations - to refer to registers using alternate names. - -`ASM_OUTPUT_OPCODE (STREAM, PTR)' - Define this macro if you are using an unusual assembler that - requires different names for the machine instructions. - - The definition is a C statement or statements which output an - assembler instruction opcode to the stdio stream STREAM. The - macro-operand PTR is a variable of type `char *' which points to - the opcode name in its "internal" form--the form that is written - in the machine description. The definition should output the - opcode name to STREAM, performing any translation you desire, and - increment the variable PTR to point at the end of the opcode so - that it will not be output twice. - - In fact, your macro definition may process less than the entire - opcode name, or more than the opcode name; but if you want to - process text that includes `%'-sequences to substitute operands, - you must take care of the substitution yourself. Just be sure to - increment PTR over whatever text should not be output normally. - - If you need to look at the operand values, they can be found as the - elements of `recog_operand'. - - If the macro definition does nothing, the instruction is output in - the usual way. - -`FINAL_PRESCAN_INSN (INSN, OPVEC, NOPERANDS)' - If defined, a C statement to be executed just prior to the output - of assembler code for INSN, to modify the extracted operands so - they will be output differently. - - Here the argument OPVEC is the vector containing the operands - extracted from INSN, and NOPERANDS is the number of elements of - the vector which contain meaningful data for this insn. The - contents of this vector are what will be used to convert the insn - template into assembler code, so you can change the assembler - output by changing the contents of the vector. - - This macro is useful when various assembler syntaxes share a single - file of instruction patterns; by defining this macro differently, - you can cause a large class of instructions to be output - differently (such as with rearranged operands). Naturally, - variations in assembler syntax affecting individual insn patterns - ought to be handled by writing conditional output routines in - those patterns. - - If this macro is not defined, it is equivalent to a null statement. - -`PRINT_OPERAND (STREAM, X, CODE)' - A C compound statement to output to stdio stream STREAM the - assembler syntax for an instruction operand X. X is an RTL - expression. - - CODE is a value that can be used to specify one of several ways of - printing the operand. It is used when identical operands must be - printed differently depending on the context. CODE comes from the - `%' specification that was used to request printing of the - operand. If the specification was just `%DIGIT' then CODE is 0; - if the specification was `%LTR DIGIT' then CODE is the ASCII code - for LTR. - - If X is a register, this macro should print the register's name. - The names can be found in an array `reg_names' whose type is `char - *[]'. `reg_names' is initialized from `REGISTER_NAMES'. - - When the machine description has a specification `%PUNCT' (a `%' - followed by a punctuation character), this macro is called with a - null pointer for X and the punctuation character for CODE. - -`PRINT_OPERAND_PUNCT_VALID_P (CODE)' - A C expression which evaluates to true if CODE is a valid - punctuation character for use in the `PRINT_OPERAND' macro. If - `PRINT_OPERAND_PUNCT_VALID_P' is not defined, it means that no - punctuation characters (except for the standard one, `%') are used - in this way. - -`PRINT_OPERAND_ADDRESS (STREAM, X)' - A C compound statement to output to stdio stream STREAM the - assembler syntax for an instruction operand that is a memory - reference whose address is X. X is an RTL expression. - - On some machines, the syntax for a symbolic address depends on the - section that the address refers to. On these machines, define the - macro `ENCODE_SECTION_INFO' to store the information into the - `symbol_ref', and then check for it here. *Note Assembler - Format::. - -`DBR_OUTPUT_SEQEND(FILE)' - A C statement, to be executed after all slot-filler instructions - have been output. If necessary, call `dbr_sequence_length' to - determine the number of slots filled in a sequence (zero if not - currently outputting a sequence), to decide how many no-ops to - output, or whatever. - - Don't define this macro if it has nothing to do, but it is helpful - in reading assembly output if the extent of the delay sequence is - made explicit (e.g. with white space). - - Note that output routines for instructions with delay slots must be - prepared to deal with not being output as part of a sequence (i.e. - when the scheduling pass is not run, or when no slot fillers could - be found.) The variable `final_sequence' is null when not - processing a sequence, otherwise it contains the `sequence' rtx - being output. - -`REGISTER_PREFIX' -`LOCAL_LABEL_PREFIX' -`USER_LABEL_PREFIX' -`IMMEDIATE_PREFIX' - If defined, C string expressions to be used for the `%R', `%L', - `%U', and `%I' options of `asm_fprintf' (see `final.c'). These - are useful when a single `md' file must support multiple assembler - formats. In that case, the various `tm.h' files can define these - macros differently. - -`ASSEMBLER_DIALECT' - If your target supports multiple dialects of assembler language - (such as different opcodes), define this macro as a C expression - that gives the numeric index of the assembler language dialect to - use, with zero as the first variant. - - If this macro is defined, you may use - `{option0|option1|option2...}' constructs in the output templates - of patterns (*note Output Template::.) or in the first argument of - `asm_fprintf'. This construct outputs `option0', `option1' or - `option2', etc., if the value of `ASSEMBLER_DIALECT' is zero, one - or two, etc. Any special characters within these strings retain - their usual meaning. - - If you do not define this macro, the characters `{', `|' and `}' - do not have any special meaning when used in templates or operands - to `asm_fprintf'. - - Define the macros `REGISTER_PREFIX', `LOCAL_LABEL_PREFIX', - `USER_LABEL_PREFIX' and `IMMEDIATE_PREFIX' if you can express the - variations in assemble language syntax with that mechanism. Define - `ASSEMBLER_DIALECT' and use the `{option0|option1}' syntax if the - syntax variant are larger and involve such things as different - opcodes or operand order. - -`ASM_OUTPUT_REG_PUSH (STREAM, REGNO)' - A C expression to output to STREAM some assembler code which will - push hard register number REGNO onto the stack. The code need not - be optimal, since this macro is used only when profiling. - -`ASM_OUTPUT_REG_POP (STREAM, REGNO)' - A C expression to output to STREAM some assembler code which will - pop hard register number REGNO off of the stack. The code need - not be optimal, since this macro is used only when profiling. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Dispatch Tables, Next: Alignment Output, Prev: Instruction Output, Up: Assembler Format - -Output of Dispatch Tables -------------------------- - - This concerns dispatch tables. - -`ASM_OUTPUT_ADDR_DIFF_ELT (STREAM, VALUE, REL)' - This macro should be provided on machines where the addresses in a - dispatch table are relative to the table's own address. - - The definition should be a C statement to output to the stdio - stream STREAM an assembler pseudo-instruction to generate a - difference between two labels. VALUE and REL are the numbers of - two internal labels. The definitions of these labels are output - using `ASM_OUTPUT_INTERNAL_LABEL', and they must be printed in the - same way here. For example, - - fprintf (STREAM, "\t.word L%d-L%d\n", - VALUE, REL) - -`ASM_OUTPUT_ADDR_VEC_ELT (STREAM, VALUE)' - This macro should be provided on machines where the addresses in a - dispatch table are absolute. - - The definition should be a C statement to output to the stdio - stream STREAM an assembler pseudo-instruction to generate a - reference to a label. VALUE is the number of an internal label - whose definition is output using `ASM_OUTPUT_INTERNAL_LABEL'. For - example, - - fprintf (STREAM, "\t.word L%d\n", VALUE) - -`ASM_OUTPUT_CASE_LABEL (STREAM, PREFIX, NUM, TABLE)' - Define this if the label before a jump-table needs to be output - specially. The first three arguments are the same as for - `ASM_OUTPUT_INTERNAL_LABEL'; the fourth argument is the jump-table - which follows (a `jump_insn' containing an `addr_vec' or - `addr_diff_vec'). - - This feature is used on system V to output a `swbeg' statement for - the table. - - If this macro is not defined, these labels are output with - `ASM_OUTPUT_INTERNAL_LABEL'. - -`ASM_OUTPUT_CASE_END (STREAM, NUM, TABLE)' - Define this if something special must be output at the end of a - jump-table. The definition should be a C statement to be executed - after the assembler code for the table is written. It should write - the appropriate code to stdio stream STREAM. The argument TABLE - is the jump-table insn, and NUM is the label-number of the - preceding label. - - If this macro is not defined, nothing special is output at the end - of the jump-table. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Alignment Output, Prev: Dispatch Tables, Up: Assembler Format - -Assembler Commands for Alignment --------------------------------- - - This describes commands for alignment. - -`ASM_OUTPUT_ALIGN_CODE (FILE)' - A C expression to output text to align the location counter in the - way that is desirable at a point in the code that is reached only - by jumping. - - This macro need not be defined if you don't want any special - alignment to be done at such a time. Most machine descriptions do - not currently define the macro. - -`ASM_OUTPUT_LOOP_ALIGN (FILE)' - A C expression to output text to align the location counter in the - way that is desirable at the beginning of a loop. - - This macro need not be defined if you don't want any special - alignment to be done at such a time. Most machine descriptions do - not currently define the macro. - -`ASM_OUTPUT_SKIP (STREAM, NBYTES)' - A C statement to output to the stdio stream STREAM an assembler - instruction to advance the location counter by NBYTES bytes. - Those bytes should be zero when loaded. NBYTES will be a C - expression of type `int'. - -`ASM_NO_SKIP_IN_TEXT' - Define this macro if `ASM_OUTPUT_SKIP' should not be used in the - text section because it fails put zeros in the bytes that are - skipped. This is true on many Unix systems, where the pseudo-op - to skip bytes produces no-op instructions rather than zeros when - used in the text section. - -`ASM_OUTPUT_ALIGN (STREAM, POWER)' - A C statement to output to the stdio stream STREAM an assembler - command to advance the location counter to a multiple of 2 to the - POWER bytes. POWER will be a C expression of type `int'. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Debugging Info, Next: Cross-compilation, Prev: Assembler Format, Up: Target Macros - -Controlling Debugging Information Format -======================================== - - This describes how to specify debugging information. - -* Menu: - -* All Debuggers:: Macros that affect all debugging formats uniformly. -* DBX Options:: Macros enabling specific options in DBX format. -* DBX Hooks:: Hook macros for varying DBX format. -* File Names and DBX:: Macros controlling output of file names in DBX format. -* SDB and DWARF:: Macros for SDB (COFF) and DWARF formats. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: All Debuggers, Next: DBX Options, Up: Debugging Info - -Macros Affecting All Debugging Formats --------------------------------------- - - These macros affect all debugging formats. - -`DBX_REGISTER_NUMBER (REGNO)' - A C expression that returns the DBX register number for the - compiler register number REGNO. In simple cases, the value of this - expression may be REGNO itself. But sometimes there are some - registers that the compiler knows about and DBX does not, or vice - versa. In such cases, some register may need to have one number in - the compiler and another for DBX. - - If two registers have consecutive numbers inside GNU CC, and they - can be used as a pair to hold a multiword value, then they *must* - have consecutive numbers after renumbering with - `DBX_REGISTER_NUMBER'. Otherwise, debuggers will be unable to - access such a pair, because they expect register pairs to be - consecutive in their own numbering scheme. - - If you find yourself defining `DBX_REGISTER_NUMBER' in way that - does not preserve register pairs, then what you must do instead is - redefine the actual register numbering scheme. - -`DEBUGGER_AUTO_OFFSET (X)' - A C expression that returns the integer offset value for an - automatic variable having address X (an RTL expression). The - default computation assumes that X is based on the frame-pointer - and gives the offset from the frame-pointer. This is required for - targets that produce debugging output for DBX or COFF-style - debugging output for SDB and allow the frame-pointer to be - eliminated when the `-g' options is used. - -`DEBUGGER_ARG_OFFSET (OFFSET, X)' - A C expression that returns the integer offset value for an - argument having address X (an RTL expression). The nominal offset - is OFFSET. - -`PREFERRED_DEBUGGING_TYPE' - A C expression that returns the type of debugging output GNU CC - produces when the user specifies `-g' or `-ggdb'. Define this if - you have arranged for GNU CC to support more than one format of - debugging output. Currently, the allowable values are `DBX_DEBUG', - `SDB_DEBUG', `DWARF_DEBUG', and `XCOFF_DEBUG'. - - The value of this macro only affects the default debugging output; - the user can always get a specific type of output by using - `-gstabs', `-gcoff', `-gdwarf', or `-gxcoff'. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: DBX Options, Next: DBX Hooks, Prev: All Debuggers, Up: Debugging Info - -Specific Options for DBX Output -------------------------------- - - These are specific options for DBX output. - -`DBX_DEBUGGING_INFO' - Define this macro if GNU CC should produce debugging output for DBX - in response to the `-g' option. - -`XCOFF_DEBUGGING_INFO' - Define this macro if GNU CC should produce XCOFF format debugging - output in response to the `-g' option. This is a variant of DBX - format. - -`DEFAULT_GDB_EXTENSIONS' - Define this macro to control whether GNU CC should by default - generate GDB's extended version of DBX debugging information - (assuming DBX-format debugging information is enabled at all). If - you don't define the macro, the default is 1: always generate the - extended information if there is any occasion to. - -`DEBUG_SYMS_TEXT' - Define this macro if all `.stabs' commands should be output while - in the text section. - -`ASM_STABS_OP' - A C string constant naming the assembler pseudo op to use instead - of `.stabs' to define an ordinary debugging symbol. If you don't - define this macro, `.stabs' is used. This macro applies only to - DBX debugging information format. - -`ASM_STABD_OP' - A C string constant naming the assembler pseudo op to use instead - of `.stabd' to define a debugging symbol whose value is the current - location. If you don't define this macro, `.stabd' is used. This - macro applies only to DBX debugging information format. - -`ASM_STABN_OP' - A C string constant naming the assembler pseudo op to use instead - of `.stabn' to define a debugging symbol with no name. If you - don't define this macro, `.stabn' is used. This macro applies - only to DBX debugging information format. - -`DBX_NO_XREFS' - Define this macro if DBX on your system does not support the - construct `xsTAGNAME'. On some systems, this construct is used to - describe a forward reference to a structure named TAGNAME. On - other systems, this construct is not supported at all. - -`DBX_CONTIN_LENGTH' - A symbol name in DBX-format debugging information is normally - continued (split into two separate `.stabs' directives) when it - exceeds a certain length (by default, 80 characters). On some - operating systems, DBX requires this splitting; on others, - splitting must not be done. You can inhibit splitting by defining - this macro with the value zero. You can override the default - splitting-length by defining this macro as an expression for the - length you desire. - -`DBX_CONTIN_CHAR' - Normally continuation is indicated by adding a `\' character to - the end of a `.stabs' string when a continuation follows. To use - a different character instead, define this macro as a character - constant for the character you want to use. Do not define this - macro if backslash is correct for your system. - -`DBX_STATIC_STAB_DATA_SECTION' - Define this macro if it is necessary to go to the data section - before outputting the `.stabs' pseudo-op for a non-global static - variable. - -`DBX_TYPE_DECL_STABS_CODE' - The value to use in the "code" field of the `.stabs' directive for - a typedef. The default is `N_LSYM'. - -`DBX_STATIC_CONST_VAR_CODE' - The value to use in the "code" field of the `.stabs' directive for - a static variable located in the text section. DBX format does not - provide any "right" way to do this. The default is `N_FUN'. - -`DBX_REGPARM_STABS_CODE' - The value to use in the "code" field of the `.stabs' directive for - a parameter passed in registers. DBX format does not provide any - "right" way to do this. The default is `N_RSYM'. - -`DBX_REGPARM_STABS_LETTER' - The letter to use in DBX symbol data to identify a symbol as a - parameter passed in registers. DBX format does not customarily - provide any way to do this. The default is `'P''. - -`DBX_MEMPARM_STABS_LETTER' - The letter to use in DBX symbol data to identify a symbol as a - stack parameter. The default is `'p''. - -`DBX_FUNCTION_FIRST' - Define this macro if the DBX information for a function and its - arguments should precede the assembler code for the function. - Normally, in DBX format, the debugging information entirely - follows the assembler code. - -`DBX_LBRAC_FIRST' - Define this macro if the `N_LBRAC' symbol for a block should - precede the debugging information for variables and functions - defined in that block. Normally, in DBX format, the `N_LBRAC' - symbol comes first. - -`DBX_BLOCKS_FUNCTION_RELATIVE' - Define this macro if the value of a symbol describing the scope of - a block (`N_LBRAC' or `N_RBRAC') should be relative to the start - of the enclosing function. Normally, GNU C uses an absolute - address. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: DBX Hooks, Next: File Names and DBX, Prev: DBX Options, Up: Debugging Info - -Open-Ended Hooks for DBX Format -------------------------------- - - These are hooks for DBX format. - -`DBX_OUTPUT_LBRAC (STREAM, NAME)' - Define this macro to say how to output to STREAM the debugging - information for the start of a scope level for variable names. The - argument NAME is the name of an assembler symbol (for use with - `assemble_name') whose value is the address where the scope begins. - -`DBX_OUTPUT_RBRAC (STREAM, NAME)' - Like `DBX_OUTPUT_LBRAC', but for the end of a scope level. - -`DBX_OUTPUT_ENUM (STREAM, TYPE)' - Define this macro if the target machine requires special handling - to output an enumeration type. The definition should be a C - statement (sans semicolon) to output the appropriate information - to STREAM for the type TYPE. - -`DBX_OUTPUT_FUNCTION_END (STREAM, FUNCTION)' - Define this macro if the target machine requires special output at - the end of the debugging information for a function. The - definition should be a C statement (sans semicolon) to output the - appropriate information to STREAM. FUNCTION is the - `FUNCTION_DECL' node for the function. - -`DBX_OUTPUT_STANDARD_TYPES (SYMS)' - Define this macro if you need to control the order of output of the - standard data types at the beginning of compilation. The argument - SYMS is a `tree' which is a chain of all the predefined global - symbols, including names of data types. - - Normally, DBX output starts with definitions of the types for - integers and characters, followed by all the other predefined - types of the particular language in no particular order. - - On some machines, it is necessary to output different particular - types first. To do this, define `DBX_OUTPUT_STANDARD_TYPES' to - output those symbols in the necessary order. Any predefined types - that you don't explicitly output will be output afterward in no - particular order. - - Be careful not to define this macro so that it works only for C. - There are no global variables to access most of the built-in - types, because another language may have another set of types. - The way to output a particular type is to look through SYMS to see - if you can find it. Here is an example: - - { - tree decl; - for (decl = syms; decl; decl = TREE_CHAIN (decl)) - if (!strcmp (IDENTIFIER_POINTER (DECL_NAME (decl)), - "long int")) - dbxout_symbol (decl); - ... - } - - This does nothing if the expected type does not exist. - - See the function `init_decl_processing' in `c-decl.c' to find the - names to use for all the built-in C types. - - Here is another way of finding a particular type: - - { - tree decl; - for (decl = syms; decl; decl = TREE_CHAIN (decl)) - if (TREE_CODE (decl) == TYPE_DECL - && (TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (decl)) - == INTEGER_CST) - && TYPE_PRECISION (TREE_TYPE (decl)) == 16 - && TYPE_UNSIGNED (TREE_TYPE (decl))) - /* This must be `unsigned short'. */ - dbxout_symbol (decl); - ... - } - - -File: gcc.info, Node: File Names and DBX, Next: SDB and DWARF, Prev: DBX Hooks, Up: Debugging Info - -File Names in DBX Format ------------------------- - - This describes file names in DBX format. - -`DBX_WORKING_DIRECTORY' - Define this if DBX wants to have the current directory recorded in - each object file. - - Note that the working directory is always recorded if GDB - extensions are enabled. - -`DBX_OUTPUT_MAIN_SOURCE_FILENAME (STREAM, NAME)' - A C statement to output DBX debugging information to the stdio - stream STREAM which indicates that file NAME is the main source - file--the file specified as the input file for compilation. This - macro is called only once, at the beginning of compilation. - - This macro need not be defined if the standard form of output for - DBX debugging information is appropriate. - -`DBX_OUTPUT_MAIN_SOURCE_DIRECTORY (STREAM, NAME)' - A C statement to output DBX debugging information to the stdio - stream STREAM which indicates that the current directory during - compilation is named NAME. - - This macro need not be defined if the standard form of output for - DBX debugging information is appropriate. - -`DBX_OUTPUT_MAIN_SOURCE_FILE_END (STREAM, NAME)' - A C statement to output DBX debugging information at the end of - compilation of the main source file NAME. - - If you don't define this macro, nothing special is output at the - end of compilation, which is correct for most machines. - -`DBX_OUTPUT_SOURCE_FILENAME (STREAM, NAME)' - A C statement to output DBX debugging information to the stdio - stream STREAM which indicates that file NAME is the current source - file. This output is generated each time input shifts to a - different source file as a result of `#include', the end of an - included file, or a `#line' command. - - This macro need not be defined if the standard form of output for - DBX debugging information is appropriate. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: SDB and DWARF, Prev: File Names and DBX, Up: Debugging Info - -Macros for SDB and DWARF Output -------------------------------- - - Here are macros for SDB and DWARF output. - -`SDB_DEBUGGING_INFO' - Define this macro if GNU CC should produce COFF-style debugging - output for SDB in response to the `-g' option. - -`DWARF_DEBUGGING_INFO' - Define this macro if GNU CC should produce dwarf format debugging - output in response to the `-g' option. - -`PUT_SDB_...' - Define these macros to override the assembler syntax for the - special SDB assembler directives. See `sdbout.c' for a list of - these macros and their arguments. If the standard syntax is used, - you need not define them yourself. - -`SDB_DELIM' - Some assemblers do not support a semicolon as a delimiter, even - between SDB assembler directives. In that case, define this macro - to be the delimiter to use (usually `\n'). It is not necessary to - define a new set of `PUT_SDB_OP' macros if this is the only change - required. - -`SDB_GENERATE_FAKE' - Define this macro to override the usual method of constructing a - dummy name for anonymous structure and union types. See - `sdbout.c' for more information. - -`SDB_ALLOW_UNKNOWN_REFERENCES' - Define this macro to allow references to unknown structure, union, - or enumeration tags to be emitted. Standard COFF does not allow - handling of unknown references, MIPS ECOFF has support for it. - -`SDB_ALLOW_FORWARD_REFERENCES' - Define this macro to allow references to structure, union, or - enumeration tags that have not yet been seen to be handled. Some - assemblers choke if forward tags are used, while some require it. - diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-24 b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-24 deleted file mode 100644 index 01ad2507191..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-24 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,852 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file gcc.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.63 from the input -file gcc.texi. - - This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU compiler. - - Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 -Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - - Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software -Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for -Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are -included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public -License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight -`Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in -translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the -original English. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Cross-compilation, Next: Misc, Prev: Debugging Info, Up: Target Macros - -Cross Compilation and Floating Point -==================================== - - While all modern machines use 2's complement representation for -integers, there are a variety of representations for floating point -numbers. This means that in a cross-compiler the representation of -floating point numbers in the compiled program may be different from -that used in the machine doing the compilation. - - Because different representation systems may offer different amounts -of range and precision, the cross compiler cannot safely use the host -machine's floating point arithmetic. Therefore, floating point -constants must be represented in the target machine's format. This -means that the cross compiler cannot use `atof' to parse a floating -point constant; it must have its own special routine to use instead. -Also, constant folding must emulate the target machine's arithmetic (or -must not be done at all). - - The macros in the following table should be defined only if you are -cross compiling between different floating point formats. - - Otherwise, don't define them. Then default definitions will be set -up which use `double' as the data type, `==' to test for equality, etc. - - You don't need to worry about how many times you use an operand of -any of these macros. The compiler never uses operands which have side -effects. - -`REAL_VALUE_TYPE' - A macro for the C data type to be used to hold a floating point - value in the target machine's format. Typically this would be a - `struct' containing an array of `int'. - -`REAL_VALUES_EQUAL (X, Y)' - A macro for a C expression which compares for equality the two - values, X and Y, both of type `REAL_VALUE_TYPE'. - -`REAL_VALUES_LESS (X, Y)' - A macro for a C expression which tests whether X is less than Y, - both values being of type `REAL_VALUE_TYPE' and interpreted as - floating point numbers in the target machine's representation. - -`REAL_VALUE_LDEXP (X, SCALE)' - A macro for a C expression which performs the standard library - function `ldexp', but using the target machine's floating point - representation. Both X and the value of the expression have type - `REAL_VALUE_TYPE'. The second argument, SCALE, is an integer. - -`REAL_VALUE_FIX (X)' - A macro whose definition is a C expression to convert the - target-machine floating point value X to a signed integer. X has - type `REAL_VALUE_TYPE'. - -`REAL_VALUE_UNSIGNED_FIX (X)' - A macro whose definition is a C expression to convert the - target-machine floating point value X to an unsigned integer. X - has type `REAL_VALUE_TYPE'. - -`REAL_VALUE_RNDZINT (X)' - A macro whose definition is a C expression to round the - target-machine floating point value X towards zero to an integer - value (but still as a floating point number). X has type - `REAL_VALUE_TYPE', and so does the value. - -`REAL_VALUE_UNSIGNED_RNDZINT (X)' - A macro whose definition is a C expression to round the - target-machine floating point value X towards zero to an unsigned - integer value (but still represented as a floating point number). - X has type `REAL_VALUE_TYPE', and so does the value. - -`REAL_VALUE_ATOF (STRING, MODE)' - A macro for a C expression which converts STRING, an expression of - type `char *', into a floating point number in the target machine's - representation for mode MODE. The value has type - `REAL_VALUE_TYPE'. - -`REAL_INFINITY' - Define this macro if infinity is a possible floating point value, - and therefore division by 0 is legitimate. - -`REAL_VALUE_ISINF (X)' - A macro for a C expression which determines whether X, a floating - point value, is infinity. The value has type `int'. By default, - this is defined to call `isinf'. - -`REAL_VALUE_ISNAN (X)' - A macro for a C expression which determines whether X, a floating - point value, is a "nan" (not-a-number). The value has type `int'. - By default, this is defined to call `isnan'. - - Define the following additional macros if you want to make floating -point constant folding work while cross compiling. If you don't define -them, cross compilation is still possible, but constant folding will -not happen for floating point values. - -`REAL_ARITHMETIC (OUTPUT, CODE, X, Y)' - A macro for a C statement which calculates an arithmetic operation - of the two floating point values X and Y, both of type - `REAL_VALUE_TYPE' in the target machine's representation, to - produce a result of the same type and representation which is - stored in OUTPUT (which will be a variable). - - The operation to be performed is specified by CODE, a tree code - which will always be one of the following: `PLUS_EXPR', - `MINUS_EXPR', `MULT_EXPR', `RDIV_EXPR', `MAX_EXPR', `MIN_EXPR'. - - The expansion of this macro is responsible for checking for - overflow. If overflow happens, the macro expansion should execute - the statement `return 0;', which indicates the inability to - perform the arithmetic operation requested. - -`REAL_VALUE_NEGATE (X)' - A macro for a C expression which returns the negative of the - floating point value X. Both X and the value of the expression - have type `REAL_VALUE_TYPE' and are in the target machine's - floating point representation. - - There is no way for this macro to report overflow, since overflow - can't happen in the negation operation. - -`REAL_VALUE_TRUNCATE (MODE, X)' - A macro for a C expression which converts the floating point value - X to mode MODE. - - Both X and the value of the expression are in the target machine's - floating point representation and have type `REAL_VALUE_TYPE'. - However, the value should have an appropriate bit pattern to be - output properly as a floating constant whose precision accords - with mode MODE. - - There is no way for this macro to report overflow. - -`REAL_VALUE_TO_INT (LOW, HIGH, X)' - A macro for a C expression which converts a floating point value X - into a double-precision integer which is then stored into LOW and - HIGH, two variables of type INT. - -`REAL_VALUE_FROM_INT (X, LOW, HIGH)' - A macro for a C expression which converts a double-precision - integer found in LOW and HIGH, two variables of type INT, into a - floating point value which is then stored into X. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Misc, Prev: Cross-compilation, Up: Target Macros - -Miscellaneous Parameters -======================== - - Here are several miscellaneous parameters. - -`PREDICATE_CODES' - Define this if you have defined special-purpose predicates in the - file `MACHINE.c'. This macro is called within an initializer of an - array of structures. The first field in the structure is the name - of a predicate and the second field is an array of rtl codes. For - each predicate, list all rtl codes that can be in expressions - matched by the predicate. The list should have a trailing comma. - Here is an example of two entries in the list for a typical RISC - machine: - - #define PREDICATE_CODES \ - {"gen_reg_rtx_operand", {SUBREG, REG}}, \ - {"reg_or_short_cint_operand", {SUBREG, REG, CONST_INT}}, - - Defining this macro does not affect the generated code (however, - incorrect definitions that omit an rtl code that may be matched by - the predicate can cause the compiler to malfunction). Instead, it - allows the table built by `genrecog' to be more compact and - efficient, thus speeding up the compiler. The most important - predicates to include in the list specified by this macro are - thoses used in the most insn patterns. - -`CASE_VECTOR_MODE' - An alias for a machine mode name. This is the machine mode that - elements of a jump-table should have. - -`CASE_VECTOR_PC_RELATIVE' - Define this macro if jump-tables should contain relative addresses. - -`CASE_DROPS_THROUGH' - Define this if control falls through a `case' insn when the index - value is out of range. This means the specified default-label is - actually ignored by the `case' insn proper. - -`CASE_VALUES_THRESHOLD' - Define this to be the smallest number of different values for - which it is best to use a jump-table instead of a tree of - conditional branches. The default is four for machines with a - `casesi' instruction and five otherwise. This is best for most - machines. - -`WORD_REGISTER_OPERATIONS' - Define this macro if operations between registers with integral - mode smaller than a word are always performed on the entire - register. Most RISC machines have this property and most CISC - machines do not. - -`LOAD_EXTEND_OP (MODE)' - Define this macro to be a C expression indicating when insns that - read memory in MODE, an integral mode narrower than a word, set the - bits outside of MODE to be either the sign-extension or the - zero-extension of the data read. Return `SIGN_EXTEND' for values - of MODE for which the insn sign-extends, `ZERO_EXTEND' for which - it zero-extends, and `NIL' for other modes. - - This macro is not called with MODE non-integral or with a width - greater than or equal to `BITS_PER_WORD', so you may return any - value in this case. Do not define this macro if it would always - return `NIL'. On machines where this macro is defined, you will - normally define it as the constant `SIGN_EXTEND' or `ZERO_EXTEND'. - -`IMPLICIT_FIX_EXPR' - An alias for a tree code that should be used by default for - conversion of floating point values to fixed point. Normally, - `FIX_ROUND_EXPR' is used. - -`FIXUNS_TRUNC_LIKE_FIX_TRUNC' - Define this macro if the same instructions that convert a floating - point number to a signed fixed point number also convert validly - to an unsigned one. - -`EASY_DIV_EXPR' - An alias for a tree code that is the easiest kind of division to - compile code for in the general case. It may be `TRUNC_DIV_EXPR', - `FLOOR_DIV_EXPR', `CEIL_DIV_EXPR' or `ROUND_DIV_EXPR'. These four - division operators differ in how they round the result to an - integer. `EASY_DIV_EXPR' is used when it is permissible to use - any of those kinds of division and the choice should be made on - the basis of efficiency. - -`MOVE_MAX' - The maximum number of bytes that a single instruction can move - quickly from memory to memory. - -`MAX_MOVE_MAX' - The maximum number of bytes that a single instruction can move - quickly from memory to memory. If this is undefined, the default - is `MOVE_MAX'. Otherwise, it is the constant value that is the - largest value that `MOVE_MAX' can have at run-time. - -`SHIFT_COUNT_TRUNCATED' - A C expression that is nonzero if on this machine the number of - bits actually used for the count of a shift operation is equal to - the number of bits needed to represent the size of the object - being shifted. When this macro is non-zero, the compiler will - assume that it is safe to omit a sign-extend, zero-extend, and - certain bitwise `and' instructions that truncates the count of a - shift operation. On machines that have instructions that act on - bitfields at variable positions, which may include `bit test' - instructions, a nonzero `SHIFT_COUNT_TRUNCATED' also enables - deletion of truncations of the values that serve as arguments to - bitfield instructions. - - If both types of instructions truncate the count (for shifts) and - position (for bitfield operations), or if no variable-position - bitfield instructions exist, you should define this macro. - - However, on some machines, such as the 80386 and the 680x0, - truncation only applies to shift operations and not the (real or - pretended) bitfield operations. Define `SHIFT_COUNT_TRUNCATED' to - be zero on such machines. Instead, add patterns to the `md' file - that include the implied truncation of the shift instructions. - - You need not define this macro if it would always have the value - of zero. - -`TRULY_NOOP_TRUNCATION (OUTPREC, INPREC)' - A C expression which is nonzero if on this machine it is safe to - "convert" an integer of INPREC bits to one of OUTPREC bits (where - OUTPREC is smaller than INPREC) by merely operating on it as if it - had only OUTPREC bits. - - On many machines, this expression can be 1. - - When `TRULY_NOOP_TRUNCATION' returns 1 for a pair of sizes for - modes for which `MODES_TIEABLE_P' is 0, suboptimal code can result. - If this is the case, making `TRULY_NOOP_TRUNCATION' return 0 in - such cases may improve things. - -`STORE_FLAG_VALUE' - A C expression describing the value returned by a comparison - operator with an integral mode and stored by a store-flag - instruction (`sCOND') when the condition is true. This - description must apply to *all* the `sCOND' patterns and all the - comparison operators whose results have a `MODE_INT' mode. - - A value of 1 or -1 means that the instruction implementing the - comparison operator returns exactly 1 or -1 when the comparison is - true and 0 when the comparison is false. Otherwise, the value - indicates which bits of the result are guaranteed to be 1 when the - comparison is true. This value is interpreted in the mode of the - comparison operation, which is given by the mode of the first - operand in the `sCOND' pattern. Either the low bit or the sign - bit of `STORE_FLAG_VALUE' be on. Presently, only those bits are - used by the compiler. - - If `STORE_FLAG_VALUE' is neither 1 or -1, the compiler will - generate code that depends only on the specified bits. It can also - replace comparison operators with equivalent operations if they - cause the required bits to be set, even if the remaining bits are - undefined. For example, on a machine whose comparison operators - return an `SImode' value and where `STORE_FLAG_VALUE' is defined as - `0x80000000', saying that just the sign bit is relevant, the - expression - - (ne:SI (and:SI X (const_int POWER-OF-2)) (const_int 0)) - - can be converted to - - (ashift:SI X (const_int N)) - - where N is the appropriate shift count to move the bit being - tested into the sign bit. - - There is no way to describe a machine that always sets the - low-order bit for a true value, but does not guarantee the value - of any other bits, but we do not know of any machine that has such - an instruction. If you are trying to port GNU CC to such a - machine, include an instruction to perform a logical-and of the - result with 1 in the pattern for the comparison operators and let - us know (*note How to Report Bugs: Bug Reporting.). - - Often, a machine will have multiple instructions that obtain a - value from a comparison (or the condition codes). Here are rules - to guide the choice of value for `STORE_FLAG_VALUE', and hence the - instructions to be used: - - * Use the shortest sequence that yields a valid definition for - `STORE_FLAG_VALUE'. It is more efficient for the compiler to - "normalize" the value (convert it to, e.g., 1 or 0) than for - the comparison operators to do so because there may be - opportunities to combine the normalization with other - operations. - - * For equal-length sequences, use a value of 1 or -1, with -1 - being slightly preferred on machines with expensive jumps and - 1 preferred on other machines. - - * As a second choice, choose a value of `0x80000001' if - instructions exist that set both the sign and low-order bits - but do not define the others. - - * Otherwise, use a value of `0x80000000'. - - Many machines can produce both the value chosen for - `STORE_FLAG_VALUE' and its negation in the same number of - instructions. On those machines, you should also define a pattern - for those cases, e.g., one matching - - (set A (neg:M (ne:M B C))) - - Some machines can also perform `and' or `plus' operations on - condition code values with less instructions than the corresponding - `sCOND' insn followed by `and' or `plus'. On those machines, - define the appropriate patterns. Use the names `incscc' and - `decscc', respectively, for the the patterns which perform `plus' - or `minus' operations on condition code values. See `rs6000.md' - for some examples. The GNU Superoptizer can be used to find such - instruction sequences on other machines. - - You need not define `STORE_FLAG_VALUE' if the machine has no - store-flag instructions. - -`FLOAT_STORE_FLAG_VALUE' - A C expression that gives a non-zero floating point value that is - returned when comparison operators with floating-point results are - true. Define this macro on machine that have comparison - operations that return floating-point values. If there are no - such operations, do not define this macro. - -`Pmode' - An alias for the machine mode for pointers. On most machines, - define this to be the integer mode corresponding to the width of a - hardware pointer; `SImode' on 32-bit machine or `DImode' on 64-bit - machines. On some machines you must define this to be one of the - partial integer modes, such as `PSImode'. - - The width of `Pmode' must be at least as large as the value of - `POINTER_SIZE'. If it is not equal, you must define the macro - `POINTERS_EXTEND_UNSIGNED' to specify how pointers are extended to - `Pmode'. - -`FUNCTION_MODE' - An alias for the machine mode used for memory references to - functions being called, in `call' RTL expressions. On most - machines this should be `QImode'. - -`INTEGRATE_THRESHOLD (DECL)' - A C expression for the maximum number of instructions above which - the function DECL should not be inlined. DECL is a - `FUNCTION_DECL' node. - - The default definition of this macro is 64 plus 8 times the number - of arguments that the function accepts. Some people think a larger - threshold should be used on RISC machines. - -`SCCS_DIRECTIVE' - Define this if the preprocessor should ignore `#sccs' directives - and print no error message. - -`NO_IMPLICIT_EXTERN_C' - Define this macro if the system header files support C++ as well - as C. This macro inhibits the usual method of using system header - files in C++, which is to pretend that the file's contents are - enclosed in `extern "C" {...}'. - -`HANDLE_PRAGMA (STREAM)' - Define this macro if you want to implement any pragmas. If - defined, it should be a C statement to be executed when `#pragma' - is seen. The argument STREAM is the stdio input stream from which - the source text can be read. - - It is generally a bad idea to implement new uses of `#pragma'. The - only reason to define this macro is for compatibility with other - compilers that do support `#pragma' for the sake of any user - programs which already use it. - -`VALID_MACHINE_DECL_ATTRIBUTE (DECL, ATTRIBUTES, IDENTIFIER, ARGS)' - If defined, a C expression whose value is nonzero if IDENTIFIER - with arguments ARGS is a valid machine specific attribute for DECL. - The attributes in ATTRIBUTES have previously been assigned to DECL. - -`VALID_MACHINE_TYPE_ATTRIBUTE (TYPE, ATTRIBUTES, IDENTIFIER, ARGS)' - If defined, a C expression whose value is nonzero if IDENTIFIER - with arguments ARGS is a valid machine specific attribute for TYPE. - The attributes in ATTRIBUTES have previously been assigned to TYPE. - -`COMP_TYPE_ATTRIBUTES (TYPE1, TYPE2)' - If defined, a C expression whose value is zero if the attributes on - TYPE1 and TYPE2 are incompatible, one if they are compatible, and - two if they are nearly compatible (which causes a warning to be - generated). - -`SET_DEFAULT_TYPE_ATTRIBUTES (TYPE)' - If defined, a C statement that assigns default attributes to newly - defined TYPE. - -`DOLLARS_IN_IDENTIFIERS' - Define this macro to control use of the character `$' in identifier - names. The value should be 0, 1, or 2. 0 means `$' is not allowed - by default; 1 means it is allowed by default if `-traditional' is - used; 2 means it is allowed by default provided `-ansi' is not - used. 1 is the default; there is no need to define this macro in - that case. - -`NO_DOLLAR_IN_LABEL' - Define this macro if the assembler does not accept the character - `$' in label names. By default constructors and destructors in - G++ have `$' in the identifiers. If this macro is defined, `.' is - used instead. - -`NO_DOT_IN_LABEL' - Define this macro if the assembler does not accept the character - `.' in label names. By default constructors and destructors in G++ - have names that use `.'. If this macro is defined, these names - are rewritten to avoid `.'. - -`DEFAULT_MAIN_RETURN' - Define this macro if the target system expects every program's - `main' function to return a standard "success" value by default - (if no other value is explicitly returned). - - The definition should be a C statement (sans semicolon) to - generate the appropriate rtl instructions. It is used only when - compiling the end of `main'. - -`HAVE_ATEXIT' - Define this if the target system supports the function `atexit' - from the ANSI C standard. If this is not defined, and - `INIT_SECTION_ASM_OP' is not defined, a default `exit' function - will be provided to support C++. - -`EXIT_BODY' - Define this if your `exit' function needs to do something besides - calling an external function `_cleanup' before terminating with - `_exit'. The `EXIT_BODY' macro is only needed if netiher - `HAVE_ATEXIT' nor `INIT_SECTION_ASM_OP' are defined. - -`INSN_SETS_ARE_DELAYED (INSN)' - Define this macro as a C expression that is nonzero if it is safe - for the delay slot scheduler to place instructions in the delay - slot of INSN, even if they appear to use a resource set or - clobbered in INSN. INSN is always a `jump_insn' or an `insn'; GNU - CC knows that every `call_insn' has this behavior. On machines - where some `insn' or `jump_insn' is really a function call and - hence has this behavior, you should define this macro. - - You need not define this macro if it would always return zero. - -`INSN_REFERENCES_ARE_DELAYED (INSN)' - Define this macro as a C expression that is nonzero if it is safe - for the delay slot scheduler to place instructions in the delay - slot of INSN, even if they appear to set or clobber a resource - referenced in INSN. INSN is always a `jump_insn' or an `insn'. - On machines where some `insn' or `jump_insn' is really a function - call and its operands are registers whose use is actually in the - subroutine it calls, you should define this macro. Doing so - allows the delay slot scheduler to move instructions which copy - arguments into the argument registers into the delay slot of INSN. - - You need not define this macro if it would always return zero. - -`MACHINE_DEPENDENT_REORG (INSN)' - In rare cases, correct code generation requires extra machine - dependent processing between the second jump optimization pass and - delayed branch scheduling. On those machines, define this macro - as a C statement to act on the code starting at INSN. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Config, Next: Fragments, Prev: Target Macros, Up: Top - -The Configuration File -********************** - - The configuration file `xm-MACHINE.h' contains macro definitions -that describe the machine and system on which the compiler is running, -unlike the definitions in `MACHINE.h', which describe the machine for -which the compiler is producing output. Most of the values in -`xm-MACHINE.h' are actually the same on all machines that GNU CC runs -on, so large parts of all configuration files are identical. But there -are some macros that vary: - -`USG' - Define this macro if the host system is System V. - -`VMS' - Define this macro if the host system is VMS. - -`FATAL_EXIT_CODE' - A C expression for the status code to be returned when the compiler - exits after serious errors. - -`SUCCESS_EXIT_CODE' - A C expression for the status code to be returned when the compiler - exits without serious errors. - -`HOST_WORDS_BIG_ENDIAN' - Defined if the host machine stores words of multi-word values in - big-endian order. (GNU CC does not depend on the host byte - ordering within a word.) - -`HOST_FLOAT_WORDS_BIG_ENDIAN' - Define this macro to be 1 if the host machine stores `DFmode', - `XFmode' or `TFmode' floating point numbers in memory with the - word containing the sign bit at the lowest address; otherwise, - define it to be zero. - - This macro need not be defined if the ordering is the same as for - multi-word integers. - -`HOST_FLOAT_FORMAT' - A numeric code distinguishing the floating point format for the - host machine. See `TARGET_FLOAT_FORMAT' in *Note Storage Layout:: - for the alternatives and default. - -`HOST_BITS_PER_CHAR' - A C expression for the number of bits in `char' on the host - machine. - -`HOST_BITS_PER_SHORT' - A C expression for the number of bits in `short' on the host - machine. - -`HOST_BITS_PER_INT' - A C expression for the number of bits in `int' on the host machine. - -`HOST_BITS_PER_LONG' - A C expression for the number of bits in `long' on the host - machine. - -`ONLY_INT_FIELDS' - Define this macro to indicate that the host compiler only supports - `int' bit fields, rather than other integral types, including - `enum', as do most C compilers. - -`OBSTACK_CHUNK_SIZE' - A C expression for the size of ordinary obstack chunks. If you - don't define this, a usually-reasonable default is used. - -`OBSTACK_CHUNK_ALLOC' - The function used to allocate obstack chunks. If you don't define - this, `xmalloc' is used. - -`OBSTACK_CHUNK_FREE' - The function used to free obstack chunks. If you don't define - this, `free' is used. - -`USE_C_ALLOCA' - Define this macro to indicate that the compiler is running with the - `alloca' implemented in C. This version of `alloca' can be found - in the file `alloca.c'; to use it, you must also alter the - `Makefile' variable `ALLOCA'. (This is done automatically for the - systems on which we know it is needed.) - - If you do define this macro, you should probably do it as follows: - - #ifndef __GNUC__ - #define USE_C_ALLOCA - #else - #define alloca __builtin_alloca - #endif - - so that when the compiler is compiled with GNU CC it uses the more - efficient built-in `alloca' function. - -`FUNCTION_CONVERSION_BUG' - Define this macro to indicate that the host compiler does not - properly handle converting a function value to a - pointer-to-function when it is used in an expression. - -`HAVE_VPRINTF' - Define this if the library function `vprintf' is available on your - system. - -`MULTIBYTE_CHARS' - Define this macro to enable support for multibyte characters in the - input to GNU CC. This requires that the host system support the - ANSI C library functions for converting multibyte characters to - wide characters. - -`HAVE_PUTENV' - Define this if the library function `putenv' is available on your - system. - -`POSIX' - Define this if your system is POSIX.1 compliant. - -`NO_SYS_SIGLIST' - Define this if your system *does not* provide the variable - `sys_siglist'. - -`DONT_DECLARE_SYS_SIGLIST' - Define this if your system has the variable `sys_siglist', and - there is already a declaration of it in the system header files. - -`USE_PROTOTYPES' - Define this to be 1 if you know that the host compiler supports - prototypes, even if it doesn't define __STDC__, or define it to be - 0 if you do not want any prototypes used in compiling GNU CC. If - `USE_PROTOTYPES' is not defined, it will be determined - automatically whether your compiler supports prototypes by - checking if `__STDC__' is defined. - -`NO_MD_PROTOTYPES' - Define this if you wish suppression of prototypes generated from - the machine description file, but to use other prototypes within - GNU CC. If `USE_PROTOTYPES' is defined to be 0, or the host - compiler does not support prototypes, this macro has no effect. - -`MD_CALL_PROTOTYPES' - Define this if you wish to generate prototypes for the `gen_call' - or `gen_call_value' functions generated from the machine - description file. If `USE_PROTOTYPES' is defined to be 0, or the - host compiler does not support prototypes, or `NO_MD_PROTOTYPES' - is defined, this macro has no effect. As soon as all of the - machine descriptions are modified to have the appropriate number - of arguments, this macro will be removed. - - Some systems do provide this variable, but with a different name - such as `_sys_siglist'. On these systems, you can define - `sys_siglist' as a macro which expands into the name actually - provided. - -`NO_STAB_H' - Define this if your system does not have the include file - `stab.h'. If `USG' is defined, `NO_STAB_H' is assumed. - -`PATH_SEPARATOR' - Define this macro to be a C character constant representing the - character used to separate components in paths. The default value - is. the colon character - -`DIR_SEPARATOR' - If your system uses some character other than slash to separate - directory names within a file specification, define this macro to - be a C character constant specifying that character. When GNU CC - displays file names, the character you specify will be used. GNU - CC will test for both slash and the character you specify when - parsing filenames. - -`OBJECT_SUFFIX' - Define this macro to be a C string representing the suffix for - object files on your machine. If you do not define this macro, - GNU CC will use `.o' as the suffix for object files. - -`EXECUTABLE_SUFFIX' - Define this macro to be a C string representing the suffix for - executable files on your machine. If you do not define this - macro, GNU CC will use the null string as the suffix for object - files. - -`COLLECT_EXPORT_LIST' - If defined, `collect2' will scan the individual object files - specified on its command line and create an export list for the - linker. Define this macro for systems like AIX, where the linker - discards object files that are not referenced from `main' and uses - export lists. - - In addition, configuration files for system V define `bcopy', -`bzero' and `bcmp' as aliases. Some files define `alloca' as a macro -when compiled with GNU CC, in order to take advantage of the benefit of -GNU CC's built-in `alloca'. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Fragments, Next: Index, Prev: Config, Up: Top - -Makefile Fragments -****************** - - When you configure GNU CC using the `configure' script (*note -Installation::.), it will construct the file `Makefile' from the -template file `Makefile.in'. When it does this, it will incorporate -makefile fragment files from the `config' directory, named `t-TARGET' -and `x-HOST'. If these files do not exist, it means nothing needs to -be added for a given target or host. - -* Menu: - -* Target Fragment:: Writing the `t-TARGET' file. -* Host Fragment:: Writing the `x-HOST' file. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Target Fragment, Next: Host Fragment, Up: Fragments - -The Target Makefile Fragment -============================ - - The target makefile fragment, `t-TARGET', defines special target -dependent variables and targets used in the `Makefile': - -`LIBGCC1' - The rule to use to build `libgcc1.a'. If your target does not - need to use the functions in `libgcc1.a', set this to empty. - *Note Interface::. - -`CROSS_LIBGCC1' - The rule to use to build `libgcc1.a' when building a cross - compiler. If your target does not need to use the functions in - `libgcc1.a', set this to empty. *Note Cross Runtime::. - -`LIBGCC2_CFLAGS' - Compiler flags to use when compiling `libgcc2.c'. - -`LIB2FUNCS_EXTRA' - A list of source file names to be compiled or assembled and - inserted into `libgcc.a'. - -`CRTSTUFF_T_CFLAGS' - Special flags used when compiling `crtstuff.c'. *Note - Initialization::. - -`MULTILIB_OPTIONS' - For some targets, invoking GNU CC in different ways produces - objects that can not be linked together. For example, for some - targets GNU CC produces both big and little endian code. For - these targets, you must arrange for multiple versions of - `libgcc.a' to be compiled, one for each set of incompatible - options. When GNU CC invokes the linker, it arranges to link in - the right version of `libgcc.a', based on the command line options - used. - - The `MULTILIB_OPTIONS' macro lists the set of options for which - special versions of `libgcc.a' must be built. Write options that - are mutually incompatible side by side, separated by a slash. - Write options that may be used together separated by a space. The - build procedure will build all combinations of compatible options. - - For example, if you set `MULTILIB_OPTIONS' to `m68000/m68020 - msoft-float', `Makefile' will build special versions of `libgcc.a' - using the options `-m68000', `-m68020', `-msoft-float', `-m68000 - -msoft-float', and `-m68020 -msoft-float'. - -`MULTILIB_DIRNAMES' - If `MULTILIB_OPTIONS' is used, this variable specifies the - directory names that should be used to hold the various libraries. - Write one element in `MULTILIB_DIRNAMES' for each element in - `MULTILIB_OPTIONS'. If `MULTILIB_DIRNAMES' is not used, the - default value will be `MULTILIB_OPTIONS', with all slashes treated - as spaces. - - For example, if `MULTILIB_OPTIONS' is `m68000/m68020 msoft-float', - then the default value of `MULTILIB_DIRNAMES' is `m68000 m68020 - msoft-float'. You may specify a different value if you desire a - different set of directory names. - -`MULTILIB_MATCHES' - Sometimes the same option may be written in two different ways. - If an option is listed in `MULTILIB_OPTIONS', GNU CC needs to know - about any synonyms. In that case, set `MULTILIB_MATCHES' to a - list of items of the form `option=option' to describe all relevant - synonyms. For example, `m68000=mc68000 m68020=mc68020'. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Host Fragment, Prev: Target Fragment, Up: Fragments - -The Host Makefile Fragment -========================== - - The host makefile fragment, `x-HOST', defines special host dependent -variables and targets used in the `Makefile': - -`CC' - The compiler to use when building the first stage. - -`CLIB' - Additional host libraries to link with. - -`OLDCC' - The compiler to use when building `libgcc1.a' for a native - compilation. - -`OLDAR' - The version of `ar' to use when building `libgcc1.a' for a native - compilation. - -`INSTALL' - The install program to use. - diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-25 b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-25 deleted file mode 100644 index d81692d8f4f..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-25 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1925 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file gcc.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.63 from the input -file gcc.texi. - - This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU compiler. - - Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 -Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - - Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software -Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for -Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are -included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public -License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight -`Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in -translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the -original English. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Index, Prev: Fragments, Up: Top - -Index -***** - -* Menu: - -* #pragma: Misc. -* $: Dollar Signs. -* ': Incompatibilities. -* (nil): RTL Objects. -* //: C++ Comments. -* <?: Min and Max. -* >?: Min and Max. -* ?: side effect: Conditionals. -* #pragma implementation, implied: C++ Interface. -* #pragma, reason for not using: Function Attributes. -* # in template: Output Template. -* * in template: Output Statement. -* -lgcc, use with -nodefaultlibs: Link Options. -* -lgcc, use with -nostdlib: Link Options. -* -nodefaultlibs and unresolved references: Link Options. -* -nostdlib and unresolved references: Link Options. -* ?: extensions <1>: Lvalues. -* ?: extensions: Conditionals. -* absM2 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* abs and attributes: Expressions. -* ACCUMULATE_OUTGOING_ARGS and stack frames: Function Entry. -* addM3 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* addr_diff_vec, length of: Insn Lengths. -* addr_vec, length of: Insn Lengths. -* alias attribute: Function Attributes. -* aligned attribute <1>: Variable Attributes. -* aligned attribute: Type Attributes. -* allocate_stack instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* alloca and SunOs: Installation. -* alloca vs variable-length arrays: Variable Length. -* alloca, for SunOs: Sun Install. -* alloca, for Unos: Configurations. -* andM3 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* and and attributes: Expressions. -* and, canonicalization of: Insn Canonicalizations. -* ARG_POINTER_REGNUM and virtual registers: Regs and Memory. -* ashiftrt and attributes: Expressions. -* ashift and attributes: Expressions. -* ashlM3 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* ashrM3 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* asm_operands, RTL sharing: Sharing. -* asm_operands, usage: Assembler. -* asm expressions: Extended Asm. -* bCOND instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* bcopy, implicit usage: Library Calls. -* BITS_BIG_ENDIAN, effect on sign_extract: Bit Fields. -* BLKmode, and function return values: Calls. -* bzero, implicit usage: Library Calls. -* call_insn and /u: Flags. -* call_pop instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* call_value_pop instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* call_value instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* call instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* call usage: Calls. -* casesi instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* cc0, RTL sharing: Sharing. -* cmpM instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* cmpstrM instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* code_label and /i: Flags. -* compare, canonicalization of: Insn Canonicalizations. -* cond and attributes: Expressions. -* const_double, RTL sharing: Sharing. -* const_int and attribute tests: Expressions. -* const_int and attributes: Expressions. -* const_int, RTL sharing: Sharing. -* const_string and attributes: Expressions. -* constructor function attribute: Function Attributes. -* const applied to function: Function Attributes. -* const function attribute: Function Attributes. -* define_insn example: Example. -* destructor function attribute: Function Attributes. -* divM3 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* divmodM4 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* div and attributes: Expressions. -* EDOM, implicit usage: Library Calls. -* ENCODE_SECTION_INFO and address validation: Addressing Modes. -* ENCODE_SECTION_INFO usage: Instruction Output. -* eq and attributes: Expressions. -* errno, implicit usage: Library Calls. -* extendMN instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* extv instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* extzv instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* ffsM2 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* FIRST_PARM_OFFSET and virtual registers: Regs and Memory. -* fixMN2 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* fix_truncMN2 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* fixunsMN2 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* fixuns_truncMN2 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* floatMN2 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* floatunsMN2 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* float as function value type: Incompatibilities. -* format function attribute: Function Attributes. -* FRAME_GROWS_DOWNWARD and virtual registers: Regs and Memory. -* FRAME_POINTER_REGNUM and virtual registers: Regs and Memory. -* fscanf, and constant strings: Incompatibilities. -* ftruncM2 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* FUNCTION_EPILOGUE and trampolines: Trampolines. -* FUNCTION_PROLOGUE and trampolines: Trampolines. -* g++ 1.XX: Invoking G++. -* g++ older version: Invoking G++. -* g++, separate compiler: Invoking G++. -* genflags, crash on Sun 4: Installation Problems. -* geu and attributes: Expressions. -* ge and attributes: Expressions. -* goto in C++: Destructors and Goto. -* gprof: Debugging Options. -* gtu and attributes: Expressions. -* gt and attributes: Expressions. -* HImode, in insn: Insns. -* if_then_else and attributes: Expressions. -* if_then_else usage: Side Effects. -* in_struct, in code_label: Flags. -* in_struct, in insn: Flags. -* in_struct, in label_ref: Flags. -* in_struct, in mem: Flags. -* in_struct, in reg: Flags. -* in_struct, in subreg: Flags. -* indirect_jump instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* inline automatic for C++ member fns: Inline. -* insn and /i: Flags. -* insn and /s: Flags. -* insn and /u: Flags. -* insv instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* integrated, in insn: Flags. -* integrated, in reg: Flags. -* iorM3 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* ior and attributes: Expressions. -* ior, canonicalization of: Insn Canonicalizations. -* label_ref and /s: Flags. -* label_ref, RTL sharing: Sharing. -* leu and attributes: Expressions. -* le and attributes: Expressions. -* load_multiple instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* long long data types: Long Long. -* longjmp and automatic variables <1>: C Dialect Options. -* longjmp and automatic variables: Interface. -* longjmp incompatibilities: Incompatibilities. -* longjmp warnings: Warning Options. -* lshiftrt and attributes: Expressions. -* lshrM3 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* lt and attributes: Expressions. -* main and the exit status: VMS Misc. -* match_dup and attributes: Insn Lengths. -* match_operand and attributes: Expressions. -* maxM3 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* memcpy, implicit usage: Library Calls. -* memset, implicit usage: Library Calls. -* mem and /s: Flags. -* mem and /u: Flags. -* mem and /v: Flags. -* mem, RTL sharing: Sharing. -* minM3 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* minus and attributes: Expressions. -* minus, canonicalization of: Insn Canonicalizations. -* mktemp, and constant strings: Incompatibilities. -* modM3 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* mode attribute: Variable Attributes. -* mod and attributes: Expressions. -* movMODEcc instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* movM instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* movstrM instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* movstrictM instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* mulM3 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* mulhisi3 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* mulqihi3 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* mulsidi3 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* mult and attributes: Expressions. -* mult, canonicalization of: Insn Canonicalizations. -* MUST_PASS_IN_STACK, and FUNCTION_ARG: Register Arguments. -* negM2 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* neg and attributes: Expressions. -* neg, canonicalization of: Insn Canonicalizations. -* ne and attributes: Expressions. -* nocommon attribute: Variable Attributes. -* nop instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* noreturn function attribute: Function Attributes. -* not and attributes: Expressions. -* not, canonicalization of: Insn Canonicalizations. -* one_cmplM2 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* packed attribute: Variable Attributes. -* pc and attributes: Insn Lengths. -* pc, RTL sharing: Sharing. -* plus and attributes: Expressions. -* plus, canonicalization of: Insn Canonicalizations. -* prof: Debugging Options. -* PUSH_ROUNDING, interaction with STACK_BOUNDARY: Storage Layout. -* QImode, in insn: Insns. -* qsort, and global register variables: Global Reg Vars. -* REG_PARM_STACK_SPACE, and FUNCTION_ARG: Register Arguments. -* reg and /i: Flags. -* reg and /s: Flags. -* reg and /u: Flags. -* reg and /v: Flags. -* reg, RTL sharing: Sharing. -* reload_in instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* reload_out instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* restore_stack_block instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* restore_stack_function instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* restore_stack_nonlocal instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* return instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* return, in C++ function header: Naming Results. -* rotlM3 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* rotrM3 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* sCOND instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* save_stack_block instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* save_stack_function instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* save_stack_nonlocal instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* scanf, and constant strings: Incompatibilities. -* scratch, RTL sharing: Sharing. -* section function attribute: Function Attributes. -* section variable attribute: Variable Attributes. -* setjmp incompatibilities: Incompatibilities. -* sign_extract, canonicalization of: Insn Canonicalizations. -* signature in C++, advantages: C++ Signatures. -* smulM3_highpart instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* sqrtM2 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* sscanf, and constant strings: Incompatibilities. -* STACK_DYNAMIC_OFFSET and virtual registers: Regs and Memory. -* STACK_POINTER_OFFSET and virtual registers: Regs and Memory. -* STACK_POINTER_REGNUM and virtual registers: Regs and Memory. -* STARTING_FRAME_OFFSET and virtual registers: Regs and Memory. -* strlenM instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* subM3 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* subreg and /s: Flags. -* subreg and /u: Flags. -* subreg, in strict_low_part: RTL Declarations. -* subreg, special reload handling: Regs and Memory. -* SYMBOL_REF_FLAG, in ENCODE_SECTION_INFO: Sections. -* symbol_ref and /u: Flags. -* symbol_ref and /v: Flags. -* symbol_ref, RTL sharing: Sharing. -* tablejump instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* tcov: Debugging Options. -* truncMN instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* tstM instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* udivM3 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* udivmodM4 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* umaxM3 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* uminM3 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* umodM3 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* umulM3_highpart instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* umulhisi3 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* umulqihi3 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* umulsidi3 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* unchanging, in call_insn: Flags. -* unchanging, in insn: Flags. -* unchanging, in reg and mem: Flags. -* unchanging, in subreg: Flags. -* unchanging, in symbol_ref: Flags. -* untyped_call instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* untyped_return instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* used, in symbol_ref: Flags. -* volatile applied to function: Function Attributes. -* volatil, in insn: Flags. -* volatil, in mem: Flags. -* volatil, in reg: Flags. -* volatil, in symbol_ref: Flags. -* weak attribute: Function Attributes. -* WORDS_BIG_ENDIAN, effect on subreg: Regs and Memory. -* xorM3 instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* xor, canonicalization of: Insn Canonicalizations. -* zero_extendMN instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* zero_extract, canonicalization of: Insn Canonicalizations. -* libgcc.a: Library Calls. -* stdarg.h and register arguments: Register Arguments. -* stdarg.h and RT PC: RT Options. -* t-TARGET: Target Fragment. -* tm.h macros: Target Macros. -* varargs.h and RT PC: RT Options. -* VAXCRTL: VMS Misc. -* x-HOST: Host Fragment. -* xm-MACHINE.h: Config. -* ! in constraint: Multi-Alternative. -* # in constraint: Modifiers. -* % in constraint: Modifiers. -* % in template: Output Template. -* & in constraint: Modifiers. -* * in constraint: Modifiers. -* + in constraint: Modifiers. -* /i in RTL dump: Flags. -* /s in RTL dump: Flags. -* /u in RTL dump: Flags. -* /v in RTL dump: Flags. -* 0 in constraint: Simple Constraints. -* < in constraint: Simple Constraints. -* = in constraint: Modifiers. -* > in constraint: Simple Constraints. -* ? in constraint: Multi-Alternative. -* _ in variables in macros: Naming Types. -* d in constraint: Simple Constraints. -* E in constraint: Simple Constraints. -* F in constraint: Simple Constraints. -* g in constraint: Simple Constraints. -* H in constraint: Simple Constraints. -* i in constraint: Simple Constraints. -* m in constraint: Simple Constraints. -* n in constraint: Simple Constraints. -* o in constraint: Simple Constraints. -* p in constraint: Simple Constraints. -* Q, in constraint: Simple Constraints. -* r in constraint: Simple Constraints. -* store_multiple instruction pattern: Standard Names. -* s in constraint: Simple Constraints. -* V in constraint: Simple Constraints. -* X in constraint: Simple Constraints. -* \: Output Template. -* __bb_init_func: Profiling. -* __builtin_apply: Constructing Calls. -* __builtin_apply_args: Constructing Calls. -* __builtin_args_info: Varargs. -* __builtin_classify_type: Varargs. -* __builtin_next_arg: Varargs. -* __builtin_return: Constructing Calls. -* __builtin_saveregs: Varargs. -* __CTOR_LIST__: Initialization. -* __DTOR_LIST__: Initialization. -* __main: Collect2. -* abort <1>: Portability. -* abort: C Dialect Options. -* abs <1>: C Dialect Options. -* abs: Arithmetic. -* absolute value: Arithmetic. -* access to operands: Accessors. -* accessors: Accessors. -* ACCUMULATE_OUTGOING_ARGS: Stack Arguments. -* ADDITIONAL_REGISTER_NAMES: Instruction Output. -* addr_diff_vec: Side Effects. -* addr_vec: Side Effects. -* address: RTL Template. -* address constraints: Simple Constraints. -* address of a label: Labels as Values. -* ADDRESS_COST: Costs. -* address_operand: Simple Constraints. -* addressing modes: Addressing Modes. -* ADJUST_COST: Costs. -* ADJUST_INSN_LENGTH: Insn Lengths. -* aggregates as return values: Aggregate Return. -* alignment: Alignment. -* ALL_REGS: Register Classes. -* Alliant: Interoperation. -* alloca: C Dialect Options. -* ALLOCATE_TRAMPOLINE: Trampolines. -* alternate keywords: Alternate Keywords. -* AMD29K options: AMD29K Options. -* analysis, data flow: Passes. -* and: Arithmetic. -* ANSI support: C Dialect Options. -* apostrophes: Incompatibilities. -* APPLY_RESULT_SIZE: Scalar Return. -* ARG_POINTER_REGNUM: Frame Registers. -* arg_pointer_rtx: Frame Registers. -* ARGS_GROW_DOWNWARD: Frame Layout. -* argument passing: Interface. -* arguments in frame (88k): M88K Options. -* arguments in registers: Register Arguments. -* arguments on stack: Stack Arguments. -* arithmetic libraries: Interface. -* arithmetic shift: Arithmetic. -* arithmetic simplifications: Passes. -* arithmetic, in RTL: Arithmetic. -* ARM options: ARM Options. -* arrays of length zero: Zero Length. -* arrays of variable length: Variable Length. -* arrays, non-lvalue: Subscripting. -* ashift: Arithmetic. -* ashiftrt: Arithmetic. -* ASM_APP_OFF: File Framework. -* ASM_APP_ON: File Framework. -* ASM_BYTE_OP: Data Output. -* ASM_CLOSE_PAREN: Data Output. -* ASM_COMMENT_START: File Framework. -* ASM_DECLARE_FUNCTION_NAME: Label Output. -* ASM_DECLARE_FUNCTION_SIZE: Label Output. -* ASM_DECLARE_OBJECT_NAME: Label Output. -* ASM_FILE_END: File Framework. -* ASM_FILE_START: File Framework. -* ASM_FINAL_SPEC: Driver. -* ASM_FINISH_DECLARE_OBJECT: Label Output. -* ASM_FORMAT_PRIVATE_NAME: Label Output. -* asm_fprintf: Instruction Output. -* ASM_GENERATE_INTERNAL_LABEL: Label Output. -* ASM_GLOBALIZE_LABEL: Label Output. -* ASM_IDENTIFY_GCC: File Framework. -* asm_input: Side Effects. -* ASM_NO_SKIP_IN_TEXT: Alignment Output. -* asm_noperands: Insns. -* ASM_OPEN_PAREN: Data Output. -* ASM_OUTPUT_ADDR_DIFF_ELT: Dispatch Tables. -* ASM_OUTPUT_ADDR_VEC_ELT: Dispatch Tables. -* ASM_OUTPUT_ALIGN: Alignment Output. -* ASM_OUTPUT_ALIGN_CODE: Alignment Output. -* ASM_OUTPUT_ALIGNED_COMMON: Uninitialized Data. -* ASM_OUTPUT_ALIGNED_LOCAL: Uninitialized Data. -* ASM_OUTPUT_ASCII: Data Output. -* ASM_OUTPUT_BYTE: Data Output. -* ASM_OUTPUT_CASE_END: Dispatch Tables. -* ASM_OUTPUT_CASE_LABEL: Dispatch Tables. -* ASM_OUTPUT_CHAR: Data Output. -* ASM_OUTPUT_COMMON: Uninitialized Data. -* ASM_OUTPUT_CONSTRUCTOR: Macros for Initialization. -* ASM_OUTPUT_DEF: Label Output. -* ASM_OUTPUT_DESTRUCTOR: Macros for Initialization. -* ASM_OUTPUT_DOUBLE: Data Output. -* ASM_OUTPUT_DOUBLE_INT: Data Output. -* ASM_OUTPUT_EXTERNAL: Label Output. -* ASM_OUTPUT_EXTERNAL_LIBCALL: Label Output. -* ASM_OUTPUT_FLOAT: Data Output. -* ASM_OUTPUT_IDENT: File Framework. -* ASM_OUTPUT_INT: Data Output. -* ASM_OUTPUT_INTERNAL_LABEL: Label Output. -* ASM_OUTPUT_LABEL: Label Output. -* ASM_OUTPUT_LABELREF: Label Output. -* ASM_OUTPUT_LOCAL: Uninitialized Data. -* ASM_OUTPUT_LONG_DOUBLE: Data Output. -* ASM_OUTPUT_LOOP_ALIGN: Alignment Output. -* ASM_OUTPUT_OPCODE: Instruction Output. -* ASM_OUTPUT_POOL_PROLOGUE: Data Output. -* ASM_OUTPUT_QUADRUPLE_INT: Data Output. -* ASM_OUTPUT_REG_POP: Instruction Output. -* ASM_OUTPUT_REG_PUSH: Instruction Output. -* ASM_OUTPUT_SECTION_NAME: File Framework. -* ASM_OUTPUT_SHARED_COMMON: Uninitialized Data. -* ASM_OUTPUT_SHARED_LOCAL: Uninitialized Data. -* ASM_OUTPUT_SHORT: Data Output. -* ASM_OUTPUT_SKIP: Alignment Output. -* ASM_OUTPUT_SOURCE_FILENAME: File Framework. -* ASM_OUTPUT_SOURCE_LINE: File Framework. -* ASM_OUTPUT_SPECIAL_POOL_ENTRY: Data Output. -* ASM_SPEC: Driver. -* ASM_STABD_OP: DBX Options. -* ASM_STABN_OP: DBX Options. -* ASM_STABS_OP: DBX Options. -* ASM_WEAKEN_LABEL: Label Output. -* assemble_name: Label Output. -* assembler format: File Framework. -* assembler instructions: Extended Asm. -* assembler instructions in RTL: Assembler. -* assembler names for identifiers: Asm Labels. -* assembler syntax, 88k: M88K Options. -* ASSEMBLER_DIALECT: Instruction Output. -* assembly code, invalid: Bug Criteria. -* assigning attribute values to insns: Tagging Insns. -* asterisk in template: Output Statement. -* atof: Cross-compilation. -* attr: Tagging Insns. -* attr_flag: Expressions. -* attribute expressions: Expressions. -* attribute of types: Type Attributes. -* attribute of variables: Variable Attributes. -* attribute specifications: Attr Example. -* attribute specifications example: Attr Example. -* attributes, defining: Defining Attributes. -* autoincrement addressing, availability: Portability. -* autoincrement/decrement addressing: Simple Constraints. -* autoincrement/decrement analysis: Passes. -* automatic inline for C++ member fns: Inline. -* backslash: Output Template. -* backtrace for bug reports: Bug Reporting. -* barrier: Insns. -* BASE_REG_CLASS: Register Classes. -* basic blocks: Passes. -* bcmp: Config. -* BIGGEST_ALIGNMENT: Storage Layout. -* BIGGEST_FIELD_ALIGNMENT: Storage Layout. -* Bison parser generator: Installation. -* bit fields: Bit Fields. -* bit shift overflow (88k): M88K Options. -* BITFIELD_NBYTES_LIMITED: Storage Layout. -* BITS_BIG_ENDIAN: Storage Layout. -* BITS_PER_UNIT: Storage Layout. -* BITS_PER_WORD: Storage Layout. -* bitwise complement: Arithmetic. -* bitwise exclusive-or: Arithmetic. -* bitwise inclusive-or: Arithmetic. -* bitwise logical-and: Arithmetic. -* BLKmode: Machine Modes. -* BLOCK_PROFILER: Profiling. -* BLOCK_PROFILER_CODE: Profiling. -* BRANCH_COST: Costs. -* break_out_memory_refs: Addressing Modes. -* bug criteria: Bug Criteria. -* bug report mailing lists: Bug Lists. -* bugs: Bugs. -* bugs, known: Trouble. -* builtin functions: C Dialect Options. -* byte writes (29k): AMD29K Options. -* byte_mode: Machine Modes. -* BYTES_BIG_ENDIAN: Storage Layout. -* bzero: Config. -* C compilation options: Invoking GCC. -* C intermediate output, nonexistent: G++ and GCC. -* C language extensions: C Extensions. -* C language, traditional: C Dialect Options. -* C statements for assembler output: Output Statement. -* c++: Invoking G++. -* C++: G++ and GCC. -* C++ comments: C++ Comments. -* C++ compilation options: Invoking GCC. -* C++ interface and implementation headers: C++ Interface. -* C++ language extensions: C++ Extensions. -* C++ member fns, automatically inline: Inline. -* C++ misunderstandings: C++ Misunderstandings. -* C++ named return value: Naming Results. -* C++ options, command line: C++ Dialect Options. -* C++ pragmas, effect on inlining: C++ Interface. -* C++ signatures: C++ Signatures. -* C++ source file suffixes: Invoking G++. -* C++ static data, declaring and defining: Static Definitions. -* C++ subtype polymorphism: C++ Signatures. -* C++ type abstraction: C++ Signatures. -* C_INCLUDE_PATH: Environment Variables. -* call: Side Effects. -* call-clobbered register: Register Basics. -* call-saved register: Register Basics. -* call-used register: Register Basics. -* call_insn: Insns. -* CALL_INSN_FUNCTION_USAGE: Insns. -* CALL_USED_REGISTERS: Register Basics. -* call_used_regs: Register Basics. -* CALLER_SAVE_PROFITABLE: Caller Saves. -* calling conventions: Stack and Calling. -* calling functions in RTL: Calls. -* CAN_DEBUG_WITHOUT_FP: Run-time Target. -* CAN_ELIMINATE: Elimination. -* canonicalization of instructions: Insn Canonicalizations. -* CANONICALIZE_COMPARISON: Condition Code. -* case labels in initializers: Labeled Elements. -* case ranges: Case Ranges. -* case sensitivity and VMS: VMS Misc. -* CASE_DROPS_THROUGH: Misc. -* CASE_VALUES_THRESHOLD: Misc. -* CASE_VECTOR_MODE: Misc. -* CASE_VECTOR_PC_RELATIVE: Misc. -* cast to a union: Cast to Union. -* casts as lvalues: Lvalues. -* CC: Host Fragment. -* cc0: Regs and Memory. -* cc0_rtx: Regs and Memory. -* CC1_SPEC: Driver. -* CC1PLUS_SPEC: Driver. -* cc_status: Condition Code. -* CC_STATUS_MDEP: Condition Code. -* CC_STATUS_MDEP_INIT: Condition Code. -* CCmode: Machine Modes. -* CDImode: Machine Modes. -* change_address: Standard Names. -* CHAR_TYPE_SIZE: Type Layout. -* CHECK_FLOAT_VALUE: Storage Layout. -* CHImode: Machine Modes. -* class definitions, register: Register Classes. -* class preference constraints: Class Preferences. -* CLASS_LIKELY_SPILLED_P: Register Classes. -* CLASS_MAX_NREGS: Register Classes. -* classes of RTX codes: Accessors. -* CLEAR_INSN_CACHE: Trampolines. -* CLIB: Host Fragment. -* clobber: Side Effects. -* code generation conventions: Code Gen Options. -* code generation RTL sequences: Expander Definitions. -* code motion: Passes. -* code_label: Insns. -* CODE_LABEL_NUMBER: Insns. -* codes, RTL expression: RTL Objects. -* COImode: Machine Modes. -* COLLECT_EXPORT_LIST: Config. -* combiner pass: Regs and Memory. -* command options: Invoking GCC. -* comments, C++ style: C++ Comments. -* common subexpression elimination: Passes. -* COMP_TYPE_ATTRIBUTES: Misc. -* compare: Arithmetic. -* compilation in a separate directory: Other Dir. -* compiler bugs, reporting: Bug Reporting. -* compiler compared to C++ preprocessor: G++ and GCC. -* compiler options, C++: C++ Dialect Options. -* compiler passes and files: Passes. -* compiler version, specifying: Target Options. -* COMPILER_PATH: Environment Variables. -* complement, bitwise: Arithmetic. -* complex numbers: Complex. -* compound expressions as lvalues: Lvalues. -* computed gotos: Labels as Values. -* computing the length of an insn: Insn Lengths. -* cond: Comparisons. -* condition code register: Regs and Memory. -* condition code status: Condition Code. -* condition codes: Comparisons. -* conditional expressions as lvalues: Lvalues. -* conditional expressions, extensions: Conditionals. -* CONDITIONAL_REGISTER_USAGE: Register Basics. -* conditions, in patterns: Patterns. -* configuration file: Config. -* configurations supported by GNU CC: Configurations. -* conflicting types: Disappointments. -* CONST0_RTX: Constants. -* const1_rtx: Constants. -* CONST2_RTX: Constants. -* CONST_CALL_P: Flags. -* CONST_COSTS: Costs. -* const_double: Constants. -* CONST_DOUBLE_CHAIN: Constants. -* CONST_DOUBLE_LOW: Constants. -* CONST_DOUBLE_MEM: Constants. -* CONST_DOUBLE_OK_FOR_LETTER_P: Register Classes. -* const_int: Constants. -* CONST_OK_FOR_LETTER_P: Register Classes. -* const_string: Constants. -* const_true_rtx: Constants. -* constant attributes: Constant Attributes. -* constant folding: Passes. -* constant folding and floating point: Cross-compilation. -* constant propagation: Passes. -* CONSTANT_ADDRESS_P: Addressing Modes. -* CONSTANT_ALIGNMENT: Storage Layout. -* CONSTANT_P: Addressing Modes. -* CONSTANT_POOL_ADDRESS_P: Flags. -* constants in constraints: Simple Constraints. -* constm1_rtx: Constants. -* constraint modifier characters: Modifiers. -* constraint, matching: Simple Constraints. -* constraints: Constraints. -* constraints, machine specific: Machine Constraints. -* constructing calls: Constructing Calls. -* constructor expressions: Constructors. -* constructors vs goto: Destructors and Goto. -* constructors, automatic calls: Collect2. -* constructors, output of: Initialization. -* contributors: Contributors. -* controlling register usage: Register Basics. -* controlling the compilation driver: Driver. -* conventions, run-time: Interface. -* conversions: Conversions. -* Convex options: Convex Options. -* copy_rtx_if_shared: Sharing. -* core dump: Bug Criteria. -* cos: C Dialect Options. -* costs of instructions: Costs. -* COSTS_N_INSNS: Costs. -* CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH: Environment Variables. -* CPP_PREDEFINES: Run-time Target. -* CPP_SPEC: Driver. -* CQImode: Machine Modes. -* cross compilation and floating point: Cross-compilation. -* cross compiling: Target Options. -* cross-compiler, installation: Cross-Compiler. -* cross-jumping: Passes. -* CROSS_LIBGCC1: Target Fragment. -* CRTSTUFF_T_CFLAGS: Target Fragment. -* CSImode: Machine Modes. -* CTImode: Machine Modes. -* CUMULATIVE_ARGS: Register Arguments. -* current_function_epilogue_delay_list: Function Entry. -* current_function_outgoing_args_size: Stack Arguments. -* current_function_pops_args: Function Entry. -* current_function_pretend_args_size: Function Entry. -* data flow analysis: Passes. -* DATA_ALIGNMENT: Storage Layout. -* data_section: Sections. -* DATA_SECTION_ASM_OP: Sections. -* DBR_OUTPUT_SEQEND: Instruction Output. -* dbr_sequence_length: Instruction Output. -* DBX: Interoperation. -* DBX_BLOCKS_FUNCTION_RELATIVE: DBX Options. -* DBX_CONTIN_CHAR: DBX Options. -* DBX_CONTIN_LENGTH: DBX Options. -* DBX_DEBUGGING_INFO: DBX Options. -* DBX_FUNCTION_FIRST: DBX Options. -* DBX_LBRAC_FIRST: DBX Options. -* DBX_MEMPARM_STABS_LETTER: DBX Options. -* DBX_NO_XREFS: DBX Options. -* DBX_OUTPUT_ENUM: DBX Hooks. -* DBX_OUTPUT_FUNCTION_END: DBX Hooks. -* DBX_OUTPUT_LBRAC: DBX Hooks. -* DBX_OUTPUT_MAIN_SOURCE_DIRECTORY: File Names and DBX. -* DBX_OUTPUT_MAIN_SOURCE_FILE_END: File Names and DBX. -* DBX_OUTPUT_MAIN_SOURCE_FILENAME: File Names and DBX. -* DBX_OUTPUT_RBRAC: DBX Hooks. -* DBX_OUTPUT_SOURCE_FILENAME: File Names and DBX. -* DBX_OUTPUT_STANDARD_TYPES: DBX Hooks. -* DBX_REGISTER_NUMBER: All Debuggers. -* DBX_REGPARM_STABS_CODE: DBX Options. -* DBX_REGPARM_STABS_LETTER: DBX Options. -* DBX_STATIC_CONST_VAR_CODE: DBX Options. -* DBX_STATIC_STAB_DATA_SECTION: DBX Options. -* DBX_TYPE_DECL_STABS_CODE: DBX Options. -* DBX_WORKING_DIRECTORY: File Names and DBX. -* DCmode: Machine Modes. -* De Morgan's law: Insn Canonicalizations. -* dead code: Passes. -* dead_or_set_p: Peephole Definitions. -* deallocating variable length arrays: Variable Length. -* death notes: Obsolete Register Macros. -* debug_rtx: Bug Reporting. -* DEBUG_SYMS_TEXT: DBX Options. -* DEBUGGER_ARG_OFFSET: All Debuggers. -* DEBUGGER_AUTO_OFFSET: All Debuggers. -* debugging information generation: Passes. -* debugging information options: Debugging Options. -* debugging, 88k OCS: M88K Options. -* declaration scope: Incompatibilities. -* declarations inside expressions: Statement Exprs. -* declarations, RTL: RTL Declarations. -* declaring attributes of functions: Function Attributes. -* declaring static data in C++: Static Definitions. -* default implementation, signature member function: C++ Signatures. -* DEFAULT_CALLER_SAVES: Caller Saves. -* DEFAULT_GDB_EXTENSIONS: DBX Options. -* DEFAULT_MAIN_RETURN: Misc. -* DEFAULT_PCC_STRUCT_RETURN: Aggregate Return. -* DEFAULT_SHORT_ENUMS: Type Layout. -* DEFAULT_SIGNED_CHAR: Type Layout. -* define_asm_attributes: Tagging Insns. -* define_attr: Defining Attributes. -* define_delay: Delay Slots. -* define_expand: Expander Definitions. -* define_function_unit: Function Units. -* define_insn: Patterns. -* define_peephole: Expander Definitions. -* define_split: Insn Splitting. -* defining attributes and their values: Defining Attributes. -* defining jump instruction patterns: Jump Patterns. -* defining peephole optimizers: Peephole Definitions. -* defining RTL sequences for code generation: Expander Definitions. -* defining static data in C++: Static Definitions. -* delay slots, defining: Delay Slots. -* DELAY_SLOTS_FOR_EPILOGUE: Function Entry. -* delayed branch scheduling: Passes. -* dependencies for make as output: Environment Variables. -* dependencies, make: Preprocessor Options. -* DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT: Environment Variables. -* Dependent Patterns: Dependent Patterns. -* destructors vs goto: Destructors and Goto. -* destructors, output of: Initialization. -* detecting -traditional: C Dialect Options. -* DFmode: Machine Modes. -* dialect options: C Dialect Options. -* digits in constraint: Simple Constraints. -* DImode: Machine Modes. -* DIR_SEPARATOR: Config. -* directory options: Directory Options. -* disabling certain registers: Register Basics. -* dispatch table: Dispatch Tables. -* div: Arithmetic. -* DIVDI3_LIBCALL: Library Calls. -* divide instruction, 88k: M88K Options. -* division: Arithmetic. -* DIVSI3_LIBCALL: Library Calls. -* dollar signs in identifier names: Dollar Signs. -* DOLLARS_IN_IDENTIFIERS: Misc. -* DONE: Expander Definitions. -* DONT_DECLARE_SYS_SIGLIST: Config. -* DONT_REDUCE_ADDR: Costs. -* double-word arithmetic: Long Long. -* DOUBLE_TYPE_SIZE: Type Layout. -* downward funargs: Nested Functions. -* driver: Driver. -* DW bit (29k): AMD29K Options. -* DWARF_DEBUGGING_INFO: SDB and DWARF. -* DYNAMIC_CHAIN_ADDRESS: Frame Layout. -* EASY_DIV_EXPR: Misc. -* ELIGIBLE_FOR_EPILOGUE_DELAY: Function Entry. -* ELIMINABLE_REGS: Elimination. -* empty constraints: No Constraints. -* EMPTY_FIELD_BOUNDARY: Storage Layout. -* ENCODE_SECTION_INFO: Sections. -* ENDFILE_SPEC: Driver. -* endianness: Portability. -* enum machine_mode: Machine Modes. -* enum reg_class: Register Classes. -* enumeration clash warnings: Warning Options. -* environment variables: Environment Variables. -* epilogue: Function Entry. -* eq: Comparisons. -* eq_attr: Expressions. -* equal: Comparisons. -* error messages: Warnings and Errors. -* escape sequences, traditional: C Dialect Options. -* exclamation point: Multi-Alternative. -* exclusive-or, bitwise: Arithmetic. -* EXECUTABLE_SUFFIX: Config. -* exit: C Dialect Options. -* exit status and VMS: VMS Misc. -* EXIT_BODY: Misc. -* EXIT_IGNORE_STACK: Function Entry. -* EXPAND_BUILTIN_SAVEREGS: Varargs. -* expander definitions: Expander Definitions. -* explicit register variables: Explicit Reg Vars. -* expr_list: Insns. -* expression codes: RTL Objects. -* expressions containing statements: Statement Exprs. -* expressions, compound, as lvalues: Lvalues. -* expressions, conditional, as lvalues: Lvalues. -* expressions, constructor: Constructors. -* extended asm: Extended Asm. -* extensible constraints: Simple Constraints. -* extensions, ?: <1>: Conditionals. -* extensions, ?:: Lvalues. -* extensions, C language: C Extensions. -* extensions, C++ language: C++ Extensions. -* extern int target_flags: Run-time Target. -* external declaration scope: Incompatibilities. -* EXTRA_CC_MODES: Condition Code. -* EXTRA_CC_NAMES: Condition Code. -* EXTRA_CONSTRAINT: Register Classes. -* EXTRA_SECTION_FUNCTIONS: Sections. -* EXTRA_SECTIONS: Sections. -* fabs: C Dialect Options. -* FAIL: Expander Definitions. -* fatal signal: Bug Criteria. -* FATAL_EXIT_CODE: Config. -* features, optional, in system conventions: Run-time Target. -* ffs <1>: Arithmetic. -* ffs: C Dialect Options. -* file name suffix: Overall Options. -* file names: Link Options. -* files and passes of the compiler: Passes. -* final pass: Passes. -* FINAL_PRESCAN_INSN: Instruction Output. -* FINAL_REG_PARM_STACK_SPACE: Stack Arguments. -* final_scan_insn: Function Entry. -* final_sequence: Instruction Output. -* FINALIZE_PIC: PIC. -* FIRST_INSN_ADDRESS: Insn Lengths. -* FIRST_PARM_OFFSET: Frame Layout. -* FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER: Register Basics. -* FIRST_STACK_REG: Stack Registers. -* FIRST_VIRTUAL_REGISTER: Regs and Memory. -* fix: Conversions. -* fixed register: Register Basics. -* FIXED_REGISTERS: Register Basics. -* fixed_regs: Register Basics. -* FIXUNS_TRUNC_LIKE_FIX_TRUNC: Misc. -* flags in RTL expression: Flags. -* float: Conversions. -* FLOAT_ARG_TYPE: Library Calls. -* float_extend: Conversions. -* FLOAT_STORE_FLAG_VALUE: Misc. -* float_truncate: Conversions. -* FLOAT_TYPE_SIZE: Type Layout. -* FLOAT_VALUE_TYPE: Library Calls. -* FLOAT_WORDS_BIG_ENDIAN: Storage Layout. -* FLOATIFY: Library Calls. -* floating point and cross compilation: Cross-compilation. -* force_reg: Standard Names. -* forwarding calls: Constructing Calls. -* frame layout: Frame Layout. -* FRAME_GROWS_DOWNWARD: Frame Layout. -* frame_pointer_needed: Function Entry. -* FRAME_POINTER_REGNUM: Frame Registers. -* FRAME_POINTER_REQUIRED: Elimination. -* frame_pointer_rtx: Frame Registers. -* function attributes: Function Attributes. -* function call conventions: Interface. -* function entry and exit: Function Entry. -* function pointers, arithmetic: Pointer Arith. -* function prototype declarations: Function Prototypes. -* function units, for scheduling: Function Units. -* function, size of pointer to: Pointer Arith. -* function-call insns: Calls. -* FUNCTION_ARG: Register Arguments. -* FUNCTION_ARG_ADVANCE: Register Arguments. -* FUNCTION_ARG_BOUNDARY: Register Arguments. -* FUNCTION_ARG_CALLEE_COPIES: Register Arguments. -* FUNCTION_ARG_PADDING: Register Arguments. -* FUNCTION_ARG_PARTIAL_NREGS: Register Arguments. -* FUNCTION_ARG_PASS_BY_REFERENCE: Register Arguments. -* FUNCTION_ARG_REGNO_P: Register Arguments. -* FUNCTION_BLOCK_PROFILER: Profiling. -* FUNCTION_BOUNDARY: Storage Layout. -* FUNCTION_CONVERSION_BUG: Config. -* FUNCTION_EPILOGUE: Function Entry. -* FUNCTION_INCOMING_ARG: Register Arguments. -* FUNCTION_MODE: Misc. -* FUNCTION_OUTGOING_VALUE: Scalar Return. -* FUNCTION_PROFILER: Profiling. -* FUNCTION_PROLOGUE: Function Entry. -* FUNCTION_VALUE: Scalar Return. -* FUNCTION_VALUE_REGNO_P: Scalar Return. -* functions in arbitrary sections: Function Attributes. -* functions that are passed arguments in registers on the 386: Function Attributes. -* functions that do not pop the argument stack on the 386: Function Attributes. -* functions that do pop the argument stack on the 386: Function Attributes. -* functions that have no side effects: Function Attributes. -* functions that never return: Function Attributes. -* functions that pop the argument stack on the 386: Function Attributes. -* functions with printf or scanf style arguments: Function Attributes. -* functions, leaf: Leaf Functions. -* g++: Invoking G++. -* G++: G++ and GCC. -* GCC: G++ and GCC. -* GCC_EXEC_PREFIX: Environment Variables. -* ge: Comparisons. -* GEN_ERRNO_RTX: Library Calls. -* gencodes: Passes. -* genconfig: Passes. -* general_operand: RTL Template. -* GENERAL_REGS: Register Classes. -* generalized lvalues: Lvalues. -* generating assembler output: Output Statement. -* generating insns: RTL Template. -* genflags: Passes. -* get_attr: Expressions. -* get_attr_length: Insn Lengths. -* GET_CLASS_NARROWEST_MODE: Machine Modes. -* GET_CODE: RTL Objects. -* get_frame_size: Elimination. -* get_insns: Insns. -* get_last_insn: Insns. -* GET_MODE: Machine Modes. -* GET_MODE_ALIGNMENT: Machine Modes. -* GET_MODE_BITSIZE: Machine Modes. -* GET_MODE_CLASS: Machine Modes. -* GET_MODE_MASK: Machine Modes. -* GET_MODE_NAME: Machine Modes. -* GET_MODE_NUNITS: Machine Modes. -* GET_MODE_SIZE: Machine Modes. -* GET_MODE_UNIT_SIZE: Machine Modes. -* GET_MODE_WIDER_MODE: Machine Modes. -* GET_RTX_CLASS: Accessors. -* GET_RTX_FORMAT: Accessors. -* GET_RTX_LENGTH: Accessors. -* geu: Comparisons. -* global offset table: Code Gen Options. -* global register after longjmp: Global Reg Vars. -* global register allocation: Passes. -* global register variables: Global Reg Vars. -* GLOBALDEF: Global Declarations. -* GLOBALREF: Global Declarations. -* GLOBALVALUEDEF: Global Declarations. -* GLOBALVALUEREF: Global Declarations. -* GNU CC and portability: Portability. -* GNU CC command options: Invoking GCC. -* GO_IF_LEGITIMATE_ADDRESS: Addressing Modes. -* GO_IF_MODE_DEPENDENT_ADDRESS: Addressing Modes. -* goto with computed label: Labels as Values. -* gp-relative references (MIPS): MIPS Options. -* greater than: Comparisons. -* grouping options: Invoking GCC. -* gt: Comparisons. -* gtu: Comparisons. -* HANDLE_PRAGMA: Misc. -* hard registers: Regs and Memory. -* HARD_FRAME_POINTER_REGNUM: Frame Registers. -* HARD_REGNO_MODE_OK: Values in Registers. -* HARD_REGNO_NREGS: Values in Registers. -* hardware models and configurations, specifying: Submodel Options. -* HAS_INIT_SECTION: Macros for Initialization. -* HAVE_ATEXIT: Misc. -* HAVE_POST_DECREMENT: Addressing Modes. -* HAVE_POST_INCREMENT: Addressing Modes. -* HAVE_PRE_DECREMENT: Addressing Modes. -* HAVE_PRE_INCREMENT: Addressing Modes. -* HAVE_PUTENV: Config. -* HAVE_VPRINTF: Config. -* header files and VMS: Include Files and VMS. -* high: Constants. -* HImode: Machine Modes. -* host makefile fragment: Host Fragment. -* HOST_BITS_PER_CHAR: Config. -* HOST_BITS_PER_INT: Config. -* HOST_BITS_PER_LONG: Config. -* HOST_BITS_PER_SHORT: Config. -* HOST_FLOAT_FORMAT: Config. -* HOST_FLOAT_WORDS_BIG_ENDIAN: Config. -* HOST_WORDS_BIG_ENDIAN: Config. -* HPPA Options: HPPA Options. -* i386 Options: i386 Options. -* IBM RS/6000 and PowerPC Options: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options. -* IBM RT options: RT Options. -* IBM RT PC: Interoperation. -* identifier names, dollar signs in: Dollar Signs. -* identifiers, names in assembler code: Asm Labels. -* identifying source, compiler (88k): M88K Options. -* IEEE_FLOAT_FORMAT: Storage Layout. -* if_then_else: Comparisons. -* immediate_operand: RTL Template. -* IMMEDIATE_PREFIX: Instruction Output. -* implicit argument: return value: Naming Results. -* IMPLICIT_FIX_EXPR: Misc. -* implied #pragma implementation: C++ Interface. -* in_data: Sections. -* in_struct: Flags. -* in_text: Sections. -* include files and VMS: Include Files and VMS. -* INCLUDE_DEFAULTS: Driver. -* inclusive-or, bitwise: Arithmetic. -* INCOMING_REGNO: Register Basics. -* incompatibilities of GNU CC: Incompatibilities. -* increment operators: Bug Criteria. -* INDEX_REG_CLASS: Register Classes. -* INIT_CUMULATIVE_ARGS: Register Arguments. -* INIT_CUMULATIVE_INCOMING_ARGS: Register Arguments. -* INIT_ENVIRONMENT: Driver. -* INIT_SECTION_ASM_OP <1>: Macros for Initialization. -* INIT_SECTION_ASM_OP: Sections. -* INIT_TARGET_OPTABS: Library Calls. -* INITIAL_ELIMINATION_OFFSET: Elimination. -* INITIAL_FRAME_POINTER_OFFSET: Elimination. -* initialization routines: Initialization. -* initializations in expressions: Constructors. -* INITIALIZE_TRAMPOLINE: Trampolines. -* initializers with labeled elements: Labeled Elements. -* initializers, non-constant: Initializers. -* inline functions: Inline. -* inline functions, omission of: Inline. -* inline, automatic: Passes. -* inlining and C++ pragmas: C++ Interface. -* insn: Insns. -* insn attributes: Insn Attributes. -* insn canonicalization: Insn Canonicalizations. -* insn lengths, computing: Insn Lengths. -* insn splitting: Insn Splitting. -* insn-attr.h: Defining Attributes. -* INSN_ANNULLED_BRANCH_P: Flags. -* INSN_CACHE_DEPTH: Trampolines. -* INSN_CACHE_LINE_WIDTH: Trampolines. -* INSN_CACHE_SIZE: Trampolines. -* INSN_CLOBBERS_REGNO_P: Obsolete Register Macros. -* INSN_CODE: Insns. -* INSN_DELETED_P: Flags. -* INSN_FROM_TARGET_P: Flags. -* insn_list: Insns. -* INSN_REFERENCES_ARE_DELAYED: Misc. -* INSN_SETS_ARE_DELAYED: Misc. -* INSN_UID: Insns. -* insns: Insns. -* insns, generating: RTL Template. -* insns, recognizing: RTL Template. -* INSTALL: Host Fragment. -* installation trouble: Trouble. -* installing GNU CC: Installation. -* installing GNU CC on the Sun: Sun Install. -* installing GNU CC on VMS: VMS Install. -* instruction attributes: Insn Attributes. -* instruction combination: Passes. -* instruction patterns: Patterns. -* instruction recognizer: Passes. -* instruction scheduling: Passes. -* instruction splitting: Insn Splitting. -* INT_TYPE_SIZE: Type Layout. -* INTEGRATE_THRESHOLD: Misc. -* integrated: Flags. -* integrating function code: Inline. -* Intel 386 Options: i386 Options. -* Interdependence of Patterns: Dependent Patterns. -* interface and implementation headers, C++: C++ Interface. -* interfacing to GNU CC output: Interface. -* intermediate C version, nonexistent: G++ and GCC. -* INTIFY: Library Calls. -* introduction: Top. -* invalid assembly code: Bug Criteria. -* invalid input: Bug Criteria. -* INVOKE__main: Macros for Initialization. -* invoking g++: Invoking G++. -* ior: Arithmetic. -* IS_ASM_LOGICAL_LINE_SEPARATOR: Data Output. -* isinf: Cross-compilation. -* isnan: Cross-compilation. -* jump instruction patterns: Jump Patterns. -* jump instructions and set: Side Effects. -* jump optimization: Passes. -* jump threading: Passes. -* jump_insn: Insns. -* JUMP_LABEL: Insns. -* JUMP_TABLES_IN_TEXT_SECTION: Sections. -* kernel and user registers (29k): AMD29K Options. -* keywords, alternate: Alternate Keywords. -* known causes of trouble: Trouble. -* LABEL_NUSES: Insns. -* LABEL_OUTSIDE_LOOP_P: Flags. -* LABEL_PRESERVE_P: Flags. -* label_ref: Constants. -* labeled elements in initializers: Labeled Elements. -* labels as values: Labels as Values. -* labs: C Dialect Options. -* language dialect options: C Dialect Options. -* large bit shifts (88k): M88K Options. -* large return values: Aggregate Return. -* LAST_STACK_REG: Stack Registers. -* LAST_VIRTUAL_REGISTER: Regs and Memory. -* LD_FINI_SWITCH: Macros for Initialization. -* LD_INIT_SWITCH: Macros for Initialization. -* LDD_SUFFIX: Macros for Initialization. -* ldexp: Cross-compilation. -* le: Comparisons. -* leaf functions: Leaf Functions. -* leaf_function: Leaf Functions. -* leaf_function_p: Standard Names. -* LEAF_REG_REMAP: Leaf Functions. -* LEAF_REGISTERS: Leaf Functions. -* left rotate: Arithmetic. -* left shift: Arithmetic. -* LEGITIMATE_CONSTANT_P: Addressing Modes. -* LEGITIMATE_PIC_OPERAND_P: PIC. -* LEGITIMIZE_ADDRESS: Addressing Modes. -* length-zero arrays: Zero Length. -* less than: Comparisons. -* less than or equal: Comparisons. -* leu: Comparisons. -* LIB2FUNCS_EXTRA: Target Fragment. -* LIB_SPEC: Driver. -* LIBCALL_VALUE: Scalar Return. -* LIBGCC1: Target Fragment. -* LIBGCC2_CFLAGS: Target Fragment. -* LIBGCC2_WORDS_BIG_ENDIAN: Storage Layout. -* LIBGCC_NEEDS_DOUBLE: Library Calls. -* LIBGCC_SPEC: Driver. -* Libraries: Link Options. -* library subroutine names: Library Calls. -* LIBRARY_PATH: Environment Variables. -* LIMIT_RELOAD_CLASS: Register Classes. -* link options: Link Options. -* LINK_LIBGCC_SPECIAL: Driver. -* LINK_LIBGCC_SPECIAL_1: Driver. -* LINK_SPEC: Driver. -* lo_sum: Arithmetic. -* load address instruction: Simple Constraints. -* LOAD_EXTEND_OP: Misc. -* local labels: Local Labels. -* local register allocation: Passes. -* local variables in macros: Naming Types. -* local variables, specifying registers: Local Reg Vars. -* LOCAL_INCLUDE_DIR: Driver. -* LOCAL_LABEL_PREFIX: Instruction Output. -* LOG_LINKS: Insns. -* logical-and, bitwise: Arithmetic. -* LONG_DOUBLE_TYPE_SIZE: Type Layout. -* LONG_LONG_TYPE_SIZE: Type Layout. -* LONG_TYPE_SIZE: Type Layout. -* longjmp: Global Reg Vars. -* LONGJMP_RESTORE_FROM_STACK: Elimination. -* loop optimization: Passes. -* lshiftrt: Arithmetic. -* lt: Comparisons. -* ltu: Comparisons. -* lvalues, generalized: Lvalues. -* M680x0 options: M680x0 Options. -* M88k options: M88K Options. -* machine dependent options: Submodel Options. -* machine description macros: Target Macros. -* machine descriptions: Machine Desc. -* machine mode conversions: Conversions. -* machine modes: Machine Modes. -* machine specific constraints: Machine Constraints. -* MACHINE_DEPENDENT_REORG: Misc. -* macro with variable arguments: Macro Varargs. -* macros containing asm: Extended Asm. -* macros, inline alternative: Inline. -* macros, local labels: Local Labels. -* macros, local variables in: Naming Types. -* macros, statements in expressions: Statement Exprs. -* macros, target description: Target Macros. -* macros, types of arguments: Typeof. -* make: Preprocessor Options. -* make_safe_from: Expander Definitions. -* makefile fragment: Fragments. -* match_dup: RTL Template. -* match_op_dup: RTL Template. -* match_operand: RTL Template. -* match_operator: RTL Template. -* match_par_dup: RTL Template. -* match_parallel: RTL Template. -* match_scratch: RTL Template. -* matching constraint: Simple Constraints. -* matching operands: Output Template. -* math libraries: Interface. -* math, in RTL: Arithmetic. -* MAX_BITS_PER_WORD: Storage Layout. -* MAX_CHAR_TYPE_SIZE: Type Layout. -* MAX_FIXED_MODE_SIZE: Storage Layout. -* MAX_INT_TYPE_SIZE: Type Layout. -* MAX_LONG_TYPE_SIZE: Type Layout. -* MAX_MOVE_MAX: Misc. -* MAX_OFILE_ALIGNMENT: Storage Layout. -* MAX_REGS_PER_ADDRESS: Addressing Modes. -* MAX_WCHAR_TYPE_SIZE: Type Layout. -* maximum operator: Min and Max. -* MAYBE_REG_PARM_STACK_SPACE: Stack Arguments. -* mcount: Profiling. -* MD_CALL_PROTOTYPES: Config. -* MD_EXEC_PREFIX: Driver. -* MD_STARTFILE_PREFIX: Driver. -* MD_STARTFILE_PREFIX_1: Driver. -* mem: Regs and Memory. -* MEM_IN_STRUCT_P: Flags. -* MEM_VOLATILE_P: Flags. -* member fns, automatically inline: Inline. -* memcmp: C Dialect Options. -* memcpy: C Dialect Options. -* memory model (29k): AMD29K Options. -* memory reference, nonoffsettable: Simple Constraints. -* memory references in constraints: Simple Constraints. -* MEMORY_MOVE_COST: Costs. -* messages, warning: Warning Options. -* messages, warning and error: Warnings and Errors. -* middle-operands, omitted: Conditionals. -* MIN_UNITS_PER_WORD: Storage Layout. -* minimum operator: Min and Max. -* minus: Arithmetic. -* MIPS options: MIPS Options. -* misunderstandings in C++: C++ Misunderstandings. -* mod: Arithmetic. -* MODDI3_LIBCALL: Library Calls. -* mode classes: Machine Modes. -* MODE_CC: Machine Modes. -* MODE_COMPLEX_FLOAT: Machine Modes. -* MODE_COMPLEX_INT: Machine Modes. -* MODE_FLOAT: Machine Modes. -* MODE_FUNCTION: Machine Modes. -* MODE_INT: Machine Modes. -* MODE_PARTIAL_INT: Machine Modes. -* MODE_RANDOM: Machine Modes. -* MODES_TIEABLE_P: Values in Registers. -* modifiers in constraints: Modifiers. -* MODSI3_LIBCALL: Library Calls. -* MOVE_MAX: Misc. -* MOVE_RATIO: Costs. -* MULDI3_LIBCALL: Library Calls. -* MULSI3_LIBCALL: Library Calls. -* mult: Arithmetic. -* MULTIBYTE_CHARS: Config. -* MULTILIB_DEFAULTS: Driver. -* MULTILIB_DIRNAMES: Target Fragment. -* MULTILIB_MATCHES: Target Fragment. -* MULTILIB_OPTIONS: Target Fragment. -* multiple alternative constraints: Multi-Alternative. -* multiplication: Arithmetic. -* multiprecision arithmetic: Long Long. -* N_REG_CLASSES: Register Classes. -* name augmentation: VMS Misc. -* named patterns and conditions: Patterns. -* named return value in C++: Naming Results. -* names used in assembler code: Asm Labels. -* names, pattern: Standard Names. -* naming convention, implementation headers: C++ Interface. -* naming types: Naming Types. -* ne: Comparisons. -* neg: Arithmetic. -* nested functions: Nested Functions. -* nested functions, trampolines for: Trampolines. -* newline vs string constants: C Dialect Options. -* next_cc0_user: Jump Patterns. -* NEXT_INSN: Insns. -* NEXT_OBJC_RUNTIME: Library Calls. -* nil: RTL Objects. -* no constraints: No Constraints. -* no-op move instructions: Passes. -* NO_BUILTIN_PTRDIFF_TYPE: Driver. -* NO_BUILTIN_SIZE_TYPE: Driver. -* NO_DOLLAR_IN_LABEL: Misc. -* NO_DOT_IN_LABEL: Misc. -* NO_FUNCTION_CSE: Costs. -* NO_IMPLICIT_EXTERN_C: Misc. -* NO_MD_PROTOTYPES: Config. -* NO_RECURSIVE_FUNCTION_CSE: Costs. -* NO_REGS: Register Classes. -* NO_STAB_H: Config. -* NO_SYS_SIGLIST: Config. -* non-constant initializers: Initializers. -* non-static inline function: Inline. -* NON_SAVING_SETJMP: Register Basics. -* nongcc_SI_type: Library Calls. -* nongcc_word_type: Library Calls. -* nonoffsettable memory reference: Simple Constraints. -* not: Arithmetic. -* not equal: Comparisons. -* not using constraints: No Constraints. -* note: Insns. -* NOTE_INSN_BLOCK_BEG: Insns. -* NOTE_INSN_BLOCK_END: Insns. -* NOTE_INSN_DELETED: Insns. -* NOTE_INSN_FUNCTION_END: Insns. -* NOTE_INSN_LOOP_BEG: Insns. -* NOTE_INSN_LOOP_CONT: Insns. -* NOTE_INSN_LOOP_END: Insns. -* NOTE_INSN_LOOP_VTOP: Insns. -* NOTE_INSN_SETJMP: Insns. -* NOTE_LINE_NUMBER: Insns. -* NOTE_SOURCE_FILE: Insns. -* NOTICE_UPDATE_CC: Condition Code. -* NUM_MACHINE_MODES: Machine Modes. -* OBJC_GEN_METHOD_LABEL: Label Output. -* OBJC_INCLUDE_PATH: Environment Variables. -* OBJC_INT_SELECTORS: Type Layout. -* OBJC_PROLOGUE: File Framework. -* OBJC_SELECTORS_WITHOUT_LABELS: Type Layout. -* OBJECT_FORMAT_COFF: Macros for Initialization. -* OBJECT_FORMAT_ROSE: Macros for Initialization. -* OBJECT_SUFFIX: Config. -* Objective C: G++ and GCC. -* OBSTACK_CHUNK_ALLOC: Config. -* OBSTACK_CHUNK_FREE: Config. -* OBSTACK_CHUNK_SIZE: Config. -* obstack_free: Configurations. -* OCS (88k): M88K Options. -* offsettable address: Simple Constraints. -* old-style function definitions: Function Prototypes. -* OLDAR: Host Fragment. -* OLDCC: Host Fragment. -* omitted middle-operands: Conditionals. -* ONLY_INT_FIELDS: Config. -* open coding: Inline. -* operand access: Accessors. -* operand constraints: Constraints. -* operand substitution: Output Template. -* operands: Patterns. -* OPTIMIZATION_OPTIONS: Run-time Target. -* optimize options: Optimize Options. -* optional hardware or system features: Run-time Target. -* options to control warnings: Warning Options. -* options, C++: C++ Dialect Options. -* options, code generation: Code Gen Options. -* options, debugging: Debugging Options. -* options, dialect: C Dialect Options. -* options, directory search: Directory Options. -* options, GNU CC command: Invoking GCC. -* options, grouping: Invoking GCC. -* options, linking: Link Options. -* options, optimization: Optimize Options. -* options, order: Invoking GCC. -* options, preprocessor: Preprocessor Options. -* order of evaluation, side effects: Non-bugs. -* order of options: Invoking GCC. -* order of register allocation: Allocation Order. -* ORDER_REGS_FOR_LOCAL_ALLOC: Allocation Order. -* Ordering of Patterns: Pattern Ordering. -* other directory, compilation in: Other Dir. -* OUTGOING_REG_PARM_STACK_SPACE: Stack Arguments. -* OUTGOING_REGNO: Register Basics. -* output file option: Overall Options. -* output of assembler code: File Framework. -* output statements: Output Statement. -* output templates: Output Template. -* output_addr_const: Data Output. -* output_asm_insn: Output Statement. -* overflow while constant folding: Cross-compilation. -* OVERLAPPING_REGNO_P: Obsolete Register Macros. -* overloaded virtual fn, warning: Warning Options. -* OVERRIDE_OPTIONS: Run-time Target. -* parallel: Side Effects. -* parameter forward declaration: Variable Length. -* parameters, miscellaneous: Misc. -* PARM_BOUNDARY: Storage Layout. -* PARSE_LDD_OUTPUT: Macros for Initialization. -* parser generator, Bison: Installation. -* parsing pass: Passes. -* passes and files of the compiler: Passes. -* passing arguments: Interface. -* PATH_SEPARATOR: Config. -* PATTERN: Insns. -* pattern conditions: Patterns. -* pattern names: Standard Names. -* Pattern Ordering: Pattern Ordering. -* patterns: Patterns. -* pc: Regs and Memory. -* pc_rtx: Regs and Memory. -* PCC_BITFIELD_TYPE_MATTERS: Storage Layout. -* PCC_STATIC_STRUCT_RETURN: Aggregate Return. -* PDImode: Machine Modes. -* peephole optimization: Passes. -* peephole optimization, RTL representation: Side Effects. -* peephole optimizer definitions: Peephole Definitions. -* percent sign: Output Template. -* perform_...: Library Calls. -* PIC <1>: Code Gen Options. -* PIC: PIC. -* PIC_OFFSET_TABLE_REG_CALL_CLOBBERED: PIC. -* PIC_OFFSET_TABLE_REGNUM: PIC. -* plus: Arithmetic. -* Pmode: Misc. -* pointer arguments: Function Attributes. -* POINTER_SIZE: Storage Layout. -* POINTERS_EXTEND_UNSIGNED: Storage Layout. -* portability: Portability. -* portions of temporary objects, pointers to: Temporaries. -* position independent code: PIC. -* POSIX: Config. -* post_dec: Incdec. -* post_inc: Incdec. -* pragma: Misc. -* pragma, reason for not using: Function Attributes. -* pragmas in C++, effect on inlining: C++ Interface. -* pragmas, interface and implementation: C++ Interface. -* pre_dec: Incdec. -* pre_inc: Incdec. -* predefined macros: Run-time Target. -* PREDICATE_CODES: Misc. -* PREFERRED_DEBUGGING_TYPE: All Debuggers. -* PREFERRED_OUTPUT_RELOAD_CLASS: Register Classes. -* PREFERRED_RELOAD_CLASS: Register Classes. -* preprocessing numbers: Incompatibilities. -* preprocessing tokens: Incompatibilities. -* preprocessor options: Preprocessor Options. -* PRESERVE_DEATH_INFO_REGNO_P: Obsolete Register Macros. -* prev_active_insn: Peephole Definitions. -* prev_cc0_setter: Jump Patterns. -* PREV_INSN: Insns. -* PRINT_OPERAND: Instruction Output. -* PRINT_OPERAND_ADDRESS: Instruction Output. -* PRINT_OPERAND_PUNCT_VALID_P: Instruction Output. -* processor selection (29k): AMD29K Options. -* product: Arithmetic. -* PROFILE_BEFORE_PROLOGUE: Profiling. -* profiling, code generation: Profiling. -* program counter: Regs and Memory. -* prologue: Function Entry. -* PROMOTE_FOR_CALL_ONLY: Storage Layout. -* PROMOTE_FUNCTION_ARGS: Storage Layout. -* PROMOTE_FUNCTION_RETURN: Storage Layout. -* PROMOTE_MODE: Storage Layout. -* PROMOTE_PROTOTYPES: Stack Arguments. -* promotion of formal parameters: Function Prototypes. -* pseudo registers: Regs and Memory. -* PSImode: Machine Modes. -* PTRDIFF_TYPE: Type Layout. -* push address instruction: Simple Constraints. -* PUSH_ROUNDING: Stack Arguments. -* PUT_CODE: RTL Objects. -* PUT_MODE: Machine Modes. -* PUT_REG_NOTE_KIND: Insns. -* PUT_SDB_...: SDB and DWARF. -* putenv: Config. -* QImode: Machine Modes. -* question mark: Multi-Alternative. -* quotient: Arithmetic. -* r0-relative references (88k): M88K Options. -* ranges in case statements: Case Ranges. -* read-only strings: Incompatibilities. -* READONLY_DATA_SECTION: Sections. -* REAL_ARITHMETIC: Cross-compilation. -* REAL_INFINITY: Cross-compilation. -* REAL_NM_FILE_NAME: Macros for Initialization. -* REAL_VALUE_ATOF: Cross-compilation. -* REAL_VALUE_FIX: Cross-compilation. -* REAL_VALUE_FROM_INT: Cross-compilation. -* REAL_VALUE_ISINF: Cross-compilation. -* REAL_VALUE_ISNAN: Cross-compilation. -* REAL_VALUE_LDEXP: Cross-compilation. -* REAL_VALUE_NEGATE: Cross-compilation. -* REAL_VALUE_RNDZINT: Cross-compilation. -* REAL_VALUE_TO_DECIMAL: Data Output. -* REAL_VALUE_TO_INT: Cross-compilation. -* REAL_VALUE_TO_TARGET_DOUBLE: Data Output. -* REAL_VALUE_TO_TARGET_LONG_DOUBLE: Data Output. -* REAL_VALUE_TO_TARGET_SINGLE: Data Output. -* REAL_VALUE_TRUNCATE: Cross-compilation. -* REAL_VALUE_TYPE: Cross-compilation. -* REAL_VALUE_UNSIGNED_FIX: Cross-compilation. -* REAL_VALUE_UNSIGNED_RNDZINT: Cross-compilation. -* REAL_VALUES_EQUAL: Cross-compilation. -* REAL_VALUES_LESS: Cross-compilation. -* recog_operand: Instruction Output. -* recognizing insns: RTL Template. -* reg: Regs and Memory. -* REG_ALLOC_ORDER: Allocation Order. -* REG_CC_SETTER: Insns. -* REG_CC_USER: Insns. -* REG_CLASS_CONTENTS: Register Classes. -* REG_CLASS_FROM_LETTER: Register Classes. -* REG_CLASS_NAMES: Register Classes. -* REG_DEAD: Insns. -* REG_DEP_ANTI: Insns. -* REG_DEP_OUTPUT: Insns. -* REG_EQUAL: Insns. -* REG_EQUIV: Insns. -* REG_FUNCTION_VALUE_P: Flags. -* REG_INC: Insns. -* REG_LABEL: Insns. -* REG_LIBCALL: Insns. -* REG_LOOP_TEST_P: Flags. -* reg_names: Instruction Output. -* REG_NO_CONFLICT: Insns. -* REG_NONNEG: Insns. -* REG_NOTE_KIND: Insns. -* REG_NOTES: Insns. -* REG_OK_FOR_BASE_P: Addressing Modes. -* REG_OK_FOR_INDEX_P: Addressing Modes. -* REG_OK_STRICT: Addressing Modes. -* REG_PARM_STACK_SPACE: Stack Arguments. -* REG_RETVAL: Insns. -* REG_UNUSED: Insns. -* REG_USERVAR_P: Flags. -* REG_WAS_0: Insns. -* register allocation: Passes. -* register allocation order: Allocation Order. -* register allocation, stupid: Passes. -* register class definitions: Register Classes. -* register class preference constraints: Class Preferences. -* register class preference pass: Passes. -* register pairs: Values in Registers. -* register positions in frame (88k): M88K Options. -* Register Transfer Language (RTL): RTL. -* register usage: Registers. -* register use analysis: Passes. -* register variable after longjmp: Global Reg Vars. -* register-to-stack conversion: Passes. -* REGISTER_MOVE_COST: Costs. -* REGISTER_NAMES: Instruction Output. -* register_operand: RTL Template. -* REGISTER_PREFIX: Instruction Output. -* registers: Extended Asm. -* registers arguments: Register Arguments. -* registers for local variables: Local Reg Vars. -* registers in constraints: Simple Constraints. -* registers, global allocation: Explicit Reg Vars. -* registers, global variables in: Global Reg Vars. -* REGNO_OK_FOR_BASE_P: Register Classes. -* REGNO_OK_FOR_INDEX_P: Register Classes. -* REGNO_REG_CLASS: Register Classes. -* regs_ever_live: Function Entry. -* relative costs: Costs. -* RELATIVE_PREFIX_NOT_LINKDIR: Driver. -* reload pass: Regs and Memory. -* reload_completed: Standard Names. -* reload_in_progress: Standard Names. -* reloading: Passes. -* remainder: Arithmetic. -* reordering, warning: Warning Options. -* reporting bugs: Bugs. -* representation of RTL: RTL. -* rest argument (in macro): Macro Varargs. -* rest_of_compilation: Passes. -* rest_of_decl_compilation: Passes. -* return: Side Effects. -* return value of main: VMS Misc. -* return value, named, in C++: Naming Results. -* return values in registers: Scalar Return. -* RETURN_ADDR_IN_PREVIOUS_FRAME: Frame Layout. -* RETURN_ADDR_RTX: Frame Layout. -* RETURN_IN_MEMORY: Aggregate Return. -* RETURN_POPS_ARGS: Stack Arguments. -* returning aggregate values: Aggregate Return. -* returning structures and unions: Interface. -* REVERSIBLE_CC_MODE: Condition Code. -* right rotate: Arithmetic. -* right shift: Arithmetic. -* rotate: Arithmetic. -* rotatert: Arithmetic. -* ROUND_TYPE_ALIGN: Storage Layout. -* ROUND_TYPE_SIZE: Storage Layout. -* RS/6000 and PowerPC Options: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options. -* RT options: RT Options. -* RT PC: Interoperation. -* RTL addition: Arithmetic. -* RTL comparison: Arithmetic. -* RTL comparison operations: Comparisons. -* RTL constant expression types: Constants. -* RTL constants: Constants. -* RTL declarations: RTL Declarations. -* RTL difference: Arithmetic. -* RTL expression: RTL Objects. -* RTL expressions for arithmetic: Arithmetic. -* RTL format: Accessors. -* RTL format characters: Accessors. -* RTL function-call insns: Calls. -* RTL generation: Passes. -* RTL insn template: RTL Template. -* RTL integers: RTL Objects. -* RTL memory expressions: Regs and Memory. -* RTL object types: RTL Objects. -* RTL postdecrement: Incdec. -* RTL postincrement: Incdec. -* RTL predecrement: Incdec. -* RTL preincrement: Incdec. -* RTL register expressions: Regs and Memory. -* RTL representation: RTL. -* RTL side effect expressions: Side Effects. -* RTL strings: RTL Objects. -* RTL structure sharing assumptions: Sharing. -* RTL subtraction: Arithmetic. -* RTL sum: Arithmetic. -* RTL vectors: RTL Objects. -* RTX (See RTL): RTL Objects. -* RTX_COSTS: Costs. -* RTX_INTEGRATED_P: Flags. -* RTX_UNCHANGING_P: Flags. -* run-time conventions: Interface. -* run-time options: Code Gen Options. -* run-time target specification: Run-time Target. -* saveable_obstack: Addressing Modes. -* scalars, returned as values: Scalar Return. -* SCCS_DIRECTIVE: Misc. -* SCHED_GROUP_P: Flags. -* scheduling, delayed branch: Passes. -* scheduling, instruction: Passes. -* SCmode: Machine Modes. -* scope of a variable length array: Variable Length. -* scope of declaration: Disappointments. -* scope of external declarations: Incompatibilities. -* scratch: Regs and Memory. -* scratch operands: Regs and Memory. -* SDB_ALLOW_FORWARD_REFERENCES: SDB and DWARF. -* SDB_ALLOW_UNKNOWN_REFERENCES: SDB and DWARF. -* SDB_DEBUGGING_INFO: SDB and DWARF. -* SDB_DELIM: SDB and DWARF. -* SDB_GENERATE_FAKE: SDB and DWARF. -* search path: Directory Options. -* second include path: Preprocessor Options. -* SECONDARY_INPUT_RELOAD_CLASS: Register Classes. -* SECONDARY_MEMORY_NEEDED: Register Classes. -* SECONDARY_MEMORY_NEEDED_MODE: Register Classes. -* SECONDARY_MEMORY_NEEDED_RTX: Register Classes. -* SECONDARY_OUTPUT_RELOAD_CLASS: Register Classes. -* SECONDARY_RELOAD_CLASS: Register Classes. -* SELECT_CC_MODE: Condition Code. -* SELECT_RTX_SECTION: Sections. -* SELECT_SECTION: Sections. -* separate directory, compilation in: Other Dir. -* sequence: Side Effects. -* sequential consistency on 88k: M88K Options. -* set: Side Effects. -* set_attr: Tagging Insns. -* set_attr_alternative: Tagging Insns. -* SET_DEFAULT_TYPE_ATTRIBUTES: Misc. -* SET_DEST: Side Effects. -* SET_SRC: Side Effects. -* setjmp: Global Reg Vars. -* SETUP_FRAME_ADDRESSES: Frame Layout. -* SETUP_INCOMING_VARARGS: Varargs. -* SFmode: Machine Modes. -* shared strings: Incompatibilities. -* shared VMS run time system: VMS Misc. -* SHARED_SECTION_ASM_OP: Sections. -* sharing of RTL components: Sharing. -* shift: Arithmetic. -* SHIFT_COUNT_TRUNCATED: Misc. -* SHORT_TYPE_SIZE: Type Layout. -* side effect in ?:: Conditionals. -* side effects, macro argument: Statement Exprs. -* side effects, order of evaluation: Non-bugs. -* sign_extend: Conversions. -* sign_extract: Bit Fields. -* signature: C++ Signatures. -* signature member function default implementation: C++ Signatures. -* signatures, C++: C++ Signatures. -* signed division: Arithmetic. -* signed maximum: Arithmetic. -* signed minimum: Arithmetic. -* SIGNED_CHAR_SPEC: Driver. -* SImode: Machine Modes. -* simple constraints: Simple Constraints. -* simplifications, arithmetic: Passes. -* sin: C Dialect Options. -* SIZE_TYPE: Type Layout. -* sizeof: Typeof. -* SLOW_BYTE_ACCESS: Costs. -* SLOW_UNALIGNED_ACCESS: Costs. -* SLOW_ZERO_EXTEND: Costs. -* SMALL_REGISTER_CLASSES: Register Classes. -* smaller data references (88k): M88K Options. -* smaller data references (MIPS): MIPS Options. -* smax: Arithmetic. -* smin: Arithmetic. -* SPARC options: SPARC Options. -* specified registers: Explicit Reg Vars. -* specifying compiler version and target machine: Target Options. -* specifying hardware config: Submodel Options. -* specifying machine version: Target Options. -* specifying registers for local variables: Local Reg Vars. -* speed of instructions: Costs. -* splitting instructions: Insn Splitting. -* sqrt <1>: Arithmetic. -* sqrt: C Dialect Options. -* square root: Arithmetic. -* stack arguments: Stack Arguments. -* stack checks (29k): AMD29K Options. -* stack frame layout: Frame Layout. -* STACK_BOUNDARY: Storage Layout. -* STACK_DYNAMIC_OFFSET: Frame Layout. -* STACK_GROWS_DOWNWARD: Frame Layout. -* STACK_PARMS_IN_REG_PARM_AREA: Stack Arguments. -* STACK_POINTER_OFFSET: Frame Layout. -* STACK_POINTER_REGNUM: Frame Registers. -* stack_pointer_rtx: Frame Registers. -* STACK_REGS: Stack Registers. -* stage1: Installation. -* standard pattern names: Standard Names. -* STANDARD_EXEC_PREFIX: Driver. -* STANDARD_INCLUDE_DIR: Driver. -* STANDARD_STARTFILE_PREFIX: Driver. -* start files: Tools and Libraries. -* STARTFILE_SPEC: Driver. -* STARTING_FRAME_OFFSET: Frame Layout. -* statements inside expressions: Statement Exprs. -* static data in C++, declaring and defining: Static Definitions. -* STATIC_CHAIN: Frame Registers. -* STATIC_CHAIN_INCOMING: Frame Registers. -* STATIC_CHAIN_INCOMING_REGNUM: Frame Registers. -* STATIC_CHAIN_REGNUM: Frame Registers. -* storage layout: Storage Layout. -* STORE_FLAG_VALUE: Misc. -* storem bug (29k): AMD29K Options. -* strcmp: C Dialect Options. -* strcpy <1>: C Dialect Options. -* strcpy: Storage Layout. -* strength-reduction: Passes. -* STRICT_ALIGNMENT: Storage Layout. -* STRICT_ARGUMENT_NAMING: Varargs. -* strict_low_part: RTL Declarations. -* string constants: Incompatibilities. -* string constants vs newline: C Dialect Options. -* STRIP_NAME_ENCODING: Sections. -* strlen: C Dialect Options. -* STRUCT_VALUE: Aggregate Return. -* STRUCT_VALUE_INCOMING: Aggregate Return. -* STRUCT_VALUE_INCOMING_REGNUM: Aggregate Return. -* STRUCT_VALUE_REGNUM: Aggregate Return. -* structure passing (88k): M88K Options. -* structure value address: Aggregate Return. -* STRUCTURE_SIZE_BOUNDARY: Storage Layout. -* structures: Incompatibilities. -* structures, constructor expression: Constructors. -* structures, returning: Interface. -* stupid register allocation: Passes. -* submodel options: Submodel Options. -* subreg: Regs and Memory. -* SUBREG_PROMOTED_UNSIGNED_P: Flags. -* SUBREG_PROMOTED_VAR_P: Flags. -* SUBREG_REG: Regs and Memory. -* SUBREG_WORD: Regs and Memory. -* subscripting: Subscripting. -* subscripting and function values: Subscripting. -* subtype polymorphism, C++: C++ Signatures. -* SUCCESS_EXIT_CODE: Config. -* suffixes for C++ source: Invoking G++. -* Sun installation: Sun Install. -* SUPPORTS_WEAK: Label Output. -* suppressing warnings: Warning Options. -* surprises in C++: C++ Misunderstandings. -* SVr4: M88K Options. -* SWITCH_TAKES_ARG: Driver. -* SWITCHES_NEED_SPACES: Driver. -* symbol_ref: Constants. -* SYMBOL_REF_FLAG: Flags. -* SYMBOL_REF_USED: Flags. -* symbolic label: Sharing. -* syntax checking: Warning Options. -* synthesized methods, warning: Warning Options. -* sys_siglist: Config. -* SYSTEM_INCLUDE_DIR: Driver. -* tagging insns: Tagging Insns. -* tail recursion optimization: Passes. -* target description macros: Target Macros. -* target machine, specifying: Target Options. -* target makefile fragment: Target Fragment. -* target options: Target Options. -* target specifications: Run-time Target. -* target-parameter-dependent code: Passes. -* TARGET_BELL: Type Layout. -* TARGET_BS: Type Layout. -* TARGET_CR: Type Layout. -* TARGET_EDOM: Library Calls. -* TARGET_FF: Type Layout. -* TARGET_FLOAT_FORMAT: Storage Layout. -* TARGET_MEM_FUNCTIONS: Library Calls. -* TARGET_NEWLINE: Type Layout. -* TARGET_OPTIONS: Run-time Target. -* TARGET_SWITCHES: Run-time Target. -* TARGET_TAB: Type Layout. -* TARGET_VERSION: Run-time Target. -* TARGET_VT: Type Layout. -* TCmode: Machine Modes. -* template debugging: Warning Options. -* template instantiation: Template Instantiation. -* temporaries, lifetime of: Temporaries. -* termination routines: Initialization. -* text_section: Sections. -* TEXT_SECTION_ASM_OP: Sections. -* TFmode: Machine Modes. -* thunks: Nested Functions. -* TImode: Machine Modes. -* TMPDIR: Environment Variables. -* top level of compiler: Passes. -* traditional C language: C Dialect Options. -* TRADITIONAL_RETURN_FLOAT: Scalar Return. -* TRAMPOLINE_ALIGNMENT: Trampolines. -* TRAMPOLINE_SECTION: Trampolines. -* TRAMPOLINE_SIZE: Trampolines. -* TRAMPOLINE_TEMPLATE: Trampolines. -* trampolines for nested functions: Trampolines. -* TRANSFER_FROM_TRAMPOLINE: Trampolines. -* TRULY_NOOP_TRUNCATION: Misc. -* truncate: Conversions. -* type abstraction, C++: C++ Signatures. -* type alignment: Alignment. -* type attributes: Type Attributes. -* typedef names as function parameters: Incompatibilities. -* typeof: Typeof. -* udiv: Arithmetic. -* UDIVDI3_LIBCALL: Library Calls. -* UDIVSI3_LIBCALL: Library Calls. -* Ultrix calling convention: Interoperation. -* umax: Arithmetic. -* umin: Arithmetic. -* umod: Arithmetic. -* UMODDI3_LIBCALL: Library Calls. -* UMODSI3_LIBCALL: Library Calls. -* unchanging: Flags. -* undefined behavior: Bug Criteria. -* undefined function value: Bug Criteria. -* underscores in variables in macros: Naming Types. -* underscores, avoiding (88k): M88K Options. -* union, casting to a: Cast to Union. -* unions: Incompatibilities. -* unions, returning: Interface. -* UNITS_PER_WORD: Storage Layout. -* UNKNOWN_FLOAT_FORMAT: Storage Layout. -* unreachable code: Passes. -* unresolved references and -nodefaultlibs: Link Options. -* unresolved references and -nostdlib: Link Options. -* unshare_all_rtl: Sharing. -* unsigned division: Arithmetic. -* unsigned greater than: Comparisons. -* unsigned less than: Comparisons. -* unsigned minimum and maximum: Arithmetic. -* unsigned_fix: Conversions. -* unsigned_float: Conversions. -* unspec: Side Effects. -* unspec_volatile: Side Effects. -* use: Side Effects. -* USE_C_ALLOCA: Config. -* USE_PROTOTYPES: Config. -* used: Flags. -* USER_LABEL_PREFIX: Instruction Output. -* USG: Config. -* VALID_MACHINE_DECL_ATTRIBUTE: Misc. -* VALID_MACHINE_TYPE_ATTRIBUTE: Misc. -* value after longjmp: Global Reg Vars. -* values, returned by functions: Scalar Return. -* varargs implementation: Varargs. -* variable alignment: Alignment. -* variable attributes: Variable Attributes. -* variable number of arguments: Macro Varargs. -* variable-length array scope: Variable Length. -* variable-length arrays: Variable Length. -* variables in specified registers: Explicit Reg Vars. -* variables, local, in macros: Naming Types. -* Vax calling convention: Interoperation. -* VAX options: VAX Options. -* VAX_FLOAT_FORMAT: Storage Layout. -* VIRTUAL_INCOMING_ARGS_REGNUM: Regs and Memory. -* VIRTUAL_OUTGOING_ARGS_REGNUM: Regs and Memory. -* VIRTUAL_STACK_DYNAMIC_REGNUM: Regs and Memory. -* VIRTUAL_STACK_VARS_REGNUM: Regs and Memory. -* VMS: Config. -* VMS and case sensitivity: VMS Misc. -* VMS and include files: Include Files and VMS. -* VMS installation: VMS Install. -* void pointers, arithmetic: Pointer Arith. -* void, size of pointer to: Pointer Arith. -* VOIDmode: Machine Modes. -* volatil: Flags. -* volatile memory references: Flags. -* voting between constraint alternatives: Class Preferences. -* vprintf: Config. -* warning for enumeration conversions: Warning Options. -* warning for overloaded virtual fn: Warning Options. -* warning for reordering of member initializers: Warning Options. -* warning for synthesized methods: Warning Options. -* warning messages: Warning Options. -* warnings vs errors: Warnings and Errors. -* WCHAR_TYPE: Type Layout. -* WCHAR_TYPE_SIZE: Type Layout. -* which_alternative: Output Statement. -* whitespace: Incompatibilities. -* word_mode: Machine Modes. -* WORD_REGISTER_OPERATIONS: Misc. -* WORD_SWITCH_TAKES_ARG: Driver. -* WORDS_BIG_ENDIAN: Storage Layout. -* XCmode: Machine Modes. -* XCOFF_DEBUGGING_INFO: DBX Options. -* XEXP: Accessors. -* XFmode: Machine Modes. -* XINT: Accessors. -* xor: Arithmetic. -* XSTR: Accessors. -* XVEC: Accessors. -* XVECEXP: Accessors. -* XVECLEN: Accessors. -* XWINT: Accessors. -* zero division on 88k: M88K Options. -* zero-length arrays: Zero Length. -* zero_extend: Conversions. -* zero_extract: Bit Fields. - - diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-3 b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-3 deleted file mode 100644 index de411d626b5..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-3 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1212 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file gcc.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.63 from the input -file gcc.texi. - - This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU compiler. - - Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 -Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - - Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software -Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for -Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are -included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public -License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight -`Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in -translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the -original English. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Warning Options, Next: Debugging Options, Prev: C++ Dialect Options, Up: Invoking GCC - -Options to Request or Suppress Warnings -======================================= - - Warnings are diagnostic messages that report constructions which are -not inherently erroneous but which are risky or suggest there may have -been an error. - - You can request many specific warnings with options beginning `-W', -for example `-Wimplicit' to request warnings on implicit declarations. -Each of these specific warning options also has a negative form -beginning `-Wno-' to turn off warnings; for example, `-Wno-implicit'. -This manual lists only one of the two forms, whichever is not the -default. - - These options control the amount and kinds of warnings produced by -GNU CC: - -`-fsyntax-only' - Check the code for syntax errors, but don't do anything beyond - that. - -`-pedantic' - Issue all the warnings demanded by strict ANSI standard C; reject - all programs that use forbidden extensions. - - Valid ANSI standard C programs should compile properly with or - without this option (though a rare few will require `-ansi'). - However, without this option, certain GNU extensions and - traditional C features are supported as well. With this option, - they are rejected. - - `-pedantic' does not cause warning messages for use of the - alternate keywords whose names begin and end with `__'. Pedantic - warnings are also disabled in the expression that follows - `__extension__'. However, only system header files should use - these escape routes; application programs should avoid them. - *Note Alternate Keywords::. - - This option is not intended to be useful; it exists only to satisfy - pedants who would otherwise claim that GNU CC fails to support the - ANSI standard. - - Some users try to use `-pedantic' to check programs for strict ANSI - C conformance. They soon find that it does not do quite what they - want: it finds some non-ANSI practices, but not all--only those - for which ANSI C *requires* a diagnostic. - - A feature to report any failure to conform to ANSI C might be - useful in some instances, but would require considerable - additional work and would be quite different from `-pedantic'. We - recommend, rather, that users take advantage of the extensions of - GNU C and disregard the limitations of other compilers. Aside - from certain supercomputers and obsolete small machines, there is - less and less reason ever to use any other C compiler other than - for bootstrapping GNU CC. - -`-pedantic-errors' - Like `-pedantic', except that errors are produced rather than - warnings. - -`-w' - Inhibit all warning messages. - -`-Wno-import' - Inhibit warning messages about the use of `#import'. - -`-Wchar-subscripts' - Warn if an array subscript has type `char'. This is a common cause - of error, as programmers often forget that this type is signed on - some machines. - -`-Wcomment' - Warn whenever a comment-start sequence `/*' appears in a comment. - -`-Wformat' - Check calls to `printf' and `scanf', etc., to make sure that the - arguments supplied have types appropriate to the format string - specified. - -`-Wimplicit' - Warn whenever a function or parameter is implicitly declared. - -`-Wparentheses' - Warn if parentheses are omitted in certain contexts, such as when - there is an assignment in a context where a truth value is - expected, or when operators are nested whose precedence people - often get confused about. - -`-Wreturn-type' - Warn whenever a function is defined with a return-type that - defaults to `int'. Also warn about any `return' statement with no - return-value in a function whose return-type is not `void'. - -`-Wswitch' - Warn whenever a `switch' statement has an index of enumeral type - and lacks a `case' for one or more of the named codes of that - enumeration. (The presence of a `default' label prevents this - warning.) `case' labels outside the enumeration range also - provoke warnings when this option is used. - -`-Wtrigraphs' - Warn if any trigraphs are encountered (assuming they are enabled). - -`-Wunused' - Warn whenever a variable is unused aside from its declaration, - whenever a function is declared static but never defined, whenever - a label is declared but not used, and whenever a statement - computes a result that is explicitly not used. - - To suppress this warning for an expression, simply cast it to - void. For unused variables and parameters, use the `unused' - attribute (*note Variable Attributes::.). - -`-Wuninitialized' - An automatic variable is used without first being initialized. - - These warnings are possible only in optimizing compilation, - because they require data flow information that is computed only - when optimizing. If you don't specify `-O', you simply won't get - these warnings. - - These warnings occur only for variables that are candidates for - register allocation. Therefore, they do not occur for a variable - that is declared `volatile', or whose address is taken, or whose - size is other than 1, 2, 4 or 8 bytes. Also, they do not occur for - structures, unions or arrays, even when they are in registers. - - Note that there may be no warning about a variable that is used - only to compute a value that itself is never used, because such - computations may be deleted by data flow analysis before the - warnings are printed. - - These warnings are made optional because GNU CC is not smart - enough to see all the reasons why the code might be correct - despite appearing to have an error. Here is one example of how - this can happen: - - { - int x; - switch (y) - { - case 1: x = 1; - break; - case 2: x = 4; - break; - case 3: x = 5; - } - foo (x); - } - - If the value of `y' is always 1, 2 or 3, then `x' is always - initialized, but GNU CC doesn't know this. Here is another common - case: - - { - int save_y; - if (change_y) save_y = y, y = new_y; - ... - if (change_y) y = save_y; - } - - This has no bug because `save_y' is used only if it is set. - - Some spurious warnings can be avoided if you declare all the - functions you use that never return as `noreturn'. *Note Function - Attributes::. - -`-Wenum-clash' - Warn about conversion between different enumeration types. (C++ - only). - -`-Wreorder (C++ only)' - Warn when the order of member initializers given in the code does - not match the order in which they must be executed. For instance: - - struct A { - int i; - int j; - A(): j (0), i (1) { } - }; - - Here the compiler will warn that the member initializers for `i' - and `j' will be rearranged to match the declaration order of the - members. - -`-Wtemplate-debugging' - When using templates in a C++ program, warn if debugging is not yet - fully available (C++ only). - -`-Wall' - All of the above `-W' options combined. These are all the options - which pertain to usage that we recommend avoiding and that we - believe is easy to avoid, even in conjunction with macros. - - The remaining `-W...' options are not implied by `-Wall' because -they warn about constructions that we consider reasonable to use, on -occasion, in clean programs. - -`-W' - Print extra warning messages for these events: - - * A nonvolatile automatic variable might be changed by a call to - `longjmp'. These warnings as well are possible only in - optimizing compilation. - - The compiler sees only the calls to `setjmp'. It cannot know - where `longjmp' will be called; in fact, a signal handler - could call it at any point in the code. As a result, you may - get a warning even when there is in fact no problem because - `longjmp' cannot in fact be called at the place which would - cause a problem. - - * A function can return either with or without a value. - (Falling off the end of the function body is considered - returning without a value.) For example, this function would - evoke such a warning: - - foo (a) - { - if (a > 0) - return a; - } - - * An expression-statement or the left-hand side of a comma - expression contains no side effects. To suppress the - warning, cast the unused expression to void. For example, an - expression such as `x[i,j]' will cause a warning, but - `x[(void)i,j]' will not. - - * An unsigned value is compared against zero with `<' or `<='. - - * A comparison like `x<=y<=z' appears; this is equivalent to - `(x<=y ? 1 : 0) <= z', which is a different interpretation - from that of ordinary mathematical notation. - - * Storage-class specifiers like `static' are not the first - things in a declaration. According to the C Standard, this - usage is obsolescent. - - * If `-Wall' or `-Wunused' is also specified, warn about unused - arguments. - - * An aggregate has a partly bracketed initializer. For - example, the following code would evoke such a warning, - because braces are missing around the initializer for `x.h': - - struct s { int f, g; }; - struct t { struct s h; int i; }; - struct t x = { 1, 2, 3 }; - -`-Wtraditional' - Warn about certain constructs that behave differently in - traditional and ANSI C. - - * Macro arguments occurring within string constants in the - macro body. These would substitute the argument in - traditional C, but are part of the constant in ANSI C. - - * A function declared external in one block and then used after - the end of the block. - - * A `switch' statement has an operand of type `long'. - -`-Wshadow' - Warn whenever a local variable shadows another local variable. - -`-Wid-clash-LEN' - Warn whenever two distinct identifiers match in the first LEN - characters. This may help you prepare a program that will compile - with certain obsolete, brain-damaged compilers. - -`-Wlarger-than-LEN' - Warn whenever an object of larger than LEN bytes is defined. - -`-Wpointer-arith' - Warn about anything that depends on the "size of" a function type - or of `void'. GNU C assigns these types a size of 1, for - convenience in calculations with `void *' pointers and pointers to - functions. - -`-Wbad-function-cast' - Warn whenever a function call is cast to a non-matching type. For - example, warn if `int malloc()' is cast to `anything *'. - -`-Wcast-qual' - Warn whenever a pointer is cast so as to remove a type qualifier - from the target type. For example, warn if a `const char *' is - cast to an ordinary `char *'. - -`-Wcast-align' - Warn whenever a pointer is cast such that the required alignment - of the target is increased. For example, warn if a `char *' is - cast to an `int *' on machines where integers can only be accessed - at two- or four-byte boundaries. - -`-Wwrite-strings' - Give string constants the type `const char[LENGTH]' so that - copying the address of one into a non-`const' `char *' pointer - will get a warning. These warnings will help you find at compile - time code that can try to write into a string constant, but only - if you have been very careful about using `const' in declarations - and prototypes. Otherwise, it will just be a nuisance; this is - why we did not make `-Wall' request these warnings. - -`-Wconversion' - Warn if a prototype causes a type conversion that is different - from what would happen to the same argument in the absence of a - prototype. This includes conversions of fixed point to floating - and vice versa, and conversions changing the width or signedness - of a fixed point argument except when the same as the default - promotion. - - Also, warn if a negative integer constant expression is implicitly - converted to an unsigned type. For example, warn about the - assignment `x = -1' if `x' is unsigned. But do not warn about - explicit casts like `(unsigned) -1'. - -`-Waggregate-return' - Warn if any functions that return structures or unions are defined - or called. (In languages where you can return an array, this also - elicits a warning.) - -`-Wstrict-prototypes' - Warn if a function is declared or defined without specifying the - argument types. (An old-style function definition is permitted - without a warning if preceded by a declaration which specifies the - argument types.) - -`-Wmissing-prototypes' - Warn if a global function is defined without a previous prototype - declaration. This warning is issued even if the definition itself - provides a prototype. The aim is to detect global functions that - fail to be declared in header files. - -`-Wmissing-declarations' - Warn if a global function is defined without a previous - declaration. Do so even if the definition itself provides a - prototype. Use this option to detect global functions that are - not declared in header files. - -`-Wredundant-decls' - Warn if anything is declared more than once in the same scope, - even in cases where multiple declaration is valid and changes - nothing. - -`-Wnested-externs' - Warn if an `extern' declaration is encountered within an function. - -`-Winline' - Warn if a function can not be inlined, and either it was declared - as inline, or else the `-finline-functions' option was given. - -`-Woverloaded-virtual' - Warn when a derived class function declaration may be an error in - defining a virtual function (C++ only). In a derived class, the - definitions of virtual functions must match the type signature of a - virtual function declared in the base class. With this option, the - compiler warns when you define a function with the same name as a - virtual function, but with a type signature that does not match any - declarations from the base class. - -`-Wsynth (C++ only)' - Warn when g++'s synthesis behavior does not match that of cfront. - For instance: - - struct A { - operator int (); - A& operator = (int); - }; - - main () - { - A a,b; - a = b; - } - - In this example, g++ will synthesize a default `A& operator = - (const A&);', while cfront will use the user-defined `operator ='. - -`-Werror' - Make all warnings into errors. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Debugging Options, Next: Optimize Options, Prev: Warning Options, Up: Invoking GCC - -Options for Debugging Your Program or GNU CC -============================================ - - GNU CC has various special options that are used for debugging -either your program or GCC: - -`-g' - Produce debugging information in the operating system's native - format (stabs, COFF, XCOFF, or DWARF). GDB can work with this - debugging information. - - On most systems that use stabs format, `-g' enables use of extra - debugging information that only GDB can use; this extra information - makes debugging work better in GDB but will probably make other - debuggers crash or refuse to read the program. If you want to - control for certain whether to generate the extra information, use - `-gstabs+', `-gstabs', `-gxcoff+', `-gxcoff', `-gdwarf+', or - `-gdwarf' (see below). - - Unlike most other C compilers, GNU CC allows you to use `-g' with - `-O'. The shortcuts taken by optimized code may occasionally - produce surprising results: some variables you declared may not - exist at all; flow of control may briefly move where you did not - expect it; some statements may not be executed because they - compute constant results or their values were already at hand; - some statements may execute in different places because they were - moved out of loops. - - Nevertheless it proves possible to debug optimized output. This - makes it reasonable to use the optimizer for programs that might - have bugs. - - The following options are useful when GNU CC is generated with the - capability for more than one debugging format. - -`-ggdb' - Produce debugging information in the native format (if that is - supported), including GDB extensions if at all possible. - -`-gstabs' - Produce debugging information in stabs format (if that is - supported), without GDB extensions. This is the format used by - DBX on most BSD systems. On MIPS, Alpha and System V Release 4 - systems this option produces stabs debugging output which is not - understood by DBX or SDB. On System V Release 4 systems this - option requires the GNU assembler. - -`-gstabs+' - Produce debugging information in stabs format (if that is - supported), using GNU extensions understood only by the GNU - debugger (GDB). The use of these extensions is likely to make - other debuggers crash or refuse to read the program. - -`-gcoff' - Produce debugging information in COFF format (if that is - supported). This is the format used by SDB on most System V - systems prior to System V Release 4. - -`-gxcoff' - Produce debugging information in XCOFF format (if that is - supported). This is the format used by the DBX debugger on IBM - RS/6000 systems. - -`-gxcoff+' - Produce debugging information in XCOFF format (if that is - supported), using GNU extensions understood only by the GNU - debugger (GDB). The use of these extensions is likely to make - other debuggers crash or refuse to read the program, and may cause - assemblers other than the GNU assembler (GAS) to fail with an - error. - -`-gdwarf' - Produce debugging information in DWARF format (if that is - supported). This is the format used by SDB on most System V - Release 4 systems. - -`-gdwarf+' - Produce debugging information in DWARF format (if that is - supported), using GNU extensions understood only by the GNU - debugger (GDB). The use of these extensions is likely to make - other debuggers crash or refuse to read the program. - -`-gLEVEL' -`-ggdbLEVEL' -`-gstabsLEVEL' -`-gcoffLEVEL' -`-gxcoffLEVEL' -`-gdwarfLEVEL' - Request debugging information and also use LEVEL to specify how - much information. The default level is 2. - - Level 1 produces minimal information, enough for making backtraces - in parts of the program that you don't plan to debug. This - includes descriptions of functions and external variables, but no - information about local variables and no line numbers. - - Level 3 includes extra information, such as all the macro - definitions present in the program. Some debuggers support macro - expansion when you use `-g3'. - -`-p' - Generate extra code to write profile information suitable for the - analysis program `prof'. You must use this option when compiling - the source files you want data about, and you must also use it when - linking. - -`-pg' - Generate extra code to write profile information suitable for the - analysis program `gprof'. You must use this option when compiling - the source files you want data about, and you must also use it when - linking. - -`-a' - Generate extra code to write profile information for basic blocks, - which will record the number of times each basic block is - executed, the basic block start address, and the function name - containing the basic block. If `-g' is used, the line number and - filename of the start of the basic block will also be recorded. - If not overridden by the machine description, the default action is - to append to the text file `bb.out'. - - This data could be analyzed by a program like `tcov'. Note, - however, that the format of the data is not what `tcov' expects. - Eventually GNU `gprof' should be extended to process this data. - -`-dLETTERS' - Says to make debugging dumps during compilation at times specified - by LETTERS. This is used for debugging the compiler. The file - names for most of the dumps are made by appending a word to the - source file name (e.g. `foo.c.rtl' or `foo.c.jump'). Here are the - possible letters for use in LETTERS, and their meanings: - - `M' - Dump all macro definitions, at the end of preprocessing, and - write no output. - - `N' - Dump all macro names, at the end of preprocessing. - - `D' - Dump all macro definitions, at the end of preprocessing, in - addition to normal output. - - `y' - Dump debugging information during parsing, to standard error. - - `r' - Dump after RTL generation, to `FILE.rtl'. - - `x' - Just generate RTL for a function instead of compiling it. - Usually used with `r'. - - `j' - Dump after first jump optimization, to `FILE.jump'. - - `s' - Dump after CSE (including the jump optimization that sometimes - follows CSE), to `FILE.cse'. - - `L' - Dump after loop optimization, to `FILE.loop'. - - `t' - Dump after the second CSE pass (including the jump - optimization that sometimes follows CSE), to `FILE.cse2'. - - `f' - Dump after flow analysis, to `FILE.flow'. - - `c' - Dump after instruction combination, to the file - `FILE.combine'. - - `S' - Dump after the first instruction scheduling pass, to - `FILE.sched'. - - `l' - Dump after local register allocation, to `FILE.lreg'. - - `g' - Dump after global register allocation, to `FILE.greg'. - - `R' - Dump after the second instruction scheduling pass, to - `FILE.sched2'. - - `J' - Dump after last jump optimization, to `FILE.jump2'. - - `d' - Dump after delayed branch scheduling, to `FILE.dbr'. - - `k' - Dump after conversion from registers to stack, to - `FILE.stack'. - - `a' - Produce all the dumps listed above. - - `m' - Print statistics on memory usage, at the end of the run, to - standard error. - - `p' - Annotate the assembler output with a comment indicating which - pattern and alternative was used. - -`-fpretend-float' - When running a cross-compiler, pretend that the target machine - uses the same floating point format as the host machine. This - causes incorrect output of the actual floating constants, but the - actual instruction sequence will probably be the same as GNU CC - would make when running on the target machine. - -`-save-temps' - Store the usual "temporary" intermediate files permanently; place - them in the current directory and name them based on the source - file. Thus, compiling `foo.c' with `-c -save-temps' would produce - files `foo.i' and `foo.s', as well as `foo.o'. - -`-print-file-name=LIBRARY' - Print the full absolute name of the library file LIBRARY that - would be used when linking--and don't do anything else. With this - option, GNU CC does not compile or link anything; it just prints - the file name. - -`-print-prog-name=PROGRAM' - Like `-print-file-name', but searches for a program such as `cpp'. - -`-print-libgcc-file-name' - Same as `-print-file-name=libgcc.a'. - - This is useful when you use `-nostdlib' or `-nodefaultlibs' but - you do want to link with `libgcc.a'. You can do - - gcc -nostdlib FILES... `gcc -print-libgcc-file-name` - -`-print-search-dirs' - Print the name of the configured installation directory and a list - of program and library directories gcc will search--and don't do - anything else. - - This is useful when gcc prints the error message `installation - problem, cannot exec cpp: No such file or directory'. To resolve - this you either need to put `cpp' and the other compiler - components where gcc expects to find them, or you can set the - environment variable `GCC_EXEC_PREFIX' to the directory where you - installed them. Don't forget the trailing '/'. *Note Environment - Variables::. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Optimize Options, Next: Preprocessor Options, Prev: Debugging Options, Up: Invoking GCC - -Options That Control Optimization -================================= - - These options control various sorts of optimizations: - -`-O' -`-O1' - Optimize. Optimizing compilation takes somewhat more time, and a - lot more memory for a large function. - - Without `-O', the compiler's goal is to reduce the cost of - compilation and to make debugging produce the expected results. - Statements are independent: if you stop the program with a - breakpoint between statements, you can then assign a new value to - any variable or change the program counter to any other statement - in the function and get exactly the results you would expect from - the source code. - - Without `-O', the compiler only allocates variables declared - `register' in registers. The resulting compiled code is a little - worse than produced by PCC without `-O'. - - With `-O', the compiler tries to reduce code size and execution - time. - - When you specify `-O', the compiler turns on `-fthread-jumps' and - `-fdefer-pop' on all machines. The compiler turns on - `-fdelayed-branch' on machines that have delay slots, and - `-fomit-frame-pointer' on machines that can support debugging even - without a frame pointer. On some machines the compiler also turns - on other flags. - -`-O2' - Optimize even more. GNU CC performs nearly all supported - optimizations that do not involve a space-speed tradeoff. The - compiler does not perform loop unrolling or function inlining when - you specify `-O2'. As compared to `-O', this option increases - both compilation time and the performance of the generated code. - - `-O2' turns on all optional optimizations except for loop unrolling - and function inlining. It also turns on the `-fforce-mem' option - on all machines and frame pointer elimination on machines where - doing so does not interfere with debugging. - -`-O3' - Optimize yet more. `-O3' turns on all optimizations specified by - `-O2' and also turns on the `inline-functions' option. - -`-O0' - Do not optimize. - - If you use multiple `-O' options, with or without level numbers, - the last such option is the one that is effective. - - Options of the form `-fFLAG' specify machine-independent flags. -Most flags have both positive and negative forms; the negative form of -`-ffoo' would be `-fno-foo'. In the table below, only one of the forms -is listed--the one which is not the default. You can figure out the -other form by either removing `no-' or adding it. - -`-ffloat-store' - Do not store floating point variables in registers, and inhibit - other options that might change whether a floating point value is - taken from a register or memory. - - This option prevents undesirable excess precision on machines such - as the 68000 where the floating registers (of the 68881) keep more - precision than a `double' is supposed to have. For most programs, - the excess precision does only good, but a few programs rely on the - precise definition of IEEE floating point. Use `-ffloat-store' for - such programs. - -`-fno-default-inline' - Do not make member functions inline by default merely because they - are defined inside the class scope (C++ only). Otherwise, when - you specify `-O', member functions defined inside class scope are - compiled inline by default; i.e., you don't need to add `inline' - in front of the member function name. - -`-fno-defer-pop' - Always pop the arguments to each function call as soon as that - function returns. For machines which must pop arguments after a - function call, the compiler normally lets arguments accumulate on - the stack for several function calls and pops them all at once. - -`-fforce-mem' - Force memory operands to be copied into registers before doing - arithmetic on them. This produces better code by making all memory - references potential common subexpressions. When they are not - common subexpressions, instruction combination should eliminate - the separate register-load. The `-O2' option turns on this option. - -`-fforce-addr' - Force memory address constants to be copied into registers before - doing arithmetic on them. This may produce better code just as - `-fforce-mem' may. - -`-fomit-frame-pointer' - Don't keep the frame pointer in a register for functions that - don't need one. This avoids the instructions to save, set up and - restore frame pointers; it also makes an extra register available - in many functions. *It also makes debugging impossible on some - machines.* - - On some machines, such as the Vax, this flag has no effect, because - the standard calling sequence automatically handles the frame - pointer and nothing is saved by pretending it doesn't exist. The - machine-description macro `FRAME_POINTER_REQUIRED' controls - whether a target machine supports this flag. *Note Registers::. - -`-fno-inline' - Don't pay attention to the `inline' keyword. Normally this option - is used to keep the compiler from expanding any functions inline. - Note that if you are not optimizing, no functions can be expanded - inline. - -`-finline-functions' - Integrate all simple functions into their callers. The compiler - heuristically decides which functions are simple enough to be worth - integrating in this way. - - If all calls to a given function are integrated, and the function - is declared `static', then the function is normally not output as - assembler code in its own right. - -`-fkeep-inline-functions' - Even if all calls to a given function are integrated, and the - function is declared `static', nevertheless output a separate - run-time callable version of the function. - -`-fno-function-cse' - Do not put function addresses in registers; make each instruction - that calls a constant function contain the function's address - explicitly. - - This option results in less efficient code, but some strange hacks - that alter the assembler output may be confused by the - optimizations performed when this option is not used. - -`-ffast-math' - This option allows GCC to violate some ANSI or IEEE rules and/or - specifications in the interest of optimizing code for speed. For - example, it allows the compiler to assume arguments to the `sqrt' - function are non-negative numbers and that no floating-point values - are NaNs. - - This option should never be turned on by any `-O' option since it - can result in incorrect output for programs which depend on an - exact implementation of IEEE or ANSI rules/specifications for math - functions. - - The following options control specific optimizations. The `-O2' -option turns on all of these optimizations except `-funroll-loops' and -`-funroll-all-loops'. On most machines, the `-O' option turns on the -`-fthread-jumps' and `-fdelayed-branch' options, but specific machines -may handle it differently. - - You can use the following flags in the rare cases when "fine-tuning" -of optimizations to be performed is desired. - -`-fstrength-reduce' - Perform the optimizations of loop strength reduction and - elimination of iteration variables. - -`-fthread-jumps' - Perform optimizations where we check to see if a jump branches to a - location where another comparison subsumed by the first is found. - If so, the first branch is redirected to either the destination of - the second branch or a point immediately following it, depending - on whether the condition is known to be true or false. - -`-fcse-follow-jumps' - In common subexpression elimination, scan through jump instructions - when the target of the jump is not reached by any other path. For - example, when CSE encounters an `if' statement with an `else' - clause, CSE will follow the jump when the condition tested is - false. - -`-fcse-skip-blocks' - This is similar to `-fcse-follow-jumps', but causes CSE to follow - jumps which conditionally skip over blocks. When CSE encounters a - simple `if' statement with no else clause, `-fcse-skip-blocks' - causes CSE to follow the jump around the body of the `if'. - -`-frerun-cse-after-loop' - Re-run common subexpression elimination after loop optimizations - has been performed. - -`-fexpensive-optimizations' - Perform a number of minor optimizations that are relatively - expensive. - -`-fdelayed-branch' - If supported for the target machine, attempt to reorder - instructions to exploit instruction slots available after delayed - branch instructions. - -`-fschedule-insns' - If supported for the target machine, attempt to reorder - instructions to eliminate execution stalls due to required data - being unavailable. This helps machines that have slow floating - point or memory load instructions by allowing other instructions - to be issued until the result of the load or floating point - instruction is required. - -`-fschedule-insns2' - Similar to `-fschedule-insns', but requests an additional pass of - instruction scheduling after register allocation has been done. - This is especially useful on machines with a relatively small - number of registers and where memory load instructions take more - than one cycle. - -`-fcaller-saves' - Enable values to be allocated in registers that will be clobbered - by function calls, by emitting extra instructions to save and - restore the registers around such calls. Such allocation is done - only when it seems to result in better code than would otherwise - be produced. - - This option is enabled by default on certain machines, usually - those which have no call-preserved registers to use instead. - -`-funroll-loops' - Perform the optimization of loop unrolling. This is only done for - loops whose number of iterations can be determined at compile time - or run time. `-funroll-loop' implies both `-fstrength-reduce' and - `-frerun-cse-after-loop'. - -`-funroll-all-loops' - Perform the optimization of loop unrolling. This is done for all - loops and usually makes programs run more slowly. - `-funroll-all-loops' implies `-fstrength-reduce' as well as - `-frerun-cse-after-loop'. - -`-fno-peephole' - Disable any machine-specific peephole optimizations. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Preprocessor Options, Next: Assembler Options, Prev: Optimize Options, Up: Invoking GCC - -Options Controlling the Preprocessor -==================================== - - These options control the C preprocessor, which is run on each C -source file before actual compilation. - - If you use the `-E' option, nothing is done except preprocessing. -Some of these options make sense only together with `-E' because they -cause the preprocessor output to be unsuitable for actual compilation. - -`-include FILE' - Process FILE as input before processing the regular input file. - In effect, the contents of FILE are compiled first. Any `-D' and - `-U' options on the command line are always processed before - `-include FILE', regardless of the order in which they are - written. All the `-include' and `-imacros' options are processed - in the order in which they are written. - -`-imacros FILE' - Process FILE as input, discarding the resulting output, before - processing the regular input file. Because the output generated - from FILE is discarded, the only effect of `-imacros FILE' is to - make the macros defined in FILE available for use in the main - input. - - Any `-D' and `-U' options on the command line are always processed - before `-imacros FILE', regardless of the order in which they are - written. All the `-include' and `-imacros' options are processed - in the order in which they are written. - -`-idirafter DIR' - Add the directory DIR to the second include path. The directories - on the second include path are searched when a header file is not - found in any of the directories in the main include path (the one - that `-I' adds to). - -`-iprefix PREFIX' - Specify PREFIX as the prefix for subsequent `-iwithprefix' options. - -`-iwithprefix DIR' - Add a directory to the second include path. The directory's name - is made by concatenating PREFIX and DIR, where PREFIX was - specified previously with `-iprefix'. If you have not specified a - prefix yet, the directory containing the installed passes of the - compiler is used as the default. - -`-iwithprefixbefore DIR' - Add a directory to the main include path. The directory's name is - made by concatenating PREFIX and DIR, as in the case of - `-iwithprefix'. - -`-isystem DIR' - Add a directory to the beginning of the second include path, - marking it as a system directory, so that it gets the same special - treatment as is applied to the standard system directories. - -`-nostdinc' - Do not search the standard system directories for header files. - Only the directories you have specified with `-I' options (and the - current directory, if appropriate) are searched. *Note Directory - Options::, for information on `-I'. - - By using both `-nostdinc' and `-I-', you can limit the include-file - search path to only those directories you specify explicitly. - -`-undef' - Do not predefine any nonstandard macros. (Including architecture - flags). - -`-E' - Run only the C preprocessor. Preprocess all the C source files - specified and output the results to standard output or to the - specified output file. - -`-C' - Tell the preprocessor not to discard comments. Used with the `-E' - option. - -`-P' - Tell the preprocessor not to generate `#line' directives. Used - with the `-E' option. - -`-M' - Tell the preprocessor to output a rule suitable for `make' - describing the dependencies of each object file. For each source - file, the preprocessor outputs one `make'-rule whose target is the - object file name for that source file and whose dependencies are - all the `#include' header files it uses. This rule may be a - single line or may be continued with `\'-newline if it is long. - The list of rules is printed on standard output instead of the - preprocessed C program. - - `-M' implies `-E'. - - Another way to specify output of a `make' rule is by setting the - environment variable `DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT' (*note Environment - Variables::.). - -`-MM' - Like `-M' but the output mentions only the user header files - included with `#include "FILE"'. System header files included - with `#include <FILE>' are omitted. - -`-MD' - Like `-M' but the dependency information is written to a file made - by replacing ".c" with ".d" at the end of the input file names. - This is in addition to compiling the file as specified--`-MD' does - not inhibit ordinary compilation the way `-M' does. - - In Mach, you can use the utility `md' to merge multiple dependency - files into a single dependency file suitable for using with the - `make' command. - -`-MMD' - Like `-MD' except mention only user header files, not system - header files. - -`-MG' - Treat missing header files as generated files and assume they live - in the same directory as the source file. If you specify `-MG', - you must also specify either `-M' or `-MM'. `-MG' is not - supported with `-MD' or `-MMD'. - -`-H' - Print the name of each header file used, in addition to other - normal activities. - -`-AQUESTION(ANSWER)' - Assert the answer ANSWER for QUESTION, in case it is tested with a - preprocessing conditional such as `#if #QUESTION(ANSWER)'. `-A-' - disables the standard assertions that normally describe the target - machine. - -`-DMACRO' - Define macro MACRO with the string `1' as its definition. - -`-DMACRO=DEFN' - Define macro MACRO as DEFN. All instances of `-D' on the command - line are processed before any `-U' options. - -`-UMACRO' - Undefine macro MACRO. `-U' options are evaluated after all `-D' - options, but before any `-include' and `-imacros' options. - -`-dM' - Tell the preprocessor to output only a list of the macro - definitions that are in effect at the end of preprocessing. Used - with the `-E' option. - -`-dD' - Tell the preprocessing to pass all macro definitions into the - output, in their proper sequence in the rest of the output. - -`-dN' - Like `-dD' except that the macro arguments and contents are - omitted. Only `#define NAME' is included in the output. - -`-trigraphs' - Support ANSI C trigraphs. The `-ansi' option also has this effect. - -`-Wp,OPTION' - Pass OPTION as an option to the preprocessor. If OPTION contains - commas, it is split into multiple options at the commas. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Assembler Options, Next: Link Options, Prev: Preprocessor Options, Up: Invoking GCC - -Passing Options to the Assembler -================================ - - You can pass options to the assembler. - -`-Wa,OPTION' - Pass OPTION as an option to the assembler. If OPTION contains - commas, it is split into multiple options at the commas. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Link Options, Next: Directory Options, Prev: Assembler Options, Up: Invoking GCC - -Options for Linking -=================== - - These options come into play when the compiler links object files -into an executable output file. They are meaningless if the compiler is -not doing a link step. - -`OBJECT-FILE-NAME' - A file name that does not end in a special recognized suffix is - considered to name an object file or library. (Object files are - distinguished from libraries by the linker according to the file - contents.) If linking is done, these object files are used as - input to the linker. - -`-c' -`-S' -`-E' - If any of these options is used, then the linker is not run, and - object file names should not be used as arguments. *Note Overall - Options::. - -`-lLIBRARY' - Search the library named LIBRARY when linking. - - It makes a difference where in the command you write this option; - the linker searches processes libraries and object files in the - order they are specified. Thus, `foo.o -lz bar.o' searches - library `z' after file `foo.o' but before `bar.o'. If `bar.o' - refers to functions in `z', those functions may not be loaded. - - The linker searches a standard list of directories for the library, - which is actually a file named `libLIBRARY.a'. The linker then - uses this file as if it had been specified precisely by name. - - The directories searched include several standard system - directories plus any that you specify with `-L'. - - Normally the files found this way are library files--archive files - whose members are object files. The linker handles an archive - file by scanning through it for members which define symbols that - have so far been referenced but not defined. But if the file that - is found is an ordinary object file, it is linked in the usual - fashion. The only difference between using an `-l' option and - specifying a file name is that `-l' surrounds LIBRARY with `lib' - and `.a' and searches several directories. - -`-lobjc' - You need this special case of the `-l' option in order to link an - Objective C program. - -`-nostartfiles' - Do not use the standard system startup files when linking. The - standard system libraries are used normally, unless `-nostdlib' or - `-nodefaultlibs' is used. - -`-nodefaultlibs' - Do not use the standard system libraries when linking. Only the - libraries you specify will be passed to the linker. The standard - startup files are used normally, unless `-nostartfiles' is used. - -`-nostdlib' - Do not use the standard system startup files or libraries when - linking. No startup files and only the libraries you specify will - be passed to the linker. - - One of the standard libraries bypassed by `-nostdlib' and - `-nodefaultlibs' is `libgcc.a', a library of internal subroutines - that GNU CC uses to overcome shortcomings of particular machines, - or special needs for some languages. (*Note Interfacing to GNU CC - Output: Interface, for more discussion of `libgcc.a'.) In most - cases, you need `libgcc.a' even when you want to avoid other - standard libraries. In other words, when you specify `-nostdlib' - or `-nodefaultlibs' you should usually specify `-lgcc' as well. - This ensures that you have no unresolved references to internal - GNU CC library subroutines. (For example, `__main', used to - ensure C++ constructors will be called; *note `collect2': - Collect2..) - -`-s' - Remove all symbol table and relocation information from the - executable. - -`-static' - On systems that support dynamic linking, this prevents linking - with the shared libraries. On other systems, this option has no - effect. - -`-shared' - Produce a shared object which can then be linked with other - objects to form an executable. Only a few systems support this - option. - -`-symbolic' - Bind references to global symbols when building a shared object. - Warn about any unresolved references (unless overridden by the - link editor option `-Xlinker -z -Xlinker defs'). Only a few - systems support this option. - -`-Xlinker OPTION' - Pass OPTION as an option to the linker. You can use this to - supply system-specific linker options which GNU CC does not know - how to recognize. - - If you want to pass an option that takes an argument, you must use - `-Xlinker' twice, once for the option and once for the argument. - For example, to pass `-assert definitions', you must write - `-Xlinker -assert -Xlinker definitions'. It does not work to write - `-Xlinker "-assert definitions"', because this passes the entire - string as a single argument, which is not what the linker expects. - -`-Wl,OPTION' - Pass OPTION as an option to the linker. If OPTION contains - commas, it is split into multiple options at the commas. - -`-u SYMBOL' - Pretend the symbol SYMBOL is undefined, to force linking of - library modules to define it. You can use `-u' multiple times with - different symbols to force loading of additional library modules. - diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-4 b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-4 deleted file mode 100644 index 55e338c5580..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-4 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1151 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file gcc.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.63 from the input -file gcc.texi. - - This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU compiler. - - Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 -Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - - Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software -Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for -Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are -included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public -License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight -`Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in -translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the -original English. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Directory Options, Next: Target Options, Prev: Link Options, Up: Invoking GCC - -Options for Directory Search -============================ - - These options specify directories to search for header files, for -libraries and for parts of the compiler: - -`-IDIR' - Add the directory DIRECTORY to the head of the list of directories - to be searched for header files. This can be used to override a - system header file, substituting your own version, since these - directories are searched before the system header file - directories. If you use more than one `-I' option, the - directories are scanned in left-to-right order; the standard - system directories come after. - -`-I-' - Any directories you specify with `-I' options before the `-I-' - option are searched only for the case of `#include "FILE"'; they - are not searched for `#include <FILE>'. - - If additional directories are specified with `-I' options after - the `-I-', these directories are searched for all `#include' - directives. (Ordinarily *all* `-I' directories are used this way.) - - In addition, the `-I-' option inhibits the use of the current - directory (where the current input file came from) as the first - search directory for `#include "FILE"'. There is no way to - override this effect of `-I-'. With `-I.' you can specify - searching the directory which was current when the compiler was - invoked. That is not exactly the same as what the preprocessor - does by default, but it is often satisfactory. - - `-I-' does not inhibit the use of the standard system directories - for header files. Thus, `-I-' and `-nostdinc' are independent. - -`-LDIR' - Add directory DIR to the list of directories to be searched for - `-l'. - -`-BPREFIX' - This option specifies where to find the executables, libraries, - include files, and data files of the compiler itself. - - The compiler driver program runs one or more of the subprograms - `cpp', `cc1', `as' and `ld'. It tries PREFIX as a prefix for each - program it tries to run, both with and without `MACHINE/VERSION/' - (*note Target Options::.). - - For each subprogram to be run, the compiler driver first tries the - `-B' prefix, if any. If that name is not found, or if `-B' was - not specified, the driver tries two standard prefixes, which are - `/usr/lib/gcc/' and `/usr/local/lib/gcc-lib/'. If neither of - those results in a file name that is found, the unmodified program - name is searched for using the directories specified in your - `PATH' environment variable. - - `-B' prefixes that effectively specify directory names also apply - to libraries in the linker, because the compiler translates these - options into `-L' options for the linker. They also apply to - includes files in the preprocessor, because the compiler - translates these options into `-isystem' options for the - preprocessor. In this case, the compiler appends `include' to the - prefix. - - The run-time support file `libgcc.a' can also be searched for using - the `-B' prefix, if needed. If it is not found there, the two - standard prefixes above are tried, and that is all. The file is - left out of the link if it is not found by those means. - - Another way to specify a prefix much like the `-B' prefix is to use - the environment variable `GCC_EXEC_PREFIX'. *Note Environment - Variables::. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Target Options, Next: Submodel Options, Prev: Directory Options, Up: Invoking GCC - -Specifying Target Machine and Compiler Version -============================================== - - By default, GNU CC compiles code for the same type of machine that -you are using. However, it can also be installed as a cross-compiler, -to compile for some other type of machine. In fact, several different -configurations of GNU CC, for different target machines, can be -installed side by side. Then you specify which one to use with the -`-b' option. - - In addition, older and newer versions of GNU CC can be installed side -by side. One of them (probably the newest) will be the default, but -you may sometimes wish to use another. - -`-b MACHINE' - The argument MACHINE specifies the target machine for compilation. - This is useful when you have installed GNU CC as a cross-compiler. - - The value to use for MACHINE is the same as was specified as the - machine type when configuring GNU CC as a cross-compiler. For - example, if a cross-compiler was configured with `configure - i386v', meaning to compile for an 80386 running System V, then you - would specify `-b i386v' to run that cross compiler. - - When you do not specify `-b', it normally means to compile for the - same type of machine that you are using. - -`-V VERSION' - The argument VERSION specifies which version of GNU CC to run. - This is useful when multiple versions are installed. For example, - VERSION might be `2.0', meaning to run GNU CC version 2.0. - - The default version, when you do not specify `-V', is the last - version of GNU CC that you installed. - - The `-b' and `-V' options actually work by controlling part of the -file name used for the executable files and libraries used for -compilation. A given version of GNU CC, for a given target machine, is -normally kept in the directory `/usr/local/lib/gcc-lib/MACHINE/VERSION'. - - Thus, sites can customize the effect of `-b' or `-V' either by -changing the names of these directories or adding alternate names (or -symbolic links). If in directory `/usr/local/lib/gcc-lib/' the file -`80386' is a link to the file `i386v', then `-b 80386' becomes an alias -for `-b i386v'. - - In one respect, the `-b' or `-V' do not completely change to a -different compiler: the top-level driver program `gcc' that you -originally invoked continues to run and invoke the other executables -(preprocessor, compiler per se, assembler and linker) that do the real -work. However, since no real work is done in the driver program, it -usually does not matter that the driver program in use is not the one -for the specified target and version. - - The only way that the driver program depends on the target machine is -in the parsing and handling of special machine-specific options. -However, this is controlled by a file which is found, along with the -other executables, in the directory for the specified version and -target machine. As a result, a single installed driver program adapts -to any specified target machine and compiler version. - - The driver program executable does control one significant thing, -however: the default version and target machine. Therefore, you can -install different instances of the driver program, compiled for -different targets or versions, under different names. - - For example, if the driver for version 2.0 is installed as `ogcc' -and that for version 2.1 is installed as `gcc', then the command `gcc' -will use version 2.1 by default, while `ogcc' will use 2.0 by default. -However, you can choose either version with either command with the -`-V' option. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Submodel Options, Next: Code Gen Options, Prev: Target Options, Up: Invoking GCC - -Hardware Models and Configurations -================================== - - Earlier we discussed the standard option `-b' which chooses among -different installed compilers for completely different target machines, -such as Vax vs. 68000 vs. 80386. - - In addition, each of these target machine types can have its own -special options, starting with `-m', to choose among various hardware -models or configurations--for example, 68010 vs 68020, floating -coprocessor or none. A single installed version of the compiler can -compile for any model or configuration, according to the options -specified. - - Some configurations of the compiler also support additional special -options, usually for compatibility with other compilers on the same -platform. - - These options are defined by the macro `TARGET_SWITCHES' in the -machine description. The default for the options is also defined by -that macro, which enables you to change the defaults. - -* Menu: - -* M680x0 Options:: -* VAX Options:: -* SPARC Options:: -* Convex Options:: -* AMD29K Options:: -* ARM Options:: -* M88K Options:: -* RS/6000 and PowerPC Options:: -* RT Options:: -* MIPS Options:: -* i386 Options:: -* HPPA Options:: -* Intel 960 Options:: -* DEC Alpha Options:: -* Clipper Options:: -* H8/300 Options:: -* System V Options:: - - -File: gcc.info, Node: M680x0 Options, Next: VAX Options, Up: Submodel Options - -M680x0 Options --------------- - - These are the `-m' options defined for the 68000 series. The default -values for these options depends on which style of 68000 was selected -when the compiler was configured; the defaults for the most common -choices are given below. - -`-m68000' -`-mc68000' - Generate output for a 68000. This is the default when the - compiler is configured for 68000-based systems. - -`-m68020' -`-mc68020' - Generate output for a 68020. This is the default when the - compiler is configured for 68020-based systems. - -`-m68881' - Generate output containing 68881 instructions for floating point. - This is the default for most 68020 systems unless `-nfp' was - specified when the compiler was configured. - -`-m68030' - Generate output for a 68030. This is the default when the - compiler is configured for 68030-based systems. - -`-m68040' - Generate output for a 68040. This is the default when the - compiler is configured for 68040-based systems. - - This option inhibits the use of 68881/68882 instructions that have - to be emulated by software on the 68040. If your 68040 does not - have code to emulate those instructions, use `-m68040'. - -`-m68020-40' - Generate output for a 68040, without using any of the new - instructions. This results in code which can run relatively - efficiently on either a 68020/68881 or a 68030 or a 68040. The - generated code does use the 68881 instructions that are emulated - on the 68040. - -`-mfpa' - Generate output containing Sun FPA instructions for floating point. - -`-msoft-float' - Generate output containing library calls for floating point. - *Warning:* the requisite libraries are not available for all m68k - targets. Normally the facilities of the machine's usual C - compiler are used, but this can't be done directly in - cross-compilation. You must make your own arrangements to provide - suitable library functions for cross-compilation. The embedded - targets `m68k-*-aout' and `m68k-*-coff' do provide software - floating point support. - -`-mshort' - Consider type `int' to be 16 bits wide, like `short int'. - -`-mnobitfield' - Do not use the bit-field instructions. The `-m68000' option - implies `-mnobitfield'. - -`-mbitfield' - Do use the bit-field instructions. The `-m68020' option implies - `-mbitfield'. This is the default if you use a configuration - designed for a 68020. - -`-mrtd' - Use a different function-calling convention, in which functions - that take a fixed number of arguments return with the `rtd' - instruction, which pops their arguments while returning. This - saves one instruction in the caller since there is no need to pop - the arguments there. - - This calling convention is incompatible with the one normally used - on Unix, so you cannot use it if you need to call libraries - compiled with the Unix compiler. - - Also, you must provide function prototypes for all functions that - take variable numbers of arguments (including `printf'); otherwise - incorrect code will be generated for calls to those functions. - - In addition, seriously incorrect code will result if you call a - function with too many arguments. (Normally, extra arguments are - harmlessly ignored.) - - The `rtd' instruction is supported by the 68010 and 68020 - processors, but not by the 68000. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: VAX Options, Next: SPARC Options, Prev: M680x0 Options, Up: Submodel Options - -VAX Options ------------ - - These `-m' options are defined for the Vax: - -`-munix' - Do not output certain jump instructions (`aobleq' and so on) that - the Unix assembler for the Vax cannot handle across long ranges. - -`-mgnu' - Do output those jump instructions, on the assumption that you will - assemble with the GNU assembler. - -`-mg' - Output code for g-format floating point numbers instead of - d-format. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: SPARC Options, Next: Convex Options, Prev: VAX Options, Up: Submodel Options - -SPARC Options -------------- - - These `-m' switches are supported on the SPARC: - -`-mno-app-regs' -`-mapp-regs' - Specify `-mapp-regs' to generate output using the global registers - 2 through 4, which the SPARC SVR4 ABI reserves for applications. - This is the default. - - To be fully SVR4 ABI compliant at the cost of some performance - loss, specify `-mno-app-regs'. You should compile libraries and - system software with this option. - -`-mfpu' -`-mhard-float' - Generate output containing floating point instructions. This is - the default. - -`-mno-fpu' -`-msoft-float' - Generate output containing library calls for floating point. - *Warning:* the requisite libraries are not available for all SPARC - targets. Normally the facilities of the machine's usual C - compiler are used, but this cannot be done directly in - cross-compilation. You must make your own arrangements to provide - suitable library functions for cross-compilation. The embedded - targets `sparc-*-aout' and `sparclite-*-*' do provide software - floating point support. - - `-msoft-float' changes the calling convention in the output file; - therefore, it is only useful if you compile *all* of a program with - this option. In particular, you need to compile `libgcc.a', the - library that comes with GNU CC, with `-msoft-float' in order for - this to work. - -`-mhard-quad-float' - Generate output containing quad-word (long double) floating point - instructions. - -`-msoft-quad-float' - Generate output containing library calls for quad-word (long - double) floating point instructions. The functions called are - those specified in the SPARC ABI. This is the default. - - As of this writing, there are no sparc implementations that have - hardware support for the quad-word floating point instructions. - They all invoke a trap handler for one of these instructions, and - then the trap handler emulates the effect of the instruction. - Because of the trap handler overhead, this is much slower than - calling the ABI library routines. Thus the `-msoft-quad-float' - option is the default. - -`-mno-epilogue' -`-mepilogue' - With `-mepilogue' (the default), the compiler always emits code for - function exit at the end of each function. Any function exit in - the middle of the function (such as a return statement in C) will - generate a jump to the exit code at the end of the function. - - With `-mno-epilogue', the compiler tries to emit exit code inline - at every function exit. - -`-mno-flat' -`-mflat' - With `-mflat', the compiler does not generate save/restore - instructions and will use a "flat" or single register window - calling convention. This model uses %i7 as the frame pointer and - is compatible with the normal register window model. Code from - either may be intermixed although debugger support is still - incomplete. The local registers and the input registers (0-5) are - still treated as "call saved" registers and will be saved on the - stack as necessary. - - With `-mno-flat' (the default), the compiler emits save/restore - instructions (except for leaf functions) and is the normal mode of - operation. - -`-mno-unaligned-doubles' -`-munaligned-doubles' - Assume that doubles have 8 byte alignment. This is the default. - - With `-munaligned-doubles', GNU CC assumes that doubles have 8 byte - alignment only if they are contained in another type, or if they - have an absolute address. Otherwise, it assumes they have 4 byte - alignment. Specifying this option avoids some rare compatibility - problems with code generated by other compilers. It is not the - default because it results in a performance loss, especially for - floating point code. - -`-mv8' -`-msparclite' - These two options select variations on the SPARC architecture. - - By default (unless specifically configured for the Fujitsu - SPARClite), GCC generates code for the v7 variant of the SPARC - architecture. - - `-mv8' will give you SPARC v8 code. The only difference from v7 - code is that the compiler emits the integer multiply and integer - divide instructions which exist in SPARC v8 but not in SPARC v7. - - `-msparclite' will give you SPARClite code. This adds the integer - multiply, integer divide step and scan (`ffs') instructions which - exist in SPARClite but not in SPARC v7. - -`-mcypress' -`-msupersparc' - These two options select the processor for which the code is - optimised. - - With `-mcypress' (the default), the compiler optimizes code for the - Cypress CY7C602 chip, as used in the SparcStation/SparcServer 3xx - series. This is also appropriate for the older SparcStation 1, 2, - IPX etc. - - With `-msupersparc' the compiler optimizes code for the SuperSparc - cpu, as used in the SparcStation 10, 1000 and 2000 series. This - flag also enables use of the full SPARC v8 instruction set. - - In a future version of GCC, these options will very likely be -renamed to `-mcpu=cypress' and `-mcpu=supersparc'. - - These `-m' switches are supported in addition to the above on SPARC -V9 processors: - -`-mmedlow' - Generate code for the Medium/Low code model: assume a 32 bit - address space. Programs are statically linked, PIC is not - supported. Pointers are still 64 bits. - - It is very likely that a future version of GCC will rename this - option. - -`-mmedany' - Generate code for the Medium/Anywhere code model: assume a 32 bit - text segment starting at offset 0, and a 32 bit data segment - starting anywhere (determined at link time). Programs are - statically linked, PIC is not supported. Pointers are still 64 - bits. - - It is very likely that a future version of GCC will rename this - option. - -`-mint64' - Types long and int are 64 bits. - -`-mlong32' - Types long and int are 32 bits. - -`-mlong64' -`-mint32' - Type long is 64 bits, and type int is 32 bits. - -`-mstack-bias' -`-mno-stack-bias' - With `-mstack-bias', GNU CC assumes that the stack pointer, and - frame pointer if present, are offset by -2047 which must be added - back when making stack frame references. Otherwise, assume no - such offset is present. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Convex Options, Next: AMD29K Options, Prev: SPARC Options, Up: Submodel Options - -Convex Options --------------- - - These `-m' options are defined for Convex: - -`-mc1' - Generate output for C1. The code will run on any Convex machine. - The preprocessor symbol `__convex__c1__' is defined. - -`-mc2' - Generate output for C2. Uses instructions not available on C1. - Scheduling and other optimizations are chosen for max performance - on C2. The preprocessor symbol `__convex_c2__' is defined. - -`-mc32' - Generate output for C32xx. Uses instructions not available on C1. - Scheduling and other optimizations are chosen for max performance - on C32. The preprocessor symbol `__convex_c32__' is defined. - -`-mc34' - Generate output for C34xx. Uses instructions not available on C1. - Scheduling and other optimizations are chosen for max performance - on C34. The preprocessor symbol `__convex_c34__' is defined. - -`-mc38' - Generate output for C38xx. Uses instructions not available on C1. - Scheduling and other optimizations are chosen for max performance - on C38. The preprocessor symbol `__convex_c38__' is defined. - -`-margcount' - Generate code which puts an argument count in the word preceding - each argument list. This is compatible with regular CC, and a few - programs may need the argument count word. GDB and other - source-level debuggers do not need it; this info is in the symbol - table. - -`-mnoargcount' - Omit the argument count word. This is the default. - -`-mvolatile-cache' - Allow volatile references to be cached. This is the default. - -`-mvolatile-nocache' - Volatile references bypass the data cache, going all the way to - memory. This is only needed for multi-processor code that does - not use standard synchronization instructions. Making - non-volatile references to volatile locations will not necessarily - work. - -`-mlong32' - Type long is 32 bits, the same as type int. This is the default. - -`-mlong64' - Type long is 64 bits, the same as type long long. This option is - useless, because no library support exists for it. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: AMD29K Options, Next: ARM Options, Prev: Convex Options, Up: Submodel Options - -AMD29K Options --------------- - - These `-m' options are defined for the AMD Am29000: - -`-mdw' - Generate code that assumes the `DW' bit is set, i.e., that byte and - halfword operations are directly supported by the hardware. This - is the default. - -`-mndw' - Generate code that assumes the `DW' bit is not set. - -`-mbw' - Generate code that assumes the system supports byte and halfword - write operations. This is the default. - -`-mnbw' - Generate code that assumes the systems does not support byte and - halfword write operations. `-mnbw' implies `-mndw'. - -`-msmall' - Use a small memory model that assumes that all function addresses - are either within a single 256 KB segment or at an absolute - address of less than 256k. This allows the `call' instruction to - be used instead of a `const', `consth', `calli' sequence. - -`-mnormal' - Use the normal memory model: Generate `call' instructions only when - calling functions in the same file and `calli' instructions - otherwise. This works if each file occupies less than 256 KB but - allows the entire executable to be larger than 256 KB. This is - the default. - -`-mlarge' - Always use `calli' instructions. Specify this option if you expect - a single file to compile into more than 256 KB of code. - -`-m29050' - Generate code for the Am29050. - -`-m29000' - Generate code for the Am29000. This is the default. - -`-mkernel-registers' - Generate references to registers `gr64-gr95' instead of to - registers `gr96-gr127'. This option can be used when compiling - kernel code that wants a set of global registers disjoint from - that used by user-mode code. - - Note that when this option is used, register names in `-f' flags - must use the normal, user-mode, names. - -`-muser-registers' - Use the normal set of global registers, `gr96-gr127'. This is the - default. - -`-mstack-check' -`-mno-stack-check' - Insert (or do not insert) a call to `__msp_check' after each stack - adjustment. This is often used for kernel code. - -`-mstorem-bug' -`-mno-storem-bug' - `-mstorem-bug' handles 29k processors which cannot handle the - separation of a mtsrim insn and a storem instruction (most 29000 - chips to date, but not the 29050). - -`-mno-reuse-arg-regs' -`-mreuse-arg-regs' - `-mno-reuse-arg-regs' tells the compiler to only use incoming - argument registers for copying out arguments. This helps detect - calling a function with fewer arguments than it was declared with. - -`-msoft-float' - Generate output containing library calls for floating point. - *Warning:* the requisite libraries are not part of GNU CC. - Normally the facilities of the machine's usual C compiler are - used, but this can't be done directly in cross-compilation. You - must make your own arrangements to provide suitable library - functions for cross-compilation. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: ARM Options, Next: M88K Options, Prev: AMD29K Options, Up: Submodel Options - -ARM Options ------------ - - These `-m' options are defined for Advanced RISC Machines (ARM) -architectures: - -`-m2' -`-m3' - These options are identical. Generate code for the ARM2 and ARM3 - processors. This option is the default. You should also use this - option to generate code for ARM6 processors that are running with a - 26-bit program counter. - -`-m6' - Generate code for the ARM6 processor when running with a 32-bit - program counter. - -`-mapcs' - Generate a stack frame that is compliant with the ARM Procedure - Call Standard for all functions, even if this is not strictly - necessary for correct execution of the code. - -`-mbsd' - This option only applies to RISC iX. Emulate the native BSD-mode - compiler. This is the default if `-ansi' is not specified. - -`-mxopen' - This option only applies to RISC iX. Emulate the native - X/Open-mode compiler. - -`-mno-symrename' - This option only applies to RISC iX. Do not run the assembler - post-processor, `symrename', after code has been assembled. - Normally it is necessary to modify some of the standard symbols in - preparation for linking with the RISC iX C library; this option - suppresses this pass. The post-processor is never run when the - compiler is built for cross-compilation. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: M88K Options, Next: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options, Prev: ARM Options, Up: Submodel Options - -M88K Options ------------- - - These `-m' options are defined for Motorola 88k architectures: - -`-m88000' - Generate code that works well on both the m88100 and the m88110. - -`-m88100' - Generate code that works best for the m88100, but that also runs - on the m88110. - -`-m88110' - Generate code that works best for the m88110, and may not run on - the m88100. - -`-mbig-pic' - Obsolete option to be removed from the next revision. Use `-fPIC'. - -`-midentify-revision' - Include an `ident' directive in the assembler output recording the - source file name, compiler name and version, timestamp, and - compilation flags used. - -`-mno-underscores' - In assembler output, emit symbol names without adding an underscore - character at the beginning of each name. The default is to use an - underscore as prefix on each name. - -`-mocs-debug-info' -`-mno-ocs-debug-info' - Include (or omit) additional debugging information (about - registers used in each stack frame) as specified in the 88open - Object Compatibility Standard, "OCS". This extra information - allows debugging of code that has had the frame pointer - eliminated. The default for DG/UX, SVr4, and Delta 88 SVr3.2 is - to include this information; other 88k configurations omit this - information by default. - -`-mocs-frame-position' - When emitting COFF debugging information for automatic variables - and parameters stored on the stack, use the offset from the - canonical frame address, which is the stack pointer (register 31) - on entry to the function. The DG/UX, SVr4, Delta88 SVr3.2, and - BCS configurations use `-mocs-frame-position'; other 88k - configurations have the default `-mno-ocs-frame-position'. - -`-mno-ocs-frame-position' - When emitting COFF debugging information for automatic variables - and parameters stored on the stack, use the offset from the frame - pointer register (register 30). When this option is in effect, - the frame pointer is not eliminated when debugging information is - selected by the -g switch. - -`-moptimize-arg-area' -`-mno-optimize-arg-area' - Control how function arguments are stored in stack frames. - `-moptimize-arg-area' saves space by optimizing them, but this - conflicts with the 88open specifications. The opposite - alternative, `-mno-optimize-arg-area', agrees with 88open - standards. By default GNU CC does not optimize the argument area. - -`-mshort-data-NUM' - Generate smaller data references by making them relative to `r0', - which allows loading a value using a single instruction (rather - than the usual two). You control which data references are - affected by specifying NUM with this option. For example, if you - specify `-mshort-data-512', then the data references affected are - those involving displacements of less than 512 bytes. - `-mshort-data-NUM' is not effective for NUM greater than 64k. - -`-mserialize-volatile' -`-mno-serialize-volatile' - Do, or don't, generate code to guarantee sequential consistency of - volatile memory references. By default, consistency is guaranteed. - - The order of memory references made by the MC88110 processor does - not always match the order of the instructions requesting those - references. In particular, a load instruction may execute before - a preceding store instruction. Such reordering violates - sequential consistency of volatile memory references, when there - are multiple processors. When consistency must be guaranteed, - GNU C generates special instructions, as needed, to force - execution in the proper order. - - The MC88100 processor does not reorder memory references and so - always provides sequential consistency. However, by default, GNU - C generates the special instructions to guarantee consistency even - when you use `-m88100', so that the code may be run on an MC88110 - processor. If you intend to run your code only on the MC88100 - processor, you may use `-mno-serialize-volatile'. - - The extra code generated to guarantee consistency may affect the - performance of your application. If you know that you can safely - forgo this guarantee, you may use `-mno-serialize-volatile'. - -`-msvr4' -`-msvr3' - Turn on (`-msvr4') or off (`-msvr3') compiler extensions related - to System V release 4 (SVr4). This controls the following: - - 1. Which variant of the assembler syntax to emit. - - 2. `-msvr4' makes the C preprocessor recognize `#pragma weak' - that is used on System V release 4. - - 3. `-msvr4' makes GNU CC issue additional declaration directives - used in SVr4. - - `-msvr4' is the default for the m88k-motorola-sysv4 and - m88k-dg-dgux m88k configurations. `-msvr3' is the default for all - other m88k configurations. - -`-mversion-03.00' - This option is obsolete, and is ignored. - -`-mno-check-zero-division' -`-mcheck-zero-division' - Do, or don't, generate code to guarantee that integer division by - zero will be detected. By default, detection is guaranteed. - - Some models of the MC88100 processor fail to trap upon integer - division by zero under certain conditions. By default, when - compiling code that might be run on such a processor, GNU C - generates code that explicitly checks for zero-valued divisors and - traps with exception number 503 when one is detected. Use of - mno-check-zero-division suppresses such checking for code - generated to run on an MC88100 processor. - - GNU C assumes that the MC88110 processor correctly detects all - instances of integer division by zero. When `-m88110' is - specified, both `-mcheck-zero-division' and - `-mno-check-zero-division' are ignored, and no explicit checks for - zero-valued divisors are generated. - -`-muse-div-instruction' - Use the div instruction for signed integer division on the MC88100 - processor. By default, the div instruction is not used. - - On the MC88100 processor the signed integer division instruction - div) traps to the operating system on a negative operand. The - operating system transparently completes the operation, but at a - large cost in execution time. By default, when compiling code - that might be run on an MC88100 processor, GNU C emulates signed - integer division using the unsigned integer division instruction - divu), thereby avoiding the large penalty of a trap to the - operating system. Such emulation has its own, smaller, execution - cost in both time and space. To the extent that your code's - important signed integer division operations are performed on two - nonnegative operands, it may be desirable to use the div - instruction directly. - - On the MC88110 processor the div instruction (also known as the - divs instruction) processes negative operands without trapping to - the operating system. When `-m88110' is specified, - `-muse-div-instruction' is ignored, and the div instruction is used - for signed integer division. - - Note that the result of dividing INT_MIN by -1 is undefined. In - particular, the behavior of such a division with and without - `-muse-div-instruction' may differ. - -`-mtrap-large-shift' -`-mhandle-large-shift' - Include code to detect bit-shifts of more than 31 bits; - respectively, trap such shifts or emit code to handle them - properly. By default GNU CC makes no special provision for large - bit shifts. - -`-mwarn-passed-structs' - Warn when a function passes a struct as an argument or result. - Structure-passing conventions have changed during the evolution of - the C language, and are often the source of portability problems. - By default, GNU CC issues no such warning. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options, Next: RT Options, Prev: M88K Options, Up: Submodel Options - -IBM RS/6000 and PowerPC Options -------------------------------- - - These `-m' options are defined for the IBM RS/6000 and PowerPC: -`-mpower' -`-mno-power' -`-mpower2' -`-mno-power2' -`-mpowerpc' -`-mno-powerpc' -`-mpowerpc-gpopt' -`-mno-powerpc-gpopt' -`-mpowerpc-gfxopt' -`-mno-powerpc-gfxopt' - GNU CC supports two related instruction set architectures for the - RS/6000 and PowerPC. The "POWER" instruction set are those - instructions supported by the `rios' chip set used in the original - RS/6000 systems and the "PowerPC" instruction set is the - architecture of the Motorola MPC6xx microprocessors. The PowerPC - architecture defines 64-bit instructions, but they are not - supported by any current processors. - - Neither architecture is a subset of the other. However there is a - large common subset of instructions supported by both. An MQ - register is included in processors supporting the POWER - architecture. - - You use these options to specify which instructions are available - on the processor you are using. The default value of these - options is determined when configuring GNU CC. Specifying the - `-mcpu=CPU_TYPE' overrides the specification of these options. We - recommend you use that option rather than these. - - The `-mpower' option allows GNU CC to generate instructions that - are found only in the POWER architecture and to use the MQ - register. Specifying `-mpower2' implies `-power' and also allows - GNU CC to generate instructions that are present in the POWER2 - architecture but not the original POWER architecture. - - The `-mpowerpc' option allows GNU CC to generate instructions that - are found only in the 32-bit subset of the PowerPC architecture. - Specifying `-mpowerpc-gpopt' implies `-mpowerpc' and also allows - GNU CC to use the optional PowerPC architecture instructions in the - General Purpose group, including floating-point square root. - Specifying `-mpowerpc-gfxopt' implies `-mpowerpc' and also allows - GNU CC to use the optional PowerPC architecture instructions in - the Graphics group, including floating-point select. - - If you specify both `-mno-power' and `-mno-powerpc', GNU CC will - use only the instructions in the common subset of both - architectures plus some special AIX common-mode calls, and will - not use the MQ register. Specifying both `-mpower' and `-mpowerpc' - permits GNU CC to use any instruction from either architecture and - to allow use of the MQ register; specify this for the Motorola - MPC601. - -`-mnew-mnemonics' -`-mold-mnemonics' - Select which mnemonics to use in the generated assembler code. - `-mnew-mnemonics' requests output that uses the assembler mnemonics - defined for the PowerPC architecture, while `-mold-mnemonics' - requests the assembler mnemonics defined for the POWER - architecture. Instructions defined in only one architecture have - only one mnemonic; GNU CC uses that mnemonic irrespective of which - of these options is specified. - - PowerPC assemblers support both the old and new mnemonics, as will - later POWER assemblers. Current POWER assemblers only support the - old mnemonics. Specify `-mnew-mnemonics' if you have an assembler - that supports them, otherwise specify `-mold-mnemonics'. - - The default value of these options depends on how GNU CC was - configured. Specifying `-mcpu=CPU_TYPE' sometimes overrides the - value of these option. Unless you are building a cross-compiler, - you should normally not specify either `-mnew-mnemonics' or - `-mold-mnemonics', but should instead accept the default. - -`-mcpu=CPU_TYPE' - Set architecture type, register usage, choice of mnemonics, and - instruction scheduling parameters for machine type CPU_TYPE. By - default, CPU_TYPE is the target system defined when GNU CC was - configured. Supported values for CPU_TYPE are `rios1', `rios2', - `rsc', `601', `603', `604', `power', `powerpc', `403', and - `common'. `-mcpu=power' and `-mcpu=powerpc' specify generic POWER - and pure PowerPC (i.e., not MPC601) architecture machine types, - with an appropriate, generic processor model assumed for - scheduling purposes. - - Specifying `-mcpu=rios1', `-mcpu=rios2', `-mcpu=rsc', or - `-mcpu=power' enables the `-mpower' option and disables the - `-mpowerpc' option; `-mcpu=601' enables both the `-mpower' and - `-mpowerpc' options; `-mcpu=603', `-mcpu=604', `-mcpu=403', and - `-mcpu=powerpc' enable the `-mpowerpc' option and disable the - `-mpower' option; `-mcpu=common' disables both the `-mpower' and - `-mpowerpc' options. - - To generate code that will operate on all members of the RS/6000 - and PowerPC families, specify `-mcpu=common'. In that case, GNU CC - will use only the instructions in the common subset of both - architectures plus some special AIX common-mode calls, and will - not use the MQ register. GNU CC assumes a generic processor model - for scheduling purposes. - - Specifying `-mcpu=rios1', `-mcpu=rios2', `-mcpu=rsc', or - `-mcpu=power' also disables the `new-mnemonics' option. - Specifying `-mcpu=601', `-mcpu=603', `-mcpu=604', `403', or - `-mcpu=powerpc' also enables the `new-mnemonics' option. - -`-mfull-toc' -`-mno-fp-in-toc' -`-mno-sum-in-toc' -`-mminimal-toc' - Modify generation of the TOC (Table Of Contents), which is created - for every executable file. The `-mfull-toc' option is selected by - default. In that case, GNU CC will allocate at least one TOC - entry for each unique non-automatic variable reference in your - program. GNU CC will also place floating-point constants in the - TOC. However, only 16,384 entries are available in the TOC. - - If you receive a linker error message that saying you have - overflowed the available TOC space, you can reduce the amount of - TOC space used with the `-mno-fp-in-toc' and `-mno-sum-in-toc' - options. `-mno-fp-in-toc' prevents GNU CC from putting - floating-point constants in the TOC and `-mno-sum-in-toc' forces - GNU CC to generate code to calculate the sum of an address and a - constant at run-time instead of putting that sum into the TOC. - You may specify one or both of these options. Each causes GNU CC - to produce very slightly slower and larger code at the expense of - conserving TOC space. - - If you still run out of space in the TOC even when you specify - both of these options, specify `-mminimal-toc' instead. This - option causes GNU CC to make only one TOC entry for every file. - When you specify this option, GNU CC will produce code that is - slower and larger but which uses extremely little TOC space. You - may wish to use this option only on files that contain less - frequently executed code. - -`-msoft-float' -`-mhard-float' - Generate code that does not use (uses) the floating-point register - set. Software floating point emulation is provided if you use the - `-msoft-float' option, and pass the option to GNU CC when linking. - -`-mmultiple' -`-mno-multiple' - Generate code that uses (does not use) the load multiple word - instructions and the store multiple word instructions. These - instructions are generated by default on POWER systems, and not - generated on PowerPC systems. Do not use `-mmultiple' on little - endian PowerPC systems, since those instructions do not work when - the processor is in little endian mode. - -`-mstring' -`-mno-string' - Generate code that uses (does not use) the load string - instructions and the store string word instructions to save - multiple registers and do small block moves. These instructions - are generated by default on POWER systems, anod not generated on - PowerPC systems. Do not use `-mstring' on little endian PowerPC - systems, since those instructions do not work when the processor - is in little endian mode. - -`-mno-bit-align' -`-mbit-align' - On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems do not (do) force - structures and unions that contain bit fields to be aligned to the - base type of the bit field. - - For example, by default a structure containing nothing but 8 - `unsigned' bitfields of length 1 would be aligned to a 4 byte - boundary and have a size of 4 bytes. By using `-mno-bit-align', - the structure would be aligned to a 1 byte boundary and be one - byte in size. - -`-mno-strict-align' -`-mstrict-align' - On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems do not (do) assume that - unaligned memory references will be handled by the system. - -`-mrelocatable' -`-mno-relocatable' - On embedded PowerPC systems generate code that allows (does not - allow) the program to be relocated to a different address at - runtime. - -`-mno-toc' -`-mtoc' - On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems do not (do) assume that - register 2 contains a pointer to a global area pointing to the - addresses used in the program. - -`-mno-traceback' -`-mtraceback' - On embedded PowerPC systems do not (do) generate a traceback tag - before the start of the function. This tag can be used by the - debugger to identify where the start of a function is. - -`-mlittle' -`-mlittle-endian' - On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code for the - processor in little endian mode. The `-mlittle-endian' option is - the same as `-mlittle'. - -`-mbig' -`-mbig-endian' - On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code for the - processor in big endian mode. The `-mbig-endian' option is the - same as `-mbig'. - -`-mcall-sysv' - On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code using - calling conventions that adheres to the March 1995 draft of the - System V Application Binary Interface, PowerPC processor - supplement. This is the default unless you configured GCC using - `powerpc-*-eabiaix'. - -`-mcall-aix' - On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code using - calling conventions that are similar to those used on AIX. This - is the default if you configured GCC using `powerpc-*-eabiaix'. - -`-mprototype' -`-mno-prototype' - On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems assume that all calls to - variable argument functions are properly prototyped. Otherwise, - the compiler must insert an instruction before every non - prototyped call to set or clear bit 6 of the condition code - register (CR) to indicate whether floating point values were - passed in the floating point registers in case the function takes - a variable arguments. With `-mprototype', only calls to - prototyped variable argument functions will set or clear the bit. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: RT Options, Next: MIPS Options, Prev: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options, Up: Submodel Options - -IBM RT Options --------------- - - These `-m' options are defined for the IBM RT PC: - -`-min-line-mul' - Use an in-line code sequence for integer multiplies. This is the - default. - -`-mcall-lib-mul' - Call `lmul$$' for integer multiples. - -`-mfull-fp-blocks' - Generate full-size floating point data blocks, including the - minimum amount of scratch space recommended by IBM. This is the - default. - -`-mminimum-fp-blocks' - Do not include extra scratch space in floating point data blocks. - This results in smaller code, but slower execution, since scratch - space must be allocated dynamically. - -`-mfp-arg-in-fpregs' - Use a calling sequence incompatible with the IBM calling - convention in which floating point arguments are passed in - floating point registers. Note that `varargs.h' and `stdargs.h' - will not work with floating point operands if this option is - specified. - -`-mfp-arg-in-gregs' - Use the normal calling convention for floating point arguments. - This is the default. - -`-mhc-struct-return' - Return structures of more than one word in memory, rather than in a - register. This provides compatibility with the MetaWare HighC (hc) - compiler. Use the option `-fpcc-struct-return' for compatibility - with the Portable C Compiler (pcc). - -`-mnohc-struct-return' - Return some structures of more than one word in registers, when - convenient. This is the default. For compatibility with the - IBM-supplied compilers, use the option `-fpcc-struct-return' or the - option `-mhc-struct-return'. - diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-5 b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-5 deleted file mode 100644 index 866b207a4e6..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-5 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1027 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file gcc.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.63 from the input -file gcc.texi. - - This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU compiler. - - Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 -Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - - Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software -Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for -Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are -included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public -License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight -`Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in -translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the -original English. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: MIPS Options, Next: i386 Options, Prev: RT Options, Up: Submodel Options - -MIPS Options ------------- - - These `-m' options are defined for the MIPS family of computers: - -`-mcpu=CPU TYPE' - Assume the defaults for the machine type CPU TYPE when scheduling - instructions. The choices for CPU TYPE are `r2000', `r3000', - `r4000', `r4400', `r4600', and `r6000'. While picking a specific - CPU TYPE will schedule things appropriately for that particular - chip, the compiler will not generate any code that does not meet - level 1 of the MIPS ISA (instruction set architecture) without the - `-mips2' or `-mips3' switches being used. - -`-mips1' - Issue instructions from level 1 of the MIPS ISA. This is the - default. `r3000' is the default CPU TYPE at this ISA level. - -`-mips2' - Issue instructions from level 2 of the MIPS ISA (branch likely, - square root instructions). `r6000' is the default CPU TYPE at this - ISA level. - -`-mips3' - Issue instructions from level 3 of the MIPS ISA (64 bit - instructions). `r4000' is the default CPU TYPE at this ISA level. - This option does not change the sizes of any of the C data types. - -`-mfp32' - Assume that 32 32-bit floating point registers are available. - This is the default. - -`-mfp64' - Assume that 32 64-bit floating point registers are available. - This is the default when the `-mips3' option is used. - -`-mgp32' - Assume that 32 32-bit general purpose registers are available. - This is the default. - -`-mgp64' - Assume that 32 64-bit general purpose registers are available. - This is the default when the `-mips3' option is used. - -`-mint64' - Types long, int, and pointer are 64 bits. This works only if - `-mips3' is also specified. - -`-mlong64' - Types long and pointer are 64 bits, and type int is 32 bits. This - works only if `-mips3' is also specified. - -`-mmips-as' - Generate code for the MIPS assembler, and invoke `mips-tfile' to - add normal debug information. This is the default for all - platforms except for the OSF/1 reference platform, using the - OSF/rose object format. If the either of the `-gstabs' or - `-gstabs+' switches are used, the `mips-tfile' program will - encapsulate the stabs within MIPS ECOFF. - -`-mgas' - Generate code for the GNU assembler. This is the default on the - OSF/1 reference platform, using the OSF/rose object format. - -`-mrnames' -`-mno-rnames' - The `-mrnames' switch says to output code using the MIPS software - names for the registers, instead of the hardware names (ie, A0 - instead of $4). The only known assembler that supports this option - is the Algorithmics assembler. - -`-mgpopt' -`-mno-gpopt' - The `-mgpopt' switch says to write all of the data declarations - before the instructions in the text section, this allows the MIPS - assembler to generate one word memory references instead of using - two words for short global or static data items. This is on by - default if optimization is selected. - -`-mstats' -`-mno-stats' - For each non-inline function processed, the `-mstats' switch - causes the compiler to emit one line to the standard error file to - print statistics about the program (number of registers saved, - stack size, etc.). - -`-mmemcpy' -`-mno-memcpy' - The `-mmemcpy' switch makes all block moves call the appropriate - string function (`memcpy' or `bcopy') instead of possibly - generating inline code. - -`-mmips-tfile' -`-mno-mips-tfile' - The `-mno-mips-tfile' switch causes the compiler not postprocess - the object file with the `mips-tfile' program, after the MIPS - assembler has generated it to add debug support. If `mips-tfile' - is not run, then no local variables will be available to the - debugger. In addition, `stage2' and `stage3' objects will have - the temporary file names passed to the assembler embedded in the - object file, which means the objects will not compare the same. - The `-mno-mips-tfile' switch should only be used when there are - bugs in the `mips-tfile' program that prevents compilation. - -`-msoft-float' - Generate output containing library calls for floating point. - *Warning:* the requisite libraries are not part of GNU CC. - Normally the facilities of the machine's usual C compiler are - used, but this can't be done directly in cross-compilation. You - must make your own arrangements to provide suitable library - functions for cross-compilation. - -`-mhard-float' - Generate output containing floating point instructions. This is - the default if you use the unmodified sources. - -`-mabicalls' -`-mno-abicalls' - Emit (or do not emit) the pseudo operations `.abicalls', - `.cpload', and `.cprestore' that some System V.4 ports use for - position independent code. - -`-mlong-calls' -`-mno-long-calls' - Do all calls with the `JALR' instruction, which requires loading - up a function's address into a register before the call. You need - to use this switch, if you call outside of the current 512 - megabyte segment to functions that are not through pointers. - -`-mhalf-pic' -`-mno-half-pic' - Put pointers to extern references into the data section and load - them up, rather than put the references in the text section. - -`-membedded-pic' -`-mno-embedded-pic' - Generate PIC code suitable for some embedded systems. All calls - are made using PC relative address, and all data is addressed - using the $gp register. This requires GNU as and GNU ld which do - most of the work. - -`-membedded-data' -`-mno-embedded-data' - Allocate variables to the read-only data section first if - possible, then next in the small data section if possible, - otherwise in data. This gives slightly slower code than the - default, but reduces the amount of RAM required when executing, - and thus may be preferred for some embedded systems. - -`-msingle-float' -`-mdouble-float' - The `-msingle-float' switch tells gcc to assume that the floating - point coprocessor only supports single precision operations, as on - the `r4650' chip. The `-mdouble-float' switch permits gcc to use - double precision operations. This is the default. - -`-mmad' -`-mno-mad' - Permit use of the `mad', `madu' and `mul' instructions, as on the - `r4650' chip. - -`-m4650' - Turns on `-msingle-float', `-mmad', and, at least for now, - `-mcpu=r4650'. - -`-EL' - Compile code for the processor in little endian mode. The - requisite libraries are assumed to exist. - -`-EB' - Compile code for the processor in big endian mode. The requisite - libraries are assumed to exist. - -`-G NUM' - Put global and static items less than or equal to NUM bytes into - the small data or bss sections instead of the normal data or bss - section. This allows the assembler to emit one word memory - reference instructions based on the global pointer (GP or $28), - instead of the normal two words used. By default, NUM is 8 when - the MIPS assembler is used, and 0 when the GNU assembler is used. - The `-G NUM' switch is also passed to the assembler and linker. - All modules should be compiled with the same `-G NUM' value. - -`-nocpp' - Tell the MIPS assembler to not run it's preprocessor over user - assembler files (with a `.s' suffix) when assembling them. - - These options are defined by the macro `TARGET_SWITCHES' in the -machine description. The default for the options is also defined by -that macro, which enables you to change the defaults. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: i386 Options, Next: HPPA Options, Prev: MIPS Options, Up: Submodel Options - -Intel 386 Options ------------------ - - These `-m' options are defined for the i386 family of computers: - -`-m486' -`-m386' - Control whether or not code is optimized for a 486 instead of an - 386. Code generated for an 486 will run on a 386 and vice versa. - -`-mieee-fp' -`-mno-ieee-fp' - Control whether or not the compiler uses IEEE floating point - comparisons. These handle correctly the case where the result of a - comparison is unordered. - -`-msoft-float' - Generate output containing library calls for floating point. - *Warning:* the requisite libraries are not part of GNU CC. - Normally the facilities of the machine's usual C compiler are - used, but this can't be done directly in cross-compilation. You - must make your own arrangements to provide suitable library - functions for cross-compilation. - - On machines where a function returns floating point results in the - 80387 register stack, some floating point opcodes may be emitted - even if `-msoft-float' is used. - -`-mno-fp-ret-in-387' - Do not use the FPU registers for return values of functions. - - The usual calling convention has functions return values of types - `float' and `double' in an FPU register, even if there is no FPU. - The idea is that the operating system should emulate an FPU. - - The option `-mno-fp-ret-in-387' causes such values to be returned - in ordinary CPU registers instead. - -`-mno-fancy-math-387' - Some 387 emulators do not support the `sin', `cos' and `sqrt' - instructions for the 387. Specify this option to avoid generating - those instructions. This option is the default on FreeBSD. As of - revision 2.6.1, these instructions are not generated unless you - also use the `-ffast-math' switch. - -`-malign-double' -`-mno-align-double' - Control whether GNU CC aligns `double', `long double', and `long - long' variables on a two word boundary or a one word boundary. - Aligning `double' variables on a two word boundary will produce - code that runs somewhat faster on a `Pentium' at the expense of - more memory. - - *Warning:* if you use the `-malign-double' switch, structures - containing the above types will be aligned differently than the - published application binary interface specifications for the 386. - -`-msvr3-shlib' -`-mno-svr3-shlib' - Control whether GNU CC places uninitialized locals into `bss' or - `data'. `-msvr3-shlib' places these locals into `bss'. These - options are meaningful only on System V Release 3. - -`-mno-wide-multiply' -`-mwide-multiply' - Control whether GNU CC uses the `mul' and `imul' that produce 64 - bit results in `eax:edx' from 32 bit operands to do `long long' - multiplies and 32-bit division by constants. - -`-mrtd' - Use a different function-calling convention, in which functions - that take a fixed number of arguments return with the `ret' NUM - instruction, which pops their arguments while returning. This - saves one instruction in the caller since there is no need to pop - the arguments there. - - You can specify that an individual function is called with this - calling sequence with the function attribute `stdcall'. You can - also override the `-mrtd' option by using the function attribute - `cdecl'. *Note Function Attributes:: - - *Warning:* this calling convention is incompatible with the one - normally used on Unix, so you cannot use it if you need to call - libraries compiled with the Unix compiler. - - Also, you must provide function prototypes for all functions that - take variable numbers of arguments (including `printf'); otherwise - incorrect code will be generated for calls to those functions. - - In addition, seriously incorrect code will result if you call a - function with too many arguments. (Normally, extra arguments are - harmlessly ignored.) - -`-mreg-alloc=REGS' - Control the default allocation order of integer registers. The - string REGS is a series of letters specifying a register. The - supported letters are: `a' allocate EAX; `b' allocate EBX; `c' - allocate ECX; `d' allocate EDX; `S' allocate ESI; `D' allocate - EDI; `B' allocate EBP. - -`-mregparm=NUM' - Control how many registers are used to pass integer arguments. By - default, no registers are used to pass arguments, and at most 3 - registers can be used. You can control this behavior for a - specific function by using the function attribute `regparm'. - *Note Function Attributes:: - - *Warning:* if you use this switch, and NUM is nonzero, then you - must build all modules with the same value, including any - libraries. This includes the system libraries and startup modules. - -`-malign-loops=NUM' - Align loops to a 2 raised to a NUM byte boundary. If - `-malign-loops' is not specified, the default is 2. - -`-malign-jumps=NUM' - Align instructions that are only jumped to to a 2 raised to a NUM - byte boundary. If `-malign-jumps' is not specified, the default is - 2 if optimizing for a 386, and 4 if optimizing for a 486. - -`-malign-functions=NUM' - Align the start of functions to a 2 raised to NUM byte boundary. - If `-malign-jumps' is not specified, the default is 2 if optimizing - for a 386, and 4 if optimizing for a 486. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: HPPA Options, Next: Intel 960 Options, Prev: i386 Options, Up: Submodel Options - -HPPA Options ------------- - - These `-m' options are defined for the HPPA family of computers: - -`-mpa-risc-1-0' - Generate code for a PA 1.0 processor. - -`-mpa-risc-1-1' - Generate code for a PA 1.1 processor. - -`-mjump-in-delay' - Fill delay slots of function calls with unconditional jump - instructions by modifying the return pointer for the function call - to be the target of the conditional jump. - -`-mmillicode-long-calls' - Generate code which assumes millicode routines can not be reached - by the standard millicode call sequence, linker-generated - long-calls, or linker-modified millicode calls. In practice this - should only be needed for dynamicly linked executables with - extremely large SHLIB_INFO sections. - -`-mdisable-fpregs' - Prevent floating point registers from being used in any manner. - This is necessary for compiling kernels which perform lazy context - switching of floating point registers. If you use this option and - attempt to perform floating point operations, the compiler will - abort. - -`-mdisable-indexing' - Prevent the compiler from using indexing address modes. This - avoids some rather obscure problems when compiling MIG generated - code under MACH. - -`-mfast-indirect-calls' - Generate code which performs faster indirect calls. Such code is - suitable for kernels and for static linking. The fast indirect - call code will fail miserably if it's part of a dynamically linked - executable and in the presense of nested functions. - -`-mportable-runtime' - Use the portable calling conventions proposed by HP for ELF - systems. - -`-mgas' - Enable the use of assembler directives only GAS understands. - -`-mschedule=CPU TYPE' - Schedule code according to the constraints for the machine type - CPU TYPE. The choices for CPU TYPE are `700' for 7N0 machines, - `7100' for 7N5 machines, and `7100' for 7N2 machines. `700' is - the default for CPU TYPE. - - Note the `7100LC' scheduling information is incomplete and using - `7100LC' often leads to bad schedules. For now it's probably best - to use `7100' instead of `7100LC' for the 7N2 machines. - -`-msoft-float' - Generate output containing library calls for floating point. - *Warning:* the requisite libraries are not available for all HPPA - targets. Normally the facilities of the machine's usual C - compiler are used, but this cannot be done directly in - cross-compilation. You must make your own arrangements to provide - suitable library functions for cross-compilation. The embedded - target `hppa1.1-*-pro' does provide software floating point - support. - - `-msoft-float' changes the calling convention in the output file; - therefore, it is only useful if you compile *all* of a program with - this option. In particular, you need to compile `libgcc.a', the - library that comes with GNU CC, with `-msoft-float' in order for - this to work. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Intel 960 Options, Next: DEC Alpha Options, Prev: HPPA Options, Up: Submodel Options - -Intel 960 Options ------------------ - - These `-m' options are defined for the Intel 960 implementations: - -`-mCPU TYPE' - Assume the defaults for the machine type CPU TYPE for some of the - other options, including instruction scheduling, floating point - support, and addressing modes. The choices for CPU TYPE are `ka', - `kb', `mc', `ca', `cf', `sa', and `sb'. The default is `kb'. - -`-mnumerics' -`-msoft-float' - The `-mnumerics' option indicates that the processor does support - floating-point instructions. The `-msoft-float' option indicates - that floating-point support should not be assumed. - -`-mleaf-procedures' -`-mno-leaf-procedures' - Do (or do not) attempt to alter leaf procedures to be callable - with the `bal' instruction as well as `call'. This will result in - more efficient code for explicit calls when the `bal' instruction - can be substituted by the assembler or linker, but less efficient - code in other cases, such as calls via function pointers, or using - a linker that doesn't support this optimization. - -`-mtail-call' -`-mno-tail-call' - Do (or do not) make additional attempts (beyond those of the - machine-independent portions of the compiler) to optimize - tail-recursive calls into branches. You may not want to do this - because the detection of cases where this is not valid is not - totally complete. The default is `-mno-tail-call'. - -`-mcomplex-addr' -`-mno-complex-addr' - Assume (or do not assume) that the use of a complex addressing - mode is a win on this implementation of the i960. Complex - addressing modes may not be worthwhile on the K-series, but they - definitely are on the C-series. The default is currently - `-mcomplex-addr' for all processors except the CB and CC. - -`-mcode-align' -`-mno-code-align' - Align code to 8-byte boundaries for faster fetching (or don't - bother). Currently turned on by default for C-series - implementations only. - -`-mic-compat' -`-mic2.0-compat' -`-mic3.0-compat' - Enable compatibility with iC960 v2.0 or v3.0. - -`-masm-compat' -`-mintel-asm' - Enable compatibility with the iC960 assembler. - -`-mstrict-align' -`-mno-strict-align' - Do not permit (do permit) unaligned accesses. - -`-mold-align' - Enable structure-alignment compatibility with Intel's gcc release - version 1.3 (based on gcc 1.37). Currently this is buggy in that - `#pragma align 1' is always assumed as well, and cannot be turned - off. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: DEC Alpha Options, Next: Clipper Options, Prev: Intel 960 Options, Up: Submodel Options - -DEC Alpha Options ------------------ - - These `-m' options are defined for the DEC Alpha implementations: - -`-mno-soft-float' -`-msoft-float' - Use (do not use) the hardware floating-point instructions for - floating-point operations. When `-msoft-float' is specified, - functions in `libgcc1.c' will be used to perform floating-point - operations. Unless they are replaced by routines that emulate the - floating-point operations, or compiled in such a way as to call - such emulations routines, these routines will issue floating-point - operations. If you are compiling for an Alpha without - floating-point operations, you must ensure that the library is - built so as not to call them. - - Note that Alpha implementations without floating-point operations - are required to have floating-point registers. - -`-mfp-reg' -`-mno-fp-regs' - Generate code that uses (does not use) the floating-point register - set. `-mno-fp-regs' implies `-msoft-float'. If the floating-point - register set is not used, floating point operands are passed in - integer registers as if they were integers and floating-point - results are passed in $0 instead of $f0. This is a non-standard - calling sequence, so any function with a floating-point argument - or return value called by code compiled with `-mno-fp-regs' must - also be compiled with that option. - - A typical use of this option is building a kernel that does not - use, and hence need not save and restore, any floating-point - registers. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Clipper Options, Next: H8/300 Options, Prev: DEC Alpha Options, Up: Submodel Options - -Clipper Options ---------------- - - These `-m' options are defined for the Clipper implementations: - -`-mc300' - Produce code for a C300 Clipper processor. This is the default. - -`-mc400' - Produce code for a C400 Clipper processor i.e. use floating point - registers f8..f15. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: H8/300 Options, Next: System V Options, Prev: Clipper Options, Up: Submodel Options - -H8/300 Options --------------- - - These `-m' options are defined for the H8/300 implementations: - -`-mrelax' - Shorten some address references at link time, when possible; uses - the linker option `-relax'. *Note `ld' and the H8/300: - (ld.info)H8/300, for a fuller description. - -`-mh' - Generate code for the H8/300H. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: System V Options, Prev: H8/300 Options, Up: Submodel Options - -Options for System V --------------------- - - These additional options are available on System V Release 4 for -compatibility with other compilers on those systems: - -`-Qy' - Identify the versions of each tool used by the compiler, in a - `.ident' assembler directive in the output. - -`-Qn' - Refrain from adding `.ident' directives to the output file (this is - the default). - -`-YP,DIRS' - Search the directories DIRS, and no others, for libraries - specified with `-l'. - -`-Ym,DIR' - Look in the directory DIR to find the M4 preprocessor. The - assembler uses this option. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Code Gen Options, Next: Environment Variables, Prev: Submodel Options, Up: Invoking GCC - -Options for Code Generation Conventions -======================================= - - These machine-independent options control the interface conventions -used in code generation. - - Most of them have both positive and negative forms; the negative form -of `-ffoo' would be `-fno-foo'. In the table below, only one of the -forms is listed--the one which is not the default. You can figure out -the other form by either removing `no-' or adding it. - -`-fpcc-struct-return' - Return "short" `struct' and `union' values in memory like longer - ones, rather than in registers. This convention is less - efficient, but it has the advantage of allowing intercallability - between GNU CC-compiled files and files compiled with other - compilers. - - The precise convention for returning structures in memory depends - on the target configuration macros. - - Short structures and unions are those whose size and alignment - match that of some integer type. - -`-freg-struct-return' - Use the convention that `struct' and `union' values are returned - in registers when possible. This is more efficient for small - structures than `-fpcc-struct-return'. - - If you specify neither `-fpcc-struct-return' nor its contrary - `-freg-struct-return', GNU CC defaults to whichever convention is - standard for the target. If there is no standard convention, GNU - CC defaults to `-fpcc-struct-return', except on targets where GNU - CC is the principal compiler. In those cases, we can choose the - standard, and we chose the more efficient register return - alternative. - -`-fshort-enums' - Allocate to an `enum' type only as many bytes as it needs for the - declared range of possible values. Specifically, the `enum' type - will be equivalent to the smallest integer type which has enough - room. - -`-fshort-double' - Use the same size for `double' as for `float'. - -`-fshared-data' - Requests that the data and non-`const' variables of this - compilation be shared data rather than private data. The - distinction makes sense only on certain operating systems, where - shared data is shared between processes running the same program, - while private data exists in one copy per process. - -`-fno-common' - Allocate even uninitialized global variables in the bss section of - the object file, rather than generating them as common blocks. - This has the effect that if the same variable is declared (without - `extern') in two different compilations, you will get an error - when you link them. The only reason this might be useful is if - you wish to verify that the program will work on other systems - which always work this way. - -`-fno-ident' - Ignore the `#ident' directive. - -`-fno-gnu-linker' - Do not output global initializations (such as C++ constructors and - destructors) in the form used by the GNU linker (on systems where - the GNU linker is the standard method of handling them). Use this - option when you want to use a non-GNU linker, which also requires - using the `collect2' program to make sure the system linker - includes constructors and destructors. (`collect2' is included in - the GNU CC distribution.) For systems which *must* use - `collect2', the compiler driver `gcc' is configured to do this - automatically. - -`-finhibit-size-directive' - Don't output a `.size' assembler directive, or anything else that - would cause trouble if the function is split in the middle, and the - two halves are placed at locations far apart in memory. This - option is used when compiling `crtstuff.c'; you should not need to - use it for anything else. - -`-fverbose-asm' - Put extra commentary information in the generated assembly code to - make it more readable. This option is generally only of use to - those who actually need to read the generated assembly code - (perhaps while debugging the compiler itself). - -`-fvolatile' - Consider all memory references through pointers to be volatile. - -`-fvolatile-global' - Consider all memory references to extern and global data items to - be volatile. - -`-fpic' - Generate position-independent code (PIC) suitable for use in a - shared library, if supported for the target machine. Such code - accesses all constant addresses through a global offset table - (GOT). If the GOT size for the linked executable exceeds a - machine-specific maximum size, you get an error message from the - linker indicating that `-fpic' does not work; in that case, - recompile with `-fPIC' instead. (These maximums are 16k on the - m88k, 8k on the Sparc, and 32k on the m68k and RS/6000. The 386 - has no such limit.) - - Position-independent code requires special support, and therefore - works only on certain machines. For the 386, GNU CC supports PIC - for System V but not for the Sun 386i. Code generated for the IBM - RS/6000 is always position-independent. - - The GNU assembler does not fully support PIC. Currently, you must - use some other assembler in order for PIC to work. We would - welcome volunteers to upgrade GAS to handle this; the first part - of the job is to figure out what the assembler must do differently. - -`-fPIC' - If supported for the target machine, emit position-independent - code, suitable for dynamic linking and avoiding any limit on the - size of the global offset table. This option makes a difference - on the m68k, m88k and the Sparc. - - Position-independent code requires special support, and therefore - works only on certain machines. - -`-ffixed-REG' - Treat the register named REG as a fixed register; generated code - should never refer to it (except perhaps as a stack pointer, frame - pointer or in some other fixed role). - - REG must be the name of a register. The register names accepted - are machine-specific and are defined in the `REGISTER_NAMES' macro - in the machine description macro file. - - This flag does not have a negative form, because it specifies a - three-way choice. - -`-fcall-used-REG' - Treat the register named REG as an allocatable register that is - clobbered by function calls. It may be allocated for temporaries - or variables that do not live across a call. Functions compiled - this way will not save and restore the register REG. - - Use of this flag for a register that has a fixed pervasive role in - the machine's execution model, such as the stack pointer or frame - pointer, will produce disastrous results. - - This flag does not have a negative form, because it specifies a - three-way choice. - -`-fcall-saved-REG' - Treat the register named REG as an allocatable register saved by - functions. It may be allocated even for temporaries or variables - that live across a call. Functions compiled this way will save - and restore the register REG if they use it. - - Use of this flag for a register that has a fixed pervasive role in - the machine's execution model, such as the stack pointer or frame - pointer, will produce disastrous results. - - A different sort of disaster will result from the use of this flag - for a register in which function values may be returned. - - This flag does not have a negative form, because it specifies a - three-way choice. - -`-fpack-struct' - Pack all structure members together without holes. Usually you - would not want to use this option, since it makes the code - suboptimal, and the offsets of structure members won't agree with - system libraries. - -`+e0' -`+e1' - Control whether virtual function definitions in classes are used to - generate code, or only to define interfaces for their callers. - (C++ only). - - These options are provided for compatibility with `cfront' 1.x - usage; the recommended alternative GNU C++ usage is in flux. - *Note Declarations and Definitions in One Header: C++ Interface. - - With `+e0', virtual function definitions in classes are declared - `extern'; the declaration is used only as an interface - specification, not to generate code for the virtual functions (in - this compilation). - - With `+e1', G++ actually generates the code implementing virtual - functions defined in the code, and makes them publicly visible. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Environment Variables, Next: Running Protoize, Prev: Code Gen Options, Up: Invoking GCC - -Environment Variables Affecting GNU CC -====================================== - - This section describes several environment variables that affect how -GNU CC operates. They work by specifying directories or prefixes to use -when searching for various kinds of files. - - Note that you can also specify places to search using options such as -`-B', `-I' and `-L' (*note Directory Options::.). These take -precedence over places specified using environment variables, which in -turn take precedence over those specified by the configuration of GNU -CC. *Note Driver::. - -`TMPDIR' - If `TMPDIR' is set, it specifies the directory to use for temporary - files. GNU CC uses temporary files to hold the output of one - stage of compilation which is to be used as input to the next - stage: for example, the output of the preprocessor, which is the - input to the compiler proper. - -`GCC_EXEC_PREFIX' - If `GCC_EXEC_PREFIX' is set, it specifies a prefix to use in the - names of the subprograms executed by the compiler. No slash is - added when this prefix is combined with the name of a subprogram, - but you can specify a prefix that ends with a slash if you wish. - - If GNU CC cannot find the subprogram using the specified prefix, it - tries looking in the usual places for the subprogram. - - The default value of `GCC_EXEC_PREFIX' is `PREFIX/lib/gcc-lib/' - where PREFIX is the value of `prefix' when you ran the `configure' - script. - - Other prefixes specified with `-B' take precedence over this - prefix. - - This prefix is also used for finding files such as `crt0.o' that - are used for linking. - - In addition, the prefix is used in an unusual way in finding the - directories to search for header files. For each of the standard - directories whose name normally begins with - `/usr/local/lib/gcc-lib' (more precisely, with the value of - `GCC_INCLUDE_DIR'), GNU CC tries replacing that beginning with the - specified prefix to produce an alternate directory name. Thus, - with `-Bfoo/', GNU CC will search `foo/bar' where it would - normally search `/usr/local/lib/bar'. These alternate directories - are searched first; the standard directories come next. - -`COMPILER_PATH' - The value of `COMPILER_PATH' is a colon-separated list of - directories, much like `PATH'. GNU CC tries the directories thus - specified when searching for subprograms, if it can't find the - subprograms using `GCC_EXEC_PREFIX'. - -`LIBRARY_PATH' - The value of `LIBRARY_PATH' is a colon-separated list of - directories, much like `PATH'. When configured as a native - compiler, GNU CC tries the directories thus specified when - searching for special linker files, if it can't find them using - `GCC_EXEC_PREFIX'. Linking using GNU CC also uses these - directories when searching for ordinary libraries for the `-l' - option (but directories specified with `-L' come first). - -`C_INCLUDE_PATH' -`CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH' -`OBJC_INCLUDE_PATH' - These environment variables pertain to particular languages. Each - variable's value is a colon-separated list of directories, much - like `PATH'. When GNU CC searches for header files, it tries the - directories listed in the variable for the language you are using, - after the directories specified with `-I' but before the standard - header file directories. - -`DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT' - If this variable is set, its value specifies how to output - dependencies for Make based on the header files processed by the - compiler. This output looks much like the output from the `-M' - option (*note Preprocessor Options::.), but it goes to a separate - file, and is in addition to the usual results of compilation. - - The value of `DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT' can be just a file name, in - which case the Make rules are written to that file, guessing the - target name from the source file name. Or the value can have the - form `FILE TARGET', in which case the rules are written to file - FILE using TARGET as the target name. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Running Protoize, Prev: Environment Variables, Up: Invoking GCC - -Running Protoize -================ - - The program `protoize' is an optional part of GNU C. You can use it -to add prototypes to a program, thus converting the program to ANSI C -in one respect. The companion program `unprotoize' does the reverse: -it removes argument types from any prototypes that are found. - - When you run these programs, you must specify a set of source files -as command line arguments. The conversion programs start out by -compiling these files to see what functions they define. The -information gathered about a file FOO is saved in a file named `FOO.X'. - - After scanning comes actual conversion. The specified files are all -eligible to be converted; any files they include (whether sources or -just headers) are eligible as well. - - But not all the eligible files are converted. By default, -`protoize' and `unprotoize' convert only source and header files in the -current directory. You can specify additional directories whose files -should be converted with the `-d DIRECTORY' option. You can also -specify particular files to exclude with the `-x FILE' option. A file -is converted if it is eligible, its directory name matches one of the -specified directory names, and its name within the directory has not -been excluded. - - Basic conversion with `protoize' consists of rewriting most function -definitions and function declarations to specify the types of the -arguments. The only ones not rewritten are those for varargs functions. - - `protoize' optionally inserts prototype declarations at the -beginning of the source file, to make them available for any calls that -precede the function's definition. Or it can insert prototype -declarations with block scope in the blocks where undeclared functions -are called. - - Basic conversion with `unprotoize' consists of rewriting most -function declarations to remove any argument types, and rewriting -function definitions to the old-style pre-ANSI form. - - Both conversion programs print a warning for any function -declaration or definition that they can't convert. You can suppress -these warnings with `-q'. - - The output from `protoize' or `unprotoize' replaces the original -source file. The original file is renamed to a name ending with -`.save'. If the `.save' file already exists, then the source file is -simply discarded. - - `protoize' and `unprotoize' both depend on GNU CC itself to scan the -program and collect information about the functions it uses. So -neither of these programs will work until GNU CC is installed. - - Here is a table of the options you can use with `protoize' and -`unprotoize'. Each option works with both programs unless otherwise -stated. - -`-B DIRECTORY' - Look for the file `SYSCALLS.c.X' in DIRECTORY, instead of the - usual directory (normally `/usr/local/lib'). This file contains - prototype information about standard system functions. This option - applies only to `protoize'. - -`-c COMPILATION-OPTIONS' - Use COMPILATION-OPTIONS as the options when running `gcc' to - produce the `.X' files. The special option `-aux-info' is always - passed in addition, to tell `gcc' to write a `.X' file. - - Note that the compilation options must be given as a single - argument to `protoize' or `unprotoize'. If you want to specify - several `gcc' options, you must quote the entire set of - compilation options to make them a single word in the shell. - - There are certain `gcc' arguments that you cannot use, because they - would produce the wrong kind of output. These include `-g', `-O', - `-c', `-S', and `-o' If you include these in the - COMPILATION-OPTIONS, they are ignored. - -`-C' - Rename files to end in `.C' instead of `.c'. This is convenient - if you are converting a C program to C++. This option applies - only to `protoize'. - -`-g' - Add explicit global declarations. This means inserting explicit - declarations at the beginning of each source file for each function - that is called in the file and was not declared. These - declarations precede the first function definition that contains a - call to an undeclared function. This option applies only to - `protoize'. - -`-i STRING' - Indent old-style parameter declarations with the string STRING. - This option applies only to `protoize'. - - `unprotoize' converts prototyped function definitions to old-style - function definitions, where the arguments are declared between the - argument list and the initial `{'. By default, `unprotoize' uses - five spaces as the indentation. If you want to indent with just - one space instead, use `-i " "'. - -`-k' - Keep the `.X' files. Normally, they are deleted after conversion - is finished. - -`-l' - Add explicit local declarations. `protoize' with `-l' inserts a - prototype declaration for each function in each block which calls - the function without any declaration. This option applies only to - `protoize'. - -`-n' - Make no real changes. This mode just prints information about the - conversions that would have been done without `-n'. - -`-N' - Make no `.save' files. The original files are simply deleted. - Use this option with caution. - -`-p PROGRAM' - Use the program PROGRAM as the compiler. Normally, the name `gcc' - is used. - -`-q' - Work quietly. Most warnings are suppressed. - -`-v' - Print the version number, just like `-v' for `gcc'. - - If you need special compiler options to compile one of your program's -source files, then you should generate that file's `.X' file specially, -by running `gcc' on that source file with the appropriate options and -the option `-aux-info'. Then run `protoize' on the entire set of -files. `protoize' will use the existing `.X' file because it is newer -than the source file. For example: - - gcc -Dfoo=bar file1.c -aux-info - protoize *.c - -You need to include the special files along with the rest in the -`protoize' command, even though their `.X' files already exist, because -otherwise they won't get converted. - - *Note Protoize Caveats::, for more information on how to use -`protoize' successfully. - diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-6 b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-6 deleted file mode 100644 index 7e35f4e9f27..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-6 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,468 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file gcc.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.63 from the input -file gcc.texi. - - This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU compiler. - - Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 -Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - - Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software -Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for -Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are -included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public -License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight -`Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in -translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the -original English. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Installation, Next: C Extensions, Prev: Invoking GCC, Up: Top - -Installing GNU CC -***************** - -* Menu: - -* Configurations:: Configurations Supported by GNU CC. -* Other Dir:: Compiling in a separate directory (not where the source is). -* Cross-Compiler:: Building and installing a cross-compiler. -* Sun Install:: See below for installation on the Sun. -* VMS Install:: See below for installation on VMS. -* Collect2:: How `collect2' works; how it finds `ld'. -* Header Dirs:: Understanding the standard header file directories. - - Here is the procedure for installing GNU CC on a Unix system. See -*Note VMS Install::, for VMS systems. In this section we assume you -compile in the same directory that contains the source files; see *Note -Other Dir::, to find out how to compile in a separate directory on Unix -systems. - - You cannot install GNU C by itself on MSDOS; it will not compile -under any MSDOS compiler except itself. You need to get the complete -compilation package DJGPP, which includes binaries as well as sources, -and includes all the necessary compilation tools and libraries. - - 1. If you have built GNU CC previously in the same directory for a - different target machine, do `make distclean' to delete all files - that might be invalid. One of the files this deletes is - `Makefile'; if `make distclean' complains that `Makefile' does not - exist, it probably means that the directory is already suitably - clean. - - 2. On a System V release 4 system, make sure `/usr/bin' precedes - `/usr/ucb' in `PATH'. The `cc' command in `/usr/ucb' uses - libraries which have bugs. - - 3. Specify the host, build and target machine configurations. You do - this by running the file `configure'. - - The "build" machine is the system which you are using, the "host" - machine is the system where you want to run the resulting compiler - (normally the build machine), and the "target" machine is the - system for which you want the compiler to generate code. - - If you are building a compiler to produce code for the machine it - runs on (a native compiler), you normally do not need to specify - any operands to `configure'; it will try to guess the type of - machine you are on and use that as the build, host and target - machines. So you don't need to specify a configuration when - building a native compiler unless `configure' cannot figure out - what your configuration is or guesses wrong. - - In those cases, specify the build machine's "configuration name" - with the `--build' option; the host and target will default to be - the same as the build machine. (If you are building a - cross-compiler, see *Note Cross-Compiler::.) - - Here is an example: - - ./configure --build=sparc-sun-sunos4.1 - - A configuration name may be canonical or it may be more or less - abbreviated. - - A canonical configuration name has three parts, separated by - dashes. It looks like this: `CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM'. (The three - parts may themselves contain dashes; `configure' can figure out - which dashes serve which purpose.) For example, - `m68k-sun-sunos4.1' specifies a Sun 3. - - You can also replace parts of the configuration by nicknames or - aliases. For example, `sun3' stands for `m68k-sun', so - `sun3-sunos4.1' is another way to specify a Sun 3. You can also - use simply `sun3-sunos', since the version of SunOS is assumed by - default to be version 4. `sun3-bsd' also works, since `configure' - knows that the only BSD variant on a Sun 3 is SunOS. - - You can specify a version number after any of the system types, - and some of the CPU types. In most cases, the version is - irrelevant, and will be ignored. So you might as well specify the - version if you know it. - - See *Note Configurations::, for a list of supported configuration - names and notes on many of the configurations. You should check - the notes in that section before proceeding any further with the - installation of GNU CC. - - There are four additional options you can specify independently to - describe variant hardware and software configurations. These are - `--with-gnu-as', `--with-gnu-ld', `--with-stabs' and `--nfp'. - - `--with-gnu-as' - If you will use GNU CC with the GNU assembler (GAS), you - should declare this by using the `--with-gnu-as' option when - you run `configure'. - - Using this option does not install GAS. It only modifies the - output of GNU CC to work with GAS. Building and installing - GAS is up to you. - - Conversely, if you *do not* wish to use GAS and do not specify - `--with-gnu-as' when building GNU CC, it is up to you to make - sure that GAS is not installed. GNU CC searches for a - program named `as' in various directories; if the program it - finds is GAS, then it runs GAS. If you are not sure where - GNU CC finds the assembler it is using, try specifying `-v' - when you run it. - - The systems where it makes a difference whether you use GAS - are - `hppa1.0-ANY-ANY', `hppa1.1-ANY-ANY', `i386-ANY-sysv', - `i386-ANY-isc', - `i860-ANY-bsd', `m68k-bull-sysv', `m68k-hp-hpux', - `m68k-sony-bsd', - `m68k-altos-sysv', `m68000-hp-hpux', `m68000-att-sysv', - `ANY-lynx-lynxos', and `mips-ANY'). On any other system, - `--with-gnu-as' has no effect. - - On the systems listed above (except for the HP-PA, for ISC on - the 386, and for `mips-sgi-irix5.*'), if you use GAS, you - should also use the GNU linker (and specify `--with-gnu-ld'). - - `--with-gnu-ld' - Specify the option `--with-gnu-ld' if you plan to use the GNU - linker with GNU CC. - - This option does not cause the GNU linker to be installed; it - just modifies the behavior of GNU CC to work with the GNU - linker. Specifically, it inhibits the installation of - `collect2', a program which otherwise serves as a front-end - for the system's linker on most configurations. - - `--with-stabs' - On MIPS based systems and on Alphas, you must specify whether - you want GNU CC to create the normal ECOFF debugging format, - or to use BSD-style stabs passed through the ECOFF symbol - table. The normal ECOFF debug format cannot fully handle - languages other than C. BSD stabs format can handle other - languages, but it only works with the GNU debugger GDB. - - Normally, GNU CC uses the ECOFF debugging format by default; - if you prefer BSD stabs, specify `--with-stabs' when you - configure GNU CC. - - No matter which default you choose when you configure GNU CC, - the user can use the `-gcoff' and `-gstabs+' options to - specify explicitly the debug format for a particular - compilation. - - `--with-stabs' is meaningful on the ISC system on the 386, - also, if `--with-gas' is used. It selects use of stabs - debugging information embedded in COFF output. This kind of - debugging information supports C++ well; ordinary COFF - debugging information does not. - - `--with-stabs' is also meaningful on 386 systems running - SVR4. It selects use of stabs debugging information embedded - in ELF output. The C++ compiler currently (2.6.0) does not - support the DWARF debugging information normally used on 386 - SVR4 platforms; stabs provide a workable alternative. This - requires gas and gdb, as the normal SVR4 tools can not - generate or interpret stabs. - - `--nfp' - On certain systems, you must specify whether the machine has - a floating point unit. These systems include - `m68k-sun-sunosN' and `m68k-isi-bsd'. On any other system, - `--nfp' currently has no effect, though perhaps there are - other systems where it could usefully make a difference. - - The `configure' script searches subdirectories of the source - directory for other compilers that are to be integrated into GNU - CC. The GNU compiler for C++, called G++ is in a subdirectory - named `cp'. `configure' inserts rules into `Makefile' to build - all of those compilers. - - Here we spell out what files will be set up by `configure'. - Normally you need not be concerned with these files. - - * A file named `config.h' is created that contains a `#include' - of the top-level config file for the machine you will run the - compiler on (*note Config::.). This file is responsible for - defining information about the host machine. It includes - `tm.h'. - - The top-level config file is located in the subdirectory - `config'. Its name is always `xm-SOMETHING.h'; usually - `xm-MACHINE.h', but there are some exceptions. - - If your system does not support symbolic links, you might - want to set up `config.h' to contain a `#include' command - which refers to the appropriate file. - - * A file named `tconfig.h' is created which includes the - top-level config file for your target machine. This is used - for compiling certain programs to run on that machine. - - * A file named `tm.h' is created which includes the - machine-description macro file for your target machine. It - should be in the subdirectory `config' and its name is often - `MACHINE.h'. - - * The command file `configure' also constructs the file - `Makefile' by adding some text to the template file - `Makefile.in'. The additional text comes from files in the - `config' directory, named `t-TARGET' and `x-HOST'. If these - files do not exist, it means nothing needs to be added for a - given target or host. - - 4. The standard directory for installing GNU CC is `/usr/local/lib'. - If you want to install its files somewhere else, specify - `--prefix=DIR' when you run `configure'. Here DIR is a directory - name to use instead of `/usr/local' for all purposes with one - exception: the directory `/usr/local/include' is searched for - header files no matter where you install the compiler. To override - this name, use the `--local-prefix' option below. - - 5. Specify `--local-prefix=DIR' if you want the compiler to search - directory `DIR/include' for locally installed header files - *instead* of `/usr/local/include'. - - You should specify `--local-prefix' *only* if your site has a - different convention (not `/usr/local') for where to put - site-specific files. - - *Do not* specify `/usr' as the `--local-prefix'! The directory - you use for `--local-prefix' *must not* contain any of the - system's standard header files. If it did contain them, certain - programs would be miscompiled (including GNU Emacs, on certain - targets), because this would override and nullify the header file - corrections made by the `fixincludes' script. - - 6. Make sure the Bison parser generator is installed. (This is - unnecessary if the Bison output files `c-parse.c' and `cexp.c' are - more recent than `c-parse.y' and `cexp.y' and you do not plan to - change the `.y' files.) - - Bison versions older than Sept 8, 1988 will produce incorrect - output for `c-parse.c'. - - 7. If you have chosen a configuration for GNU CC which requires other - GNU tools (such as GAS or the GNU linker) instead of the standard - system tools, install the required tools in the build directory - under the names `as', `ld' or whatever is appropriate. This will - enable the compiler to find the proper tools for compilation of - the program `enquire'. - - Alternatively, you can do subsequent compilation using a value of - the `PATH' environment variable such that the necessary GNU tools - come before the standard system tools. - - 8. Build the compiler. Just type `make LANGUAGES=c' in the compiler - directory. - - `LANGUAGES=c' specifies that only the C compiler should be - compiled. The makefile normally builds compilers for all the - supported languages; currently, C, C++ and Objective C. However, - C is the only language that is sure to work when you build with - other non-GNU C compilers. In addition, building anything but C - at this stage is a waste of time. - - In general, you can specify the languages to build by typing the - argument `LANGUAGES="LIST"', where LIST is one or more words from - the list `c', `c++', and `objective-c'. If you have any - additional GNU compilers as subdirectories of the GNU CC source - directory, you may also specify their names in this list. - - Ignore any warnings you may see about "statement not reached" in - `insn-emit.c'; they are normal. Also, warnings about "unknown - escape sequence" are normal in `genopinit.c' and perhaps some - other files. Likewise, you should ignore warnings about "constant - is so large that it is unsigned" in `insn-emit.c' and - `insn-recog.c' and a warning about a comparison always being zero - in `enquire.o'. Any other compilation errors may represent bugs in - the port to your machine or operating system, and should be - investigated and reported (*note Bugs::.). - - Some commercial compilers fail to compile GNU CC because they have - bugs or limitations. For example, the Microsoft compiler is said - to run out of macro space. Some Ultrix compilers run out of - expression space; then you need to break up the statement where - the problem happens. - - 9. If you are building a cross-compiler, stop here. *Note - Cross-Compiler::. - - 10. Move the first-stage object files and executables into a - subdirectory with this command: - - make stage1 - - The files are moved into a subdirectory named `stage1'. Once - installation is complete, you may wish to delete these files with - `rm -r stage1'. - - 11. If you have chosen a configuration for GNU CC which requires other - GNU tools (such as GAS or the GNU linker) instead of the standard - system tools, install the required tools in the `stage1' - subdirectory under the names `as', `ld' or whatever is - appropriate. This will enable the stage 1 compiler to find the - proper tools in the following stage. - - Alternatively, you can do subsequent compilation using a value of - the `PATH' environment variable such that the necessary GNU tools - come before the standard system tools. - - 12. Recompile the compiler with itself, with this command: - - make CC="stage1/xgcc -Bstage1/" CFLAGS="-g -O2" - - This is called making the stage 2 compiler. - - The command shown above builds compilers for all the supported - languages. If you don't want them all, you can specify the - languages to build by typing the argument `LANGUAGES="LIST"'. LIST - should contain one or more words from the list `c', `c++', - `objective-c', and `proto'. Separate the words with spaces. - `proto' stands for the programs `protoize' and `unprotoize'; they - are not a separate language, but you use `LANGUAGES' to enable or - disable their installation. - - If you are going to build the stage 3 compiler, then you might - want to build only the C language in stage 2. - - Once you have built the stage 2 compiler, if you are short of disk - space, you can delete the subdirectory `stage1'. - - On a 68000 or 68020 system lacking floating point hardware, unless - you have selected a `tm.h' file that expects by default that there - is no such hardware, do this instead: - - make CC="stage1/xgcc -Bstage1/" CFLAGS="-g -O2 -msoft-float" - - 13. If you wish to test the compiler by compiling it with itself one - more time, install any other necessary GNU tools (such as GAS or - the GNU linker) in the `stage2' subdirectory as you did in the - `stage1' subdirectory, then do this: - - make stage2 - make CC="stage2/xgcc -Bstage2/" CFLAGS="-g -O2" - - This is called making the stage 3 compiler. Aside from the `-B' - option, the compiler options should be the same as when you made - the stage 2 compiler. But the `LANGUAGES' option need not be the - same. The command shown above builds compilers for all the - supported languages; if you don't want them all, you can specify - the languages to build by typing the argument `LANGUAGES="LIST"', - as described above. - - If you do not have to install any additional GNU tools, you may - use the command - - make bootstrap LANGUAGES=LANGUAGE-LIST BOOT_CFLAGS=OPTION-LIST - - instead of making `stage1', `stage2', and performing the two - compiler builds. - - 14. Then compare the latest object files with the stage 2 object - files--they ought to be identical, aside from time stamps (if any). - - On some systems, meaningful comparison of object files is - impossible; they always appear "different." This is currently - true on Solaris and some systems that use ELF object file format. - On some versions of Irix on SGI machines and DEC Unix (OSF/1) on - Alpha systems, you will not be able to compare the files without - specifying `-save-temps'; see the description of individual - systems above to see if you get comparison failures. You may have - similar problems on other systems. - - Use this command to compare the files: - - make compare - - This will mention any object files that differ between stage 2 and - stage 3. Any difference, no matter how innocuous, indicates that - the stage 2 compiler has compiled GNU CC incorrectly, and is - therefore a potentially serious bug which you should investigate - and report (*note Bugs::.). - - If your system does not put time stamps in the object files, then - this is a faster way to compare them (using the Bourne shell): - - for file in *.o; do - cmp $file stage2/$file - done - - If you have built the compiler with the `-mno-mips-tfile' option on - MIPS machines, you will not be able to compare the files. - - 15. Install the compiler driver, the compiler's passes and run-time - support with `make install'. Use the same value for `CC', - `CFLAGS' and `LANGUAGES' that you used when compiling the files - that are being installed. One reason this is necessary is that - some versions of Make have bugs and recompile files gratuitously - when you do this step. If you use the same variable values, those - files will be recompiled properly. - - For example, if you have built the stage 2 compiler, you can use - the following command: - - make install CC="stage2/xgcc -Bstage2/" CFLAGS="-g -O" LANGUAGES="LIST" - - This copies the files `cc1', `cpp' and `libgcc.a' to files `cc1', - `cpp' and `libgcc.a' in the directory - `/usr/local/lib/gcc-lib/TARGET/VERSION', which is where the - compiler driver program looks for them. Here TARGET is the target - machine type specified when you ran `configure', and VERSION is - the version number of GNU CC. This naming scheme permits various - versions and/or cross-compilers to coexist. - - This also copies the driver program `xgcc' into - `/usr/local/bin/gcc', so that it appears in typical execution - search paths. - - On some systems, this command causes recompilation of some files. - This is usually due to bugs in `make'. You should either ignore - this problem, or use GNU Make. - - *Warning: there is a bug in `alloca' in the Sun library. To avoid - this bug, be sure to install the executables of GNU CC that were - compiled by GNU CC. (That is, the executables from stage 2 or 3, - not stage 1.) They use `alloca' as a built-in function and never - the one in the library.* - - (It is usually better to install GNU CC executables from stage 2 - or 3, since they usually run faster than the ones compiled with - some other compiler.) - - 16. If you're going to use C++, it's likely that you need to also - install the libg++ distribution. It should be available from the - same place where you got the GNU C distribution. Just as GNU C - does not distribute a C runtime library, it also does not include - a C++ run-time library. All I/O functionality, special class - libraries, etc., are available in the libg++ distribution. - diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-7 b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-7 deleted file mode 100644 index c966ff12678..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-7 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1184 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file gcc.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.63 from the input -file gcc.texi. - - This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU compiler. - - Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 -Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - - Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software -Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for -Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are -included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public -License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight -`Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in -translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the -original English. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Configurations, Next: Other Dir, Up: Installation - -Configurations Supported by GNU CC -================================== - - Here are the possible CPU types: - - 1750a, a29k, alpha, arm, cN, clipper, dsp16xx, elxsi, h8300, - hppa1.0, hppa1.1, i370, i386, i486, i586, i860, i960, m68000, m68k, - m88k, mips, mipsel, mips64, mips64el, ns32k, powerpc, powerpcle, - pyramid, romp, rs6000, sh, sparc, sparclite, sparc64, vax, we32k. - - Here are the recognized company names. As you can see, customary -abbreviations are used rather than the longer official names. - - acorn, alliant, altos, apollo, att, bull, cbm, convergent, convex, - crds, dec, dg, dolphin, elxsi, encore, harris, hitachi, hp, ibm, - intergraph, isi, mips, motorola, ncr, next, ns, omron, plexus, - sequent, sgi, sony, sun, tti, unicom, wrs. - - The company name is meaningful only to disambiguate when the rest of -the information supplied is insufficient. You can omit it, writing -just `CPU-SYSTEM', if it is not needed. For example, `vax-ultrix4.2' -is equivalent to `vax-dec-ultrix4.2'. - - Here is a list of system types: - - 386bsd, aix, acis, amigados, aos, aout, bosx, bsd, clix, coff, - ctix, cxux, dgux, dynix, ebmon, ecoff, elf, esix, freebsd, hms, - genix, gnu, gnu/linux, hiux, hpux, iris, irix, isc, luna, lynxos, - mach, minix, msdos, mvs, netbsd, newsos, nindy, ns, osf, osfrose, - ptx, riscix, riscos, rtu, sco, sim, solaris, sunos, sym, sysv, - udi, ultrix, unicos, uniplus, unos, vms, vsta, vxworks, winnt, - xenix. - -You can omit the system type; then `configure' guesses the operating -system from the CPU and company. - - You can add a version number to the system type; this may or may not -make a difference. For example, you can write `bsd4.3' or `bsd4.4' to -distinguish versions of BSD. In practice, the version number is most -needed for `sysv3' and `sysv4', which are often treated differently. - - If you specify an impossible combination such as `i860-dg-vms', then -you may get an error message from `configure', or it may ignore part of -the information and do the best it can with the rest. `configure' -always prints the canonical name for the alternative that it used. GNU -CC does not support all possible alternatives. - - Often a particular model of machine has a name. Many machine names -are recognized as aliases for CPU/company combinations. Thus, the -machine name `sun3', mentioned above, is an alias for `m68k-sun'. -Sometimes we accept a company name as a machine name, when the name is -popularly used for a particular machine. Here is a table of the known -machine names: - - 3300, 3b1, 3bN, 7300, altos3068, altos, apollo68, att-7300, - balance, convex-cN, crds, decstation-3100, decstation, delta, - encore, fx2800, gmicro, hp7NN, hp8NN, hp9k2NN, hp9k3NN, hp9k7NN, - hp9k8NN, iris4d, iris, isi68, m3230, magnum, merlin, miniframe, - mmax, news-3600, news800, news, next, pbd, pc532, pmax, powerpc, - powerpcle, ps2, risc-news, rtpc, sun2, sun386i, sun386, sun3, - sun4, symmetry, tower-32, tower. - -Remember that a machine name specifies both the cpu type and the company -name. If you want to install your own homemade configuration files, -you can use `local' as the company name to access them. If you use -configuration `CPU-local', the configuration name without the cpu prefix -is used to form the configuration file names. - - Thus, if you specify `m68k-local', configuration uses files -`m68k.md', `local.h', `m68k.c', `xm-local.h', `t-local', and `x-local', -all in the directory `config/m68k'. - - Here is a list of configurations that have special treatment or -special things you must know: - -`1750a-*-*' - MIL-STD-1750A processors. - - Starting with GCC 2.6.1, the MIL-STD-1750A cross configuration no - longer supports the Tektronix Assembler, but instead produces - output for `as1750', an assembler/linker available under the GNU - Public License for the 1750A. Contact *kellogg@space.otn.dasa.de* - for more details on obtaining `as1750'. A similarly licensed - simulator for the 1750A is available from same address. - - You should ignore a fatal error during the building of libgcc - (libgcc is not yet implemented for the 1750A.) - - The `as1750' assembler requires the file `ms1750.inc', which is - found in the directory `config/1750a'. - - GNU CC produced the same sections as the Fairchild F9450 C - Compiler, namely: - - `Normal' - The program code section. - - `Static' - The read/write (RAM) data section. - - `Konst' - The read-only (ROM) constants section. - - `Init' - Initialization section (code to copy KREL to SREL). - - The smallest addressable unit is 16 bits (BITS_PER_UNIT is 16). - This means that type `char' is represented with a 16-bit word per - character. The 1750A's "Load/Store Upper/Lower Byte" instructions - are not used by GNU CC. - -`alpha-*-osf1' - Systems using processors that implement the DEC Alpha architecture - and are running the DEC Unix (OSF/1) operating system, for example - the DEC Alpha AXP systems. (VMS on the Alpha is not currently - supported by GNU CC.) - - GNU CC writes a `.verstamp' directive to the assembler output file - unless it is built as a cross-compiler. It gets the version to - use from the system header file `/usr/include/stamp.h'. If you - install a new version of DEC Unix, you should rebuild GCC to pick - up the new version stamp. - - Note that since the Alpha is a 64-bit architecture, - cross-compilers from 32-bit machines will not generate code as - efficient as that generated when the compiler is running on a - 64-bit machine because many optimizations that depend on being - able to represent a word on the target in an integral value on the - host cannot be performed. Building cross-compilers on the Alpha - for 32-bit machines has only been tested in a few cases and may - not work properly. - - `make compare' may fail on old versions of DEC Unix unless you add - `-save-temps' to `CFLAGS'. On these systems, the name of the - assembler input file is stored in the object file, and that makes - comparison fail if it differs between the `stage1' and `stage2' - compilations. The option `-save-temps' forces a fixed name to be - used for the assembler input file, instead of a randomly chosen - name in `/tmp'. Do not add `-save-temps' unless the comparisons - fail without that option. If you add `-save-temps', you will have - to manually delete the `.i' and `.s' files after each series of - compilations. - - GNU CC now supports both the native (ECOFF) debugging format used - by DBX and GDB and an encapsulated STABS format for use only with - GDB. See the discussion of the `--with-stabs' option of - `configure' above for more information on these formats and how to - select them. - - There is a bug in DEC's assembler that produces incorrect line - numbers for ECOFF format when the `.align' directive is used. To - work around this problem, GNU CC will not emit such alignment - directives while writing ECOFF format debugging information even - if optimization is being performed. Unfortunately, this has the - very undesirable side-effect that code addresses when `-O' is - specified are different depending on whether or not `-g' is also - specified. - - To avoid this behavior, specify `-gstabs+' and use GDB instead of - DBX. DEC is now aware of this problem with the assembler and - hopes to provide a fix shortly. - -`arm' - Advanced RISC Machines ARM-family processors. These are often - used in embedded applications. There are no standard Unix - configurations. This configuration corresponds to the basic - instruction sequences and will produce a.out format object modules. - - You may need to make a variant of the file `arm.h' for your - particular configuration. - -`arm-*-riscix' - The ARM2 or ARM3 processor running RISC iX, Acorn's port of BSD - Unix. If you are running a version of RISC iX prior to 1.2 then - you must specify the version number during configuration. Note - that the assembler shipped with RISC iX does not support stabs - debugging information; a new version of the assembler, with stabs - support included, is now available from Acorn. - -`a29k' - AMD Am29k-family processors. These are normally used in embedded - applications. There are no standard Unix configurations. This - configuration corresponds to AMD's standard calling sequence and - binary interface and is compatible with other 29k tools. - - You may need to make a variant of the file `a29k.h' for your - particular configuration. - -`a29k-*-bsd' - AMD Am29050 used in a system running a variant of BSD Unix. - -`decstation-*' - DECstations can support three different personalities: Ultrix, DEC - OSF/1, and OSF/rose. To configure GCC for these platforms use the - following configurations: - - `decstation-ultrix' - Ultrix configuration. - - `decstation-osf1' - Dec's version of OSF/1. - - `decstation-osfrose' - Open Software Foundation reference port of OSF/1 which uses - the OSF/rose object file format instead of ECOFF. Normally, - you would not select this configuration. - - The MIPS C compiler needs to be told to increase its table size - for switch statements with the `-Wf,-XNg1500' option in order to - compile `cp/parse.c'. If you use the `-O2' optimization option, - you also need to use `-Olimit 3000'. Both of these options are - automatically generated in the `Makefile' that the shell script - `configure' builds. If you override the `CC' make variable and - use the MIPS compilers, you may need to add `-Wf,-XNg1500 -Olimit - 3000'. - -`elxsi-elxsi-bsd' - The Elxsi's C compiler has known limitations that prevent it from - compiling GNU C. Please contact `mrs@cygnus.com' for more details. - -`dsp16xx' - A port to the AT&T DSP1610 family of processors. - -`h8300-*-*' - The calling convention and structure layout has changed in release - 2.6. All code must be recompiled. The calling convention now - passes the first three arguments in function calls in registers. - Structures are no longer a multiple of 2 bytes. - -`hppa*-*-*' - There are two variants of this CPU, called 1.0 and 1.1, which have - different machine descriptions. You must use the right one for - your machine. All 7NN machines and 8N7 machines use 1.1, while - all other 8NN machines use 1.0. - - The easiest way to handle this problem is to use `configure hpNNN' - or `configure hpNNN-hpux', where NNN is the model number of the - machine. Then `configure' will figure out if the machine is a 1.0 - or 1.1. Use `uname -a' to find out the model number of your - machine. - - `-g' does not work on HP-UX, since that system uses a peculiar - debugging format which GNU CC does not know about. However, `-g' - will work if you also use GAS and GDB in conjunction with GCC. We - highly recommend using GAS for all HP-PA configurations. - - You should be using GAS-2.3 (or later) along with GDB-4.12 (or - later). These can be retrieved from all the traditional GNU ftp - archive sites. - - Build GAS and install the resulting binary as: - - /usr/local/lib/gcc-lib/CONFIGURATION/GCCVERSION/as - - where CONFIGURATION is the configuration name (perhaps - `hpNNN-hpux') and GCCVERSION is the GNU CC version number. Do - this *before* starting the build process, otherwise you will get - errors from the HPUX assembler while building `libgcc2.a'. The - command - - make install-dir - - will create the necessary directory hierarchy so you can install - GAS before building GCC. - - To enable debugging, configure GNU CC with the `--with-gnu-as' - option before building. - - It has been reported that GNU CC produces invalid assembly code for - 1.1 machines running HP-UX 8.02 when using the HP assembler. - Typically the errors look like this: - as: bug.s @line#15 [err#1060] - Argument 0 or 2 in FARG upper - - lookahead = ARGW1=FR,RTNVAL=GR - as: foo.s @line#28 [err#1060] - Argument 0 or 2 in FARG upper - - lookahead = ARGW1=FR - - You can check the version of HP-UX you are running by executing - the command `uname -r'. If you are indeed running HP-UX 8.02 on - a PA and using the HP assembler then configure GCC with - "hpNNN-hpux8.02". - -`i370-*-*' - This port is very preliminary and has many known bugs. We hope to - have a higher-quality port for this machine soon. - -`i386-*-linuxoldld' - Use this configuration to generate a.out binaries on Linux if you - do not have gas/binutils version 2.5.2 or later installed. This is - an obsolete configuration. - -`i386-*-linuxaout' - Use this configuration to generate a.out binaries on Linux. This - configuration is being superseded. You must use gas/binutils - version 2.5.2 or later. - -`i386-*-linux' - Use this configuration to generate ELF binaries on Linux. You must - use gas/binutils version 2.5.2 or later. - -`i386-*-sco' - Compilation with RCC is recommended. Also, it may be a good idea - to link with GNU malloc instead of the malloc that comes with the - system. - -`i386-*-sco3.2v4' - Use this configuration for SCO release 3.2 version 4. - -`i386-*-isc' - It may be a good idea to link with GNU malloc instead of the - malloc that comes with the system. - - In ISC version 4.1, `sed' core dumps when building `deduced.h'. - Use the version of `sed' from version 4.0. - -`i386-*-esix' - It may be good idea to link with GNU malloc instead of the malloc - that comes with the system. - -`i386-ibm-aix' - You need to use GAS version 2.1 or later, and and LD from GNU - binutils version 2.2 or later. - -`i386-sequent-bsd' - Go to the Berkeley universe before compiling. In addition, you - probably need to create a file named `string.h' containing just - one line: `#include <strings.h>'. - -`i386-sequent-ptx1*' - Sequent DYNIX/ptx 1.x. - -`i386-sequent-ptx2*' - Sequent DYNIX/ptx 2.x. - -`i386-sun-sunos4' - You may find that you need another version of GNU CC to begin - bootstrapping with, since the current version when built with the - system's own compiler seems to get an infinite loop compiling part - of `libgcc2.c'. GNU CC version 2 compiled with GNU CC (any - version) seems not to have this problem. - - See *Note Sun Install::, for information on installing GNU CC on - Sun systems. - -`i[345]86-*-winnt3.5' - This version requires a GAS that has not let been released. Until - it is, you can get a prebuilt binary version via anonymous ftp from - `cs.washington.edu:pub/gnat' or `cs.nyu.edu:pub/gnat'. You must - also use the Microsoft header files from the Windows NT 3.5 SDK. - Find these on the CDROM in the `/mstools/h' directory dated - 9/4/94. You must use a fixed version of Microsoft linker made - especially for NT 3.5, which is also is available on the NT 3.5 - SDK CDROM. If you do not have this linker, can you also use the - linker from Visual C/C++ 1.0 or 2.0. - - Installing GNU CC for NT builds a wrapper linker, called `ld.exe', - which mimics the behaviour of Unix `ld' in the specification of - libraries (`-L' and `-l'). `ld.exe' looks for both Unix and - Microsoft named libraries. For example, if you specify `-lfoo', - `ld.exe' will look first for `libfoo.a' and then for `foo.lib'. - - You may install GNU CC for Windows NT in one of two ways, - depending on whether or not you have a Unix-like shell and various - Unix-like utilities. - - 1. If you do not have a Unix-like shell and few Unix-like - utilities, you will use a DOS style batch script called - `configure.bat'. Invoke it as `configure winnt' from an - MSDOS console window or from the program manager dialog box. - `configure.bat' assumes you have already installed and have - in your path a Unix-like `sed' program which is used to - create a working `Makefile' from `Makefile.in'. - - `Makefile' uses the Microsoft Nmake program maintenance - utility and the Visual C/C++ V8.00 compiler to build GNU CC. - You need only have the utilities `sed' and `touch' to use - this installation method, which only automatically builds the - compiler itself. You must then examine what `fixinc.winnt' - does, edit the header files by hand and build `libgcc.a' - manually. - - 2. The second type of installation assumes you are running a - Unix-like shell, have a complete suite of Unix-like utilities - in your path, and have a previous version of GNU CC already - installed, either through building it via the above - installation method or acquiring a pre-built binary. In this - case, use the `configure' script in the normal fashion. - -`i860-intel-osf1' - This is the Paragon. If you have version 1.0 of the operating - system, see *Note Installation Problems::, for special things you - need to do to compensate for peculiarities in the system. - -`*-lynx-lynxos' - LynxOS 2.2 and earlier comes with GNU CC 1.x already installed as - `/bin/gcc'. You should compile with this instead of `/bin/cc'. - You can tell GNU CC to use the GNU assembler and linker, by - specifying `--with-gnu-as --with-gnu-ld' when configuring. These - will produce COFF format object files and executables; otherwise - GNU CC will use the installed tools, which produce a.out format - executables. - -`m68000-hp-bsd' - HP 9000 series 200 running BSD. Note that the C compiler that - comes with this system cannot compile GNU CC; contact - `law@cs.utah.edu' to get binaries of GNU CC for bootstrapping. - -`m68k-altos' - Altos 3068. You must use the GNU assembler, linker and debugger. - Also, you must fix a kernel bug. Details in the file - `README.ALTOS'. - -`m68k-att-sysv' - AT&T 3b1, a.k.a. 7300 PC. Special procedures are needed to - compile GNU CC with this machine's standard C compiler, due to - bugs in that compiler. You can bootstrap it more easily with - previous versions of GNU CC if you have them. - - Installing GNU CC on the 3b1 is difficult if you do not already - have GNU CC running, due to bugs in the installed C compiler. - However, the following procedure might work. We are unable to - test it. - - 1. Comment out the `#include "config.h"' line on line 37 of - `cccp.c' and do `make cpp'. This makes a preliminary version - of GNU cpp. - - 2. Save the old `/lib/cpp' and copy the preliminary GNU cpp to - that file name. - - 3. Undo your change in `cccp.c', or reinstall the original - version, and do `make cpp' again. - - 4. Copy this final version of GNU cpp into `/lib/cpp'. - - 5. Replace every occurrence of `obstack_free' in the file - `tree.c' with `_obstack_free'. - - 6. Run `make' to get the first-stage GNU CC. - - 7. Reinstall the original version of `/lib/cpp'. - - 8. Now you can compile GNU CC with itself and install it in the - normal fashion. - -`m68k-bull-sysv' - Bull DPX/2 series 200 and 300 with BOS-2.00.45 up to BOS-2.01. GNU - CC works either with native assembler or GNU assembler. You can use - GNU assembler with native coff generation by providing - `--with-gnu-as' to the configure script or use GNU assembler with - dbx-in-coff encapsulation by providing `--with-gnu-as --stabs'. - For any problem with native assembler or for availability of the - DPX/2 port of GAS, contact `F.Pierresteguy@frcl.bull.fr'. - -`m68k-crds-unox' - Use `configure unos' for building on Unos. - - The Unos assembler is named `casm' instead of `as'. For some - strange reason linking `/bin/as' to `/bin/casm' changes the - behavior, and does not work. So, when installing GNU CC, you - should install the following script as `as' in the subdirectory - where the passes of GCC are installed: - - #!/bin/sh - casm $* - - The default Unos library is named `libunos.a' instead of `libc.a'. - To allow GNU CC to function, either change all references to - `-lc' in `gcc.c' to `-lunos' or link `/lib/libc.a' to - `/lib/libunos.a'. - - When compiling GNU CC with the standard compiler, to overcome bugs - in the support of `alloca', do not use `-O' when making stage 2. - Then use the stage 2 compiler with `-O' to make the stage 3 - compiler. This compiler will have the same characteristics as the - usual stage 2 compiler on other systems. Use it to make a stage 4 - compiler and compare that with stage 3 to verify proper - compilation. - - (Perhaps simply defining `ALLOCA' in `x-crds' as described in the - comments there will make the above paragraph superfluous. Please - inform us of whether this works.) - - Unos uses memory segmentation instead of demand paging, so you - will need a lot of memory. 5 Mb is barely enough if no other - tasks are running. If linking `cc1' fails, try putting the object - files into a library and linking from that library. - -`m68k-hp-hpux' - HP 9000 series 300 or 400 running HP-UX. HP-UX version 8.0 has a - bug in the assembler that prevents compilation of GNU CC. To fix - it, get patch PHCO_4484 from HP. - - In addition, if you wish to use gas `--with-gnu-as' you must use - gas version 2.1 or later, and you must use the GNU linker version - 2.1 or later. Earlier versions of gas relied upon a program which - converted the gas output into the native HP/UX format, but that - program has not been kept up to date. gdb does not understand - that native HP/UX format, so you must use gas if you wish to use - gdb. - -`m68k-sun' - Sun 3. We do not provide a configuration file to use the Sun FPA - by default, because programs that establish signal handlers for - floating point traps inherently cannot work with the FPA. - - See *Note Sun Install::, for information on installing GNU CC on - Sun systems. - -`m88k-*-svr3' - Motorola m88k running the AT&T/Unisoft/Motorola V.3 reference port. - These systems tend to use the Green Hills C, revision 1.8.5, as the - standard C compiler. There are apparently bugs in this compiler - that result in object files differences between stage 2 and stage - 3. If this happens, make the stage 4 compiler and compare it to - the stage 3 compiler. If the stage 3 and stage 4 object files are - identical, this suggests you encountered a problem with the - standard C compiler; the stage 3 and 4 compilers may be usable. - - It is best, however, to use an older version of GNU CC for - bootstrapping if you have one. - -`m88k-*-dgux' - Motorola m88k running DG/UX. To build 88open BCS native or cross - compilers on DG/UX, specify the configuration name as - `m88k-*-dguxbcs' and build in the 88open BCS software development - environment. To build ELF native or cross compilers on DG/UX, - specify `m88k-*-dgux' and build in the DG/UX ELF development - environment. You set the software development environment by - issuing `sde-target' command and specifying either `m88kbcs' or - `m88kdguxelf' as the operand. - - If you do not specify a configuration name, `configure' guesses the - configuration based on the current software development - environment. - -`m88k-tektronix-sysv3' - Tektronix XD88 running UTekV 3.2e. Do not turn on optimization - while building stage1 if you bootstrap with the buggy Green Hills - compiler. Also, The bundled LAI System V NFS is buggy so if you - build in an NFS mounted directory, start from a fresh reboot, or - avoid NFS all together. Otherwise you may have trouble getting - clean comparisons between stages. - -`mips-mips-bsd' - MIPS machines running the MIPS operating system in BSD mode. It's - possible that some old versions of the system lack the functions - `memcpy', `memcmp', and `memset'. If your system lacks these, you - must remove or undo the definition of `TARGET_MEM_FUNCTIONS' in - `mips-bsd.h'. - - The MIPS C compiler needs to be told to increase its table size - for switch statements with the `-Wf,-XNg1500' option in order to - compile `cp/parse.c'. If you use the `-O2' optimization option, - you also need to use `-Olimit 3000'. Both of these options are - automatically generated in the `Makefile' that the shell script - `configure' builds. If you override the `CC' make variable and - use the MIPS compilers, you may need to add `-Wf,-XNg1500 -Olimit - 3000'. - -`mips-mips-riscos*' - The MIPS C compiler needs to be told to increase its table size - for switch statements with the `-Wf,-XNg1500' option in order to - compile `cp/parse.c'. If you use the `-O2' optimization option, - you also need to use `-Olimit 3000'. Both of these options are - automatically generated in the `Makefile' that the shell script - `configure' builds. If you override the `CC' make variable and - use the MIPS compilers, you may need to add `-Wf,-XNg1500 -Olimit - 3000'. - - MIPS computers running RISC-OS can support four different - personalities: default, BSD 4.3, System V.3, and System V.4 (older - versions of RISC-OS don't support V.4). To configure GCC for - these platforms use the following configurations: - - `mips-mips-riscos`rev'' - Default configuration for RISC-OS, revision `rev'. - - `mips-mips-riscos`rev'bsd' - BSD 4.3 configuration for RISC-OS, revision `rev'. - - `mips-mips-riscos`rev'sysv4' - System V.4 configuration for RISC-OS, revision `rev'. - - `mips-mips-riscos`rev'sysv' - System V.3 configuration for RISC-OS, revision `rev'. - - The revision `rev' mentioned above is the revision of RISC-OS to - use. You must reconfigure GCC when going from a RISC-OS revision - 4 to RISC-OS revision 5. This has the effect of avoiding a linker - bug (see *Note Installation Problems::, for more details). - -`mips-sgi-*' - In order to compile GCC on an SGI running IRIX 4, the "c.hdr.lib" - option must be installed from the CD-ROM supplied from Silicon - Graphics. This is found on the 2nd CD in release 4.0.1. - - In order to compile GCC on an SGI running IRIX 5, the - "compiler_dev.hdr" subsystem must be installed from the IDO CD-ROM - supplied by Silicon Graphics. - - `make compare' may fail on version 5 of IRIX unless you add - `-save-temps' to `CFLAGS'. On these systems, the name of the - assembler input file is stored in the object file, and that makes - comparison fail if it differs between the `stage1' and `stage2' - compilations. The option `-save-temps' forces a fixed name to be - used for the assembler input file, instead of a randomly chosen - name in `/tmp'. Do not add `-save-temps' unless the comparisons - fail without that option. If you do you `-save-temps', you will - have to manually delete the `.i' and `.s' files after each series - of compilations. - - The MIPS C compiler needs to be told to increase its table size - for switch statements with the `-Wf,-XNg1500' option in order to - compile `cp/parse.c'. If you use the `-O2' optimization option, - you also need to use `-Olimit 3000'. Both of these options are - automatically generated in the `Makefile' that the shell script - `configure' builds. If you override the `CC' make variable and - use the MIPS compilers, you may need to add `-Wf,-XNg1500 -Olimit - 3000'. - - On Irix version 4.0.5F, and perhaps on some other versions as well, - there is an assembler bug that reorders instructions incorrectly. - To work around it, specify the target configuration - `mips-sgi-irix4loser'. This configuration inhibits assembler - optimization. - - In a compiler configured with target `mips-sgi-irix4', you can turn - off assembler optimization by using the `-noasmopt' option. This - compiler option passes the option `-O0' to the assembler, to - inhibit reordering. - - The `-noasmopt' option can be useful for testing whether a problem - is due to erroneous assembler reordering. Even if a problem does - not go away with `-noasmopt', it may still be due to assembler - reordering--perhaps GNU CC itself was miscompiled as a result. - - To enable debugging under Irix 5, you must use GNU as 2.5 or later, - and use the `--with-gnu-as' configure option when configuring gcc. - GNU as is distributed as part of the binutils package. - -`mips-sony-sysv' - Sony MIPS NEWS. This works in NEWSOS 5.0.1, but not in 5.0.2 - (which uses ELF instead of COFF). Support for 5.0.2 will probably - be provided soon by volunteers. In particular, the linker does - not like the code generated by GCC when shared libraries are - linked in. - -`ns32k-encore' - Encore ns32000 system. Encore systems are supported only under - BSD. - -`ns32k-*-genix' - National Semiconductor ns32000 system. Genix has bugs in `alloca' - and `malloc'; you must get the compiled versions of these from GNU - Emacs. - -`ns32k-sequent' - Go to the Berkeley universe before compiling. In addition, you - probably need to create a file named `string.h' containing just - one line: `#include <strings.h>'. - -`ns32k-utek' - UTEK ns32000 system ("merlin"). The C compiler that comes with - this system cannot compile GNU CC; contact `tektronix!reed!mason' - to get binaries of GNU CC for bootstrapping. - -`romp-*-aos' -`romp-*-mach' - The only operating systems supported for the IBM RT PC are AOS and - MACH. GNU CC does not support AIX running on the RT. We - recommend you compile GNU CC with an earlier version of itself; if - you compile GNU CC with `hc', the Metaware compiler, it will work, - but you will get mismatches between the stage 2 and stage 3 - compilers in various files. These errors are minor differences in - some floating-point constants and can be safely ignored; the stage - 3 compiler is correct. - -`rs6000-*-aix' -`powerpc-*-aix' - Various early versions of each release of the IBM XLC compiler - will not bootstrap GNU CC. Symptoms include differences between - the stage2 and stage3 object files, and errors when compiling - `libgcc.a' or `enquire'. Known problematic releases include: - xlc-1.2.1.8, xlc-1.3.0.0 (distributed with AIX 3.2.5), and - xlc-1.3.0.19. Both xlc-1.2.1.28 and xlc-1.3.0.24 (PTF 432238) are - known to produce working versions of GNU CC, but most other recent - releases correctly bootstrap GNU CC. Also, releases of AIX prior - to AIX 3.2.4 include a version of the IBM assembler which does not - accept debugging directives: assembler updates are available as - PTFs. Also, if you are using AIX 3.2.5 or greater and the GNU - assembler, you must have a version modified after October 16th, - 1995 in order for the GNU C compiler to build. See the file - `README.RS6000' for more details on of these problems. - - GNU CC does not yet support the 64-bit PowerPC instructions. - - Objective C does not work on this architecture because it makes - assumptions that are incompatible with the calling conventions. - - AIX on the RS/6000 provides support (NLS) for environments outside - of the United States. Compilers and assemblers use NLS to support - locale-specific representations of various objects including - floating-point numbers ("." vs "," for separating decimal - fractions). There have been problems reported where the library - linked with GNU CC does not produce the same floating-point - formats that the assembler accepts. If you have this problem, set - the LANG environment variable to "C" or "En_US". - - Due to changes in the way that GNU CC invokes the binder (linker) - for AIX 4.1, you may now receive warnings of duplicate symbols - from the link step that were not reported before. The assembly - files generated by GNU CC for AIX have always included multiple - symbol definitions for certain global variable and function - declarations in the original program. The warnings should not - prevent the linker from producing a correct library or runnable - executable. - -`powerpc-*-elf' -`powerpc-*-sysv4' - PowerPC system in big endian mode, running System V.4. - - This configuration is currently under development. - -`powerpc-*-eabiaix' - Embedded PowerPC system in big endian mode with -mcall-aix - selected as the default. This system is currently under - development. - -`powerpc-*-eabisim' - Embedded PowerPC system in big endian mode for use in running - under the PSIM simulator. This system is currently under - development. - -`powerpc-*-eabi' - Embedded PowerPC system in big endian mode. - - This configuration is currently under development. - -`powerpcle-*-elf' -`powerpcle-*-sysv4' - PowerPC system in little endian mode, running System V.4. - - This configuration is currently under development. - -`powerpcle-*-sysv4' - Embedded PowerPC system in little endian mode. - - This system is currently under development. - -`powerpcle-*-eabisim' - Embedded PowerPC system in little endian mode for use in running - under the PSIM simulator. - - This system is currently under development. - -`powerpcle-*-eabi' - Embedded PowerPC system in little endian mode. - - This configuration is currently under development. - -`vax-dec-ultrix' - Don't try compiling with Vax C (`vcc'). It produces incorrect code - in some cases (for example, when `alloca' is used). - - Meanwhile, compiling `cp/parse.c' with pcc does not work because of - an internal table size limitation in that compiler. To avoid this - problem, compile just the GNU C compiler first, and use it to - recompile building all the languages that you want to run. - -`sparc-sun-*' - See *Note Sun Install::, for information on installing GNU CC on - Sun systems. - -`vax-dec-vms' - See *Note VMS Install::, for details on how to install GNU CC on - VMS. - -`we32k-*-*' - These computers are also known as the 3b2, 3b5, 3b20 and other - similar names. (However, the 3b1 is actually a 68000; see *Note - Configurations::.) - - Don't use `-g' when compiling with the system's compiler. The - system's linker seems to be unable to handle such a large program - with debugging information. - - The system's compiler runs out of capacity when compiling `stmt.c' - in GNU CC. You can work around this by building `cpp' in GNU CC - first, then use that instead of the system's preprocessor with the - system's C compiler to compile `stmt.c'. Here is how: - - mv /lib/cpp /lib/cpp.att - cp cpp /lib/cpp.gnu - echo '/lib/cpp.gnu -traditional ${1+"$@"}' > /lib/cpp - chmod +x /lib/cpp - - The system's compiler produces bad code for some of the GNU CC - optimization files. So you must build the stage 2 compiler without - optimization. Then build a stage 3 compiler with optimization. - That executable should work. Here are the necessary commands: - - make LANGUAGES=c CC=stage1/xgcc CFLAGS="-Bstage1/ -g" - make stage2 - make CC=stage2/xgcc CFLAGS="-Bstage2/ -g -O" - - You may need to raise the ULIMIT setting to build a C++ compiler, - as the file `cc1plus' is larger than one megabyte. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Other Dir, Next: Cross-Compiler, Prev: Configurations, Up: Installation - -Compilation in a Separate Directory -=================================== - - If you wish to build the object files and executables in a directory -other than the one containing the source files, here is what you must -do differently: - - 1. Make sure you have a version of Make that supports the `VPATH' - feature. (GNU Make supports it, as do Make versions on most BSD - systems.) - - 2. If you have ever run `configure' in the source directory, you must - undo the configuration. Do this by running: - - make distclean - - 3. Go to the directory in which you want to build the compiler before - running `configure': - - mkdir gcc-sun3 - cd gcc-sun3 - - On systems that do not support symbolic links, this directory must - be on the same file system as the source code directory. - - 4. Specify where to find `configure' when you run it: - - ../gcc/configure ... - - This also tells `configure' where to find the compiler sources; - `configure' takes the directory from the file name that was used to - invoke it. But if you want to be sure, you can specify the source - directory with the `--srcdir' option, like this: - - ../gcc/configure --srcdir=../gcc OTHER OPTIONS - - The directory you specify with `--srcdir' need not be the same as - the one that `configure' is found in. - - Now, you can run `make' in that directory. You need not repeat the -configuration steps shown above, when ordinary source files change. You -must, however, run `configure' again when the configuration files -change, if your system does not support symbolic links. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Cross-Compiler, Next: Sun Install, Prev: Other Dir, Up: Installation - -Building and Installing a Cross-Compiler -======================================== - - GNU CC can function as a cross-compiler for many machines, but not -all. - - * Cross-compilers for the Mips as target using the Mips assembler - currently do not work, because the auxiliary programs - `mips-tdump.c' and `mips-tfile.c' can't be compiled on anything - but a Mips. It does work to cross compile for a Mips if you use - the GNU assembler and linker. - - * Cross-compilers between machines with different floating point - formats have not all been made to work. GNU CC now has a floating - point emulator with which these can work, but each target machine - description needs to be updated to take advantage of it. - - * Cross-compilation between machines of different word sizes is - somewhat problematic and sometimes does not work. - - Since GNU CC generates assembler code, you probably need a -cross-assembler that GNU CC can run, in order to produce object files. -If you want to link on other than the target machine, you need a -cross-linker as well. You also need header files and libraries suitable -for the target machine that you can install on the host machine. - -* Menu: - -* Steps of Cross:: Using a cross-compiler involves several steps - that may be carried out on different machines. -* Configure Cross:: Configuring a cross-compiler. -* Tools and Libraries:: Where to put the linker and assembler, and the C library. -* Cross Headers:: Finding and installing header files - for a cross-compiler. -* Cross Runtime:: Supplying arithmetic runtime routines (`libgcc1.a'). -* Build Cross:: Actually compiling the cross-compiler. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Steps of Cross, Next: Configure Cross, Up: Cross-Compiler - -Steps of Cross-Compilation --------------------------- - - To compile and run a program using a cross-compiler involves several -steps: - - * Run the cross-compiler on the host machine to produce assembler - files for the target machine. This requires header files for the - target machine. - - * Assemble the files produced by the cross-compiler. You can do this - either with an assembler on the target machine, or with a - cross-assembler on the host machine. - - * Link those files to make an executable. You can do this either - with a linker on the target machine, or with a cross-linker on the - host machine. Whichever machine you use, you need libraries and - certain startup files (typically `crt....o') for the target - machine. - - It is most convenient to do all of these steps on the same host -machine, since then you can do it all with a single invocation of GNU -CC. This requires a suitable cross-assembler and cross-linker. For -some targets, the GNU assembler and linker are available. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Configure Cross, Next: Tools and Libraries, Prev: Steps of Cross, Up: Cross-Compiler - -Configuring a Cross-Compiler ----------------------------- - - To build GNU CC as a cross-compiler, you start out by running -`configure'. Use the `--target=TARGET' to specify the target type. If -`configure' was unable to correctly identify the system you are running -on, also specify the `--build=BUILD' option. For example, here is how -to configure for a cross-compiler that produces code for an HP 68030 -system running BSD on a system that `configure' can correctly identify: - - ./configure --target=m68k-hp-bsd4.3 - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Tools and Libraries, Next: Cross Headers, Prev: Configure Cross, Up: Cross-Compiler - -Tools and Libraries for a Cross-Compiler ----------------------------------------- - - If you have a cross-assembler and cross-linker available, you should -install them now. Put them in the directory `/usr/local/TARGET/bin'. -Here is a table of the tools you should put in this directory: - -`as' - This should be the cross-assembler. - -`ld' - This should be the cross-linker. - -`ar' - This should be the cross-archiver: a program which can manipulate - archive files (linker libraries) in the target machine's format. - -`ranlib' - This should be a program to construct a symbol table in an archive - file. - - The installation of GNU CC will find these programs in that -directory, and copy or link them to the proper place to for the -cross-compiler to find them when run later. - - The easiest way to provide these files is to build the Binutils -package and GAS. Configure them with the same `--host' and `--target' -options that you use for configuring GNU CC, then build and install -them. They install their executables automatically into the proper -directory. Alas, they do not support all the targets that GNU CC -supports. - - If you want to install libraries to use with the cross-compiler, -such as a standard C library, put them in the directory -`/usr/local/TARGET/lib'; installation of GNU CC copies all all the -files in that subdirectory into the proper place for GNU CC to find -them and link with them. Here's an example of copying some libraries -from a target machine: - - ftp TARGET-MACHINE - lcd /usr/local/TARGET/lib - cd /lib - get libc.a - cd /usr/lib - get libg.a - get libm.a - quit - -The precise set of libraries you'll need, and their locations on the -target machine, vary depending on its operating system. - - Many targets require "start files" such as `crt0.o' and `crtn.o' -which are linked into each executable; these too should be placed in -`/usr/local/TARGET/lib'. There may be several alternatives for -`crt0.o', for use with profiling or other compilation options. Check -your target's definition of `STARTFILE_SPEC' to find out what start -files it uses. Here's an example of copying these files from a target -machine: - - ftp TARGET-MACHINE - lcd /usr/local/TARGET/lib - prompt - cd /lib - mget *crt*.o - cd /usr/lib - mget *crt*.o - quit - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Cross Runtime, Next: Build Cross, Prev: Cross Headers, Up: Cross-Compiler - -`libgcc.a' and Cross-Compilers ------------------------------- - - Code compiled by GNU CC uses certain runtime support functions -implicitly. Some of these functions can be compiled successfully with -GNU CC itself, but a few cannot be. These problem functions are in the -source file `libgcc1.c'; the library made from them is called -`libgcc1.a'. - - When you build a native compiler, these functions are compiled with -some other compiler-the one that you use for bootstrapping GNU CC. -Presumably it knows how to open code these operations, or else knows how -to call the run-time emulation facilities that the machine comes with. -But this approach doesn't work for building a cross-compiler. The -compiler that you use for building knows about the host system, not the -target system. - - So, when you build a cross-compiler you have to supply a suitable -library `libgcc1.a' that does the job it is expected to do. - - To compile `libgcc1.c' with the cross-compiler itself does not work. -The functions in this file are supposed to implement arithmetic -operations that GNU CC does not know how to open code for your target -machine. If these functions are compiled with GNU CC itself, they will -compile into infinite recursion. - - On any given target, most of these functions are not needed. If GNU -CC can open code an arithmetic operation, it will not call these -functions to perform the operation. It is possible that on your target -machine, none of these functions is needed. If so, you can supply an -empty library as `libgcc1.a'. - - Many targets need library support only for multiplication and -division. If you are linking with a library that contains functions for -multiplication and division, you can tell GNU CC to call them directly -by defining the macros `MULSI3_LIBCALL', and the like. These macros -need to be defined in the target description macro file. For some -targets, they are defined already. This may be sufficient to avoid the -need for libgcc1.a; if so, you can supply an empty library. - - Some targets do not have floating point instructions; they need other -functions in `libgcc1.a', which do floating arithmetic. Recent -versions of GNU CC have a file which emulates floating point. With a -certain amount of work, you should be able to construct a floating -point emulator that can be used as `libgcc1.a'. Perhaps future -versions will contain code to do this automatically and conveniently. -That depends on whether someone wants to implement it. - - Some embedded targets come with all the necessary `libgcc1.a' -routines written in C or assembler. These targets build `libgcc1.a' -automatically and you do not need to do anything special for them. -Other embedded targets do not need any `libgcc1.a' routines since all -the necessary operations are supported by the hardware. - - If your target system has another C compiler, you can configure GNU -CC as a native compiler on that machine, build just `libgcc1.a' with -`make libgcc1.a' on that machine, and use the resulting file with the -cross-compiler. To do this, execute the following on the target -machine: - - cd TARGET-BUILD-DIR - ./configure --host=sparc --target=sun3 - make libgcc1.a - -And then this on the host machine: - - ftp TARGET-MACHINE - binary - cd TARGET-BUILD-DIR - get libgcc1.a - quit - - Another way to provide the functions you need in `libgcc1.a' is to -define the appropriate `perform_...' macros for those functions. If -these definitions do not use the C arithmetic operators that they are -meant to implement, you should be able to compile them with the -cross-compiler you are building. (If these definitions already exist -for your target file, then you are all set.) - - To build `libgcc1.a' using the perform macros, use -`LIBGCC1=libgcc1.a OLDCC=./xgcc' when building the compiler. -Otherwise, you should place your replacement library under the name -`libgcc1.a' in the directory in which you will build the -cross-compiler, before you run `make'. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Cross Headers, Next: Cross Runtime, Prev: Tools and Libraries, Up: Cross-Compiler - -Cross-Compilers and Header Files --------------------------------- - - If you are cross-compiling a standalone program or a program for an -embedded system, then you may not need any header files except the few -that are part of GNU CC (and those of your program). However, if you -intend to link your program with a standard C library such as `libc.a', -then you probably need to compile with the header files that go with -the library you use. - - The GNU C compiler does not come with these files, because (1) they -are system-specific, and (2) they belong in a C library, not in a -compiler. - - If the GNU C library supports your target machine, then you can get -the header files from there (assuming you actually use the GNU library -when you link your program). - - If your target machine comes with a C compiler, it probably comes -with suitable header files also. If you make these files accessible -from the host machine, the cross-compiler can use them also. - - Otherwise, you're on your own in finding header files to use when -cross-compiling. - - When you have found suitable header files, put them in -`/usr/local/TARGET/include', before building the cross compiler. Then -installation will run fixincludes properly and install the corrected -versions of the header files where the compiler will use them. - - Provide the header files before you build the cross-compiler, because -the build stage actually runs the cross-compiler to produce parts of -`libgcc.a'. (These are the parts that *can* be compiled with GNU CC.) -Some of them need suitable header files. - - Here's an example showing how to copy the header files from a target -machine. On the target machine, do this: - - (cd /usr/include; tar cf - .) > tarfile - - Then, on the host machine, do this: - - ftp TARGET-MACHINE - lcd /usr/local/TARGET/include - get tarfile - quit - tar xf tarfile - diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-8 b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-8 deleted file mode 100644 index 31a18d3efa3..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-8 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1225 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file gcc.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.63 from the input -file gcc.texi. - - This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU compiler. - - Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 -Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - - Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software -Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for -Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are -included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public -License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight -`Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in -translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the -original English. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Build Cross, Prev: Cross Runtime, Up: Cross-Compiler - -Actually Building the Cross-Compiler ------------------------------------- - - Now you can proceed just as for compiling a single-machine compiler -through the step of building stage 1. If you have not provided some -sort of `libgcc1.a', then compilation will give up at the point where -it needs that file, printing a suitable error message. If you do -provide `libgcc1.a', then building the compiler will automatically -compile and link a test program called `libgcc1-test'; if you get -errors in the linking, it means that not all of the necessary routines -in `libgcc1.a' are available. - - You must provide the header file `float.h'. One way to do this is -to compile `enquire' and run it on your target machine. The job of -`enquire' is to run on the target machine and figure out by experiment -the nature of its floating point representation. `enquire' records its -findings in the header file `float.h'. If you can't produce this file -by running `enquire' on the target machine, then you will need to come -up with a suitable `float.h' in some other way (or else, avoid using it -in your programs). - - Do not try to build stage 2 for a cross-compiler. It doesn't work to -rebuild GNU CC as a cross-compiler using the cross-compiler, because -that would produce a program that runs on the target machine, not on the -host. For example, if you compile a 386-to-68030 cross-compiler with -itself, the result will not be right either for the 386 (because it was -compiled into 68030 code) or for the 68030 (because it was configured -for a 386 as the host). If you want to compile GNU CC into 68030 code, -whether you compile it on a 68030 or with a cross-compiler on a 386, you -must specify a 68030 as the host when you configure it. - - To install the cross-compiler, use `make install', as usual. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Sun Install, Next: VMS Install, Prev: Cross-Compiler, Up: Installation - -Installing GNU CC on the Sun -============================ - - On Solaris (version 2.1), do not use the linker or other tools in -`/usr/ucb' to build GNU CC. Use `/usr/ccs/bin'. - - Make sure the environment variable `FLOAT_OPTION' is not set when -you compile `libgcc.a'. If this option were set to `f68881' when -`libgcc.a' is compiled, the resulting code would demand to be linked -with a special startup file and would not link properly without special -pains. - - There is a bug in `alloca' in certain versions of the Sun library. -To avoid this bug, install the binaries of GNU CC that were compiled by -GNU CC. They use `alloca' as a built-in function and never the one in -the library. - - Some versions of the Sun compiler crash when compiling GNU CC. The -problem is a segmentation fault in cpp. This problem seems to be due to -the bulk of data in the environment variables. You may be able to avoid -it by using the following command to compile GNU CC with Sun CC: - - make CC="TERMCAP=x OBJS=x LIBFUNCS=x STAGESTUFF=x cc" - - -File: gcc.info, Node: VMS Install, Next: Collect2, Prev: Sun Install, Up: Installation - -Installing GNU CC on VMS -======================== - - The VMS version of GNU CC is distributed in a backup saveset -containing both source code and precompiled binaries. - - To install the `gcc' command so you can use the compiler easily, in -the same manner as you use the VMS C compiler, you must install the VMS -CLD file for GNU CC as follows: - - 1. Define the VMS logical names `GNU_CC' and `GNU_CC_INCLUDE' to - point to the directories where the GNU CC executables - (`gcc-cpp.exe', `gcc-cc1.exe', etc.) and the C include files are - kept respectively. This should be done with the commands: - - $ assign /system /translation=concealed - - disk:[gcc.] gnu_cc - $ assign /system /translation=concealed - - disk:[gcc.include.] gnu_cc_include - - with the appropriate disk and directory names. These commands can - be placed in your system startup file so they will be executed - whenever the machine is rebooted. You may, if you choose, do this - via the `GCC_INSTALL.COM' script in the `[GCC]' directory. - - 2. Install the `GCC' command with the command line: - - $ set command /table=sys$common:[syslib]dcltables - - /output=sys$common:[syslib]dcltables gnu_cc:[000000]gcc - $ install replace sys$common:[syslib]dcltables - - 3. To install the help file, do the following: - - $ library/help sys$library:helplib.hlb gcc.hlp - - Now you can invoke the compiler with a command like `gcc /verbose - file.c', which is equivalent to the command `gcc -v -c file.c' in - Unix. - - If you wish to use GNU C++ you must first install GNU CC, and then -perform the following steps: - - 1. Define the VMS logical name `GNU_GXX_INCLUDE' to point to the - directory where the preprocessor will search for the C++ header - files. This can be done with the command: - - $ assign /system /translation=concealed - - disk:[gcc.gxx_include.] gnu_gxx_include - - with the appropriate disk and directory name. If you are going to - be using libg++, this is where the libg++ install procedure will - install the libg++ header files. - - 2. Obtain the file `gcc-cc1plus.exe', and place this in the same - directory that `gcc-cc1.exe' is kept. - - The GNU C++ compiler can be invoked with a command like `gcc /plus - /verbose file.cc', which is equivalent to the command `g++ -v -c - file.cc' in Unix. - - We try to put corresponding binaries and sources on the VMS -distribution tape. But sometimes the binaries will be from an older -version than the sources, because we don't always have time to update -them. (Use the `/version' option to determine the version number of -the binaries and compare it with the source file `version.c' to tell -whether this is so.) In this case, you should use the binaries you get -to recompile the sources. If you must recompile, here is how: - - 1. Execute the command procedure `vmsconfig.com' to set up the files - `tm.h', `config.h', `aux-output.c', and `md.', and to create files - `tconfig.h' and `hconfig.h'. This procedure also creates several - linker option files used by `make-cc1.com' and a data file used by - `make-l2.com'. - - $ @vmsconfig.com - - 2. Setup the logical names and command tables as defined above. In - addition, define the VMS logical name `GNU_BISON' to point at the - to the directories where the Bison executable is kept. This - should be done with the command: - - $ assign /system /translation=concealed - - disk:[bison.] gnu_bison - - You may, if you choose, use the `INSTALL_BISON.COM' script in the - `[BISON]' directory. - - 3. Install the `BISON' command with the command line: - - $ set command /table=sys$common:[syslib]dcltables - - /output=sys$common:[syslib]dcltables - - gnu_bison:[000000]bison - $ install replace sys$common:[syslib]dcltables - - 4. Type `@make-gcc' to recompile everything (alternatively, submit - the file `make-gcc.com' to a batch queue). If you wish to build - the GNU C++ compiler as well as the GNU CC compiler, you must - first edit `make-gcc.com' and follow the instructions that appear - in the comments. - - 5. In order to use GCC, you need a library of functions which GCC - compiled code will call to perform certain tasks, and these - functions are defined in the file `libgcc2.c'. To compile this - you should use the command procedure `make-l2.com', which will - generate the library `libgcc2.olb'. `libgcc2.olb' should be built - using the compiler built from the same distribution that - `libgcc2.c' came from, and `make-gcc.com' will automatically do - all of this for you. - - To install the library, use the following commands: - - $ library gnu_cc:[000000]gcclib/delete=(new,eprintf) - $ library gnu_cc:[000000]gcclib/delete=L_* - $ library libgcc2/extract=*/output=libgcc2.obj - $ library gnu_cc:[000000]gcclib libgcc2.obj - - The first command simply removes old modules that will be replaced - with modules from `libgcc2' under different module names. The - modules `new' and `eprintf' may not actually be present in your - `gcclib.olb'--if the VMS librarian complains about those modules - not being present, simply ignore the message and continue on with - the next command. The second command removes the modules that - came from the previous version of the library `libgcc2.c'. - - Whenever you update the compiler on your system, you should also - update the library with the above procedure. - - 6. You may wish to build GCC in such a way that no files are written - to the directory where the source files reside. An example would - be the when the source files are on a read-only disk. In these - cases, execute the following DCL commands (substituting your - actual path names): - - $ assign dua0:[gcc.build_dir.]/translation=concealed, - - dua1:[gcc.source_dir.]/translation=concealed gcc_build - $ set default gcc_build:[000000] - - where the directory `dua1:[gcc.source_dir]' contains the source - code, and the directory `dua0:[gcc.build_dir]' is meant to contain - all of the generated object files and executables. Once you have - done this, you can proceed building GCC as described above. (Keep - in mind that `gcc_build' is a rooted logical name, and thus the - device names in each element of the search list must be an actual - physical device name rather than another rooted logical name). - - 7. *If you are building GNU CC with a previous version of GNU CC, you - also should check to see that you have the newest version of the - assembler*. In particular, GNU CC version 2 treats global constant - variables slightly differently from GNU CC version 1, and GAS - version 1.38.1 does not have the patches required to work with GCC - version 2. If you use GAS 1.38.1, then `extern const' variables - will not have the read-only bit set, and the linker will generate - warning messages about mismatched psect attributes for these - variables. These warning messages are merely a nuisance, and can - safely be ignored. - - If you are compiling with a version of GNU CC older than 1.33, - specify `/DEFINE=("inline=")' as an option in all the - compilations. This requires editing all the `gcc' commands in - `make-cc1.com'. (The older versions had problems supporting - `inline'.) Once you have a working 1.33 or newer GNU CC, you can - change this file back. - - 8. If you want to build GNU CC with the VAX C compiler, you will need - to make minor changes in `make-cccp.com' and `make-cc1.com' to - choose alternate definitions of `CC', `CFLAGS', and `LIBS'. See - comments in those files. However, you must also have a working - version of the GNU assembler (GNU as, aka GAS) as it is used as - the back-end for GNU CC to produce binary object modules and is - not included in the GNU CC sources. GAS is also needed to compile - `libgcc2' in order to build `gcclib' (see above); `make-l2.com' - expects to be able to find it operational in - `gnu_cc:[000000]gnu-as.exe'. - - To use GNU CC on VMS, you need the VMS driver programs `gcc.exe', - `gcc.com', and `gcc.cld'. They are distributed with the VMS - binaries (`gcc-vms') rather than the GNU CC sources. GAS is also - included in `gcc-vms', as is Bison. - - Once you have successfully built GNU CC with VAX C, you should use - the resulting compiler to rebuild itself. Before doing this, be - sure to restore the `CC', `CFLAGS', and `LIBS' definitions in - `make-cccp.com' and `make-cc1.com'. The second generation - compiler will be able to take advantage of many optimizations that - must be suppressed when building with other compilers. - - Under previous versions of GNU CC, the generated code would -occasionally give strange results when linked with the sharable -`VAXCRTL' library. Now this should work. - - Even with this version, however, GNU CC itself should not be linked -with the sharable `VAXCRTL'. The version of `qsort' in `VAXCRTL' has a -bug (known to be present in VMS versions V4.6 through V5.5) which -causes the compiler to fail. - - The executables are generated by `make-cc1.com' and `make-cccp.com' -use the object library version of `VAXCRTL' in order to make use of the -`qsort' routine in `gcclib.olb'. If you wish to link the compiler -executables with the shareable image version of `VAXCRTL', you should -edit the file `tm.h' (created by `vmsconfig.com') to define the macro -`QSORT_WORKAROUND'. - - `QSORT_WORKAROUND' is always defined when GNU CC is compiled with -VAX C, to avoid a problem in case `gcclib.olb' is not yet available. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Collect2, Next: Header Dirs, Prev: VMS Install, Up: Installation - -`collect2' -========== - - Many target systems do not have support in the assembler and linker -for "constructors"--initialization functions to be called before the -official "start" of `main'. On such systems, GNU CC uses a utility -called `collect2' to arrange to call these functions at start time. - - The program `collect2' works by linking the program once and looking -through the linker output file for symbols with particular names -indicating they are constructor functions. If it finds any, it creates -a new temporary `.c' file containing a table of them, compiles it, and -links the program a second time including that file. - - The actual calls to the constructors are carried out by a subroutine -called `__main', which is called (automatically) at the beginning of -the body of `main' (provided `main' was compiled with GNU CC). Calling -`__main' is necessary, even when compiling C code, to allow linking C -and C++ object code together. (If you use `-nostdlib', you get an -unresolved reference to `__main', since it's defined in the standard -GCC library. Include `-lgcc' at the end of your compiler command line -to resolve this reference.) - - The program `collect2' is installed as `ld' in the directory where -the passes of the compiler are installed. When `collect2' needs to -find the *real* `ld', it tries the following file names: - - * `real-ld' in the directories listed in the compiler's search - directories. - - * `real-ld' in the directories listed in the environment variable - `PATH'. - - * The file specified in the `REAL_LD_FILE_NAME' configuration macro, - if specified. - - * `ld' in the compiler's search directories, except that `collect2' - will not execute itself recursively. - - * `ld' in `PATH'. - - "The compiler's search directories" means all the directories where -`gcc' searches for passes of the compiler. This includes directories -that you specify with `-B'. - - Cross-compilers search a little differently: - - * `real-ld' in the compiler's search directories. - - * `TARGET-real-ld' in `PATH'. - - * The file specified in the `REAL_LD_FILE_NAME' configuration macro, - if specified. - - * `ld' in the compiler's search directories. - - * `TARGET-ld' in `PATH'. - - `collect2' explicitly avoids running `ld' using the file name under -which `collect2' itself was invoked. In fact, it remembers up a list -of such names--in case one copy of `collect2' finds another copy (or -version) of `collect2' installed as `ld' in a second place in the -search path. - - `collect2' searches for the utilities `nm' and `strip' using the -same algorithm as above for `ld'. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Header Dirs, Prev: Collect2, Up: Installation - -Standard Header File Directories -================================ - - `GCC_INCLUDE_DIR' means the same thing for native and cross. It is -where GNU CC stores its private include files, and also where GNU CC -stores the fixed include files. A cross compiled GNU CC runs -`fixincludes' on the header files in `$(tooldir)/include'. (If the -cross compilation header files need to be fixed, they must be installed -before GNU CC is built. If the cross compilation header files are -already suitable for ANSI C and GNU CC, nothing special need be done). - - `GPLUS_INCLUDE_DIR' means the same thing for native and cross. It -is where `g++' looks first for header files. `libg++' installs only -target independent header files in that directory. - - `LOCAL_INCLUDE_DIR' is used only for a native compiler. It is -normally `/usr/local/include'. GNU CC searches this directory so that -users can install header files in `/usr/local/include'. - - `CROSS_INCLUDE_DIR' is used only for a cross compiler. GNU CC -doesn't install anything there. - - `TOOL_INCLUDE_DIR' is used for both native and cross compilers. It -is the place for other packages to install header files that GNU CC will -use. For a cross-compiler, this is the equivalent of `/usr/include'. -When you build a cross-compiler, `fixincludes' processes any header -files in this directory. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: C Extensions, Next: C++ Extensions, Prev: Installation, Up: Top - -Extensions to the C Language Family -*********************************** - - GNU C provides several language features not found in ANSI standard -C. (The `-pedantic' option directs GNU CC to print a warning message if -any of these features is used.) To test for the availability of these -features in conditional compilation, check for a predefined macro -`__GNUC__', which is always defined under GNU CC. - - These extensions are available in C and Objective C. Most of them -are also available in C++. *Note Extensions to the C++ Language: C++ -Extensions, for extensions that apply *only* to C++. - -* Menu: - -* Statement Exprs:: Putting statements and declarations inside expressions. -* Local Labels:: Labels local to a statement-expression. -* Labels as Values:: Getting pointers to labels, and computed gotos. -* Nested Functions:: As in Algol and Pascal, lexical scoping of functions. -* Constructing Calls:: Dispatching a call to another function. -* Naming Types:: Giving a name to the type of some expression. -* Typeof:: `typeof': referring to the type of an expression. -* Lvalues:: Using `?:', `,' and casts in lvalues. -* Conditionals:: Omitting the middle operand of a `?:' expression. -* Long Long:: Double-word integers--`long long int'. -* Complex:: Data types for complex numbers. -* Zero Length:: Zero-length arrays. -* Variable Length:: Arrays whose length is computed at run time. -* Macro Varargs:: Macros with variable number of arguments. -* Subscripting:: Any array can be subscripted, even if not an lvalue. -* Pointer Arith:: Arithmetic on `void'-pointers and function pointers. -* Initializers:: Non-constant initializers. -* Constructors:: Constructor expressions give structures, unions - or arrays as values. -* Labeled Elements:: Labeling elements of initializers. -* Cast to Union:: Casting to union type from any member of the union. -* Case Ranges:: `case 1 ... 9' and such. -* Function Attributes:: Declaring that functions have no side effects, - or that they can never return. -* Function Prototypes:: Prototype declarations and old-style definitions. -* C++ Comments:: C++ comments are recognized. -* Dollar Signs:: Dollar sign is allowed in identifiers. -* Character Escapes:: `\e' stands for the character ESC. -* Variable Attributes:: Specifying attributes of variables. -* Type Attributes:: Specifying attributes of types. -* Alignment:: Inquiring about the alignment of a type or variable. -* Inline:: Defining inline functions (as fast as macros). -* Extended Asm:: Assembler instructions with C expressions as operands. - (With them you can define "built-in" functions.) -* Asm Labels:: Specifying the assembler name to use for a C symbol. -* Explicit Reg Vars:: Defining variables residing in specified registers. -* Alternate Keywords:: `__const__', `__asm__', etc., for header files. -* Incomplete Enums:: `enum foo;', with details to follow. -* Function Names:: Printable strings which are the name of the current - function. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Statement Exprs, Next: Local Labels, Up: C Extensions - -Statements and Declarations in Expressions -========================================== - - A compound statement enclosed in parentheses may appear as an -expression in GNU C. This allows you to use loops, switches, and local -variables within an expression. - - Recall that a compound statement is a sequence of statements -surrounded by braces; in this construct, parentheses go around the -braces. For example: - - ({ int y = foo (); int z; - if (y > 0) z = y; - else z = - y; - z; }) - -is a valid (though slightly more complex than necessary) expression for -the absolute value of `foo ()'. - - The last thing in the compound statement should be an expression -followed by a semicolon; the value of this subexpression serves as the -value of the entire construct. (If you use some other kind of statement -last within the braces, the construct has type `void', and thus -effectively no value.) - - This feature is especially useful in making macro definitions "safe" -(so that they evaluate each operand exactly once). For example, the -"maximum" function is commonly defined as a macro in standard C as -follows: - - #define max(a,b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b)) - -But this definition computes either A or B twice, with bad results if -the operand has side effects. In GNU C, if you know the type of the -operands (here let's assume `int'), you can define the macro safely as -follows: - - #define maxint(a,b) \ - ({int _a = (a), _b = (b); _a > _b ? _a : _b; }) - - Embedded statements are not allowed in constant expressions, such as -the value of an enumeration constant, the width of a bit field, or the -initial value of a static variable. - - If you don't know the type of the operand, you can still do this, -but you must use `typeof' (*note Typeof::.) or type naming (*note -Naming Types::.). - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Local Labels, Next: Labels as Values, Prev: Statement Exprs, Up: C Extensions - -Locally Declared Labels -======================= - - Each statement expression is a scope in which "local labels" can be -declared. A local label is simply an identifier; you can jump to it -with an ordinary `goto' statement, but only from within the statement -expression it belongs to. - - A local label declaration looks like this: - - __label__ LABEL; - -or - - __label__ LABEL1, LABEL2, ...; - - Local label declarations must come at the beginning of the statement -expression, right after the `({', before any ordinary declarations. - - The label declaration defines the label *name*, but does not define -the label itself. You must do this in the usual way, with `LABEL:', -within the statements of the statement expression. - - The local label feature is useful because statement expressions are -often used in macros. If the macro contains nested loops, a `goto' can -be useful for breaking out of them. However, an ordinary label whose -scope is the whole function cannot be used: if the macro can be -expanded several times in one function, the label will be multiply -defined in that function. A local label avoids this problem. For -example: - - #define SEARCH(array, target) \ - ({ \ - __label__ found; \ - typeof (target) _SEARCH_target = (target); \ - typeof (*(array)) *_SEARCH_array = (array); \ - int i, j; \ - int value; \ - for (i = 0; i < max; i++) \ - for (j = 0; j < max; j++) \ - if (_SEARCH_array[i][j] == _SEARCH_target) \ - { value = i; goto found; } \ - value = -1; \ - found: \ - value; \ - }) - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Labels as Values, Next: Nested Functions, Prev: Local Labels, Up: C Extensions - -Labels as Values -================ - - You can get the address of a label defined in the current function -(or a containing function) with the unary operator `&&'. The value has -type `void *'. This value is a constant and can be used wherever a -constant of that type is valid. For example: - - void *ptr; - ... - ptr = &&foo; - - To use these values, you need to be able to jump to one. This is -done with the computed goto statement(1), `goto *EXP;'. For example, - - goto *ptr; - -Any expression of type `void *' is allowed. - - One way of using these constants is in initializing a static array -that will serve as a jump table: - - static void *array[] = { &&foo, &&bar, &&hack }; - - Then you can select a label with indexing, like this: - - goto *array[i]; - -Note that this does not check whether the subscript is in bounds--array -indexing in C never does that. - - Such an array of label values serves a purpose much like that of the -`switch' statement. The `switch' statement is cleaner, so use that -rather than an array unless the problem does not fit a `switch' -statement very well. - - Another use of label values is in an interpreter for threaded code. -The labels within the interpreter function can be stored in the -threaded code for super-fast dispatching. - - You can use this mechanism to jump to code in a different function. -If you do that, totally unpredictable things will happen. The best way -to avoid this is to store the label address only in automatic variables -and never pass it as an argument. - - ---------- Footnotes ---------- - - (1) The analogous feature in Fortran is called an assigned goto, -but that name seems inappropriate in C, where one can do more than -simply store label addresses in label variables. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Nested Functions, Next: Constructing Calls, Prev: Labels as Values, Up: C Extensions - -Nested Functions -================ - - A "nested function" is a function defined inside another function. -(Nested functions are not supported for GNU C++.) The nested function's -name is local to the block where it is defined. For example, here we -define a nested function named `square', and call it twice: - - foo (double a, double b) - { - double square (double z) { return z * z; } - - return square (a) + square (b); - } - - The nested function can access all the variables of the containing -function that are visible at the point of its definition. This is -called "lexical scoping". For example, here we show a nested function -which uses an inherited variable named `offset': - - bar (int *array, int offset, int size) - { - int access (int *array, int index) - { return array[index + offset]; } - int i; - ... - for (i = 0; i < size; i++) - ... access (array, i) ... - } - - Nested function definitions are permitted within functions in the -places where variable definitions are allowed; that is, in any block, -before the first statement in the block. - - It is possible to call the nested function from outside the scope of -its name by storing its address or passing the address to another -function: - - hack (int *array, int size) - { - void store (int index, int value) - { array[index] = value; } - - intermediate (store, size); - } - - Here, the function `intermediate' receives the address of `store' as -an argument. If `intermediate' calls `store', the arguments given to -`store' are used to store into `array'. But this technique works only -so long as the containing function (`hack', in this example) does not -exit. - - If you try to call the nested function through its address after the -containing function has exited, all hell will break loose. If you try -to call it after a containing scope level has exited, and if it refers -to some of the variables that are no longer in scope, you may be lucky, -but it's not wise to take the risk. If, however, the nested function -does not refer to anything that has gone out of scope, you should be -safe. - - GNU CC implements taking the address of a nested function using a -technique called "trampolines". A paper describing them is available -from `maya.idiap.ch' in directory `pub/tmb', file `usenix88-lexic.ps.Z'. - - A nested function can jump to a label inherited from a containing -function, provided the label was explicitly declared in the containing -function (*note Local Labels::.). Such a jump returns instantly to the -containing function, exiting the nested function which did the `goto' -and any intermediate functions as well. Here is an example: - - bar (int *array, int offset, int size) - { - __label__ failure; - int access (int *array, int index) - { - if (index > size) - goto failure; - return array[index + offset]; - } - int i; - ... - for (i = 0; i < size; i++) - ... access (array, i) ... - ... - return 0; - - /* Control comes here from `access' - if it detects an error. */ - failure: - return -1; - } - - A nested function always has internal linkage. Declaring one with -`extern' is erroneous. If you need to declare the nested function -before its definition, use `auto' (which is otherwise meaningless for -function declarations). - - bar (int *array, int offset, int size) - { - __label__ failure; - auto int access (int *, int); - ... - int access (int *array, int index) - { - if (index > size) - goto failure; - return array[index + offset]; - } - ... - } - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Constructing Calls, Next: Naming Types, Prev: Nested Functions, Up: C Extensions - -Constructing Function Calls -=========================== - - Using the built-in functions described below, you can record the -arguments a function received, and call another function with the same -arguments, without knowing the number or types of the arguments. - - You can also record the return value of that function call, and -later return that value, without knowing what data type the function -tried to return (as long as your caller expects that data type). - -`__builtin_apply_args ()' - This built-in function returns a pointer of type `void *' to data - describing how to perform a call with the same arguments as were - passed to the current function. - - The function saves the arg pointer register, structure value - address, and all registers that might be used to pass arguments to - a function into a block of memory allocated on the stack. Then it - returns the address of that block. - -`__builtin_apply (FUNCTION, ARGUMENTS, SIZE)' - This built-in function invokes FUNCTION (type `void (*)()') with a - copy of the parameters described by ARGUMENTS (type `void *') and - SIZE (type `int'). - - The value of ARGUMENTS should be the value returned by - `__builtin_apply_args'. The argument SIZE specifies the size of - the stack argument data, in bytes. - - This function returns a pointer of type `void *' to data describing - how to return whatever value was returned by FUNCTION. The data - is saved in a block of memory allocated on the stack. - - It is not always simple to compute the proper value for SIZE. The - value is used by `__builtin_apply' to compute the amount of data - that should be pushed on the stack and copied from the incoming - argument area. - -`__builtin_return (RESULT)' - This built-in function returns the value described by RESULT from - the containing function. You should specify, for RESULT, a value - returned by `__builtin_apply'. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Naming Types, Next: Typeof, Prev: Constructing Calls, Up: C Extensions - -Naming an Expression's Type -=========================== - - You can give a name to the type of an expression using a `typedef' -declaration with an initializer. Here is how to define NAME as a type -name for the type of EXP: - - typedef NAME = EXP; - - This is useful in conjunction with the statements-within-expressions -feature. Here is how the two together can be used to define a safe -"maximum" macro that operates on any arithmetic type: - - #define max(a,b) \ - ({typedef _ta = (a), _tb = (b); \ - _ta _a = (a); _tb _b = (b); \ - _a > _b ? _a : _b; }) - - The reason for using names that start with underscores for the local -variables is to avoid conflicts with variable names that occur within -the expressions that are substituted for `a' and `b'. Eventually we -hope to design a new form of declaration syntax that allows you to -declare variables whose scopes start only after their initializers; -this will be a more reliable way to prevent such conflicts. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Typeof, Next: Lvalues, Prev: Naming Types, Up: C Extensions - -Referring to a Type with `typeof' -================================= - - Another way to refer to the type of an expression is with `typeof'. -The syntax of using of this keyword looks like `sizeof', but the -construct acts semantically like a type name defined with `typedef'. - - There are two ways of writing the argument to `typeof': with an -expression or with a type. Here is an example with an expression: - - typeof (x[0](1)) - -This assumes that `x' is an array of functions; the type described is -that of the values of the functions. - - Here is an example with a typename as the argument: - - typeof (int *) - -Here the type described is that of pointers to `int'. - - If you are writing a header file that must work when included in -ANSI C programs, write `__typeof__' instead of `typeof'. *Note -Alternate Keywords::. - - A `typeof'-construct can be used anywhere a typedef name could be -used. For example, you can use it in a declaration, in a cast, or -inside of `sizeof' or `typeof'. - - * This declares `y' with the type of what `x' points to. - - typeof (*x) y; - - * This declares `y' as an array of such values. - - typeof (*x) y[4]; - - * This declares `y' as an array of pointers to characters: - - typeof (typeof (char *)[4]) y; - - It is equivalent to the following traditional C declaration: - - char *y[4]; - - To see the meaning of the declaration using `typeof', and why it - might be a useful way to write, let's rewrite it with these macros: - - #define pointer(T) typeof(T *) - #define array(T, N) typeof(T [N]) - - Now the declaration can be rewritten this way: - - array (pointer (char), 4) y; - - Thus, `array (pointer (char), 4)' is the type of arrays of 4 - pointers to `char'. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Lvalues, Next: Conditionals, Prev: Typeof, Up: C Extensions - -Generalized Lvalues -=================== - - Compound expressions, conditional expressions and casts are allowed -as lvalues provided their operands are lvalues. This means that you -can take their addresses or store values into them. - - Standard C++ allows compound expressions and conditional expressions -as lvalues, and permits casts to reference type, so use of this -extension is deprecated for C++ code. - - For example, a compound expression can be assigned, provided the last -expression in the sequence is an lvalue. These two expressions are -equivalent: - - (a, b) += 5 - a, (b += 5) - - Similarly, the address of the compound expression can be taken. -These two expressions are equivalent: - - &(a, b) - a, &b - - A conditional expression is a valid lvalue if its type is not void -and the true and false branches are both valid lvalues. For example, -these two expressions are equivalent: - - (a ? b : c) = 5 - (a ? b = 5 : (c = 5)) - - A cast is a valid lvalue if its operand is an lvalue. A simple -assignment whose left-hand side is a cast works by converting the -right-hand side first to the specified type, then to the type of the -inner left-hand side expression. After this is stored, the value is -converted back to the specified type to become the value of the -assignment. Thus, if `a' has type `char *', the following two -expressions are equivalent: - - (int)a = 5 - (int)(a = (char *)(int)5) - - An assignment-with-arithmetic operation such as `+=' applied to a -cast performs the arithmetic using the type resulting from the cast, -and then continues as in the previous case. Therefore, these two -expressions are equivalent: - - (int)a += 5 - (int)(a = (char *)(int) ((int)a + 5)) - - You cannot take the address of an lvalue cast, because the use of its -address would not work out coherently. Suppose that `&(int)f' were -permitted, where `f' has type `float'. Then the following statement -would try to store an integer bit-pattern where a floating point number -belongs: - - *&(int)f = 1; - - This is quite different from what `(int)f = 1' would do--that would -convert 1 to floating point and store it. Rather than cause this -inconsistency, we think it is better to prohibit use of `&' on a cast. - - If you really do want an `int *' pointer with the address of `f', -you can simply write `(int *)&f'. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Conditionals, Next: Long Long, Prev: Lvalues, Up: C Extensions - -Conditionals with Omitted Operands -================================== - - The middle operand in a conditional expression may be omitted. Then -if the first operand is nonzero, its value is the value of the -conditional expression. - - Therefore, the expression - - x ? : y - -has the value of `x' if that is nonzero; otherwise, the value of `y'. - - This example is perfectly equivalent to - - x ? x : y - -In this simple case, the ability to omit the middle operand is not -especially useful. When it becomes useful is when the first operand -does, or may (if it is a macro argument), contain a side effect. Then -repeating the operand in the middle would perform the side effect -twice. Omitting the middle operand uses the value already computed -without the undesirable effects of recomputing it. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Long Long, Next: Complex, Prev: Conditionals, Up: C Extensions - -Double-Word Integers -==================== - - GNU C supports data types for integers that are twice as long as -`long int'. Simply write `long long int' for a signed integer, or -`unsigned long long int' for an unsigned integer. To make an integer -constant of type `long long int', add the suffix `LL' to the integer. -To make an integer constant of type `unsigned long long int', add the -suffix `ULL' to the integer. - - You can use these types in arithmetic like any other integer types. -Addition, subtraction, and bitwise boolean operations on these types -are open-coded on all types of machines. Multiplication is open-coded -if the machine supports fullword-to-doubleword a widening multiply -instruction. Division and shifts are open-coded only on machines that -provide special support. The operations that are not open-coded use -special library routines that come with GNU CC. - - There may be pitfalls when you use `long long' types for function -arguments, unless you declare function prototypes. If a function -expects type `int' for its argument, and you pass a value of type `long -long int', confusion will result because the caller and the subroutine -will disagree about the number of bytes for the argument. Likewise, if -the function expects `long long int' and you pass `int'. The best way -to avoid such problems is to use prototypes. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Complex, Next: Zero Length, Prev: Long Long, Up: C Extensions - -Complex Numbers -=============== - - GNU C supports complex data types. You can declare both complex -integer types and complex floating types, using the keyword -`__complex__'. - - For example, `__complex__ double x;' declares `x' as a variable -whose real part and imaginary part are both of type `double'. -`__complex__ short int y;' declares `y' to have real and imaginary -parts of type `short int'; this is not likely to be useful, but it -shows that the set of complex types is complete. - - To write a constant with a complex data type, use the suffix `i' or -`j' (either one; they are equivalent). For example, `2.5fi' has type -`__complex__ float' and `3i' has type `__complex__ int'. Such a -constant always has a pure imaginary value, but you can form any -complex value you like by adding one to a real constant. - - To extract the real part of a complex-valued expression EXP, write -`__real__ EXP'. Likewise, use `__imag__' to extract the imaginary part. - - The operator `~' performs complex conjugation when used on a value -with a complex type. - - GNU CC can allocate complex automatic variables in a noncontiguous -fashion; it's even possible for the real part to be in a register while -the imaginary part is on the stack (or vice-versa). None of the -supported debugging info formats has a way to represent noncontiguous -allocation like this, so GNU CC describes a noncontiguous complex -variable as if it were two separate variables of noncomplex type. If -the variable's actual name is `foo', the two fictitious variables are -named `foo$real' and `foo$imag'. You can examine and set these two -fictitious variables with your debugger. - - A future version of GDB will know how to recognize such pairs and -treat them as a single variable with a complex type. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Zero Length, Next: Variable Length, Prev: Complex, Up: C Extensions - -Arrays of Length Zero -===================== - - Zero-length arrays are allowed in GNU C. They are very useful as -the last element of a structure which is really a header for a -variable-length object: - - struct line { - int length; - char contents[0]; - }; - - { - struct line *thisline = (struct line *) - malloc (sizeof (struct line) + this_length); - thisline->length = this_length; - } - - In standard C, you would have to give `contents' a length of 1, which -means either you waste space or complicate the argument to `malloc'. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Variable Length, Next: Macro Varargs, Prev: Zero Length, Up: C Extensions - -Arrays of Variable Length -========================= - - Variable-length automatic arrays are allowed in GNU C. These arrays -are declared like any other automatic arrays, but with a length that is -not a constant expression. The storage is allocated at the point of -declaration and deallocated when the brace-level is exited. For -example: - - FILE * - concat_fopen (char *s1, char *s2, char *mode) - { - char str[strlen (s1) + strlen (s2) + 1]; - strcpy (str, s1); - strcat (str, s2); - return fopen (str, mode); - } - - Jumping or breaking out of the scope of the array name deallocates -the storage. Jumping into the scope is not allowed; you get an error -message for it. - - You can use the function `alloca' to get an effect much like -variable-length arrays. The function `alloca' is available in many -other C implementations (but not in all). On the other hand, -variable-length arrays are more elegant. - - There are other differences between these two methods. Space -allocated with `alloca' exists until the containing *function* returns. -The space for a variable-length array is deallocated as soon as the -array name's scope ends. (If you use both variable-length arrays and -`alloca' in the same function, deallocation of a variable-length array -will also deallocate anything more recently allocated with `alloca'.) - - You can also use variable-length arrays as arguments to functions: - - struct entry - tester (int len, char data[len][len]) - { - ... - } - - The length of an array is computed once when the storage is allocated -and is remembered for the scope of the array in case you access it with -`sizeof'. - - If you want to pass the array first and the length afterward, you can -use a forward declaration in the parameter list--another GNU extension. - - struct entry - tester (int len; char data[len][len], int len) - { - ... - } - - The `int len' before the semicolon is a "parameter forward -declaration", and it serves the purpose of making the name `len' known -when the declaration of `data' is parsed. - - You can write any number of such parameter forward declarations in -the parameter list. They can be separated by commas or semicolons, but -the last one must end with a semicolon, which is followed by the "real" -parameter declarations. Each forward declaration must match a "real" -declaration in parameter name and data type. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Macro Varargs, Next: Subscripting, Prev: Variable Length, Up: C Extensions - -Macros with Variable Numbers of Arguments -========================================= - - In GNU C, a macro can accept a variable number of arguments, much as -a function can. The syntax for defining the macro looks much like that -used for a function. Here is an example: - - #define eprintf(format, args...) \ - fprintf (stderr, format , ## args) - - Here `args' is a "rest argument": it takes in zero or more -arguments, as many as the call contains. All of them plus the commas -between them form the value of `args', which is substituted into the -macro body where `args' is used. Thus, we have this expansion: - - eprintf ("%s:%d: ", input_file_name, line_number) - ==> - fprintf (stderr, "%s:%d: " , input_file_name, line_number) - -Note that the comma after the string constant comes from the definition -of `eprintf', whereas the last comma comes from the value of `args'. - - The reason for using `##' is to handle the case when `args' matches -no arguments at all. In this case, `args' has an empty value. In this -case, the second comma in the definition becomes an embarrassment: if -it got through to the expansion of the macro, we would get something -like this: - - fprintf (stderr, "success!\n" , ) - -which is invalid C syntax. `##' gets rid of the comma, so we get the -following instead: - - fprintf (stderr, "success!\n") - - This is a special feature of the GNU C preprocessor: `##' before a -rest argument that is empty discards the preceding sequence of -non-whitespace characters from the macro definition. (If another macro -argument precedes, none of it is discarded.) - - It might be better to discard the last preprocessor token instead of -the last preceding sequence of non-whitespace characters; in fact, we -may someday change this feature to do so. We advise you to write the -macro definition so that the preceding sequence of non-whitespace -characters is just a single token, so that the meaning will not change -if we change the definition of this feature. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Subscripting, Next: Pointer Arith, Prev: Macro Varargs, Up: C Extensions - -Non-Lvalue Arrays May Have Subscripts -===================================== - - Subscripting is allowed on arrays that are not lvalues, even though -the unary `&' operator is not. For example, this is valid in GNU C -though not valid in other C dialects: - - struct foo {int a[4];}; - - struct foo f(); - - bar (int index) - { - return f().a[index]; - } - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Pointer Arith, Next: Initializers, Prev: Subscripting, Up: C Extensions - -Arithmetic on `void'- and Function-Pointers -=========================================== - - In GNU C, addition and subtraction operations are supported on -pointers to `void' and on pointers to functions. This is done by -treating the size of a `void' or of a function as 1. - - A consequence of this is that `sizeof' is also allowed on `void' and -on function types, and returns 1. - - The option `-Wpointer-arith' requests a warning if these extensions -are used. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Initializers, Next: Constructors, Prev: Pointer Arith, Up: C Extensions - -Non-Constant Initializers -========================= - - As in standard C++, the elements of an aggregate initializer for an -automatic variable are not required to be constant expressions in GNU C. -Here is an example of an initializer with run-time varying elements: - - foo (float f, float g) - { - float beat_freqs[2] = { f-g, f+g }; - ... - } - diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-9 b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-9 deleted file mode 100644 index def28724d56..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/gcc.info-9 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1171 +0,0 @@ -This is Info file gcc.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.63 from the input -file gcc.texi. - - This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU compiler. - - Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 -Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - - Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software -Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for -Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are -included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public -License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight -`Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in -translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the -original English. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Constructors, Next: Labeled Elements, Prev: Initializers, Up: C Extensions - -Constructor Expressions -======================= - - GNU C supports constructor expressions. A constructor looks like a -cast containing an initializer. Its value is an object of the type -specified in the cast, containing the elements specified in the -initializer. - - Usually, the specified type is a structure. Assume that `struct -foo' and `structure' are declared as shown: - - struct foo {int a; char b[2];} structure; - -Here is an example of constructing a `struct foo' with a constructor: - - structure = ((struct foo) {x + y, 'a', 0}); - -This is equivalent to writing the following: - - { - struct foo temp = {x + y, 'a', 0}; - structure = temp; - } - - You can also construct an array. If all the elements of the -constructor are (made up of) simple constant expressions, suitable for -use in initializers, then the constructor is an lvalue and can be -coerced to a pointer to its first element, as shown here: - - char **foo = (char *[]) { "x", "y", "z" }; - - Array constructors whose elements are not simple constants are not -very useful, because the constructor is not an lvalue. There are only -two valid ways to use it: to subscript it, or initialize an array -variable with it. The former is probably slower than a `switch' -statement, while the latter does the same thing an ordinary C -initializer would do. Here is an example of subscripting an array -constructor: - - output = ((int[]) { 2, x, 28 }) [input]; - - Constructor expressions for scalar types and union types are is also -allowed, but then the constructor expression is equivalent to a cast. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Labeled Elements, Next: Cast to Union, Prev: Constructors, Up: C Extensions - -Labeled Elements in Initializers -================================ - - Standard C requires the elements of an initializer to appear in a -fixed order, the same as the order of the elements in the array or -structure being initialized. - - In GNU C you can give the elements in any order, specifying the array -indices or structure field names they apply to. This extension is not -implemented in GNU C++. - - To specify an array index, write `[INDEX]' or `[INDEX] =' before the -element value. For example, - - int a[6] = { [4] 29, [2] = 15 }; - -is equivalent to - - int a[6] = { 0, 0, 15, 0, 29, 0 }; - -The index values must be constant expressions, even if the array being -initialized is automatic. - - To initialize a range of elements to the same value, write `[FIRST -... LAST] = VALUE'. For example, - - int widths[] = { [0 ... 9] = 1, [10 ... 99] = 2, [100] = 3 }; - -Note that the length of the array is the highest value specified plus -one. - - In a structure initializer, specify the name of a field to initialize -with `FIELDNAME:' before the element value. For example, given the -following structure, - - struct point { int x, y; }; - -the following initialization - - struct point p = { y: yvalue, x: xvalue }; - -is equivalent to - - struct point p = { xvalue, yvalue }; - - Another syntax which has the same meaning is `.FIELDNAME ='., as -shown here: - - struct point p = { .y = yvalue, .x = xvalue }; - - You can also use an element label (with either the colon syntax or -the period-equal syntax) when initializing a union, to specify which -element of the union should be used. For example, - - union foo { int i; double d; }; - - union foo f = { d: 4 }; - -will convert 4 to a `double' to store it in the union using the second -element. By contrast, casting 4 to type `union foo' would store it -into the union as the integer `i', since it is an integer. (*Note Cast -to Union::.) - - You can combine this technique of naming elements with ordinary C -initialization of successive elements. Each initializer element that -does not have a label applies to the next consecutive element of the -array or structure. For example, - - int a[6] = { [1] = v1, v2, [4] = v4 }; - -is equivalent to - - int a[6] = { 0, v1, v2, 0, v4, 0 }; - - Labeling the elements of an array initializer is especially useful -when the indices are characters or belong to an `enum' type. For -example: - - int whitespace[256] - = { [' '] = 1, ['\t'] = 1, ['\h'] = 1, - ['\f'] = 1, ['\n'] = 1, ['\r'] = 1 }; - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Case Ranges, Next: Function Attributes, Prev: Cast to Union, Up: C Extensions - -Case Ranges -=========== - - You can specify a range of consecutive values in a single `case' -label, like this: - - case LOW ... HIGH: - -This has the same effect as the proper number of individual `case' -labels, one for each integer value from LOW to HIGH, inclusive. - - This feature is especially useful for ranges of ASCII character -codes: - - case 'A' ... 'Z': - - *Be careful:* Write spaces around the `...', for otherwise it may be -parsed wrong when you use it with integer values. For example, write -this: - - case 1 ... 5: - -rather than this: - - case 1...5: - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Cast to Union, Next: Case Ranges, Prev: Labeled Elements, Up: C Extensions - -Cast to a Union Type -==================== - - A cast to union type is similar to other casts, except that the type -specified is a union type. You can specify the type either with `union -TAG' or with a typedef name. A cast to union is actually a constructor -though, not a cast, and hence does not yield an lvalue like normal -casts. (*Note Constructors::.) - - The types that may be cast to the union type are those of the members -of the union. Thus, given the following union and variables: - - union foo { int i; double d; }; - int x; - double y; - -both `x' and `y' can be cast to type `union' foo. - - Using the cast as the right-hand side of an assignment to a variable -of union type is equivalent to storing in a member of the union: - - union foo u; - ... - u = (union foo) x == u.i = x - u = (union foo) y == u.d = y - - You can also use the union cast as a function argument: - - void hack (union foo); - ... - hack ((union foo) x); - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Function Attributes, Next: Function Prototypes, Prev: Case Ranges, Up: C Extensions - -Declaring Attributes of Functions -================================= - - In GNU C, you declare certain things about functions called in your -program which help the compiler optimize function calls and check your -code more carefully. - - The keyword `__attribute__' allows you to specify special attributes -when making a declaration. This keyword is followed by an attribute -specification inside double parentheses. Eight attributes, `noreturn', -`const', `format', `section', `constructor', `destructor', `unused' and -`weak' are currently defined for functions. Other attributes, including -`section' are supported for variables declarations (*note Variable -Attributes::.) and for types (*note Type Attributes::.). - - You may also specify attributes with `__' preceding and following -each keyword. This allows you to use them in header files without -being concerned about a possible macro of the same name. For example, -you may use `__noreturn__' instead of `noreturn'. - -`noreturn' - A few standard library functions, such as `abort' and `exit', - cannot return. GNU CC knows this automatically. Some programs - define their own functions that never return. You can declare them - `noreturn' to tell the compiler this fact. For example, - - void fatal () __attribute__ ((noreturn)); - - void - fatal (...) - { - ... /* Print error message. */ ... - exit (1); - } - - The `noreturn' keyword tells the compiler to assume that `fatal' - cannot return. It can then optimize without regard to what would - happen if `fatal' ever did return. This makes slightly better - code. More importantly, it helps avoid spurious warnings of - uninitialized variables. - - Do not assume that registers saved by the calling function are - restored before calling the `noreturn' function. - - It does not make sense for a `noreturn' function to have a return - type other than `void'. - - The attribute `noreturn' is not implemented in GNU C versions - earlier than 2.5. An alternative way to declare that a function - does not return, which works in the current version and in some - older versions, is as follows: - - typedef void voidfn (); - - volatile voidfn fatal; - -`const' - Many functions do not examine any values except their arguments, - and have no effects except the return value. Such a function can - be subject to common subexpression elimination and loop - optimization just as an arithmetic operator would be. These - functions should be declared with the attribute `const'. For - example, - - int square (int) __attribute__ ((const)); - - says that the hypothetical function `square' is safe to call fewer - times than the program says. - - The attribute `const' is not implemented in GNU C versions earlier - than 2.5. An alternative way to declare that a function has no - side effects, which works in the current version and in some older - versions, is as follows: - - typedef int intfn (); - - extern const intfn square; - - This approach does not work in GNU C++ from 2.6.0 on, since the - language specifies that the `const' must be attached to the return - value. - - Note that a function that has pointer arguments and examines the - data pointed to must *not* be declared `const'. Likewise, a - function that calls a non-`const' function usually must not be - `const'. It does not make sense for a `const' function to return - `void'. - -`format (ARCHETYPE, STRING-INDEX, FIRST-TO-CHECK)' - The `format' attribute specifies that a function takes `printf' or - `scanf' style arguments which should be type-checked against a - format string. For example, the declaration: - - extern int - my_printf (void *my_object, const char *my_format, ...) - __attribute__ ((format (printf, 2, 3))); - - causes the compiler to check the arguments in calls to `my_printf' - for consistency with the `printf' style format string argument - `my_format'. - - The parameter ARCHETYPE determines how the format string is - interpreted, and should be either `printf' or `scanf'. The - parameter STRING-INDEX specifies which argument is the format - string argument (starting from 1), while FIRST-TO-CHECK is the - number of the first argument to check against the format string. - For functions where the arguments are not available to be checked - (such as `vprintf'), specify the third parameter as zero. In this - case the compiler only checks the format string for consistency. - - In the example above, the format string (`my_format') is the second - argument of the function `my_print', and the arguments to check - start with the third argument, so the correct parameters for the - format attribute are 2 and 3. - - The `format' attribute allows you to identify your own functions - which take format strings as arguments, so that GNU CC can check - the calls to these functions for errors. The compiler always - checks formats for the ANSI library functions `printf', `fprintf', - `sprintf', `scanf', `fscanf', `sscanf', `vprintf', `vfprintf' and - `vsprintf' whenever such warnings are requested (using - `-Wformat'), so there is no need to modify the header file - `stdio.h'. - -`section ("section-name")' - Normally, the compiler places the code it generates in the `text' - section. Sometimes, however, you need additional sections, or you - need certain particular functions to appear in special sections. - The `section' attribute specifies that a function lives in a - particular section. For example, the declaration: - - extern void foobar (void) __attribute__ ((section ("bar"))); - - puts the function `foobar' in the `bar' section. - - Some file formats do not support arbitrary sections so the - `section' attribute is not available on all platforms. If you - need to map the entire contents of a module to a particular - section, consider using the facilities of the linker instead. - -`constructor' -`destructor' - The `constructor' attribute causes the function to be called - automatically before execution enters `main ()'. Similarly, the - `destructor' attribute causes the function to be called - automatically after `main ()' has completed or `exit ()' has been - called. Functions with these attributes are useful for - initializing data that will be used implicitly during the - execution of the program. - - These attributes are not currently implemented for Objective C. - -`unused' - This attribute, attached to a function, means that the function is - meant to be possibly unused. GNU CC will not produce a warning - for this function. - -`weak' - The `weak' attribute causes the declaration to be emitted as a weak - symbol rather than a global. This is primarily useful in defining - library functions which can be overridden in user code, though it - can also be used with non-function declarations. Weak symbols are - supported for ELF targets, and also for a.out targets when using - the GNU assembler and linker. - -`alias ("target")' - The `alias' attribute causes the declaration to be emitted as an - alias for another symbol, which must be specified. For instance, - - void __f () { /* do something */; } - void f () __attribute__ ((weak, alias ("__f"))); - - declares `f' to be a weak alias for `__f'. In C++, the mangled - name for the target must be used. - -`regparm (NUMBER)' - On the Intel 386, the `regparm' attribute causes the compiler to - pass up to NUMBER integer arguments in registers EAX, EDX, and ECX - instead of on the stack. Functions that take a variable number of - arguments will continue to be passed all of their arguments on the - stack. - -`stdcall' - On the Intel 386, the `stdcall' attribute causes the compiler to - assume that the called function will pop off the stack space used - to pass arguments, unless it takes a variable number of arguments. - -`cdecl' - On the Intel 386, the `cdecl' attribute causes the compiler to - assume that the called function will pop off the stack space used - to pass arguments, unless it takes a variable number of arguments. - This is useful to override the effects of the `-mrtd' switch. - - You can specify multiple attributes in a declaration by separating -them by commas within the double parentheses or by immediately -following an attribute declaration with another attribute declaration. - - Some people object to the `__attribute__' feature, suggesting that -ANSI C's `#pragma' should be used instead. There are two reasons for -not doing this. - - 1. It is impossible to generate `#pragma' commands from a macro. - - 2. There is no telling what the same `#pragma' might mean in another - compiler. - - These two reasons apply to almost any application that might be -proposed for `#pragma'. It is basically a mistake to use `#pragma' for -*anything*. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Function Prototypes, Next: C++ Comments, Prev: Function Attributes, Up: C Extensions - -Prototypes and Old-Style Function Definitions -============================================= - - GNU C extends ANSI C to allow a function prototype to override a -later old-style non-prototype definition. Consider the following -example: - - /* Use prototypes unless the compiler is old-fashioned. */ - #if __STDC__ - #define P(x) x - #else - #define P(x) () - #endif - - /* Prototype function declaration. */ - int isroot P((uid_t)); - - /* Old-style function definition. */ - int - isroot (x) /* ??? lossage here ??? */ - uid_t x; - { - return x == 0; - } - - Suppose the type `uid_t' happens to be `short'. ANSI C does not -allow this example, because subword arguments in old-style -non-prototype definitions are promoted. Therefore in this example the -function definition's argument is really an `int', which does not match -the prototype argument type of `short'. - - This restriction of ANSI C makes it hard to write code that is -portable to traditional C compilers, because the programmer does not -know whether the `uid_t' type is `short', `int', or `long'. Therefore, -in cases like these GNU C allows a prototype to override a later -old-style definition. More precisely, in GNU C, a function prototype -argument type overrides the argument type specified by a later -old-style definition if the former type is the same as the latter type -before promotion. Thus in GNU C the above example is equivalent to the -following: - - int isroot (uid_t); - - int - isroot (uid_t x) - { - return x == 0; - } - - GNU C++ does not support old-style function definitions, so this -extension is irrelevant. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: C++ Comments, Next: Dollar Signs, Prev: Function Prototypes, Up: C Extensions - -C++ Style Comments -================== - - In GNU C, you may use C++ style comments, which start with `//' and -continue until the end of the line. Many other C implementations allow -such comments, and they are likely to be in a future C standard. -However, C++ style comments are not recognized if you specify `-ansi' -or `-traditional', since they are incompatible with traditional -constructs like `dividend//*comment*/divisor'. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Dollar Signs, Next: Character Escapes, Prev: C++ Comments, Up: C Extensions - -Dollar Signs in Identifier Names -================================ - - In GNU C, you may use dollar signs in identifier names. This is -because many traditional C implementations allow such identifiers. - - On some machines, dollar signs are allowed in identifiers if you -specify `-traditional'. On a few systems they are allowed by default, -even if you do not use `-traditional'. But they are never allowed if -you specify `-ansi'. - - There are certain ANSI C programs (obscure, to be sure) that would -compile incorrectly if dollar signs were permitted in identifiers. For -example: - - #define foo(a) #a - #define lose(b) foo (b) - #define test$ - lose (test) - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Character Escapes, Next: Variable Attributes, Prev: Dollar Signs, Up: C Extensions - -The Character ESC in Constants -============================== - - You can use the sequence `\e' in a string or character constant to -stand for the ASCII character ESC. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Alignment, Next: Inline, Prev: Type Attributes, Up: C Extensions - -Inquiring on Alignment of Types or Variables -============================================ - - The keyword `__alignof__' allows you to inquire about how an object -is aligned, or the minimum alignment usually required by a type. Its -syntax is just like `sizeof'. - - For example, if the target machine requires a `double' value to be -aligned on an 8-byte boundary, then `__alignof__ (double)' is 8. This -is true on many RISC machines. On more traditional machine designs, -`__alignof__ (double)' is 4 or even 2. - - Some machines never actually require alignment; they allow reference -to any data type even at an odd addresses. For these machines, -`__alignof__' reports the *recommended* alignment of a type. - - When the operand of `__alignof__' is an lvalue rather than a type, -the value is the largest alignment that the lvalue is known to have. -It may have this alignment as a result of its data type, or because it -is part of a structure and inherits alignment from that structure. For -example, after this declaration: - - struct foo { int x; char y; } foo1; - -the value of `__alignof__ (foo1.y)' is probably 2 or 4, the same as -`__alignof__ (int)', even though the data type of `foo1.y' does not -itself demand any alignment. - - A related feature which lets you specify the alignment of an object -is `__attribute__ ((aligned (ALIGNMENT)))'; see the following section. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Variable Attributes, Next: Type Attributes, Prev: Character Escapes, Up: C Extensions - -Specifying Attributes of Variables -================================== - - The keyword `__attribute__' allows you to specify special attributes -of variables or structure fields. This keyword is followed by an -attribute specification inside double parentheses. Eight attributes -are currently defined for variables: `aligned', `mode', `nocommon', -`packed', `section', `transparent_union', `unused', and `weak'. Other -attributes are available for functions (*note Function Attributes::.) -and for types (*note Type Attributes::.). - - You may also specify attributes with `__' preceding and following -each keyword. This allows you to use them in header files without -being concerned about a possible macro of the same name. For example, -you may use `__aligned__' instead of `aligned'. - -`aligned (ALIGNMENT)' - This attribute specifies a minimum alignment for the variable or - structure field, measured in bytes. For example, the declaration: - - int x __attribute__ ((aligned (16))) = 0; - - causes the compiler to allocate the global variable `x' on a - 16-byte boundary. On a 68040, this could be used in conjunction - with an `asm' expression to access the `move16' instruction which - requires 16-byte aligned operands. - - You can also specify the alignment of structure fields. For - example, to create a double-word aligned `int' pair, you could - write: - - struct foo { int x[2] __attribute__ ((aligned (8))); }; - - This is an alternative to creating a union with a `double' member - that forces the union to be double-word aligned. - - It is not possible to specify the alignment of functions; the - alignment of functions is determined by the machine's requirements - and cannot be changed. You cannot specify alignment for a typedef - name because such a name is just an alias, not a distinct type. - - As in the preceding examples, you can explicitly specify the - alignment (in bytes) that you wish the compiler to use for a given - variable or structure field. Alternatively, you can leave out the - alignment factor and just ask the compiler to align a variable or - field to the maximum useful alignment for the target machine you - are compiling for. For example, you could write: - - short array[3] __attribute__ ((aligned)); - - Whenever you leave out the alignment factor in an `aligned' - attribute specification, the compiler automatically sets the - alignment for the declared variable or field to the largest - alignment which is ever used for any data type on the target - machine you are compiling for. Doing this can often make copy - operations more efficient, because the compiler can use whatever - instructions copy the biggest chunks of memory when performing - copies to or from the variables or fields that you have aligned - this way. - - The `aligned' attribute can only increase the alignment; but you - can decrease it by specifying `packed' as well. See below. - - Note that the effectiveness of `aligned' attributes may be limited - by inherent limitations in your linker. On many systems, the - linker is only able to arrange for variables to be aligned up to a - certain maximum alignment. (For some linkers, the maximum - supported alignment may be very very small.) If your linker is - only able to align variables up to a maximum of 8 byte alignment, - then specifying `aligned(16)' in an `__attribute__' will still - only provide you with 8 byte alignment. See your linker - documentation for further information. - -`mode (MODE)' - This attribute specifies the data type for the - declaration--whichever type corresponds to the mode MODE. This in - effect lets you request an integer or floating point type - according to its width. - - You may also specify a mode of `byte' or `__byte__' to indicate - the mode corresponding to a one-byte integer, `word' or `__word__' - for the mode of a one-word integer, and `pointer' or `__pointer__' - for the mode used to represent pointers. - -`nocommon' - This attribute specifies requests GNU CC not to place a variable - "common" but instead to allocate space for it directly. If you - specify the `-fno-common' flag, GNU CC will do this for all - variables. - - Specifying the `nocommon' attribute for a variable provides an - initialization of zeros. A variable may only be initialized in one - source file. - -`packed' - The `packed' attribute specifies that a variable or structure field - should have the smallest possible alignment--one byte for a - variable, and one bit for a field, unless you specify a larger - value with the `aligned' attribute. - - Here is a structure in which the field `x' is packed, so that it - immediately follows `a': - - struct foo - { - char a; - int x[2] __attribute__ ((packed)); - }; - -`section ("section-name")' - Normally, the compiler places the objects it generates in sections - like `data' and `bss'. Sometimes, however, you need additional - sections, or you need certain particular variables to appear in - special sections, for example to map to special hardware. The - `section' attribute specifies that a variable (or function) lives - in a particular section. For example, this small program uses - several specific section names: - - struct duart a __attribute__ ((section ("DUART_A"))) = { 0 }; - struct duart b __attribute__ ((section ("DUART_B"))) = { 0 }; - char stack[10000] __attribute__ ((section ("STACK"))) = { 0 }; - int init_data_copy __attribute__ ((section ("INITDATACOPY"))) = 0; - - main() - { - /* Initialize stack pointer */ - init_sp (stack + sizeof (stack)); - - /* Initialize initialized data */ - memcpy (&init_data_copy, &data, &edata - &data); - - /* Turn on the serial ports */ - init_duart (&a); - init_duart (&b); - } - - Use the `section' attribute with an *initialized* definition of a - *global* variable, as shown in the example. GNU CC issues a - warning and otherwise ignores the `section' attribute in - uninitialized variable declarations. - - You may only use the `section' attribute with a fully initialized - global definition because of the way linkers work. The linker - requires each object be defined once, with the exception that - uninitialized variables tentatively go in the `common' (or `bss') - section and can be multiply "defined". You can force a variable - to be initialized with the `-fno-common' flag or the `nocommon' - attribute. - - Some file formats do not support arbitrary sections so the - `section' attribute is not available on all platforms. If you - need to map the entire contents of a module to a particular - section, consider using the facilities of the linker instead. - -`transparent_union' - This attribute, attached to a function argument variable which is a - union, means to pass the argument in the same way that the first - union member would be passed. You can also use this attribute on a - `typedef' for a union data type; then it applies to all function - arguments with that type. - -`unused' - This attribute, attached to a variable, means that the variable is - meant to be possibly unused. GNU CC will not produce a warning - for this variable. - -`weak' - The `weak' attribute is described in *Note Function Attributes::. - - To specify multiple attributes, separate them by commas within the -double parentheses: for example, `__attribute__ ((aligned (16), -packed))'. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Type Attributes, Next: Alignment, Prev: Variable Attributes, Up: C Extensions - -Specifying Attributes of Types -============================== - - The keyword `__attribute__' allows you to specify special attributes -of `struct' and `union' types when you define such types. This keyword -is followed by an attribute specification inside double parentheses. -Three attributes are currently defined for types: `aligned', `packed', -and `transparent_union'. Other attributes are defined for functions -(*note Function Attributes::.) and for variables (*note Variable -Attributes::.). - - You may also specify any one of these attributes with `__' preceding -and following its keyword. This allows you to use these attributes in -header files without being concerned about a possible macro of the same -name. For example, you may use `__aligned__' instead of `aligned'. - - You may specify the `aligned' and `transparent_union' attributes -either in a `typedef' declaration or just past the closing curly brace -of a complete enum, struct or union type *definition* and the `packed' -attribute only past the closing brace of a definition. - -`aligned (ALIGNMENT)' - This attribute specifies a minimum alignment (in bytes) for - variables of the specified type. For example, the declarations: - - struct S { short f[3]; } __attribute__ ((aligned (8)); - typedef int more_aligned_int __attribute__ ((aligned (8)); - - force the compiler to insure (as fas as it can) that each variable - whose type is `struct S' or `more_aligned_int' will be allocated - and aligned *at least* on a 8-byte boundary. On a Sparc, having - all variables of type `struct S' aligned to 8-byte boundaries - allows the compiler to use the `ldd' and `std' (doubleword load and - store) instructions when copying one variable of type `struct S' to - another, thus improving run-time efficiency. - - Note that the alignment of any given `struct' or `union' type is - required by the ANSI C standard to be at least a perfect multiple - of the lowest common multiple of the alignments of all of the - members of the `struct' or `union' in question. This means that - you *can* effectively adjust the alignment of a `struct' or `union' - type by attaching an `aligned' attribute to any one of the members - of such a type, but the notation illustrated in the example above - is a more obvious, intuitive, and readable way to request the - compiler to adjust the alignment of an entire `struct' or `union' - type. - - As in the preceding example, you can explicitly specify the - alignment (in bytes) that you wish the compiler to use for a given - `struct' or `union' type. Alternatively, you can leave out the - alignment factor and just ask the compiler to align a type to the - maximum useful alignment for the target machine you are compiling - for. For example, you could write: - - struct S { short f[3]; } __attribute__ ((aligned)); - - Whenever you leave out the alignment factor in an `aligned' - attribute specification, the compiler automatically sets the - alignment for the type to the largest alignment which is ever used - for any data type on the target machine you are compiling for. - Doing this can often make copy operations more efficient, because - the compiler can use whatever instructions copy the biggest chunks - of memory when performing copies to or from the variables which - have types that you have aligned this way. - - In the example above, if the size of each `short' is 2 bytes, then - the size of the entire `struct S' type is 6 bytes. The smallest - power of two which is greater than or equal to that is 8, so the - compiler sets the alignment for the entire `struct S' type to 8 - bytes. - - Note that although you can ask the compiler to select a - time-efficient alignment for a given type and then declare only - individual stand-alone objects of that type, the compiler's - ability to select a time-efficient alignment is primarily useful - only when you plan to create arrays of variables having the - relevant (efficiently aligned) type. If you declare or use arrays - of variables of an efficiently-aligned type, then it is likely - that your program will also be doing pointer arithmetic (or - subscripting, which amounts to the same thing) on pointers to the - relevant type, and the code that the compiler generates for these - pointer arithmetic operations will often be more efficient for - efficiently-aligned types than for other types. - - The `aligned' attribute can only increase the alignment; but you - can decrease it by specifying `packed' as well. See below. - - Note that the effectiveness of `aligned' attributes may be limited - by inherent limitations in your linker. On many systems, the - linker is only able to arrange for variables to be aligned up to a - certain maximum alignment. (For some linkers, the maximum - supported alignment may be very very small.) If your linker is - only able to align variables up to a maximum of 8 byte alignment, - then specifying `aligned(16)' in an `__attribute__' will still - only provide you with 8 byte alignment. See your linker - documentation for further information. - -`packed' - This attribute, attached to an `enum', `struct', or `union' type - definition, specified that the minimum required memory be used to - represent the type. - - Specifying this attribute for `struct' and `union' types is - equivalent to specifying the `packed' attribute on each of the - structure or union members. Specifying the `-fshort-enums' flag - on the line is equivalent to specifying the `packed' attribute on - all `enum' definitions. - - You may only specify this attribute after a closing curly brace on - an `enum' definition, not in a `typedef' declaration. - -`transparent_union' - This attribute, attached to a `union' type definition, indicates - that any variable having that union type should, if passed to a - function, be passed in the same way that the first union member - would be passed. For example: - - union foo - { - char a; - int x[2]; - } __attribute__ ((transparent_union)); - - To specify multiple attributes, separate them by commas within the -double parentheses: for example, `__attribute__ ((aligned (16), -packed))'. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Inline, Next: Extended Asm, Prev: Alignment, Up: C Extensions - -An Inline Function is As Fast As a Macro -======================================== - - By declaring a function `inline', you can direct GNU CC to integrate -that function's code into the code for its callers. This makes -execution faster by eliminating the function-call overhead; in -addition, if any of the actual argument values are constant, their known -values may permit simplifications at compile time so that not all of the -inline function's code needs to be included. The effect on code size is -less predictable; object code may be larger or smaller with function -inlining, depending on the particular case. Inlining of functions is an -optimization and it really "works" only in optimizing compilation. If -you don't use `-O', no function is really inline. - - To declare a function inline, use the `inline' keyword in its -declaration, like this: - - inline int - inc (int *a) - { - (*a)++; - } - - (If you are writing a header file to be included in ANSI C programs, -write `__inline__' instead of `inline'. *Note Alternate Keywords::.) - - You can also make all "simple enough" functions inline with the -option `-finline-functions'. Note that certain usages in a function -definition can make it unsuitable for inline substitution. - - Note that in C and Objective C, unlike C++, the `inline' keyword -does not affect the linkage of the function. - - GNU CC automatically inlines member functions defined within the -class body of C++ programs even if they are not explicitly declared -`inline'. (You can override this with `-fno-default-inline'; *note -Options Controlling C++ Dialect: C++ Dialect Options..) - - When a function is both inline and `static', if all calls to the -function are integrated into the caller, and the function's address is -never used, then the function's own assembler code is never referenced. -In this case, GNU CC does not actually output assembler code for the -function, unless you specify the option `-fkeep-inline-functions'. -Some calls cannot be integrated for various reasons (in particular, -calls that precede the function's definition cannot be integrated, and -neither can recursive calls within the definition). If there is a -nonintegrated call, then the function is compiled to assembler code as -usual. The function must also be compiled as usual if the program -refers to its address, because that can't be inlined. - - When an inline function is not `static', then the compiler must -assume that there may be calls from other source files; since a global -symbol can be defined only once in any program, the function must not -be defined in the other source files, so the calls therein cannot be -integrated. Therefore, a non-`static' inline function is always -compiled on its own in the usual fashion. - - If you specify both `inline' and `extern' in the function -definition, then the definition is used only for inlining. In no case -is the function compiled on its own, not even if you refer to its -address explicitly. Such an address becomes an external reference, as -if you had only declared the function, and had not defined it. - - This combination of `inline' and `extern' has almost the effect of a -macro. The way to use it is to put a function definition in a header -file with these keywords, and put another copy of the definition -(lacking `inline' and `extern') in a library file. The definition in -the header file will cause most calls to the function to be inlined. -If any uses of the function remain, they will refer to the single copy -in the library. - - GNU C does not inline any functions when not optimizing. It is not -clear whether it is better to inline or not, in this case, but we found -that a correct implementation when not optimizing was difficult. So we -did the easy thing, and turned it off. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Extended Asm, Next: Asm Labels, Prev: Inline, Up: C Extensions - -Assembler Instructions with C Expression Operands -================================================= - - In an assembler instruction using `asm', you can now specify the -operands of the instruction using C expressions. This means no more -guessing which registers or memory locations will contain the data you -want to use. - - You must specify an assembler instruction template much like what -appears in a machine description, plus an operand constraint string for -each operand. - - For example, here is how to use the 68881's `fsinx' instruction: - - asm ("fsinx %1,%0" : "=f" (result) : "f" (angle)); - -Here `angle' is the C expression for the input operand while `result' -is that of the output operand. Each has `"f"' as its operand -constraint, saying that a floating point register is required. The `=' -in `=f' indicates that the operand is an output; all output operands' -constraints must use `='. The constraints use the same language used -in the machine description (*note Constraints::.). - - Each operand is described by an operand-constraint string followed -by the C expression in parentheses. A colon separates the assembler -template from the first output operand, and another separates the last -output operand from the first input, if any. Commas separate output -operands and separate inputs. The total number of operands is limited -to ten or to the maximum number of operands in any instruction pattern -in the machine description, whichever is greater. - - If there are no output operands, and there are input operands, then -there must be two consecutive colons surrounding the place where the -output operands would go. - - Output operand expressions must be lvalues; the compiler can check -this. The input operands need not be lvalues. The compiler cannot -check whether the operands have data types that are reasonable for the -instruction being executed. It does not parse the assembler -instruction template and does not know what it means, or whether it is -valid assembler input. The extended `asm' feature is most often used -for machine instructions that the compiler itself does not know exist. -If the output expression cannot be directly addressed (for example, it -is a bit field), your constraint must allow a register. In that case, -GNU CC will use the register as the output of the `asm', and then store -that register into the output. - - The output operands must be write-only; GNU CC will assume that the -values in these operands before the instruction are dead and need not be -generated. Extended asm does not support input-output or read-write -operands. For this reason, the constraint character `+', which -indicates such an operand, may not be used. - - When the assembler instruction has a read-write operand, or an -operand in which only some of the bits are to be changed, you must -logically split its function into two separate operands, one input -operand and one write-only output operand. The connection between them -is expressed by constraints which say they need to be in the same -location when the instruction executes. You can use the same C -expression for both operands, or different expressions. For example, -here we write the (fictitious) `combine' instruction with `bar' as its -read-only source operand and `foo' as its read-write destination: - - asm ("combine %2,%0" : "=r" (foo) : "0" (foo), "g" (bar)); - -The constraint `"0"' for operand 1 says that it must occupy the same -location as operand 0. A digit in constraint is allowed only in an -input operand, and it must refer to an output operand. - - Only a digit in the constraint can guarantee that one operand will -be in the same place as another. The mere fact that `foo' is the value -of both operands is not enough to guarantee that they will be in the -same place in the generated assembler code. The following would not -work: - - asm ("combine %2,%0" : "=r" (foo) : "r" (foo), "g" (bar)); - - Various optimizations or reloading could cause operands 0 and 1 to -be in different registers; GNU CC knows no reason not to do so. For -example, the compiler might find a copy of the value of `foo' in one -register and use it for operand 1, but generate the output operand 0 in -a different register (copying it afterward to `foo''s own address). Of -course, since the register for operand 1 is not even mentioned in the -assembler code, the result will not work, but GNU CC can't tell that. - - Some instructions clobber specific hard registers. To describe -this, write a third colon after the input operands, followed by the -names of the clobbered hard registers (given as strings). Here is a -realistic example for the Vax: - - asm volatile ("movc3 %0,%1,%2" - : /* no outputs */ - : "g" (from), "g" (to), "g" (count) - : "r0", "r1", "r2", "r3", "r4", "r5"); - - If you refer to a particular hardware register from the assembler -code, then you will probably have to list the register after the third -colon to tell the compiler that the register's value is modified. In -many assemblers, the register names begin with `%'; to produce one `%' -in the assembler code, you must write `%%' in the input. - - If your assembler instruction can alter the condition code register, -add `cc' to the list of clobbered registers. GNU CC on some machines -represents the condition codes as a specific hardware register; `cc' -serves to name this register. On other machines, the condition code is -handled differently, and specifying `cc' has no effect. But it is -valid no matter what the machine. - - If your assembler instruction modifies memory in an unpredictable -fashion, add `memory' to the list of clobbered registers. This will -cause GNU CC to not keep memory values cached in registers across the -assembler instruction. - - You can put multiple assembler instructions together in a single -`asm' template, separated either with newlines (written as `\n') or with -semicolons if the assembler allows such semicolons. The GNU assembler -allows semicolons and all Unix assemblers seem to do so. The input -operands are guaranteed not to use any of the clobbered registers, and -neither will the output operands' addresses, so you can read and write -the clobbered registers as many times as you like. Here is an example -of multiple instructions in a template; it assumes that the subroutine -`_foo' accepts arguments in registers 9 and 10: - - asm ("movl %0,r9;movl %1,r10;call _foo" - : /* no outputs */ - : "g" (from), "g" (to) - : "r9", "r10"); - - Unless an output operand has the `&' constraint modifier, GNU CC may -allocate it in the same register as an unrelated input operand, on the -assumption that the inputs are consumed before the outputs are produced. -This assumption may be false if the assembler code actually consists of -more than one instruction. In such a case, use `&' for each output -operand that may not overlap an input. *Note Modifiers::. - - If you want to test the condition code produced by an assembler -instruction, you must include a branch and a label in the `asm' -construct, as follows: - - asm ("clr %0;frob %1;beq 0f;mov #1,%0;0:" - : "g" (result) - : "g" (input)); - -This assumes your assembler supports local labels, as the GNU assembler -and most Unix assemblers do. - - Speaking of labels, jumps from one `asm' to another are not -supported. The compiler's optimizers do not know about these jumps, -and therefore they cannot take account of them when deciding how to -optimize. - - Usually the most convenient way to use these `asm' instructions is to -encapsulate them in macros that look like functions. For example, - - #define sin(x) \ - ({ double __value, __arg = (x); \ - asm ("fsinx %1,%0": "=f" (__value): "f" (__arg)); \ - __value; }) - -Here the variable `__arg' is used to make sure that the instruction -operates on a proper `double' value, and to accept only those arguments -`x' which can convert automatically to a `double'. - - Another way to make sure the instruction operates on the correct -data type is to use a cast in the `asm'. This is different from using a -variable `__arg' in that it converts more different types. For -example, if the desired type were `int', casting the argument to `int' -would accept a pointer with no complaint, while assigning the argument -to an `int' variable named `__arg' would warn about using a pointer -unless the caller explicitly casts it. - - If an `asm' has output operands, GNU CC assumes for optimization -purposes that the instruction has no side effects except to change the -output operands. This does not mean that instructions with a side -effect cannot be used, but you must be careful, because the compiler -may eliminate them if the output operands aren't used, or move them out -of loops, or replace two with one if they constitute a common -subexpression. Also, if your instruction does have a side effect on a -variable that otherwise appears not to change, the old value of the -variable may be reused later if it happens to be found in a register. - - You can prevent an `asm' instruction from being deleted, moved -significantly, or combined, by writing the keyword `volatile' after the -`asm'. For example: - - #define set_priority(x) \ - asm volatile ("set_priority %0": /* no outputs */ : "g" (x)) - -An instruction without output operands will not be deleted or moved -significantly, regardless, unless it is unreachable. - - Note that even a volatile `asm' instruction can be moved in ways -that appear insignificant to the compiler, such as across jump -instructions. You can't expect a sequence of volatile `asm' -instructions to remain perfectly consecutive. If you want consecutive -output, use a single `asm'. - - It is a natural idea to look for a way to give access to the -condition code left by the assembler instruction. However, when we -attempted to implement this, we found no way to make it work reliably. -The problem is that output operands might need reloading, which would -result in additional following "store" instructions. On most machines, -these instructions would alter the condition code before there was time -to test it. This problem doesn't arise for ordinary "test" and -"compare" instructions because they don't have any output operands. - - If you are writing a header file that should be includable in ANSI C -programs, write `__asm__' instead of `asm'. *Note Alternate Keywords::. - diff --git a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/objc-parse.c b/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/objc-parse.c deleted file mode 100644 index 6388ac909de..00000000000 --- a/gnu/usr.bin/gcc/objc-parse.c +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4930 +0,0 @@ - -/* A Bison parser, made from objc-parse.y with Bison version GNU Bison version 1.24 - */ - -#define YYBISON 1 /* Identify Bison output. */ - -#define IDENTIFIER 258 -#define TYPENAME 259 -#define SCSPEC 260 -#define TYPESPEC 261 -#define TYPE_QUAL 262 -#define CONSTANT 263 -#define STRING 264 -#define ELLIPSIS 265 -#define SIZEOF 266 -#define ENUM 267 -#define STRUCT 268 -#define UNION 269 -#define IF 270 -#define ELSE 271 -#define WHILE 272 -#define DO 273 -#define FOR 274 -#define SWITCH 275 -#define CASE 276 -#define DEFAULT 277 -#define BREAK 278 -#define CONTINUE 279 -#define RETURN 280 -#define GOTO 281 -#define ASM_KEYWORD 282 -#define TYPEOF 283 -#define ALIGNOF 284 -#define ATTRIBUTE 285 -#define EXTENSION 286 -#define LABEL 287 -#define REALPART 288 -#define IMAGPART 289 -#define ASSIGN 290 -#define OROR 291 -#define ANDAND 292 -#define EQCOMPARE 293 -#define ARITHCOMPARE 294 -#define LSHIFT 295 -#define RSHIFT 296 -#define UNARY 297 -#define PLUSPLUS 298 -#define MINUSMINUS 299 -#define HYPERUNARY 300 -#define POINTSAT 301 -#define INTERFACE 302 -#define IMPLEMENTATION 303 -#define END 304 -#define SELECTOR 305 -#define DEFS 306 -#define ENCODE 307 -#define CLASSNAME 308 -#define PUBLIC 309 -#define PRIVATE 310 -#define PROTECTED 311 -#define PROTOCOL 312 -#define OBJECTNAME 313 -#define CLASS 314 -#define ALIAS 315 -#define OBJC_STRING 316 - -#line 32 "objc-parse.y" - -#include <stdio.h> -#include <errno.h> -#include <setjmp.h> - -#include "config.h" -#include "tree.h" -#include "input.h" -#include "c-lex.h" -#include "c-tree.h" -#include "flags.h" - -#ifdef MULTIBYTE_CHARS -#include <stdlib.h> -#include <locale.h> -#endif - -#include "objc-act.h" - -/* Since parsers are distinct for each language, put the language string - definition here. */ -char *language_string = "GNU Obj-C"; - -#ifndef errno -extern int errno; -#endif - -void yyerror (); - -/* Like YYERROR but do call yyerror. */ -#define YYERROR1 { yyerror ("syntax error"); YYERROR; } - -/* Cause the `yydebug' variable to be defined. */ -#define YYDEBUG 1 - -#line 70 "objc-parse.y" -typedef union {long itype; tree ttype; enum tree_code code; - char *filename; int lineno; int ends_in_label; } YYSTYPE; -#line 194 "objc-parse.y" - -/* Number of statements (loosely speaking) seen so far. */ -static int stmt_count; - -/* Input file and line number of the end of the body of last simple_if; - used by the stmt-rule immediately after simple_if returns. */ -static char *if_stmt_file; -static int if_stmt_line; - -/* List of types and structure classes of the current declaration. */ -static tree current_declspecs; -static tree prefix_attributes = NULL_TREE; - -/* Stack of saved values of current_declspecs and prefix_attributes. */ -static tree declspec_stack; - -/* 1 if we explained undeclared var errors. */ -static int undeclared_variable_notice; - -/* Objective-C specific information */ - -tree objc_interface_context; -tree objc_implementation_context; -tree objc_method_context; -tree objc_ivar_chain; -tree objc_ivar_context; -enum tree_code objc_inherit_code; -int objc_receiver_context; -int objc_public_flag; - - -/* Tell yyparse how to print a token's value, if yydebug is set. */ - -#define YYPRINT(FILE,YYCHAR,YYLVAL) yyprint(FILE,YYCHAR,YYLVAL) -extern void yyprint (); - -#ifndef YYLTYPE -typedef - struct yyltype - { - int timestamp; - int first_line; - int first_column; - int last_line; - int last_column; - char *text; - } - yyltype; - -#define YYLTYPE yyltype -#endif - -#include <stdio.h> - -#ifndef __cplusplus -#ifndef __STDC__ -#define const -#endif -#endif - - - -#define YYFINAL 915 -#define YYFLAG -32768 -#define YYNTBASE 84 - -#define YYTRANSLATE(x) ((unsigned)(x) <= 316 ? yytranslate[x] : 294) - -static const char yytranslate[] = { 0, - 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, - 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, - 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, - 2, 2, 80, 2, 2, 2, 52, 43, 2, 59, - 76, 50, 48, 81, 49, 58, 51, 2, 2, 2, - 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 38, 77, 2, - 36, 2, 37, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, - 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, - 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, - 60, 2, 83, 42, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, - 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, - 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, - 2, 2, 82, 41, 78, 79, 2, 2, 2, 2, - 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, - 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, - 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, - 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, - 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, - 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, - 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, - 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, - 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, - 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, - 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, - 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, - 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, - 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, - 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, - 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, - 39, 40, 44, 45, 46, 47, 53, 54, 55, 56, - 57, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, - 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75 -}; - -#if YYDEBUG != 0 -static const short yyprhs[] = { 0, - 0, 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 12, 14, 16, 18, - 24, 28, 33, 38, 41, 44, 47, 50, 52, 53, - 54, 62, 67, 68, 69, 77, 82, 83, 84, 91, - 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, - 115, 117, 119, 120, 122, 124, 128, 130, 133, 134, - 138, 141, 144, 147, 152, 155, 160, 163, 166, 168, - 173, 174, 182, 184, 188, 192, 196, 200, 204, 208, - 212, 216, 220, 224, 228, 232, 236, 240, 246, 250, - 254, 256, 258, 260, 264, 268, 269, 274, 279, 284, - 288, 292, 295, 298, 300, 302, 304, 306, 308, 310, - 313, 315, 318, 319, 321, 324, 328, 330, 332, 335, - 338, 343, 348, 351, 354, 358, 360, 362, 365, 368, - 369, 370, 375, 380, 384, 388, 391, 394, 397, 401, - 402, 405, 408, 410, 412, 415, 418, 421, 425, 426, - 429, 431, 433, 435, 438, 441, 446, 451, 453, 455, - 457, 459, 463, 465, 469, 470, 475, 476, 483, 487, - 488, 495, 499, 500, 502, 504, 507, 514, 516, 520, - 521, 523, 528, 535, 540, 542, 544, 546, 548, 550, - 551, 556, 558, 559, 562, 564, 568, 570, 571, 576, - 578, 579, 584, 585, 591, 592, 593, 599, 600, 601, - 607, 609, 611, 615, 619, 624, 628, 632, 636, 638, - 640, 644, 649, 653, 657, 661, 663, 667, 671, 675, - 680, 684, 688, 690, 691, 699, 705, 708, 709, 717, - 723, 726, 727, 736, 737, 745, 748, 749, 751, 752, - 754, 756, 759, 760, 764, 767, 772, 776, 778, 782, - 784, 786, 788, 792, 797, 804, 810, 812, 816, 818, - 820, 824, 827, 830, 831, 833, 835, 838, 839, 842, - 846, 850, 853, 857, 862, 866, 869, 873, 876, 880, - 882, 884, 887, 890, 891, 893, 896, 897, 898, 900, - 902, 905, 909, 911, 914, 917, 924, 930, 936, 939, - 942, 947, 948, 953, 954, 955, 959, 964, 968, 970, - 972, 974, 976, 979, 980, 985, 987, 991, 992, 993, - 1001, 1007, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1026, 1027, 1034, 1037, - 1040, 1043, 1047, 1054, 1063, 1074, 1087, 1091, 1096, 1098, - 1100, 1101, 1108, 1112, 1118, 1121, 1124, 1125, 1127, 1128, - 1130, 1131, 1133, 1135, 1139, 1144, 1146, 1150, 1151, 1154, - 1157, 1158, 1163, 1166, 1167, 1169, 1171, 1175, 1177, 1181, - 1186, 1191, 1196, 1201, 1206, 1207, 1210, 1212, 1215, 1217, - 1221, 1223, 1227, 1229, 1231, 1233, 1235, 1237, 1239, 1241, - 1245, 1249, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1267, 1268, 1275, 1276, 1277, - 1290, 1291, 1300, 1301, 1308, 1311, 1312, 1321, 1326, 1327, - 1337, 1343, 1344, 1351, 1352, 1356, 1360, 1362, 1364, 1366, - 1368, 1369, 1373, 1376, 1380, 1384, 1386, 1387, 1389, 1393, - 1395, 1399, 1402, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1413, 1414, 1415, 1416, - 1424, 1425, 1426, 1429, 1431, 1433, 1436, 1437, 1441, 1443, - 1445, 1446, 1447, 1453, 1454, 1455, 1461, 1466, 1468, 1474, - 1477, 1478, 1481, 1482, 1484, 1486, 1488, 1491, 1494, 1499, - 1502, 1505, 1507, 1511, 1514, 1517, 1520, 1521, 1524, 1525, - 1529, 1531, 1533, 1536, 1538, 1540, 1542, 1544, 1546, 1548, - 1550, 1552, 1554, 1556, 1558, 1560, 1562, 1564, 1566, 1568, - 1570, 1572, 1574, 1576, 1578, 1580, 1582, 1584, 1586, 1593, - 1597, 1603, 1606, 1608, 1610, 1612, 1615, 1617, 1621, 1624, - 1626, 1628, 1629, 1630, 1637, 1639, 1641, 1643, 1646, 1649, - 1651, 1656, 1661 -}; - -static const short yyrhs[] = { -1, - 85, 0, 0, 86, 88, 0, 0, 85, 87, 88, - 0, 90, 0, 89, 0, 226, 0, 27, 59, 99, - 76, 77, 0, 117, 128, 77, 0, 122, 117, 128, - 77, 0, 120, 117, 127, 77, 0, 122, 77, 0, - 120, 77, 0, 1, 77, 0, 1, 78, 0, 77, - 0, 0, 0, 120, 117, 154, 91, 111, 92, 185, - 0, 120, 117, 154, 1, 0, 0, 0, 122, 117, - 157, 93, 111, 94, 185, 0, 122, 117, 157, 1, - 0, 0, 0, 117, 157, 95, 111, 96, 185, 0, - 117, 157, 1, 0, 3, 0, 4, 0, 72, 0, - 67, 0, 43, 0, 49, 0, 48, 0, 54, 0, - 55, 0, 79, 0, 80, 0, 101, 0, 0, 101, - 0, 106, 0, 101, 81, 106, 0, 107, 0, 50, - 104, 0, 0, 31, 103, 104, 0, 98, 104, 0, - 40, 97, 0, 11, 102, 0, 11, 59, 172, 76, - 0, 29, 102, 0, 29, 59, 172, 76, 0, 33, - 104, 0, 34, 104, 0, 102, 0, 59, 172, 76, - 104, 0, 0, 59, 172, 76, 82, 105, 142, 78, - 0, 104, 0, 106, 48, 106, 0, 106, 49, 106, - 0, 106, 50, 106, 0, 106, 51, 106, 0, 106, - 52, 106, 0, 106, 46, 106, 0, 106, 47, 106, - 0, 106, 45, 106, 0, 106, 44, 106, 0, 106, - 43, 106, 0, 106, 41, 106, 0, 106, 42, 106, - 0, 106, 40, 106, 0, 106, 39, 106, 0, 106, - 37, 209, 38, 106, 0, 106, 36, 106, 0, 106, - 35, 106, 0, 3, 0, 8, 0, 109, 0, 59, - 99, 76, 0, 59, 1, 76, 0, 0, 59, 108, - 186, 76, 0, 107, 59, 100, 76, 0, 107, 60, - 99, 83, 0, 107, 58, 97, 0, 107, 57, 97, - 0, 107, 54, 0, 107, 55, 0, 285, 0, 291, - 0, 292, 0, 293, 0, 110, 0, 9, 0, 109, - 9, 0, 75, 0, 110, 75, 0, 0, 113, 0, - 113, 10, 0, 191, 192, 114, 0, 112, 0, 180, - 0, 113, 112, 0, 112, 180, 0, 120, 117, 127, - 77, 0, 122, 117, 128, 77, 0, 120, 77, 0, - 122, 77, 0, 191, 192, 119, 0, 115, 0, 180, - 0, 116, 115, 0, 115, 180, 0, 0, 0, 120, - 117, 127, 77, 0, 122, 117, 128, 77, 0, 120, - 117, 148, 0, 122, 117, 151, 0, 120, 77, 0, - 122, 77, 0, 125, 121, 0, 122, 125, 121, 0, - 0, 121, 126, 0, 121, 5, 0, 7, 0, 5, - 0, 122, 7, 0, 122, 5, 0, 125, 124, 0, - 174, 125, 124, 0, 0, 124, 126, 0, 6, 0, - 158, 0, 4, 0, 67, 242, 0, 72, 242, 0, - 28, 59, 99, 76, 0, 28, 59, 172, 76, 0, - 6, 0, 7, 0, 158, 0, 130, 0, 127, 81, - 130, 0, 132, 0, 128, 81, 130, 0, 0, 27, - 59, 109, 76, 0, 0, 154, 129, 134, 36, 131, - 140, 0, 154, 129, 134, 0, 0, 157, 129, 134, - 36, 133, 140, 0, 157, 129, 134, 0, 0, 135, - 0, 136, 0, 135, 136, 0, 30, 59, 59, 137, - 76, 76, 0, 138, 0, 137, 81, 138, 0, 0, - 139, 0, 139, 59, 3, 76, 0, 139, 59, 3, - 81, 101, 76, 0, 139, 59, 100, 76, 0, 97, - 0, 5, 0, 6, 0, 7, 0, 106, 0, 0, - 82, 141, 142, 78, 0, 1, 0, 0, 143, 163, - 0, 144, 0, 143, 81, 144, 0, 106, 0, 0, - 82, 145, 142, 78, 0, 1, 0, 0, 97, 38, - 146, 144, 0, 0, 58, 97, 36, 147, 144, 0, - 0, 0, 154, 149, 111, 150, 186, 0, 0, 0, - 157, 152, 111, 153, 186, 0, 155, 0, 157, 0, - 59, 155, 76, 0, 155, 59, 221, 0, 155, 60, - 99, 83, 0, 155, 60, 83, 0, 50, 175, 155, - 0, 135, 118, 155, 0, 4, 0, 72, 0, 156, - 59, 221, 0, 156, 60, 99, 83, 0, 156, 60, - 83, 0, 50, 175, 156, 0, 135, 118, 156, 0, - 4, 0, 157, 59, 221, 0, 59, 157, 76, 0, - 50, 175, 157, 0, 157, 60, 99, 83, 0, 157, - 60, 83, 0, 135, 118, 157, 0, 3, 0, 0, - 13, 97, 82, 159, 165, 78, 134, 0, 13, 82, - 165, 78, 134, 0, 13, 97, 0, 0, 14, 97, - 82, 160, 165, 78, 134, 0, 14, 82, 165, 78, - 134, 0, 14, 97, 0, 0, 12, 97, 82, 161, - 170, 164, 78, 134, 0, 0, 12, 82, 162, 170, - 164, 78, 134, 0, 12, 97, 0, 0, 81, 0, - 0, 81, 0, 166, 0, 166, 167, 0, 0, 166, - 167, 77, 0, 166, 77, 0, 65, 59, 67, 76, - 0, 123, 117, 168, 0, 123, 0, 174, 117, 168, - 0, 174, 0, 1, 0, 169, 0, 168, 81, 169, - 0, 191, 192, 154, 134, 0, 191, 192, 154, 38, - 106, 134, 0, 191, 192, 38, 106, 134, 0, 171, - 0, 170, 81, 171, 0, 1, 0, 97, 0, 97, - 36, 106, 0, 123, 173, 0, 174, 173, 0, 0, - 176, 0, 7, 0, 174, 7, 0, 0, 175, 7, - 0, 59, 176, 76, 0, 50, 175, 176, 0, 50, - 175, 0, 176, 59, 214, 0, 176, 60, 99, 83, - 0, 176, 60, 83, 0, 59, 214, 0, 60, 99, - 83, 0, 60, 83, 0, 135, 118, 176, 0, 178, - 0, 194, 0, 178, 194, 0, 178, 180, 0, 0, - 177, 0, 1, 77, 0, 0, 0, 183, 0, 184, - 0, 183, 184, 0, 32, 225, 77, 0, 186, 0, - 1, 186, 0, 82, 78, 0, 82, 181, 182, 116, - 179, 78, 0, 82, 181, 182, 1, 78, 0, 82, - 181, 182, 177, 78, 0, 188, 193, 0, 188, 1, - 0, 15, 59, 99, 76, 0, 0, 18, 190, 193, - 17, 0, 0, 0, 191, 192, 196, 0, 191, 192, - 207, 193, 0, 191, 192, 195, 0, 196, 0, 207, - 0, 186, 0, 204, 0, 99, 77, 0, 0, 187, - 16, 197, 193, 0, 187, 0, 187, 16, 1, 0, - 0, 0, 17, 198, 59, 99, 76, 199, 193, 0, - 189, 59, 99, 76, 77, 0, 189, 1, 0, 0, - 0, 0, 19, 59, 209, 77, 200, 209, 77, 201, - 209, 76, 202, 193, 0, 0, 20, 59, 99, 76, - 203, 193, 0, 23, 77, 0, 24, 77, 0, 25, - 77, 0, 25, 99, 77, 0, 27, 208, 59, 99, - 76, 77, 0, 27, 208, 59, 99, 38, 210, 76, - 77, 0, 27, 208, 59, 99, 38, 210, 38, 210, - 76, 77, 0, 27, 208, 59, 99, 38, 210, 38, - 210, 38, 213, 76, 77, 0, 26, 97, 77, 0, - 26, 50, 99, 77, 0, 77, 0, 205, 0, 0, - 19, 59, 107, 76, 206, 193, 0, 21, 106, 38, - 0, 21, 106, 10, 106, 38, 0, 22, 38, 0, - 97, 38, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 99, 0, 0, - 211, 0, 212, 0, 211, 81, 212, 0, 9, 59, - 99, 76, 0, 109, 0, 213, 81, 109, 0, 0, - 215, 216, 0, 218, 76, 0, 0, 219, 77, 217, - 216, 0, 1, 76, 0, 0, 10, 0, 219, 0, - 219, 81, 10, 0, 220, 0, 219, 81, 220, 0, - 120, 117, 156, 134, 0, 120, 117, 157, 134, 0, - 120, 117, 173, 134, 0, 122, 117, 157, 134, 0, - 122, 117, 173, 134, 0, 0, 222, 223, 0, 216, - 0, 224, 76, 0, 3, 0, 224, 81, 3, 0, - 97, 0, 225, 81, 97, 0, 230, 0, 228, 0, - 229, 0, 240, 0, 249, 0, 63, 0, 97, 0, - 227, 81, 97, 0, 73, 227, 77, 0, 74, 97, - 97, 77, 0, 0, 0, 61, 97, 242, 82, 231, - 243, 78, 232, 256, 63, 0, 0, 61, 97, 242, - 233, 256, 63, 0, 0, 0, 61, 97, 38, 97, - 242, 82, 234, 243, 78, 235, 256, 63, 0, 0, - 61, 97, 38, 97, 242, 236, 256, 63, 0, 0, - 62, 97, 82, 237, 243, 78, 0, 62, 97, 0, - 0, 62, 97, 38, 97, 82, 238, 243, 78, 0, - 62, 97, 38, 97, 0, 0, 61, 97, 59, 97, - 76, 242, 239, 256, 63, 0, 62, 97, 59, 97, - 76, 0, 0, 71, 97, 242, 241, 256, 63, 0, - 0, 45, 227, 45, 0, 243, 244, 245, 0, 245, - 0, 69, 0, 70, 0, 68, 0, 0, 245, 246, - 77, 0, 245, 77, 0, 123, 117, 247, 0, 174, - 117, 247, 0, 1, 0, 0, 248, 0, 247, 81, - 248, 0, 154, 0, 154, 38, 106, 0, 38, 106, - 0, 0, 0, 0, 48, 250, 266, 251, 267, 252, - 185, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 253, 266, 254, 267, - 255, 185, 0, 0, 0, 257, 258, 0, 261, 0, - 89, 0, 258, 261, 0, 0, 258, 259, 89, 0, - 77, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 48, 262, 266, 263, - 260, 0, 0, 0, 49, 264, 266, 265, 260, 0, - 59, 172, 76, 275, 0, 275, 0, 59, 172, 76, - 276, 273, 0, 276, 273, 0, 0, 77, 268, 0, - 0, 269, 0, 270, 0, 180, 0, 269, 270, 0, - 270, 180, 0, 120, 117, 271, 77, 0, 120, 77, - 0, 122, 77, 0, 272, 0, 271, 81, 272, 0, - 156, 134, 0, 157, 134, 0, 173, 134, 0, 0, - 81, 10, 0, 0, 81, 274, 218, 0, 277, 0, - 279, 0, 276, 279, 0, 3, 0, 4, 0, 72, - 0, 278, 0, 12, 0, 13, 0, 14, 0, 15, - 0, 16, 0, 17, 0, 18, 0, 19, 0, 20, - 0, 21, 0, 22, 0, 23, 0, 24, 0, 25, - 0, 26, 0, 27, 0, 11, 0, 28, 0, 29, - 0, 6, 0, 7, 0, 277, 38, 59, 172, 76, - 97, 0, 277, 38, 97, 0, 38, 59, 172, 76, - 97, 0, 38, 97, 0, 277, 0, 281, 0, 283, - 0, 281, 283, 0, 101, 0, 277, 38, 282, 0, - 38, 282, 0, 99, 0, 67, 0, 0, 0, 60, - 286, 284, 287, 280, 83, 0, 277, 0, 289, 0, - 290, 0, 289, 290, 0, 277, 38, 0, 38, 0, - 64, 59, 288, 76, 0, 71, 59, 97, 76, 0, - 66, 59, 172, 76, 0 -}; - -#endif - -#if YYDEBUG != 0 -static const short yyrline[] = { 0, - 232, 237, 251, 253, 253, 254, 256, 258, 259, 260, - 270, 281, 286, 291, 293, 295, 296, 297, 302, 309, - 311, 316, 321, 327, 329, 334, 339, 345, 347, 352, - 359, 361, 362, 363, 366, 368, 370, 372, 374, 376, - 378, 382, 386, 389, 392, 395, 399, 401, 404, 407, - 410, 414, 442, 447, 449, 451, 453, 455, 459, 461, - 464, 468, 495, 497, 499, 501, 503, 505, 507, 509, - 511, 513, 515, 517, 519, 521, 523, 525, 527, 530, - 536, 696, 697, 699, 705, 707, 721, 744, 746, 748, - 760, 774, 776, 778, 780, 782, 784, 786, 791, 793, - 799, 801, 805, 807, 808, 818, 823, 825, 826, 827, - 830, 836, 841, 844, 852, 857, 859, 860, 861, 868, - 878, 882, 888, 893, 898, 903, 905, 913, 916, 920, - 922, 924, 935, 939, 941, 944, 957, 960, 964, 966, - 974, 975, 976, 980, 982, 984, 986, 992, 993, 994, - 997, 999, 1002, 1004, 1007, 1010, 1016, 1023, 1025, 1032, - 1039, 1042, 1049, 1052, 1056, 1059, 1063, 1068, 1071, 1075, - 1078, 1080, 1082, 1084, 1091, 1093, 1094, 1095, 1100, 1102, - 1107, 1115, 1120, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1134, 1137, 1139, 1141, - 1145, 1148, 1148, 1151, 1153, 1164, 1172, 1176, 1187, 1195, - 1202, 1204, 1209, 1212, 1217, 1219, 1221, 1223, 1225, 1226, - 1234, 1240, 1242, 1244, 1246, 1248, 1254, 1260, 1262, 1264, - 1266, 1268, 1270, 1273, 1278, 1280, 1284, 1286, 1288, 1290, - 1294, 1296, 1299, 1302, 1305, 1308, 1312, 1314, 1317, 1319, - 1323, 1326, 1331, 1333, 1335, 1339, 1363, 1370, 1375, 1381, - 1386, 1390, 1392, 1396, 1400, 1404, 1414, 1416, 1421, 1426, - 1429, 1433, 1436, 1440, 1443, 1446, 1449, 1453, 1456, 1460, - 1464, 1466, 1468, 1470, 1472, 1474, 1476, 1478, 1480, 1488, - 1496, 1498, 1500, 1504, 1506, 1509, 1512, 1525, 1527, 1532, - 1534, 1537, 1551, 1554, 1557, 1559, 1567, 1575, 1586, 1591, - 1594, 1607, 1615, 1619, 1623, 1627, 1633, 1637, 1642, 1645, - 1650, 1653, 1654, 1671, 1676, 1679, 1691, 1693, 1703, 1713, - 1714, 1722, 1725, 1737, 1741, 1758, 1768, 1777, 1782, 1787, - 1792, 1796, 1800, 1811, 1818, 1825, 1832, 1843, 1847, 1850, - 1855, 1878, 1912, 1937, 1966, 1981, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2003, - 2008, 2010, 2013, 2015, 2019, 2024, 2027, 2033, 2038, 2043, - 2045, 2054, 2055, 2061, 2063, 2073, 2075, 2079, 2082, 2088, - 2098, 2107, 2116, 2126, 2140, 2145, 2150, 2152, 2161, 2164, - 2169, 2172, 2178, 2180, 2181, 2182, 2183, 2184, 2198, 2201, - 2205, 2211, 2217, 2224, 2229, 2235, 2242, 2248, 2254, 2259, - 2265, 2272, 2278, 2284, 2290, 2298, 2304, 2310, 2318, 2325, - 2331, 2340, 2347, 2355, 2360, 2369, 2371, 2374, 2376, 2377, - 2380, 2385, 2386, 2403, 2410, 2416, 2420, 2423, 2424, 2427, - 2435, 2441, 2450, 2460, 2467, 2471, 2476, 2485, 2492, 2496, - 2506, 2508, 2509, 2511, 2513, 2514, 2515, 2516, 2518, 2520, - 2523, 2529, 2534, 2534, 2539, 2543, 2545, 2551, 2556, 2561, - 2570, 2572, 2578, 2580, 2583, 2585, 2586, 2587, 2590, 2596, - 2598, 2602, 2605, 2612, 2618, 2623, 2630, 2635, 2640, 2645, - 2652, 2656, 2659, 2665, 2667, 2668, 2669, 2672, 2674, 2675, - 2676, 2677, 2678, 2679, 2680, 2681, 2682, 2683, 2684, 2685, - 2686, 2687, 2688, 2689, 2690, 2691, 2692, 2692, 2695, 2701, - 2706, 2711, 2717, 2719, 2722, 2724, 2731, 2743, 2748, 2754, - 2756, 2762, 2766, 2767, 2773, 2775, 2778, 2780, 2786, 2791, - 2797, 2804, 2813 -}; - -static const char * const yytname[] = { "$","error","$undefined.","IDENTIFIER", -"TYPENAME","SCSPEC","TYPESPEC","TYPE_QUAL","CONSTANT","STRING","ELLIPSIS","SIZEOF", -"ENUM","STRUCT","UNION","IF","ELSE","WHILE","DO","FOR","SWITCH","CASE","DEFAULT", -"BREAK","CONTINUE","RETURN","GOTO","ASM_KEYWORD","TYPEOF","ALIGNOF","ATTRIBUTE", -"EXTENSION","LABEL","REALPART","IMAGPART","ASSIGN","'='","'?'","':'","OROR", -"ANDAND","'|'","'^'","'&'","EQCOMPARE","ARITHCOMPARE","LSHIFT","RSHIFT","'+'", -"'-'","'*'","'/'","'%'","UNARY","PLUSPLUS","MINUSMINUS","HYPERUNARY","POINTSAT", -"'.'","'('","'['","INTERFACE","IMPLEMENTATION","END","SELECTOR","DEFS","ENCODE", -"CLASSNAME","PUBLIC","PRIVATE","PROTECTED","PROTOCOL","OBJECTNAME","CLASS","ALIAS", -"OBJC_STRING","')'","';'","'}'","'~'","'!'","','","'{'","']'","program","extdefs", -"@1","@2","extdef","datadef","fndef","@3","@4","@5","@6","@7","@8","identifier", -"unop","expr","exprlist","nonnull_exprlist","unary_expr","@9","cast_expr","@10", -"expr_no_commas","primary","@11","string","objc_string","xdecls","lineno_datadecl", -"datadecls","datadecl","lineno_decl","decls","setspecs","setattrs","decl","typed_declspecs", -"reserved_declspecs","declmods","typed_typespecs","reserved_typespecquals","typespec", -"typespecqual_reserved","initdecls","notype_initdecls","maybeasm","initdcl", -"@12","notype_initdcl","@13","maybe_attribute","attributes","attribute","attribute_list", -"attrib","any_word","init","@14","initlist_maybe_comma","initlist1","initelt", -"@15","@16","@17","nested_function","@18","@19","notype_nested_function","@20", -"@21","declarator","after_type_declarator","parm_declarator","notype_declarator", -"structsp","@22","@23","@24","@25","maybecomma","maybecomma_warn","component_decl_list", -"component_decl_list2","component_decl","components","component_declarator", -"enumlist","enumerator","typename","absdcl","nonempty_type_quals","type_quals", -"absdcl1","stmts","lineno_stmt_or_labels","xstmts","errstmt","pushlevel","maybe_label_decls", -"label_decls","label_decl","compstmt_or_error","compstmt","simple_if","if_prefix", -"do_stmt_start","@26","save_filename","save_lineno","lineno_labeled_stmt","lineno_stmt_or_label", -"stmt_or_label","stmt","@27","@28","@29","@30","@31","@32","@33","all_iter_stmt", -"all_iter_stmt_simple","@34","label","maybe_type_qual","xexpr","asm_operands", -"nonnull_asm_operands","asm_operand","asm_clobbers","parmlist","@35","parmlist_1", -"@36","parmlist_2","parms","parm","parmlist_or_identifiers","@37","parmlist_or_identifiers_1", -"identifiers","identifiers_or_typenames","objcdef","identifier_list","classdecl", -"aliasdecl","classdef","@38","@39","@40","@41","@42","@43","@44","@45","@46", -"protocoldef","@47","protocolrefs","ivar_decl_list","visibility_spec","ivar_decls", -"ivar_decl","ivars","ivar_declarator","methoddef","@48","@49","@50","@51","@52", -"@53","methodprotolist","@54","methodprotolist2","@55","semi_or_error","methodproto", -"@56","@57","@58","@59","methoddecl","optarglist","myxdecls","mydecls","mydecl", -"myparms","myparm","optparmlist","@60","unaryselector","keywordselector","selector", -"reservedwords","keyworddecl","messageargs","keywordarglist","keywordexpr","keywordarg", -"receiver","objcmessageexpr","@61","@62","selectorarg","keywordnamelist","keywordname", -"objcselectorexpr","objcprotocolexpr","objcencodeexpr","" -}; -#endif - -static const short yyr1[] = { 0, - 84, 84, 86, 85, 87, 85, 88, 88, 88, 88, - 89, 89, 89, 89, 89, 89, 89, 89, 91, 92, - 90, 90, 93, 94, 90, 90, 95, 96, 90, 90, - 97, 97, 97, 97, 98, 98, 98, 98, 98, 98, - 98, 99, 100, 100, 101, 101, 102, 102, 103, 102, - 102, 102, 102, 102, 102, 102, 102, 102, 104, 104, - 105, 104, 106, 106, 106, 106, 106, 106, 106, 106, - 106, 106, 106, 106, 106, 106, 106, 106, 106, 106, - 107, 107, 107, 107, 107, 108, 107, 107, 107, 107, - 107, 107, 107, 107, 107, 107, 107, 107, 109, 109, - 110, 110, 111, 111, 111, 112, 113, 113, 113, 113, - 114, 114, 114, 114, 115, 116, 116, 116, 116, 117, - 118, 119, 119, 119, 119, 119, 119, 120, 120, 121, - 121, 121, 122, 122, 122, 122, 123, 123, 124, 124, - 125, 125, 125, 125, 125, 125, 125, 126, 126, 126, - 127, 127, 128, 128, 129, 129, 131, 130, 130, 133, - 132, 132, 134, 134, 135, 135, 136, 137, 137, 138, - 138, 138, 138, 138, 139, 139, 139, 139, 140, 141, - 140, 140, 142, 142, 143, 143, 144, 145, 144, 144, - 146, 144, 147, 144, 149, 150, 148, 152, 153, 151, - 154, 154, 155, 155, 155, 155, 155, 155, 155, 155, - 156, 156, 156, 156, 156, 156, 157, 157, 157, 157, - 157, 157, 157, 159, 158, 158, 158, 160, 158, 158, - 158, 161, 158, 162, 158, 158, 163, 163, 164, 164, - 165, 165, 166, 166, 166, 166, 167, 167, 167, 167, - 167, 168, 168, 169, 169, 169, 170, 170, 170, 171, - 171, 172, 172, 173, 173, 174, 174, 175, 175, 176, - 176, 176, 176, 176, 176, 176, 176, 176, 176, 177, - 178, 178, 178, 179, 179, 180, 181, 182, 182, 183, - 183, 184, 185, 185, 186, 186, 186, 186, 187, 187, - 188, 190, 189, 191, 192, 193, 193, 194, 195, 195, - 196, 196, 196, 197, 196, 196, 196, 198, 199, 196, - 196, 196, 200, 201, 202, 196, 203, 196, 196, 196, - 196, 196, 196, 196, 196, 196, 196, 196, 196, 204, - 206, 205, 207, 207, 207, 207, 208, 208, 209, 209, - 210, 210, 211, 211, 212, 213, 213, 215, 214, 216, - 217, 216, 216, 218, 218, 218, 218, 219, 219, 220, - 220, 220, 220, 220, 222, 221, 223, 223, 224, 224, - 225, 225, 226, 226, 226, 226, 226, 226, 227, 227, - 228, 229, 231, 232, 230, 233, 230, 234, 235, 230, - 236, 230, 237, 230, 230, 238, 230, 230, 239, 230, - 230, 241, 240, 242, 242, 243, 243, 244, 244, 244, - 245, 245, 245, 246, 246, 246, 247, 247, 247, 248, - 248, 248, 250, 251, 252, 249, 253, 254, 255, 249, - 256, 257, 256, 258, 258, 258, 259, 258, 260, 260, - 262, 263, 261, 264, 265, 261, 266, 266, 266, 266, - 267, 267, 268, 268, 269, 269, 269, 269, 270, 270, - 270, 271, 271, 272, 272, 272, 273, 273, 274, 273, - 275, 276, 276, 277, 277, 277, 277, 278, 278, 278, - 278, 278, 278, 278, 278, 278, 278, 278, 278, 278, - 278, 278, 278, 278, 278, 278, 278, 278, 279, 279, - 279, 279, 280, 280, 281, 281, 282, 283, 283, 284, - 284, 286, 287, 285, 288, 288, 289, 289, 290, 290, - 291, 292, 293 -}; - -static const short yyr2[] = { 0, - 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 3, 1, 1, 1, 5, - 3, 4, 4, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 0, 0, - 7, 4, 0, 0, 7, 4, 0, 0, 6, 3, - 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, - 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 3, 1, 2, 0, 3, - 2, 2, 2, 4, 2, 4, 2, 2, 1, 4, - 0, 7, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, - 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 5, 3, 3, - 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 0, 4, 4, 4, 3, - 3, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, - 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 3, 1, 1, 2, 2, - 4, 4, 2, 2, 3, 1, 1, 2, 2, 0, - 0, 4, 4, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 3, 0, - 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 0, 2, - 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 1, 1, 1, - 1, 3, 1, 3, 0, 4, 0, 6, 3, 0, - 6, 3, 0, 1, 1, 2, 6, 1, 3, 0, - 1, 4, 6, 4, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, - 4, 1, 0, 2, 1, 3, 1, 0, 4, 1, - 0, 4, 0, 5, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 5, - 1, 1, 3, 3, 4, 3, 3, 3, 1, 1, - 3, 4, 3, 3, 3, 1, 3, 3, 3, 4, - 3, 3, 1, 0, 7, 5, 2, 0, 7, 5, - 2, 0, 8, 0, 7, 2, 0, 1, 0, 1, - 1, 2, 0, 3, 2, 4, 3, 1, 3, 1, - 1, 1, 3, 4, 6, 5, 1, 3, 1, 1, - 3, 2, 2, 0, 1, 1, 2, 0, 2, 3, - 3, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 1, - 1, 2, 2, 0, 1, 2, 0, 0, 1, 1, - 2, 3, 1, 2, 2, 6, 5, 5, 2, 2, - 4, 0, 4, 0, 0, 3, 4, 3, 1, 1, - 1, 1, 2, 0, 4, 1, 3, 0, 0, 7, - 5, 2, 0, 0, 0, 12, 0, 6, 2, 2, - 2, 3, 6, 8, 10, 12, 3, 4, 1, 1, - 0, 6, 3, 5, 2, 2, 0, 1, 0, 1, - 0, 1, 1, 3, 4, 1, 3, 0, 2, 2, - 0, 4, 2, 0, 1, 1, 3, 1, 3, 4, - 4, 4, 4, 4, 0, 2, 1, 2, 1, 3, - 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, - 3, 4, 0, 0, 10, 0, 6, 0, 0, 12, - 0, 8, 0, 6, 2, 0, 8, 4, 0, 9, - 5, 0, 6, 0, 3, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, - 0, 3, 2, 3, 3, 1, 0, 1, 3, 1, - 3, 2, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 7, - 0, 0, 2, 1, 1, 2, 0, 3, 1, 1, - 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 5, 4, 1, 5, 2, - 0, 2, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 2, - 2, 1, 3, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 3, - 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, - 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, - 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 6, 3, - 5, 2, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 3, 2, 1, - 1, 0, 0, 6, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1, - 4, 4, 4 -}; - -static const short yydefact[] = { 3, - 5, 0, 0, 0, 143, 134, 141, 133, 0, 0, - 0, 0, 0, 433, 437, 0, 0, 388, 414, 0, - 414, 0, 0, 18, 4, 8, 7, 0, 120, 120, - 130, 142, 9, 384, 385, 383, 386, 387, 6, 16, - 17, 31, 32, 34, 33, 234, 236, 243, 227, 243, - 231, 0, 0, 0, 0, 414, 405, 0, 144, 414, - 145, 389, 0, 0, 223, 0, 268, 0, 0, 153, - 121, 165, 0, 15, 0, 136, 135, 14, 0, 130, - 128, 0, 232, 0, 0, 0, 224, 0, 228, 81, - 82, 99, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 0, 35, 37, - 36, 0, 38, 39, 0, 522, 0, 0, 0, 101, - 40, 41, 0, 0, 42, 59, 63, 45, 47, 83, - 98, 94, 95, 96, 97, 266, 0, 264, 139, 0, - 264, 484, 485, 507, 508, 504, 488, 489, 490, 491, - 492, 493, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500, 501, - 502, 503, 505, 506, 0, 0, 486, 434, 458, 477, - 481, 487, 482, 438, 0, 0, 396, 0, 0, 403, - 0, 412, 391, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 11, 0, - 0, 166, 30, 0, 375, 0, 0, 163, 209, 268, - 0, 210, 0, 151, 121, 0, 201, 202, 0, 0, - 129, 132, 148, 149, 131, 150, 259, 260, 239, 257, - 0, 0, 163, 251, 245, 120, 242, 120, 243, 163, - 243, 0, 53, 0, 55, 0, 57, 58, 52, 48, - 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 51, 0, - 0, 0, 0, 349, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, - 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 92, 93, - 0, 0, 43, 0, 100, 102, 146, 268, 358, 0, - 121, 262, 265, 137, 147, 267, 139, 263, 0, 512, - 0, 461, 479, 460, 0, 483, 0, 461, 414, 0, - 393, 442, 408, 0, 421, 415, 442, 390, 392, 170, - 269, 219, 218, 154, 155, 222, 0, 217, 0, 221, - 0, 0, 28, 0, 304, 108, 305, 162, 164, 0, - 0, 13, 0, 0, 22, 0, 163, 375, 0, 12, - 26, 0, 0, 240, 0, 239, 0, 226, 304, 244, - 304, 0, 230, 0, 0, 0, 50, 85, 84, 287, - 0, 0, 521, 520, 523, 530, 525, 0, 526, 527, - 0, 0, 10, 46, 80, 79, 350, 0, 77, 76, - 74, 75, 73, 72, 71, 69, 70, 64, 65, 66, - 67, 68, 91, 90, 0, 44, 0, 272, 0, 276, - 0, 278, 0, 0, 358, 0, 140, 138, 0, 0, - 0, 435, 478, 364, 0, 510, 439, 401, 414, 421, - 0, 0, 406, 411, 0, 0, 0, 176, 177, 178, - 175, 0, 168, 171, 0, 0, 379, 365, 120, 120, - 377, 0, 366, 368, 376, 0, 220, 286, 0, 110, - 105, 109, 0, 160, 207, 203, 152, 208, 20, 159, - 204, 206, 0, 24, 261, 258, 163, 0, 246, 247, - 252, 305, 249, 163, 163, 54, 56, 295, 288, 87, - 61, 60, 0, 529, 531, 0, 528, 533, 532, 0, - 88, 89, 271, 270, 359, 277, 279, 273, 275, 0, - 0, 457, 477, 120, 0, 466, 462, 464, 0, 0, - 480, 366, 0, 0, 398, 442, 409, 0, 397, 451, - 454, 445, 0, 120, 120, 447, 444, 421, 420, 418, - 419, 404, 421, 426, 423, 120, 120, 0, 413, 0, - 170, 43, 156, 363, 264, 264, 360, 361, 0, 378, - 0, 0, 29, 293, 106, 120, 120, 0, 0, 157, - 205, 0, 235, 163, 304, 0, 225, 229, 0, 0, - 289, 290, 0, 0, 513, 0, 514, 515, 78, 274, - 511, 459, 470, 264, 471, 467, 468, 436, 0, 440, - 421, 0, 442, 394, 0, 0, 155, 0, 0, 0, - 446, 0, 0, 427, 427, 422, 167, 169, 81, 0, - 216, 268, 358, 121, 163, 163, 163, 268, 121, 163, - 163, 0, 367, 369, 380, 294, 113, 0, 114, 0, - 182, 180, 179, 161, 21, 0, 25, 233, 253, 0, - 163, 381, 0, 0, 0, 304, 0, 0, 117, 305, - 281, 291, 190, 81, 0, 188, 0, 187, 0, 237, - 185, 517, 519, 0, 524, 0, 516, 163, 163, 163, - 0, 472, 509, 0, 402, 0, 442, 452, 455, 448, - 407, 0, 430, 424, 428, 425, 172, 0, 174, 272, - 0, 375, 0, 370, 371, 372, 272, 0, 373, 374, - 362, 0, 0, 0, 158, 163, 0, 254, 292, 0, - 297, 119, 118, 285, 0, 298, 283, 305, 282, 0, - 0, 0, 191, 62, 0, 184, 518, 474, 475, 476, - 469, 264, 399, 410, 0, 0, 0, 432, 0, 0, - 0, 214, 215, 211, 213, 0, 111, 112, 0, 256, - 163, 382, 296, 0, 143, 0, 318, 302, 0, 0, - 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 347, 414, 414, 339, - 0, 0, 115, 120, 120, 311, 316, 0, 0, 308, - 309, 312, 340, 310, 193, 0, 0, 186, 473, 442, - 395, 450, 449, 453, 456, 431, 429, 173, 212, 181, - 255, 0, 0, 304, 349, 0, 0, 345, 329, 330, - 331, 0, 0, 0, 348, 0, 346, 313, 126, 0, - 127, 0, 0, 300, 305, 299, 322, 0, 0, 189, - 192, 0, 0, 0, 0, 47, 0, 0, 0, 343, - 332, 0, 337, 0, 0, 124, 195, 0, 125, 198, - 317, 304, 0, 0, 194, 400, 301, 0, 303, 341, - 323, 327, 0, 338, 0, 122, 0, 123, 0, 315, - 306, 304, 0, 319, 304, 349, 304, 344, 351, 0, - 196, 199, 307, 321, 304, 342, 0, 328, 0, 0, - 352, 353, 333, 0, 0, 320, 324, 0, 351, 0, - 0, 197, 200, 349, 0, 0, 334, 354, 0, 355, - 0, 0, 325, 356, 0, 335, 304, 0, 0, 326, - 336, 357, 0, 0, 0 -}; - -static const short yydefgoto[] = { 913, - 1, 2, 3, 25, 26, 27, 326, 549, 332, 552, - 187, 439, 647, 113, 367, 385, 115, 116, 226, 117, - 563, 118, 119, 233, 120, 121, 313, 314, 315, 545, - 635, 636, 28, 181, 763, 429, 81, 430, 128, 274, - 31, 205, 193, 69, 188, 194, 626, 70, 548, 318, - 319, 72, 422, 423, 424, 624, 694, 649, 650, 651, - 712, 777, 819, 836, 857, 884, 839, 859, 885, 305, - 197, 658, 198, 32, 219, 221, 211, 82, 716, 335, - 85, 86, 217, 460, 461, 209, 210, 130, 660, 131, - 177, 273, 637, 638, 705, 316, 469, 560, 561, 562, - 543, 544, 767, 768, 769, 794, 815, 443, 816, 641, - 770, 771, 842, 793, 875, 866, 894, 907, 867, 772, - 773, 865, 774, 806, 368, 880, 881, 882, 905, 390, - 391, 431, 612, 432, 433, 434, 308, 309, 435, 436, - 633, 33, 63, 34, 35, 36, 410, 667, 292, 581, - 780, 506, 295, 518, 583, 37, 297, 59, 415, 523, - 416, 528, 674, 675, 38, 54, 282, 500, 55, 288, - 504, 411, 412, 516, 590, 784, 517, 585, 726, 586, - 727, 158, 402, 497, 498, 499, 661, 662, 284, 404, - 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 566, 567, 653, 568, 355, - 122, 235, 473, 358, 359, 360, 123, 124, 125 -}; - -static const short yypact[] = { 94, - 97, 2746, 2746, 129,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768, 76, 213, - 226, 57, 86,-32768,-32768, 327, 327,-32768, 102, 327, - 102, 327, 327,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768, 71, 27, 2946, --32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768, --32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768, 70, 104, 115, 104, - 118, 2455, 2293, 3046, 3046, 61, 186, 327,-32768, 102, --32768,-32768, 173, 327,-32768, 156,-32768, 71, 222,-32768, - 195,-32768, 757,-32768, 351,-32768,-32768,-32768, 71,-32768, - 813, 107,-32768, 176, 165, 235,-32768, 179,-32768,-32768, --32768,-32768, 2509, 2563,-32768, 2455, 2455, 327,-32768,-32768, --32768, 2455,-32768,-32768, 1255,-32768, 192, 201, 211,-32768, --32768,-32768, 2455, 203, 224,-32768,-32768, 3369, 789, 318, - 240,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768, 270, 214,-32768, 277, - 1720,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768, --32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768, --32768,-32768,-32768,-32768, 199, 3255,-32768,-32768,-32768, 2265, - 340,-32768,-32768,-32768, 327, 327, 303, 327, 327,-32768, - 45,-32768,-32768, 327, 311, 334, 421, 280,-32768, 351, - 71,-32768,-32768, 337,-32768, 1734, 623, 195,-32768,-32768, - 351,-32768, 268,-32768, 195, 1658, 316, 395, 331, 1579, - 813,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768, 362, 325,-32768, - 107, 342, 195,-32768,-32768, 401, 339, 2929, 104, 195, - 104, 1255,-32768, 1255,-32768, 2455,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768, - 343, 353, 370, 391, 2347, 3108, 3255, 327,-32768, 399, - 2455, 2455, 2455, 2455, 2455, 2455, 2455, 2455, 2455, 2455, - 2455, 2455, 2455, 2455, 2455, 2455, 2455, 2455,-32768,-32768, - 327, 327, 2455, 2455,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768, 214, 1793, - 195,-32768, 443, 718,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768, 3255,-32768, - 416, 412, 485,-32768, 340,-32768, 333, 412, 102, 423, --32768, 442, 428, 438,-32768,-32768, 442,-32768,-32768, 319, --32768, 395,-32768,-32768, 493, 395, 519,-32768, 2899,-32768, - 450, 463,-32768, 1677, 68,-32768,-32768, 508, 195, 458, - 358,-32768, 351, 351,-32768, 623, 195,-32768, 1852,-32768, --32768, 623, 2455, 327, 457, 325, 474,-32768,-32768,-32768, --32768, 489,-32768, 494, 495, 498,-32768,-32768,-32768, 497, - 501, 2185,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768, 549, 510, 3108,-32768, - 517, 525,-32768, 3369, 3369, 3369,-32768, 557, 1230, 1386, - 1465, 1666, 2264, 1706, 753, 838, 838, 554, 554,-32768, --32768,-32768,-32768,-32768, 533, 224, 530, 548, 372,-32768, - 2918,-32768, 534, 214,-32768, 1911,-32768, 718, 542, 3136, - 708,-32768,-32768, 3199, 3255,-32768,-32768, 541, 102,-32768, - 563, 2821,-32768,-32768, 273, 2694, 569,-32768,-32768,-32768, --32768, 22,-32768, 561, 59, 558,-32768,-32768,-32768, 3227, --32768, 566, 359,-32768,-32768, 128,-32768,-32768, 85,-32768, --32768,-32768, 3244,-32768, 316,-32768,-32768, 316,-32768, 589, --32768,-32768, 555,-32768, 3369,-32768, 195, 570,-32768, 568, --32768,-32768, 568, 195, 195,-32768,-32768,-32768, 620,-32768, --32768,-32768, 3172,-32768,-32768, 549,-32768,-32768,-32768, 2455, --32768,-32768, 443,-32768,-32768,-32768, 443,-32768,-32768, 567, - 327,-32768, 2265, 576, 2974,-32768,-32768, 3244, 1694, 85, --32768, 575, 583, 85,-32768, 442,-32768, 511,-32768,-32768, --32768,-32768, 71, 27, 2946, 285,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768, --32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768, 3272, 588,-32768, 587, - 319, 2617,-32768,-32768, 562, 237,-32768,-32768, 3210,-32768, - 663, 370,-32768,-32768,-32768, 592, 3015, 1570, 85,-32768, --32768, 85,-32768, 195,-32768, 538,-32768,-32768, 327, 935, - 620,-32768, 1335, 2455, 635, 595, 3172,-32768, 1308,-32768, --32768,-32768,-32768, 562,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768, 327,-32768, --32768, 619, 442,-32768, 3046, 3046, 69, 351, 71, 2849, --32768, 602, 2711, 651, 651,-32768,-32768,-32768, 202, 609, --32768,-32768, 237, 195, 58, 232, 195,-32768, 195, 232, - 195, 2918,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768, 351,-32768, 71, --32768,-32768, 3369,-32768,-32768, 1570,-32768,-32768,-32768, 2455, - 106,-32768, 365, 470, 851, 613, 615, 1015,-32768,-32768, --32768,-32768,-32768, 659, 327,-32768, 660, 3369, 621, 625, --32768, 224,-32768, 2455,-32768, 635,-32768, 58, 232, 195, - 376,-32768,-32768, 618,-32768, 637, 442,-32768,-32768,-32768, --32768, 2455, 669, 627,-32768, 627,-32768, 2455,-32768, 791, - 562,-32768, 1970,-32768,-32768,-32768, 82, 237,-32768,-32768, --32768, 389, 392, 1335,-32768, 3333, 2455,-32768,-32768, 327, --32768,-32768,-32768,-32768, 633,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768, 2051, - 680, 1335,-32768,-32768, 1415,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768, --32768, 562,-32768,-32768, 664, 56, 56, 3369, 2455, 651, - 233, 499, 499,-32768,-32768, 645,-32768,-32768, 655,-32768, - 3333,-32768,-32768, 2131, 691, 675,-32768,-32768, 682, 684, - 2455, 709, 671, 672, 2401, 234, 746, 62, 153,-32768, - 716, 678,-32768, 683, 3026,-32768, 743, 1095, 64,-32768, --32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768, 687, 1495,-32768,-32768, 442, --32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768, 3369,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768, --32768, 2455, 714,-32768, 2455, 2455, 3310,-32768,-32768,-32768, --32768, 690, 2455, 699,-32768, 719,-32768,-32768,-32768, 351, --32768, 71, 1175,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768, 2455, 1495,-32768, --32768, 705, 701, 2455, 762, 586, 704, 707, 2455,-32768, --32768, 712,-32768, 2455, 410,-32768, 420, 413,-32768, 944, --32768,-32768, 2131, 710,-32768,-32768,-32768, 720,-32768,-32768, --32768,-32768, 3351,-32768, 43,-32768, 623,-32768, 623,-32768, --32768,-32768, 730,-32768,-32768, 2455,-32768,-32768, 788, 732, --32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768, 734,-32768, 755, 46, - 731,-32768,-32768, 370, 370,-32768,-32768, 2455, 788, 738, - 788,-32768,-32768, 2455, 747, 49,-32768,-32768, 754,-32768, - 519, 745,-32768, 318, 306,-32768,-32768, 756, 519,-32768, --32768, 318, 832, 835,-32768 -}; - -static const short yypgoto[] = {-32768, --32768,-32768,-32768, 837, -367,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768, --32768,-32768, -6,-32768, -52, 310, -243, 468,-32768, -41, --32768, 116, 66,-32768, -298,-32768, -314, 577,-32768,-32768, - 217,-32768, -8, -166,-32768, 25, 801, 29, -56, 606, - 9, -220, -584, -60, -190, -139,-32768,-32768,-32768, -147, - -4, -58,-32768, 364,-32768, 271,-32768, -603,-32768, -638, --32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768, -73, - -131, -486, -20, -46,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768, 560, - 1,-32768,-32768, 571, 347, 692, 564, -3, -91, -36, - -175, -206, 272,-32768,-32768, -288,-32768,-32768,-32768, 346, - -214, -210,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768, -140, -426, -711, 266, --32768, 73,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768, --32768,-32768, 77,-32768, -728, 20,-32768, 23,-32768, 518, --32768, -353,-32768, 515, 520, 382, -303,-32768,-32768,-32768, --32768,-32768, 867,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768, --32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768, -14, -328,-32768, - 404,-32768, 356, 204,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768, --32768, -254,-32768,-32768,-32768, 205, 449,-32768,-32768,-32768, --32768, -22, 649,-32768,-32768, 469,-32768, 248, 479,-32768, - 573, 579, -90,-32768, -116,-32768,-32768, 322, 414,-32768, --32768,-32768,-32768,-32768,-32768, 628,-32768,-32768,-32768 -}; - - -#define YYLAST 3421 - - -static const short yytable[] = { 114, - 127, 196, 47, 49, 51, 327, 61, 73, 425, 56, - 57, 449, 182, 60, 320, 62, 64, 454, 199, 386, - 75, 79, 351, 71, 451, 440, 29, 29, 324, 216, - 30, 30, 164, 692, 206, 556, 272, 485, 80, 278, - 304, 167, 417, 286, 512, 172, 317, 178, 605, 218, - 88, 62, 232, 397, 227, 228, 782, 175, 200, 321, - 230, 129, 389, 71, 817, 338, 827, 265, -104, 285, - 195, 239, 343, 65, 71, 208, 778, 441, 42, 43, - 869, 508, 825, 889, 65, 542, 901, 66, 301, 296, - 739, 229, 388, -1, 129, 184, -2, 530, 165, -34, - 66, 234, 531, 74, 394, 58, 58, 207, 776, 42, - 43, 66, 496, 129, 327, 52, 682, 683, 870, 166, - 67, 890, 818, 271, 902, 174, 271, 185, 186, 68, - 860, 608, 783, 311, 533, 66, 182, 877, 821, 277, - 603, 270, 44, 697, 53, 357, 58, 45, 280, -104, - 873, 83, 281, 876, 206, 878, 302, 46, 289, 290, - 306, 293, 294, 886, 129, 899, 350, 298, 84, 232, - 178, 232, 71, 44, 317, 195, 71, 397, 45, 450, - 845, 483, 354, 447, 347, 317, 195, 487, 445, 592, - -33, 317, 448, 732, 733, 910, 87, 58, 462, 89, - 462, 42, 43, 540, 208, 40, 41, 339, 541, 341, - 577, 387, 182, 710, 176, 42, 43, 393, 345, 342, - 346, 344, 670, 168, 66, 835, 277, 206, 42, 43, - 129, 362, 129, 361, 212, 214, 42, 43, 5, 65, - 7, 126, 213, 66, 169, 129, 9, 10, 11, 173, - 236, 582, 664, 174, 383, 384, 220, 279, 691, 237, - 182, 66, 13, 268, 271, 44, 66, 170, 476, 238, - 45, 639, 269, 270, 408, 399, 453, 677, 240, 44, - 406, 744, 678, 803, 45, 578, 608, 129, 386, 580, - 185, 186, 44, 421, 48, 603, 270, 45, 179, 302, - 44, 19, 180, 306, 241, 45, 21, 50, 788, 553, - 472, 215, -241, 241, 266, 195, 557, 558, 195, 195, - 652, 42, 43, 418, 419, 420, 265, 208, 666, 42, - 43, 616, 510, 511, 625, 42, 43, 627, 185, 186, - 519, 520, 521, 490, 322, 267, 702, -443, 323, 707, - 522, 206, 275, 65, 189, 303, 364, 365, 366, 526, - 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, - 379, 380, 381, 382, 328, 329, 286, 287, 734, 527, - 66, 908, 565, 271, 291, 44, 909, 299, 843, 271, - 45, 405, 300, 44, 507, 307, 389, 333, 45, 44, - 190, 503, 285, 513, 45, 334, 628, 330, 337, 191, - 652, 180, 725, 129, 462, 340, 328, 329, 348, 640, - 535, 536, 192, 65, 129, 494, 680, 301, 349, 495, - 395, 396, 687, 446, 731, 538, 514, 681, 80, 539, - 515, 699, 688, 607, 611, 700, 184, 484, 455, -155, - 66, 350, 721, 185, 186, -155, 722, 684, 685, 686, - 65, 189, 689, 690, 301, 737, 352, 546, 738, 323, - 67, 547, 180, 483, 487, 363, 656, -248, -248, 68, - 483, 487, 631, 698, 571, 574, 856, 66, 401, 858, - 323, 400, 587, 180, 403, 640, -155, 708, 409, 766, - -155, 395, 396, 80, -441, 588, 589, 190, 71, 413, - 718, 719, 720, 414, 606, 610, 191, 594, 595, 184, - 673, 673, 494, 80, 421, 822, 495, 92, 199, 192, - 604, 609, 437, 766, 457, 277, 526, 618, 620, 438, - 65, 189, 871, 444, 872, 182, 438, 701, 740, 459, - 182, 195, 632, 659, 301, 80, 527, 682, 683, 693, - 223, 225, 668, 669, 65, 601, 464, 66, 587, 604, - 466, 465, 663, 467, 468, 630, 470, 66, 519, 520, - 521, 513, 178, 195, 71, 475, 474, 190, 584, 195, - 195, 66, 478, 791, 480, 569, 191, 268, 609, 587, - 479, 129, 904, 256, 257, 258, 269, 270, 481, 192, - 912, 602, 482, 195, 514, 71, 486, 491, 515, 532, - 603, 270, 505, 312, 550, 509, -304, -304, -304, -304, - 736, 529, 766, 534, -304, -304, -304, 551, 711, 259, - 260, 537, 261, 262, 263, 264, 327, 554, 555, 570, - -304, 559, 573, 65, 189, 539, 673, 762, 579, 302, - 306, 850, 597, 623, 596, 615, 302, 306, 617, 519, - 520, 521, 654, 892, 893, 604, 604, 655, 648, 671, - 66, 665, 609, 609, 679, 519, 520, 521, 672, -304, - -284, 762, 706, 742, -304, 723, -31, 713, 714, 724, - 190, 659, 802, 761, -103, 715, 729, 730, 312, 191, - 743, 5, 6, 7, 8, 775, 317, 604, 317, 9, - 10, 11, 192, 203, 204, 195, 781, 789, -32, 9, - 10, 11, 790, 792, 764, 13, 837, 761, 765, 823, - 795, 623, 796, 828, 61, 696, 798, 799, 800, 804, - 832, 838, 805, 807, 808, 810, 812, 183, 813, 809, - -27, -27, -27, -27, 820, 844, 831, 846, -27, -27, - -27, 848, 824, 80, 19, 833, 847, 834, 849, 21, - 851, 855, 852, 184, -27, 863, -155, 728, 854, -463, - 762, 840, -155, 65, 601, 864, 879, 301, 252, 253, - 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 195, 874, 71, 883, 648, - 887, 891, 741, 888, 897, 185, 186, 202, 203, 204, - 66, 906, 900, -27, 9, 10, 11, 648, -27, 903, - 648, 914, 911, -155, 915, 895, 761, -155, -27, 39, - 602, 600, 259, 260, 786, 261, 262, 263, 264, 603, - 270, 312, 703, -116, -116, -116, -116, -116, -116, -116, - 826, -116, -116, -116, -116, -116, 797, -116, -116, -116, - -116, -116, -116, -116, -116, -116, -116, -116, -116, -116, - 201, -116, 398, -116, -116, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, - -116, 442, 648, -116, 598, 458, 695, 456, -116, -116, - -116, 629, 336, 709, -116, -116, 642, 704, 896, -116, - -116, 463, 488, 898, -116, 861, -116, -116, 501, 862, - 614, -116, -116, 502, 171, -116, 593, -116, -116, -116, - -116, 785, -116, 787, 648, 634, 407, -304, -304, -304, - -304, -304, -304, -304, 853, -304, -304, -304, -304, -304, - 676, -304, -304, -304, -304, -304, -304, -304, -304, -304, - -304, -304, -304, -304, 591, -304, 576, -304, -304, 779, - 184, 572, 492, -155, -304, 717, 0, -304, 493, -155, - 657, 0, -304, -304, -304, 0, 477, 0, -304, -304, - 0, 0, 0, -304, -304, 0, 0, 0, -304, 0, - -304, -304, 185, 186, 0, -304, -304, 0, 0, -304, - 0, -304, 0, -304, -304, 312, -304, -304, -304, 0, - -155, 0, -304, -304, -155, -304, 0, 0, 0, -304, - 0, -304, -304, -304, -304, -304, -304, -304, -304, -304, - -304, -304, 0, -304, 0, -304, 0, -304, -304, 0, - 0, 0, 0, 0, -304, 0, 0, -304, 0, 0, - 0, 0, -304, -304, -304, 0, 0, 0, -304, -304, - 0, 0, 0, -304, -304, 0, 0, 0, -304, 0, - -304, -304, 0, 0, 0, -304, -304, 0, 0, -304, - 0, -304, -280, -304, -304, 814, -304, -304, -304, 0, - 0, 0, -304, -304, 0, -304, 0, 0, 0, -304, - 0, -304, -304, -304, -304, -304, -304, -304, -304, -304, - -304, -304, 0, -304, 0, -304, 0, -304, -304, 0, - 0, 0, 0, 0, -304, 0, 0, -304, 0, 0, - 0, 0, -304, -304, -304, 0, 0, 0, -304, -304, - 0, 0, 0, -304, -304, 0, 0, 0, -304, 0, - -304, -304, 0, 0, 0, -304, -304, 0, 0, -304, - 0, -304, 0, -304, -304, 841, -304, -314, -314, 0, - 0, 0, -314, -314, 0, -314, 0, 0, 0, -314, - 0, -314, -314, -314, -314, -314, -314, -314, -314, -314, - -314, -314, 0, -314, 0, -314, 0, -314, -314, 0, - 0, 0, 0, 0, -314, 0, 0, -314, 0, 0, - 0, 0, -314, -314, -314, 0, 0, 0, -314, -314, - 0, 0, 0, -314, -314, 0, 0, 0, -314, 0, - -314, -314, 0, 0, 0, -314, -314, 0, 0, -314, - 0, -314, 0, -314, -314, 231, -314, 90, 5, 0, - 7, 126, 91, 92, 0, 93, 9, 10, 11, 246, - 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, - 257, 258, 13, 94, 0, 95, 0, 96, 97, 0, - 0, 0, 0, 0, 98, 0, 0, 99, 0, 0, - 0, 0, 100, 101, 102, 0, 0, 0, 103, 104, - 0, 0, 0, 105, 106, 0, 0, 0, 107, 0, - 108, 19, 0, 0, 0, 109, 21, 0, 0, 110, - 0, 0, 0, 111, 112, 643, -86, 644, 43, 0, - 0, 0, 91, 92, 244, 93, 245, 246, 247, 248, - 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, - 0, 0, 0, 94, 0, 95, 0, 96, 97, 0, - 0, 0, 0, 0, 98, 0, 0, 99, 0, 0, - 0, 0, 100, 101, 102, 0, 0, 0, 103, 104, - 0, 0, 645, 105, 106, 0, 0, 0, 107, 0, - 108, 44, 0, 0, 0, 109, 45, 0, 0, 110, - 0, 0, -183, 111, 112, 643, 646, 644, 43, 0, - 0, 0, 91, 92, 0, 93, 247, 248, 249, 250, - 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 0, 0, - 0, 0, 0, 94, 0, 95, 0, 96, 97, 0, - 0, 0, 0, 0, 98, 0, 0, 99, 0, 0, - 0, 0, 100, 101, 102, 0, 0, 0, 103, 104, - 0, 0, 645, 105, 106, 0, 0, 0, 107, 0, - 108, 44, 0, 0, 0, 109, 45, 0, 0, 110, - 0, 0, -238, 111, 112, 643, 646, 644, 43, 0, - 0, 0, 91, 92, 0, 93, 248, 249, 250, 251, - 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 0, 0, 0, - 0, 0, 0, 94, 0, 95, 0, 96, 97, 0, - 0, 0, 0, 0, 98, 0, 0, 99, 0, 0, - 0, 0, 100, 101, 102, 0, 0, 0, 103, 104, - 0, 0, 645, 105, 106, 0, 0, 0, 107, 0, - 108, 44, 0, 0, 0, 109, 45, 0, 0, 110, - 621, 0, 90, 111, 112, 0, 646, 91, 92, 331, - 93, 0, -23, -23, -23, -23, 0, 0, 0, 0, - -23, -23, -23, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 94, 0, - 95, 0, 96, 97, 0, 184, -23, 0, -155, 98, - 0, 0, 99, 0, -155, 0, 0, 100, 101, 102, - 0, 0, 0, 103, 104, 0, 0, 0, 105, 106, - 0, 0, 0, 107, 0, 108, 0, 185, 186, 0, - 109, 0, 0, 0, 110, -23, 0, 0, 111, 112, - -23, 622, 0, 0, 0, -155, 0, 0, 325, -155, - -23, -19, -19, -19, -19, 0, 0, 0, 0, -19, - -19, -19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 312, 0, 0, - -107, -107, -107, -107, 184, -19, -107, -155, -107, -107, - -107, 0, 0, -155, 312, 0, 0, -465, -465, -465, - -465, 0, 0, 0, -107, -465, -465, -465, 249, 250, - 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 0, 0, - 0, -465, 0, 5, -19, 7, 276, 0, 0, -19, - 0, 9, 10, 11, -155, 0, 90, 0, -155, -19, - 0, 91, 92, -107, 93, 0, 0, 13, -107, 66, - 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, -107, 0, - -465, 0, 94, 0, 95, -465, 96, 97, 0, 268, - 0, 0, 0, 98, 0, -465, 99, 0, 269, 270, - 0, 100, 101, 102, 0, 0, 19, 103, 104, 0, - 0, 21, 105, 106, 0, 90, 0, 107, 0, 108, - 91, 92, 0, 93, 109, 0, 0, 0, 110, 0, - 0, 0, 111, 112, 0, 0, 310, 0, 0, 0, - 0, 94, 0, 95, 0, 96, 97, 0, 0, 0, - 0, 0, 98, 0, 0, 99, 0, 0, 0, 0, - 100, 101, 102, 0, 0, 0, 103, 104, 0, 0, - 0, 105, 106, 0, 90, 0, 107, 0, 108, 91, - 92, 0, 93, 109, 0, 0, 0, 110, 0, 0, - 0, 111, 112, 0, 0, 392, 0, 0, 0, 0, - 94, 0, 95, 0, 96, 97, 0, 0, 0, 0, - 0, 98, 0, 0, 99, 0, 0, 0, 0, 100, - 101, 102, 0, 0, 0, 103, 104, 0, 0, 0, - 105, 106, 0, 90, 0, 107, 0, 108, 91, 92, - 0, 93, 109, 0, 0, 0, 110, 0, 0, 0, - 111, 112, 0, 0, 452, 0, 0, 0, 0, 94, - 0, 95, 0, 96, 97, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, - 98, 0, 0, 99, 0, 0, 0, 0, 100, 101, - 102, 0, 0, 0, 103, 104, 0, 0, 0, 105, - 106, 0, 90, 0, 107, 0, 108, 91, 92, 0, - 93, 109, 0, 0, 0, 110, 0, 0, 0, 111, - 112, 0, 0, 489, 0, 0, 0, 0, 94, 0, - 95, 0, 96, 97, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 98, - 0, 0, 99, 0, 0, 0, 0, 100, 101, 102, - 0, 0, 0, 103, 104, 0, 0, 0, 105, 106, - 0, 0, 0, 107, 0, 108, 0, 0, 0, 0, - 109, 0, 0, 0, 110, 0, 0, 0, 111, 112, - 0, 0, 735, 644, 745, 6, 7, 8, 91, 92, - 0, 93, 9, 10, 11, 746, 0, 747, 748, 749, - 750, 751, 752, 753, 754, 755, 756, 757, 13, 94, - 0, 95, 0, 96, 97, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, - 98, 0, 0, 99, 0, 0, 0, 0, 100, 101, - 102, 0, 0, 0, 103, 104, 0, 0, 0, 105, - 106, 0, 0, 0, 107, 0, 108, 758, 0, 0, - 0, 109, 759, 0, 0, 110, 0, 760, 0, 111, - 112, 0, 350, 644, 43, 0, 0, 0, 91, 92, - 0, 93, 0, 0, 0, 746, 0, 747, 748, 749, - 750, 751, 752, 753, 754, 755, 756, 757, 0, 94, - 0, 95, 0, 96, 97, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, - 98, 0, 0, 99, 0, 0, 0, 0, 100, 101, - 102, 0, 0, 0, 103, 104, 0, 90, 0, 105, - 106, 0, 91, 92, 107, 93, 108, 44, 0, 0, - 0, 109, 45, 0, 0, 110, 0, 760, 0, 111, - 112, 0, 350, 94, 0, 95, 0, 96, 97, 0, - 0, 0, 0, 0, 98, 0, 0, 99, 0, 0, - 0, 0, 100, 101, 102, 0, 0, 0, 103, 104, - 0, 0, 0, 105, 106, 0, 0, 0, 107, 0, - 108, 0, 0, 0, 0, 109, 0, 0, 0, 110, - 0, 0, 0, 111, 112, 0, 471, 132, 133, 0, - 134, 135, 0, 0, 0, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, - 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, - 151, 152, 153, 154, 0, 90, 5, 0, 7, 126, - 91, 92, 155, 93, 9, 10, 11, 250, 251, 252, - 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 0, 0, 0, 0, - 13, 94, 0, 95, 0, 96, 97, 0, 0, 0, - 0, 0, 98, 0, 0, 99, 157, 0, 0, 0, - 100, 101, 102, 0, 0, 283, 103, 104, 0, 90, - 0, 105, 106, 0, 91, 92, 107, 93, 108, 19, - 0, 0, 0, 109, 21, 0, 0, 110, 0, 0, - 0, 111, 112, 0, 0, 94, 0, 95, 0, 96, - 97, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 98, 0, 0, 99, - 0, 0, 0, 0, 100, 101, 102, 0, 0, 0, - 103, 104, 0, 90, 0, 105, 106, 0, 91, 92, - 107, 93, 108, 353, 0, 0, 0, 109, 0, 0, - 0, 110, 0, 0, 0, 111, 112, 0, 0, 94, - 0, 95, 0, 96, 97, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, - 98, 0, 0, 99, 0, 0, 0, 0, 100, 101, - 102, 0, 0, 0, 103, 104, 0, 90, 0, 105, - 106, 0, 91, 92, 107, 93, 108, 0, 0, 0, - 0, 109, 0, 0, 0, 110, 0, 801, 0, 111, - 112, 0, 0, 94, 0, 95, 0, 96, 97, 0, - 0, 0, 0, 0, 98, 0, 0, 99, 0, 0, - 0, 0, 100, 101, 102, 0, 0, 0, 103, 104, - 0, 90, 0, 105, 106, 0, 91, 92, 107, 93, - 108, 0, 0, 0, 0, 109, 0, 0, 0, 110, - 0, 0, 0, 111, 112, 0, 0, 94, 0, 95, - 0, 96, 97, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 98, 0, - 0, 99, 0, 0, 0, 0, 100, 101, 102, 0, - 0, 0, 103, 104, 0, 90, 0, 222, 106, 0, - 91, 92, 107, 93, 108, 0, 0, 0, 0, 109, - 0, 0, 0, 110, 0, 0, 0, 111, 112, 0, - 0, 94, 0, 95, 0, 96, 97, 0, 0, 0, - 0, 0, 98, 0, 0, 99, 0, 0, 0, 0, - 100, 101, 102, 0, 0, 0, 103, 104, 0, 599, - 0, 224, 106, 0, 91, 92, 107, 93, 108, 0, - 0, 0, 0, 109, 0, 0, 0, 110, 0, 0, - 0, 111, 112, 0, 0, 94, 0, 95, 0, 96, - 97, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 98, 0, 0, 99, - 0, 0, 0, 0, 100, 101, 102, 0, 0, 0, - 103, 104, 0, 0, 0, 105, 106, 0, 0, 0, - 107, 0, 108, 0, 0, 0, 0, 109, 0, 0, - 0, 110, 0, 0, 524, 111, 112, 5, 0, 7, - 126, 0, 0, 0, 0, 9, 10, 11, 0, 0, - 0, 524, 0, 0, 5, 0, 7, 126, 0, 0, - 0, 13, 9, 10, 11, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, - 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 13, 0, - 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, -120, 5, - 6, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 9, 10, 11, - 19, -417, -417, -417, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 0, - 525, -417, 12, 13, 0, -120, 0, 19, -416, -416, - -416, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 0, 525, -416, 0, - 0, 0, 0, 14, 15, -120, 0, 0, 0, 0, - 0, 0, 0, 0, -120, 0, 16, 17, 18, 0, - 0, 0, 19, 0, 0, 0, 20, 21, 22, 23, - 0, 4, 24, -120, 5, 6, 7, 8, 0, 0, - 0, 0, 9, 10, 11, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, - 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 13, 4, - -120, -120, 5, 6, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, - 9, 10, 11, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 510, 511, - -120, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 13, 0, -120, -120, - 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 19, 0, 0, - 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 0, 24, -120, 426, - 0, 427, 5, 6, 7, 8, 0, -120, 428, 0, - 9, 10, 11, 0, 0, 19, 0, 0, 426, 0, - 21, 5, 6, 7, 8, 24, 13, 428, 0, 9, - 10, 11, 5, 0, 7, 276, 0, 0, 0, 0, - 9, 10, 11, 0, 0, 13, 0, 0, 0, 5, - 76, 7, 77, 0, 0, 0, 13, 9, 10, 11, - 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, - 21, 0, 0, 13, -364, 0, 0, 5, 76, 7, - 77, 0, 0, 0, 19, 9, 10, 11, 0, 21, - 0, 0, 0, -364, 0, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, - 21, 13, 0, 0, 0, -250, -250, 0, 0, 0, - 0, 0, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 5, 76, - 7, 77, 78, 0, 0, 0, 9, 10, 11, 5, - 76, 7, 77, 0, 0, 0, 0, 9, 10, 11, - 19, 0, 13, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 132, 133, - 575, 134, 135, 13, 0, 0, 136, 137, 138, 139, - 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, - 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, - 0, 19, 0, 155, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, - 0, 619, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, - 0, 0, 811, 0, 156, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, - 132, 133, 0, 134, 135, 0, 0, 157, 136, 137, - 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, - 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 0, 132, 133, - 0, 134, 135, 0, 0, 356, 136, 137, 138, 139, - 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, - 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, - 0, 0, 0, 155, 132, 133, 0, 134, 135, 157, - 0, 0, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, - 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, - 154, 0, 5, 6, 7, 8, 0, 157, 428, 564, - 9, 10, 11, 5, 6, 7, 8, 0, 0, 613, - 0, 9, 10, 11, 0, 0, 13, 0, 0, 0, - 5, 76, 7, 77, 0, 0, 0, 13, 9, 10, - 11, 0, 0, 157, 0, 0, 0, 5, 6, 7, - 8, 0, 0, 0, 13, 9, 10, 11, 5, 0, - 7, 126, 0, 0, 0, 19, 9, 10, 11, 0, - 21, 13, 0, 0, 0, 5, 19, 7, 276, 0, - 0, 21, 13, 9, 10, 11, 0, 0, 0, 0, - 0, 0, 0, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 13, - 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, - 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 829, - 0, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, - 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 19, 0, - 0, 0, 0, 21, 242, 243, 244, 830, 245, 246, - 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, - 257, 258, 66, 0, 0, 0, 0, 242, 243, 244, - 0, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, - 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 242, 243, 244, 868, 245, - 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, - 256, 257, 258, 242, 243, 244, 0, 245, 246, 247, - 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, - 258 -}; - -static const short yycheck[] = { 52, - 53, 75, 9, 10, 11, 196, 21, 28, 307, 16, - 17, 326, 71, 20, 190, 22, 23, 332, 79, 263, - 29, 30, 233, 28, 328, 314, 2, 3, 195, 86, - 2, 3, 55, 618, 81, 462, 128, 391, 30, 131, - 180, 56, 297, 160, 412, 60, 187, 68, 535, 86, - 50, 58, 105, 274, 96, 97, 1, 64, 79, 191, - 102, 53, 269, 68, 1, 213, 795, 9, 1, 160, - 75, 113, 220, 3, 79, 82, 715, 10, 3, 4, - 38, 410, 794, 38, 3, 1, 38, 30, 7, 45, - 694, 98, 268, 0, 86, 27, 0, 76, 38, 38, - 30, 105, 81, 77, 271, 45, 45, 1, 712, 3, - 4, 30, 401, 105, 305, 59, 59, 60, 76, 59, - 50, 76, 59, 128, 76, 81, 131, 59, 60, 59, - 842, 50, 77, 186, 76, 30, 195, 866, 777, 131, - 59, 60, 67, 38, 59, 236, 45, 72, 155, 82, - 862, 82, 156, 865, 201, 867, 177, 82, 165, 166, - 181, 168, 169, 875, 156, 894, 82, 174, 65, 222, - 191, 224, 177, 67, 315, 180, 181, 398, 72, 327, - 819, 388, 235, 323, 226, 326, 191, 394, 320, 518, - 38, 332, 324, 680, 681, 907, 82, 45, 339, 82, - 341, 3, 4, 76, 211, 77, 78, 216, 81, 218, - 499, 264, 271, 640, 59, 3, 4, 270, 222, 219, - 224, 221, 590, 38, 30, 810, 218, 274, 3, 4, - 222, 238, 224, 237, 59, 1, 3, 4, 4, 3, - 6, 7, 78, 30, 59, 237, 12, 13, 14, 77, - 59, 506, 581, 81, 261, 262, 78, 59, 612, 59, - 319, 30, 28, 50, 269, 67, 30, 82, 359, 59, - 72, 560, 59, 60, 289, 279, 329, 76, 76, 67, - 287, 708, 81, 50, 72, 500, 50, 279, 532, 504, - 59, 60, 67, 300, 82, 59, 60, 72, 77, 320, - 67, 67, 81, 324, 81, 72, 72, 82, 76, 457, - 352, 77, 78, 81, 75, 320, 464, 465, 323, 324, - 564, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 334, 583, 3, - 4, 542, 48, 49, 549, 3, 4, 552, 59, 60, - 68, 69, 70, 396, 77, 76, 635, 63, 81, 638, - 78, 398, 76, 3, 4, 76, 241, 242, 243, 416, - 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, - 255, 256, 257, 258, 59, 60, 493, 38, 682, 416, - 30, 76, 473, 388, 82, 67, 81, 77, 815, 394, - 72, 59, 59, 67, 409, 59, 603, 36, 72, 67, - 50, 405, 493, 412, 72, 81, 554, 77, 67, 59, - 654, 81, 667, 405, 555, 77, 59, 60, 76, 560, - 429, 430, 72, 3, 416, 401, 602, 7, 76, 401, - 59, 60, 608, 76, 678, 77, 412, 604, 430, 81, - 412, 77, 609, 535, 536, 81, 27, 76, 333, 30, - 30, 82, 77, 59, 60, 36, 81, 605, 606, 607, - 3, 4, 610, 611, 7, 77, 76, 443, 77, 81, - 50, 443, 81, 680, 681, 77, 567, 77, 78, 59, - 687, 688, 556, 631, 491, 494, 77, 30, 77, 77, - 81, 76, 513, 81, 10, 636, 77, 638, 76, 710, - 81, 59, 60, 495, 63, 514, 515, 50, 513, 82, - 658, 659, 660, 76, 535, 536, 59, 526, 527, 27, - 594, 595, 498, 515, 531, 780, 498, 9, 589, 72, - 535, 536, 83, 744, 78, 527, 593, 546, 547, 77, - 3, 4, 857, 36, 859, 604, 77, 78, 696, 76, - 609, 556, 559, 574, 7, 547, 593, 59, 60, 620, - 93, 94, 585, 586, 3, 4, 78, 30, 589, 574, - 76, 78, 579, 76, 78, 38, 76, 30, 68, 69, - 70, 590, 603, 588, 589, 76, 38, 50, 78, 594, - 595, 30, 76, 741, 38, 480, 59, 50, 603, 620, - 76, 593, 901, 50, 51, 52, 59, 60, 76, 72, - 909, 50, 83, 618, 590, 620, 83, 76, 590, 59, - 59, 60, 82, 1, 36, 63, 4, 5, 6, 7, - 683, 63, 843, 76, 12, 13, 14, 83, 645, 54, - 55, 76, 57, 58, 59, 60, 837, 78, 81, 83, - 28, 32, 77, 3, 4, 81, 730, 710, 76, 680, - 681, 76, 76, 548, 77, 3, 687, 688, 77, 68, - 69, 70, 38, 884, 885, 680, 681, 83, 563, 78, - 30, 63, 687, 688, 76, 68, 69, 70, 38, 67, - 78, 744, 78, 700, 72, 78, 38, 38, 78, 63, - 50, 722, 755, 710, 82, 81, 38, 81, 1, 59, - 78, 4, 5, 6, 7, 36, 857, 722, 859, 12, - 13, 14, 72, 6, 7, 730, 63, 83, 38, 12, - 13, 14, 78, 59, 710, 28, 810, 744, 710, 792, - 59, 626, 59, 796, 759, 630, 38, 77, 77, 756, - 803, 812, 7, 38, 77, 764, 765, 1, 16, 77, - 4, 5, 6, 7, 78, 818, 77, 63, 12, 13, - 14, 824, 59, 765, 67, 77, 76, 59, 17, 72, - 77, 834, 76, 27, 28, 76, 30, 672, 77, 82, - 843, 812, 36, 3, 4, 76, 9, 7, 46, 47, - 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 810, 77, 812, 77, 694, - 77, 81, 697, 59, 77, 59, 60, 5, 6, 7, - 30, 77, 76, 67, 12, 13, 14, 712, 72, 76, - 715, 0, 77, 77, 0, 888, 843, 81, 82, 3, - 50, 532, 54, 55, 729, 57, 58, 59, 60, 59, - 60, 1, 636, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, - 795, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 751, 17, 18, 19, - 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, - 80, 31, 277, 33, 34, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, - 40, 315, 777, 43, 531, 336, 626, 334, 48, 49, - 50, 555, 211, 638, 54, 55, 561, 636, 889, 59, - 60, 341, 395, 891, 64, 843, 66, 67, 404, 843, - 539, 71, 72, 404, 58, 75, 523, 77, 78, 79, - 80, 727, 82, 730, 819, 1, 288, 3, 4, 5, - 6, 7, 8, 9, 829, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, - 595, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, - 26, 27, 28, 29, 516, 31, 498, 33, 34, 722, - 27, 493, 400, 30, 40, 654, -1, 43, 400, 36, - 567, -1, 48, 49, 50, -1, 359, -1, 54, 55, - -1, -1, -1, 59, 60, -1, -1, -1, 64, -1, - 66, 67, 59, 60, -1, 71, 72, -1, -1, 75, - -1, 77, -1, 79, 80, 1, 82, 3, 4, -1, - 77, -1, 8, 9, 81, 11, -1, -1, -1, 15, - -1, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, - 26, 27, -1, 29, -1, 31, -1, 33, 34, -1, - -1, -1, -1, -1, 40, -1, -1, 43, -1, -1, - -1, -1, 48, 49, 50, -1, -1, -1, 54, 55, - -1, -1, -1, 59, 60, -1, -1, -1, 64, -1, - 66, 67, -1, -1, -1, 71, 72, -1, -1, 75, - -1, 77, 78, 79, 80, 1, 82, 3, 4, -1, - -1, -1, 8, 9, -1, 11, -1, -1, -1, 15, - -1, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, - 26, 27, -1, 29, -1, 31, -1, 33, 34, -1, - -1, -1, -1, -1, 40, -1, -1, 43, -1, -1, - -1, -1, 48, 49, 50, -1, -1, -1, 54, 55, - -1, -1, -1, 59, 60, -1, -1, -1, 64, -1, - 66, 67, -1, -1, -1, 71, 72, -1, -1, 75, - -1, 77, -1, 79, 80, 1, 82, 3, 4, -1, - -1, -1, 8, 9, -1, 11, -1, -1, -1, 15, - -1, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, - 26, 27, -1, 29, -1, 31, -1, 33, 34, -1, - -1, -1, -1, -1, 40, -1, -1, 43, -1, -1, - -1, -1, 48, 49, 50, -1, -1, -1, 54, 55, - -1, -1, -1, 59, 60, -1, -1, -1, 64, -1, - 66, 67, -1, -1, -1, 71, 72, -1, -1, 75, - -1, 77, -1, 79, 80, 1, 82, 3, 4, -1, - 6, 7, 8, 9, -1, 11, 12, 13, 14, 40, - 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, - 51, 52, 28, 29, -1, 31, -1, 33, 34, -1, - -1, -1, -1, -1, 40, -1, -1, 43, -1, -1, - -1, -1, 48, 49, 50, -1, -1, -1, 54, 55, - -1, -1, -1, 59, 60, -1, -1, -1, 64, -1, - 66, 67, -1, -1, -1, 71, 72, -1, -1, 75, - -1, -1, -1, 79, 80, 1, 82, 3, 4, -1, - -1, -1, 8, 9, 37, 11, 39, 40, 41, 42, - 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, - -1, -1, -1, 29, -1, 31, -1, 33, 34, -1, - -1, -1, -1, -1, 40, -1, -1, 43, -1, -1, - -1, -1, 48, 49, 50, -1, -1, -1, 54, 55, - -1, -1, 58, 59, 60, -1, -1, -1, 64, -1, - 66, 67, -1, -1, -1, 71, 72, -1, -1, 75, - -1, -1, 78, 79, 80, 1, 82, 3, 4, -1, - -1, -1, 8, 9, -1, 11, 41, 42, 43, 44, - 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, -1, -1, - -1, -1, -1, 29, -1, 31, -1, 33, 34, -1, - -1, -1, -1, -1, 40, -1, -1, 43, -1, -1, - -1, -1, 48, 49, 50, -1, -1, -1, 54, 55, - -1, -1, 58, 59, 60, -1, -1, -1, 64, -1, - 66, 67, -1, -1, -1, 71, 72, -1, -1, 75, - -1, -1, 78, 79, 80, 1, 82, 3, 4, -1, - -1, -1, 8, 9, -1, 11, 42, 43, 44, 45, - 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, -1, -1, -1, - -1, -1, -1, 29, -1, 31, -1, 33, 34, -1, - -1, -1, -1, -1, 40, -1, -1, 43, -1, -1, - -1, -1, 48, 49, 50, -1, -1, -1, 54, 55, - -1, -1, 58, 59, 60, -1, -1, -1, 64, -1, - 66, 67, -1, -1, -1, 71, 72, -1, -1, 75, - 1, -1, 3, 79, 80, -1, 82, 8, 9, 1, - 11, -1, 4, 5, 6, 7, -1, -1, -1, -1, - 12, 13, 14, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 29, -1, - 31, -1, 33, 34, -1, 27, 28, -1, 30, 40, - -1, -1, 43, -1, 36, -1, -1, 48, 49, 50, - -1, -1, -1, 54, 55, -1, -1, -1, 59, 60, - -1, -1, -1, 64, -1, 66, -1, 59, 60, -1, - 71, -1, -1, -1, 75, 67, -1, -1, 79, 80, - 72, 82, -1, -1, -1, 77, -1, -1, 1, 81, - 82, 4, 5, 6, 7, -1, -1, -1, -1, 12, - 13, 14, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 1, -1, -1, - 4, 5, 6, 7, 27, 28, 10, 30, 12, 13, - 14, -1, -1, 36, 1, -1, -1, 4, 5, 6, - 7, -1, -1, -1, 28, 12, 13, 14, 43, 44, - 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, -1, -1, - -1, 28, -1, 4, 67, 6, 7, -1, -1, 72, - -1, 12, 13, 14, 77, -1, 3, -1, 81, 82, - -1, 8, 9, 67, 11, -1, -1, 28, 72, 30, - 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 82, -1, - 67, -1, 29, -1, 31, 72, 33, 34, -1, 50, - -1, -1, -1, 40, -1, 82, 43, -1, 59, 60, - -1, 48, 49, 50, -1, -1, 67, 54, 55, -1, - -1, 72, 59, 60, -1, 3, -1, 64, -1, 66, - 8, 9, -1, 11, 71, -1, -1, -1, 75, -1, - -1, -1, 79, 80, -1, -1, 83, -1, -1, -1, - -1, 29, -1, 31, -1, 33, 34, -1, -1, -1, - -1, -1, 40, -1, -1, 43, -1, -1, -1, -1, - 48, 49, 50, -1, -1, -1, 54, 55, -1, -1, - -1, 59, 60, -1, 3, -1, 64, -1, 66, 8, - 9, -1, 11, 71, -1, -1, -1, 75, -1, -1, - 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-1, 71, 72, -1, -1, 75, -1, 77, -1, 79, - 80, -1, 82, 3, 4, -1, -1, -1, 8, 9, - -1, 11, -1, -1, -1, 15, -1, 17, 18, 19, - 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, -1, 29, - -1, 31, -1, 33, 34, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, - 40, -1, -1, 43, -1, -1, -1, -1, 48, 49, - 50, -1, -1, -1, 54, 55, -1, 3, -1, 59, - 60, -1, 8, 9, 64, 11, 66, 67, -1, -1, - -1, 71, 72, -1, -1, 75, -1, 77, -1, 79, - 80, -1, 82, 29, -1, 31, -1, 33, 34, -1, - -1, -1, -1, -1, 40, -1, -1, 43, -1, -1, - -1, -1, 48, 49, 50, -1, -1, -1, 54, 55, - -1, -1, -1, 59, 60, -1, -1, -1, 64, -1, - 66, -1, -1, -1, -1, 71, -1, -1, -1, 75, - -1, -1, -1, 79, 80, -1, 82, 3, 4, -1, - 6, 7, -1, -1, -1, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, - 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, - 26, 27, 28, 29, -1, 3, 4, -1, 6, 7, - 8, 9, 38, 11, 12, 13, 14, 44, 45, 46, - 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, -1, -1, -1, -1, - 28, 29, -1, 31, -1, 33, 34, -1, -1, -1, - -1, -1, 40, -1, -1, 43, 72, -1, -1, -1, - 48, 49, 50, -1, -1, 81, 54, 55, -1, 3, - -1, 59, 60, -1, 8, 9, 64, 11, 66, 67, - -1, -1, -1, 71, 72, -1, -1, 75, -1, -1, - -1, 79, 80, -1, -1, 29, -1, 31, -1, 33, - 34, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 40, -1, -1, 43, - -1, -1, -1, -1, 48, 49, 50, -1, -1, -1, - 54, 55, -1, 3, -1, 59, 60, -1, 8, 9, - 64, 11, 66, 67, -1, -1, -1, 71, -1, -1, - -1, 75, -1, -1, -1, 79, 80, -1, -1, 29, - -1, 31, -1, 33, 34, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, - 40, -1, -1, 43, -1, -1, -1, -1, 48, 49, - 50, -1, -1, -1, 54, 55, -1, 3, -1, 59, - 60, -1, 8, 9, 64, 11, 66, -1, -1, -1, - -1, 71, -1, -1, -1, 75, -1, 77, -1, 79, - 80, -1, -1, 29, -1, 31, -1, 33, 34, -1, - -1, -1, -1, -1, 40, -1, -1, 43, -1, -1, - -1, -1, 48, 49, 50, -1, -1, -1, 54, 55, - -1, 3, -1, 59, 60, -1, 8, 9, 64, 11, - 66, -1, -1, -1, -1, 71, -1, -1, -1, 75, - -1, -1, -1, 79, 80, -1, -1, 29, -1, 31, - -1, 33, 34, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 40, -1, - -1, 43, -1, -1, -1, -1, 48, 49, 50, -1, - -1, -1, 54, 55, -1, 3, -1, 59, 60, -1, - 8, 9, 64, 11, 66, -1, -1, -1, -1, 71, - -1, -1, -1, 75, -1, -1, -1, 79, 80, -1, - -1, 29, -1, 31, -1, 33, 34, -1, -1, -1, - -1, -1, 40, -1, -1, 43, -1, -1, -1, -1, - 48, 49, 50, -1, -1, -1, 54, 55, -1, 3, - -1, 59, 60, -1, 8, 9, 64, 11, 66, -1, - -1, -1, -1, 71, -1, -1, -1, 75, -1, -1, - -1, 79, 80, -1, -1, 29, -1, 31, -1, 33, - 34, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 40, -1, -1, 43, - -1, -1, -1, -1, 48, 49, 50, -1, -1, -1, - 54, 55, -1, -1, -1, 59, 60, -1, -1, -1, - 64, -1, 66, -1, -1, -1, -1, 71, -1, -1, - -1, 75, -1, -1, 1, 79, 80, 4, -1, 6, - 7, -1, -1, -1, -1, 12, 13, 14, -1, -1, - -1, 1, -1, -1, 4, -1, 6, 7, -1, -1, - -1, 28, 12, 13, 14, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, - -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 28, -1, - -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 1, -1, 3, 4, - 5, 6, 7, -1, -1, -1, -1, 12, 13, 14, - 67, 68, 69, 70, -1, 72, -1, -1, -1, -1, - 77, 78, 27, 28, -1, 30, -1, 67, 68, 69, - 70, -1, 72, -1, -1, -1, -1, 77, 78, -1, - -1, -1, -1, 48, 49, 50, -1, -1, -1, -1, - -1, -1, -1, -1, 59, -1, 61, 62, 63, -1, - -1, -1, 67, -1, -1, -1, 71, 72, 73, 74, - -1, 1, 77, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, -1, -1, - -1, -1, 12, 13, 14, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, - -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 28, 1, - 30, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, -1, -1, -1, -1, - 12, 13, 14, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 48, 49, - 50, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 28, -1, 30, 59, - -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 67, -1, -1, - -1, -1, 72, -1, -1, -1, -1, 77, 50, 1, - -1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, -1, 59, 10, -1, - 12, 13, 14, -1, -1, 67, -1, -1, 1, -1, - 72, 4, 5, 6, 7, 77, 28, 10, -1, 12, - 13, 14, 4, -1, 6, 7, -1, -1, -1, -1, - 12, 13, 14, -1, -1, 28, -1, -1, -1, 4, - 5, 6, 7, -1, -1, -1, 28, 12, 13, 14, - -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 67, -1, -1, -1, -1, - 72, -1, -1, 28, 76, -1, -1, 4, 5, 6, - 7, -1, -1, -1, 67, 12, 13, 14, -1, 72, - -1, -1, -1, 76, -1, 67, -1, -1, -1, -1, - 72, 28, -1, -1, -1, 77, 78, -1, -1, -1, - -1, -1, 67, -1, -1, -1, -1, 72, 4, 5, - 6, 7, 77, -1, -1, -1, 12, 13, 14, 4, - 5, 6, 7, -1, -1, -1, -1, 12, 13, 14, - 67, -1, 28, -1, -1, 72, -1, -1, 3, 4, - 77, 6, 7, 28, -1, -1, 11, 12, 13, 14, - 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, - 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, - -1, 67, -1, 38, -1, -1, 72, -1, -1, -1, - -1, 77, 67, -1, -1, -1, -1, 72, -1, -1, - -1, -1, 77, -1, 59, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, - 3, 4, -1, 6, 7, -1, -1, 72, 11, 12, - 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, - 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, -1, 3, 4, - -1, 6, 7, -1, -1, 38, 11, 12, 13, 14, - 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, - 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, - -1, -1, -1, 38, 3, 4, -1, 6, 7, 72, - -1, -1, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, - 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, - 29, -1, 4, 5, 6, 7, -1, 72, 10, 38, - 12, 13, 14, 4, 5, 6, 7, -1, -1, 10, - -1, 12, 13, 14, -1, -1, 28, -1, -1, -1, - 4, 5, 6, 7, -1, -1, -1, 28, 12, 13, - 14, -1, -1, 72, -1, -1, -1, 4, 5, 6, - 7, -1, -1, -1, 28, 12, 13, 14, 4, -1, - 6, 7, -1, -1, -1, 67, 12, 13, 14, -1, - 72, 28, -1, -1, -1, 4, 67, 6, 7, -1, - -1, 72, 28, 12, 13, 14, -1, -1, -1, -1, - -1, -1, -1, 67, -1, -1, -1, -1, 72, 28, - -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, - 67, -1, -1, -1, -1, 72, -1, -1, -1, 10, - -1, 67, -1, -1, -1, -1, 72, -1, -1, -1, - -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 67, -1, - -1, -1, -1, 72, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, - 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, - 51, 52, 30, -1, -1, -1, -1, 35, 36, 37, - -1, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, - 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, - 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, - 50, 51, 52, 35, 36, 37, -1, 39, 40, 41, - 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, - 52 -}; -/* -*-C-*- Note some compilers choke on comments on `#line' lines. */ -#line 3 "/usr/local/share/bison.simple" - -/* Skeleton output parser for bison, - Copyright (C) 1984, 1989, 1990 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - - This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify - it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by - the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) - any later version. - - This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, - but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of - MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the - GNU General Public License for more details. - - You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License - along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software - Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. */ - -/* As a special exception, when this file is copied by Bison into a - Bison output file, you may use that output file without restriction. - This special exception was added by the Free Software Foundation - in version 1.24 of Bison. */ - -#ifndef alloca -#ifdef __GNUC__ -#define alloca __builtin_alloca -#else /* not GNU C. */ -#if (!defined (__STDC__) && defined (sparc)) || defined (__sparc__) || defined (__sparc) || defined (__sgi) -#include <alloca.h> -#else /* not sparc */ -#if defined (MSDOS) && !defined (__TURBOC__) -#include <malloc.h> -#else /* not MSDOS, or __TURBOC__ */ -#if defined(_AIX) -#include <malloc.h> - #pragma alloca -#else /* not MSDOS, __TURBOC__, or _AIX */ -#ifdef __hpux -#ifdef __cplusplus -extern "C" { -void *alloca (unsigned int); -}; -#else /* not __cplusplus */ -void *alloca (); -#endif /* not __cplusplus */ -#endif /* __hpux */ -#endif /* not _AIX */ -#endif /* not MSDOS, or __TURBOC__ */ -#endif /* not sparc. */ -#endif /* not GNU C. */ -#endif /* alloca not defined. */ - -/* This is the parser code that is written into each bison parser - when the %semantic_parser declaration is not specified in the grammar. - It was written by Richard Stallman by simplifying the hairy parser - used when %semantic_parser is specified. */ - -/* Note: there must be only one dollar sign in this file. - It is replaced by the list of actions, each action - as one case of the switch. */ - -#define yyerrok (yyerrstatus = 0) -#define yyclearin (yychar = YYEMPTY) -#define YYEMPTY -2 -#define YYEOF 0 -#define YYACCEPT return(0) -#define YYABORT return(1) -#define YYERROR goto yyerrlab1 -/* Like YYERROR except do call yyerror. - This remains here temporarily to ease the - transition to the new meaning of YYERROR, for GCC. - Once GCC version 2 has supplanted version 1, this can go. */ -#define YYFAIL goto yyerrlab -#define YYRECOVERING() (!!yyerrstatus) -#define YYBACKUP(token, value) \ -do \ - if (yychar == YYEMPTY && yylen == 1) \ - { yychar = (token), yylval = (value); \ - yychar1 = YYTRANSLATE (yychar); \ - YYPOPSTACK; \ - goto yybackup; \ - } \ - else \ - { yyerror ("syntax error: cannot back up"); YYERROR; } \ -while (0) - -#define YYTERROR 1 -#define YYERRCODE 256 - -#ifndef YYPURE -#define YYLEX yylex() -#endif - -#ifdef YYPURE -#ifdef YYLSP_NEEDED -#ifdef YYLEX_PARAM -#define YYLEX yylex(&yylval, &yylloc, YYLEX_PARAM) -#else -#define YYLEX yylex(&yylval, &yylloc) -#endif -#else /* not YYLSP_NEEDED */ -#ifdef YYLEX_PARAM -#define YYLEX yylex(&yylval, YYLEX_PARAM) -#else -#define YYLEX yylex(&yylval) -#endif -#endif /* not YYLSP_NEEDED */ -#endif - -/* If nonreentrant, generate the variables here */ - -#ifndef YYPURE - -int yychar; /* the lookahead symbol */ -YYSTYPE yylval; /* the semantic value of the */ - /* lookahead symbol */ - -#ifdef YYLSP_NEEDED -YYLTYPE yylloc; /* location data for the lookahead */ - /* symbol */ -#endif - -int yynerrs; /* number of parse errors so far */ -#endif /* not YYPURE */ - -#if YYDEBUG != 0 -int yydebug; /* nonzero means print parse trace */ -/* Since this is uninitialized, it does not stop multiple parsers - from coexisting. */ -#endif - -/* YYINITDEPTH indicates the initial size of the parser's stacks */ - -#ifndef YYINITDEPTH -#define YYINITDEPTH 200 -#endif - -/* YYMAXDEPTH is the maximum size the stacks can grow to - (effective only if the built-in stack extension method is used). */ - -#if YYMAXDEPTH == 0 -#undef YYMAXDEPTH -#endif - -#ifndef YYMAXDEPTH -#define YYMAXDEPTH 10000 -#endif - -/* Prevent warning if -Wstrict-prototypes. */ -#ifdef __GNUC__ -int yyparse (void); -#endif - -#if __GNUC__ > 1 /* GNU C and GNU C++ define this. */ -#define __yy_memcpy(FROM,TO,COUNT) __builtin_memcpy(TO,FROM,COUNT) -#else /* not GNU C or C++ */ -#ifndef __cplusplus - -/* This is the most reliable way to avoid incompatibilities - in available built-in functions on various systems. */ -static void -__yy_memcpy (from, to, count) - char *from; - char *to; - int count; -{ - register char *f = from; - register char *t = to; - register int i = count; - - while (i-- > 0) - *t++ = *f++; -} - -#else /* __cplusplus */ - -/* This is the most reliable way to avoid incompatibilities - in available built-in functions on various systems. */ -static void -__yy_memcpy (char *from, char *to, int count) -{ - register char *f = from; - register char *t = to; - register int i = count; - - while (i-- > 0) - *t++ = *f++; -} - -#endif -#endif - -#line 192 "/usr/local/share/bison.simple" - -/* The user can define YYPARSE_PARAM as the name of an argument to be passed - into yyparse. The argument should have type void *. - It should actually point to an object. - Grammar actions can access the variable by casting it - to the proper pointer type. */ - -#ifdef YYPARSE_PARAM -#define YYPARSE_PARAM_DECL void *YYPARSE_PARAM; -#else -#define YYPARSE_PARAM -#define YYPARSE_PARAM_DECL -#endif - -int -yyparse(YYPARSE_PARAM) - YYPARSE_PARAM_DECL -{ - register int yystate; - register int yyn; - register short *yyssp; - register YYSTYPE *yyvsp; - int yyerrstatus; /* number of tokens to shift before error messages enabled */ - int yychar1 = 0; /* lookahead token as an internal (translated) token number */ - - short yyssa[YYINITDEPTH]; /* the state stack */ - YYSTYPE yyvsa[YYINITDEPTH]; /* the semantic value stack */ - - short *yyss = yyssa; /* refer to the stacks thru separate pointers */ - YYSTYPE *yyvs = yyvsa; /* to allow yyoverflow to reallocate them elsewhere */ - -#ifdef YYLSP_NEEDED - YYLTYPE yylsa[YYINITDEPTH]; /* the location stack */ - YYLTYPE *yyls = yylsa; - YYLTYPE *yylsp; - -#define YYPOPSTACK (yyvsp--, yyssp--, yylsp--) -#else -#define YYPOPSTACK (yyvsp--, yyssp--) -#endif - - int yystacksize = YYINITDEPTH; - -#ifdef YYPURE - int yychar; - YYSTYPE yylval; - int yynerrs; -#ifdef YYLSP_NEEDED - YYLTYPE yylloc; -#endif -#endif - - YYSTYPE yyval; /* the variable used to return */ - /* semantic values from the action */ - /* routines */ - - int yylen; - -#if YYDEBUG != 0 - if (yydebug) - fprintf(stderr, "Starting parse\n"); -#endif - - yystate = 0; - yyerrstatus = 0; - yynerrs = 0; - yychar = YYEMPTY; /* Cause a token to be read. */ - - /* Initialize stack pointers. - Waste one element of value and location stack - so that they stay on the same level as the state stack. - The wasted elements are never initialized. */ - - yyssp = yyss - 1; - yyvsp = yyvs; -#ifdef YYLSP_NEEDED - yylsp = yyls; -#endif - -/* Push a new state, which is found in yystate . */ -/* In all cases, when you get here, the value and location stacks - have just been pushed. so pushing a state here evens the stacks. */ -yynewstate: - - *++yyssp = yystate; - - if (yyssp >= yyss + yystacksize - 1) - { - /* Give user a chance to reallocate the stack */ - /* Use copies of these so that the &'s don't force the real ones into memory. */ - YYSTYPE *yyvs1 = yyvs; - short *yyss1 = yyss; -#ifdef YYLSP_NEEDED - YYLTYPE *yyls1 = yyls; -#endif - - /* Get the current used size of the three stacks, in elements. */ - int size = yyssp - yyss + 1; - -#ifdef yyoverflow - /* Each stack pointer address is followed by the size of - the data in use in that stack, in bytes. */ -#ifdef YYLSP_NEEDED - /* This used to be a conditional around just the two extra args, - but that might be undefined if yyoverflow is a macro. */ - yyoverflow("parser stack overflow", - &yyss1, size * sizeof (*yyssp), - &yyvs1, size * sizeof (*yyvsp), - &yyls1, size * sizeof (*yylsp), - &yystacksize); -#else - yyoverflow("parser stack overflow", - &yyss1, size * sizeof (*yyssp), - &yyvs1, size * sizeof (*yyvsp), - &yystacksize); -#endif - - yyss = yyss1; yyvs = yyvs1; -#ifdef YYLSP_NEEDED - yyls = yyls1; -#endif -#else /* no yyoverflow */ - /* Extend the stack our own way. */ - if (yystacksize >= YYMAXDEPTH) - { - yyerror("parser stack overflow"); - return 2; - } - yystacksize *= 2; - if (yystacksize > YYMAXDEPTH) - yystacksize = YYMAXDEPTH; - yyss = (short *) alloca (yystacksize * sizeof (*yyssp)); - __yy_memcpy ((char *)yyss1, (char *)yyss, size * sizeof (*yyssp)); - yyvs = (YYSTYPE *) alloca (yystacksize * sizeof (*yyvsp)); - __yy_memcpy ((char *)yyvs1, (char *)yyvs, size * sizeof (*yyvsp)); -#ifdef YYLSP_NEEDED - yyls = (YYLTYPE *) alloca (yystacksize * sizeof (*yylsp)); - __yy_memcpy ((char *)yyls1, (char *)yyls, size * sizeof (*yylsp)); -#endif -#endif /* no yyoverflow */ - - yyssp = yyss + size - 1; - yyvsp = yyvs + size - 1; -#ifdef YYLSP_NEEDED - yylsp = yyls + size - 1; -#endif - -#if YYDEBUG != 0 - if (yydebug) - fprintf(stderr, "Stack size increased to %d\n", yystacksize); -#endif - - if (yyssp >= yyss + yystacksize - 1) - YYABORT; - } - -#if YYDEBUG != 0 - if (yydebug) - fprintf(stderr, "Entering state %d\n", yystate); -#endif - - goto yybackup; - yybackup: - -/* Do appropriate processing given the current state. */ -/* Read a lookahead token if we need one and don't already have one. */ -/* yyresume: */ - - /* First try to decide what to do without reference to lookahead token. */ - - yyn = yypact[yystate]; - if (yyn == YYFLAG) - goto yydefault; - - /* Not known => get a lookahead token if don't already have one. */ - - /* yychar is either YYEMPTY or YYEOF - or a valid token in external form. */ - - if (yychar == YYEMPTY) - { -#if YYDEBUG != 0 - if (yydebug) - fprintf(stderr, "Reading a token: "); -#endif - yychar = YYLEX; - } - - /* Convert token to internal form (in yychar1) for indexing tables with */ - - if (yychar <= 0) /* This means end of input. */ - { - yychar1 = 0; - yychar = YYEOF; /* Don't call YYLEX any more */ - -#if YYDEBUG != 0 - if (yydebug) - fprintf(stderr, "Now at end of input.\n"); -#endif - } - else - { - yychar1 = YYTRANSLATE(yychar); - -#if YYDEBUG != 0 - if (yydebug) - { - fprintf (stderr, "Next token is %d (%s", yychar, yytname[yychar1]); - /* Give the individual parser a way to print the precise meaning - of a token, for further debugging info. */ -#ifdef YYPRINT - YYPRINT (stderr, yychar, yylval); -#endif - fprintf (stderr, ")\n"); - } -#endif - } - - yyn += yychar1; - if (yyn < 0 || yyn > YYLAST || yycheck[yyn] != yychar1) - goto yydefault; - - yyn = yytable[yyn]; - - /* yyn is what to do for this token type in this state. - Negative => reduce, -yyn is rule number. - Positive => shift, yyn is new state. - New state is final state => don't bother to shift, - just return success. - 0, or most negative number => error. */ - - if (yyn < 0) - { - if (yyn == YYFLAG) - goto yyerrlab; - yyn = -yyn; - goto yyreduce; - } - else if (yyn == 0) - goto yyerrlab; - - if (yyn == YYFINAL) - YYACCEPT; - - /* Shift the lookahead token. */ - -#if YYDEBUG != 0 - if (yydebug) - fprintf(stderr, "Shifting token %d (%s), ", yychar, yytname[yychar1]); -#endif - - /* Discard the token being shifted unless it is eof. */ - if (yychar != YYEOF) - yychar = YYEMPTY; - - *++yyvsp = yylval; -#ifdef YYLSP_NEEDED - *++yylsp = yylloc; -#endif - - /* count tokens shifted since error; after three, turn off error status. */ - if (yyerrstatus) yyerrstatus--; - - yystate = yyn; - goto yynewstate; - -/* Do the default action for the current state. */ -yydefault: - - yyn = yydefact[yystate]; - if (yyn == 0) - goto yyerrlab; - -/* Do a reduction. yyn is the number of a rule to reduce with. */ -yyreduce: - yylen = yyr2[yyn]; - if (yylen > 0) - yyval = yyvsp[1-yylen]; /* implement default value of the action */ - -#if YYDEBUG != 0 - if (yydebug) - { - int i; - - fprintf (stderr, "Reducing via rule %d (line %d), ", - yyn, yyrline[yyn]); - - /* Print the symbols being reduced, and their result. */ - for (i = yyprhs[yyn]; yyrhs[i] > 0; i++) - fprintf (stderr, "%s ", yytname[yyrhs[i]]); - fprintf (stderr, " -> %s\n", yytname[yyr1[yyn]]); - } -#endif - - - switch (yyn) { - -case 1: -#line 233 "objc-parse.y" -{ if (pedantic) - pedwarn ("ANSI C forbids an empty source file"); - finish_file (); - ; - break;} -case 2: -#line 238 "objc-parse.y" -{ - /* In case there were missing closebraces, - get us back to the global binding level. */ - while (! global_bindings_p ()) - poplevel (0, 0, 0); - finish_file (); - ; - break;} -case 3: -#line 252 "objc-parse.y" -{yyval.ttype = NULL_TREE; ; - break;} -case 5: -#line 253 "objc-parse.y" -{yyval.ttype = NULL_TREE; ; - break;} -case 10: -#line 261 "objc-parse.y" -{ STRIP_NOPS (yyvsp[-2].ttype); - if ((TREE_CODE (yyvsp[-2].ttype) == ADDR_EXPR - && TREE_CODE (TREE_OPERAND (yyvsp[-2].ttype, 0)) == STRING_CST) - || TREE_CODE (yyvsp[-2].ttype) == STRING_CST) - assemble_asm (yyvsp[-2].ttype); - else - error ("argument of `asm' is not a constant string"); ; - break;} -case 11: -#line 272 "objc-parse.y" -{ if (pedantic) - error ("ANSI C forbids data definition with no type or storage class"); - else if (!flag_traditional) - warning ("data definition has no type or storage class"); - - current_declspecs = TREE_VALUE (declspec_stack); - prefix_attributes = TREE_PURPOSE (declspec_stack); - declspec_stack = TREE_CHAIN (declspec_stack); - resume_momentary (yyvsp[-2].itype); ; - break;} -case 12: -#line 282 "objc-parse.y" -{ current_declspecs = TREE_VALUE (declspec_stack); - prefix_attributes = TREE_PURPOSE (declspec_stack); - declspec_stack = TREE_CHAIN (declspec_stack); - resume_momentary (yyvsp[-2].itype); ; - break;} -case 13: -#line 287 "objc-parse.y" -{ current_declspecs = TREE_VALUE (declspec_stack); - prefix_attributes = TREE_PURPOSE (declspec_stack); - declspec_stack = TREE_CHAIN (declspec_stack); - resume_momentary (yyvsp[-2].itype); ; - break;} -case 14: -#line 292 "objc-parse.y" -{ pedwarn ("empty declaration"); ; - break;} -case 15: -#line 294 "objc-parse.y" -{ shadow_tag (yyvsp[-1].ttype); ; - break;} -case 18: -#line 298 "objc-parse.y" -{ if (pedantic) - pedwarn ("ANSI C does not allow extra `;' outside of a function"); ; - break;} -case 19: -#line 304 "objc-parse.y" -{ if (! start_function (yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype, prefix_attributes, - NULL_TREE, 0)) - YYERROR1; - reinit_parse_for_function (); ; - break;} -case 20: -#line 309 "objc-parse.y" -{ store_parm_decls (); ; - break;} -case 21: -#line 311 "objc-parse.y" -{ finish_function (0); - current_declspecs = TREE_VALUE (declspec_stack); - prefix_attributes = TREE_PURPOSE (declspec_stack); - declspec_stack = TREE_CHAIN (declspec_stack); - resume_momentary (yyvsp[-5].itype); ; - break;} -case 22: -#line 317 "objc-parse.y" -{ current_declspecs = TREE_VALUE (declspec_stack); - prefix_attributes = TREE_PURPOSE (declspec_stack); - declspec_stack = TREE_CHAIN (declspec_stack); - resume_momentary (yyvsp[-2].itype); ; - break;} -case 23: -#line 322 "objc-parse.y" -{ if (! start_function (yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype, prefix_attributes, - NULL_TREE, 0)) - YYERROR1; - reinit_parse_for_function (); ; - break;} -case 24: -#line 327 "objc-parse.y" -{ store_parm_decls (); ; - break;} -case 25: -#line 329 "objc-parse.y" -{ finish_function (0); - current_declspecs = TREE_VALUE (declspec_stack); - prefix_attributes = TREE_PURPOSE (declspec_stack); - declspec_stack = TREE_CHAIN (declspec_stack); - resume_momentary (yyvsp[-5].itype); ; - break;} -case 26: -#line 335 "objc-parse.y" -{ current_declspecs = TREE_VALUE (declspec_stack); - prefix_attributes = TREE_PURPOSE (declspec_stack); - declspec_stack = TREE_CHAIN (declspec_stack); - resume_momentary (yyvsp[-2].itype); ; - break;} -case 27: -#line 340 "objc-parse.y" -{ if (! start_function (NULL_TREE, yyvsp[0].ttype, - prefix_attributes, NULL_TREE, 0)) - YYERROR1; - reinit_parse_for_function (); ; - break;} -case 28: -#line 345 "objc-parse.y" -{ store_parm_decls (); ; - break;} -case 29: -#line 347 "objc-parse.y" -{ finish_function (0); - current_declspecs = TREE_VALUE (declspec_stack); - prefix_attributes = TREE_PURPOSE (declspec_stack); - declspec_stack = TREE_CHAIN (declspec_stack); - resume_momentary (yyvsp[-5].itype); ; - break;} -case 30: -#line 353 "objc-parse.y" -{ current_declspecs = TREE_VALUE (declspec_stack); - prefix_attributes = TREE_PURPOSE (declspec_stack); - declspec_stack = TREE_CHAIN (declspec_stack); - resume_momentary (yyvsp[-2].itype); ; - break;} -case 35: -#line 367 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.code = ADDR_EXPR; ; - break;} -case 36: -#line 369 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.code = NEGATE_EXPR; ; - break;} -case 37: -#line 371 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.code = CONVERT_EXPR; ; - break;} -case 38: -#line 373 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.code = PREINCREMENT_EXPR; ; - break;} -case 39: -#line 375 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.code = PREDECREMENT_EXPR; ; - break;} -case 40: -#line 377 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.code = BIT_NOT_EXPR; ; - break;} -case 41: -#line 379 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.code = TRUTH_NOT_EXPR; ; - break;} -case 42: -#line 383 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_compound_expr (yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 43: -#line 388 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = NULL_TREE; ; - break;} -case 45: -#line 394 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_tree_list (NULL_TREE, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 46: -#line 396 "objc-parse.y" -{ chainon (yyvsp[-2].ttype, build_tree_list (NULL_TREE, yyvsp[0].ttype)); ; - break;} -case 48: -#line 402 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_indirect_ref (yyvsp[0].ttype, "unary *"); ; - break;} -case 49: -#line 405 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyvsp[0].itype = pedantic; - pedantic = 0; ; - break;} -case 50: -#line 408 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = yyvsp[0].ttype; - pedantic = yyvsp[-2].itype; ; - break;} -case 51: -#line 411 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_unary_op (yyvsp[-1].code, yyvsp[0].ttype, 0); - overflow_warning (yyval.ttype); ; - break;} -case 52: -#line 415 "objc-parse.y" -{ tree label = lookup_label (yyvsp[0].ttype); - if (pedantic) - pedwarn ("ANSI C forbids `&&'"); - if (label == 0) - yyval.ttype = null_pointer_node; - else - { - TREE_USED (label) = 1; - yyval.ttype = build1 (ADDR_EXPR, ptr_type_node, label); - TREE_CONSTANT (yyval.ttype) = 1; - } - ; - break;} -case 53: -#line 443 "objc-parse.y" -{ if (TREE_CODE (yyvsp[0].ttype) == COMPONENT_REF - && DECL_BIT_FIELD (TREE_OPERAND (yyvsp[0].ttype, 1))) - error ("`sizeof' applied to a bit-field"); - yyval.ttype = c_sizeof (TREE_TYPE (yyvsp[0].ttype)); ; - break;} -case 54: -#line 448 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = c_sizeof (groktypename (yyvsp[-1].ttype)); ; - break;} -case 55: -#line 450 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = c_alignof_expr (yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 56: -#line 452 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = c_alignof (groktypename (yyvsp[-1].ttype)); ; - break;} -case 57: -#line 454 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_unary_op (REALPART_EXPR, yyvsp[0].ttype, 0); ; - break;} -case 58: -#line 456 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_unary_op (IMAGPART_EXPR, yyvsp[0].ttype, 0); ; - break;} -case 60: -#line 462 "objc-parse.y" -{ tree type = groktypename (yyvsp[-2].ttype); - yyval.ttype = build_c_cast (type, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 61: -#line 465 "objc-parse.y" -{ start_init (NULL_TREE, NULL, 0); - yyvsp[-2].ttype = groktypename (yyvsp[-2].ttype); - really_start_incremental_init (yyvsp[-2].ttype); ; - break;} -case 62: -#line 469 "objc-parse.y" -{ char *name; - tree result = pop_init_level (0); - tree type = yyvsp[-5].ttype; - finish_init (); - - if (pedantic) - pedwarn ("ANSI C forbids constructor expressions"); - if (TYPE_NAME (type) != 0) - { - if (TREE_CODE (TYPE_NAME (type)) == IDENTIFIER_NODE) - name = IDENTIFIER_POINTER (TYPE_NAME (type)); - else - name = IDENTIFIER_POINTER (DECL_NAME (TYPE_NAME (type))); - } - else - name = ""; - yyval.ttype = result; - if (TREE_CODE (type) == ARRAY_TYPE && TYPE_SIZE (type) == 0) - { - int failure = complete_array_type (type, yyval.ttype, 1); - if (failure) - abort (); - } - ; - break;} -case 64: -#line 498 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = parser_build_binary_op (yyvsp[-1].code, yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 65: -#line 500 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = parser_build_binary_op (yyvsp[-1].code, yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 66: -#line 502 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = parser_build_binary_op (yyvsp[-1].code, yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 67: -#line 504 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = parser_build_binary_op (yyvsp[-1].code, yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 68: -#line 506 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = parser_build_binary_op (yyvsp[-1].code, yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 69: -#line 508 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = parser_build_binary_op (yyvsp[-1].code, yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 70: -#line 510 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = parser_build_binary_op (yyvsp[-1].code, yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 71: -#line 512 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = parser_build_binary_op (yyvsp[-1].code, yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 72: -#line 514 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = parser_build_binary_op (yyvsp[-1].code, yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 73: -#line 516 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = parser_build_binary_op (yyvsp[-1].code, yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 74: -#line 518 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = parser_build_binary_op (yyvsp[-1].code, yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 75: -#line 520 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = parser_build_binary_op (yyvsp[-1].code, yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 76: -#line 522 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = parser_build_binary_op (TRUTH_ANDIF_EXPR, yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 77: -#line 524 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = parser_build_binary_op (TRUTH_ORIF_EXPR, yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 78: -#line 526 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_conditional_expr (yyvsp[-4].ttype, yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 79: -#line 528 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_modify_expr (yyvsp[-2].ttype, NOP_EXPR, yyvsp[0].ttype); - C_SET_EXP_ORIGINAL_CODE (yyval.ttype, MODIFY_EXPR); ; - break;} -case 80: -#line 531 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_modify_expr (yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[-1].code, yyvsp[0].ttype); - /* This inhibits warnings in truthvalue_conversion. */ - C_SET_EXP_ORIGINAL_CODE (yyval.ttype, ERROR_MARK); ; - break;} -case 81: -#line 538 "objc-parse.y" -{ - yyval.ttype = lastiddecl; - if (!yyval.ttype || yyval.ttype == error_mark_node) - { - if (yychar == YYEMPTY) - yychar = YYLEX; - if (yychar == '(') - { - tree decl; - - if (objc_receiver_context - && ! (objc_receiver_context - && strcmp (IDENTIFIER_POINTER (yyvsp[0].ttype), "super"))) - /* we have a message to super */ - yyval.ttype = get_super_receiver (); - else if (objc_method_context - && (decl = is_ivar (objc_ivar_chain, yyvsp[0].ttype))) - { - if (is_private (decl)) - yyval.ttype = error_mark_node; - else - yyval.ttype = build_ivar_reference (yyvsp[0].ttype); - } - else - { - /* Ordinary implicit function declaration. */ - yyval.ttype = implicitly_declare (yyvsp[0].ttype); - assemble_external (yyval.ttype); - TREE_USED (yyval.ttype) = 1; - } - } - else if (current_function_decl == 0) - { - error ("`%s' undeclared here (not in a function)", - IDENTIFIER_POINTER (yyvsp[0].ttype)); - yyval.ttype = error_mark_node; - } - else - { - tree decl; - - if (objc_receiver_context - && ! strcmp (IDENTIFIER_POINTER (yyvsp[0].ttype), "super")) - /* we have a message to super */ - yyval.ttype = get_super_receiver (); - else if (objc_method_context - && (decl = is_ivar (objc_ivar_chain, yyvsp[0].ttype))) - { - if (is_private (decl)) - yyval.ttype = error_mark_node; - else - yyval.ttype = build_ivar_reference (yyvsp[0].ttype); - } - else - { - if (IDENTIFIER_GLOBAL_VALUE (yyvsp[0].ttype) != error_mark_node - || IDENTIFIER_ERROR_LOCUS (yyvsp[0].ttype) != current_function_decl) - { - error ("`%s' undeclared (first use this function)", - IDENTIFIER_POINTER (yyvsp[0].ttype)); - - if (! undeclared_variable_notice) - { - error ("(Each undeclared identifier is reported only once"); - error ("for each function it appears in.)"); - undeclared_variable_notice = 1; - } - } - yyval.ttype = error_mark_node; - /* Prevent repeated error messages. */ - IDENTIFIER_GLOBAL_VALUE (yyvsp[0].ttype) = error_mark_node; - IDENTIFIER_ERROR_LOCUS (yyvsp[0].ttype) = current_function_decl; - } - } - } - else if (TREE_TYPE (yyval.ttype) == error_mark_node) - yyval.ttype = error_mark_node; - else if (C_DECL_ANTICIPATED (yyval.ttype)) - { - /* The first time we see a build-in function used, - if it has not been declared. */ - C_DECL_ANTICIPATED (yyval.ttype) = 0; - if (yychar == YYEMPTY) - yychar = YYLEX; - if (yychar == '(') - { - /* Omit the implicit declaration we - would ordinarily do, so we don't lose - the actual built in type. - But print a diagnostic for the mismatch. */ - if (objc_method_context - && is_ivar (objc_ivar_chain, yyvsp[0].ttype)) - error ("Instance variable `%s' implicitly declared as function", - IDENTIFIER_POINTER (DECL_NAME (yyval.ttype))); - else - if (TREE_CODE (yyval.ttype) != FUNCTION_DECL) - error ("`%s' implicitly declared as function", - IDENTIFIER_POINTER (DECL_NAME (yyval.ttype))); - else if ((TYPE_MODE (TREE_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (yyval.ttype))) - != TYPE_MODE (integer_type_node)) - && (TREE_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (yyval.ttype)) - != void_type_node)) - pedwarn ("type mismatch in implicit declaration for built-in function `%s'", - IDENTIFIER_POINTER (DECL_NAME (yyval.ttype))); - /* If it really returns void, change that to int. */ - if (TREE_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (yyval.ttype)) == void_type_node) - TREE_TYPE (yyval.ttype) - = build_function_type (integer_type_node, - TYPE_ARG_TYPES (TREE_TYPE (yyval.ttype))); - } - else - pedwarn ("built-in function `%s' used without declaration", - IDENTIFIER_POINTER (DECL_NAME (yyval.ttype))); - - /* Do what we would ordinarily do when a fn is used. */ - assemble_external (yyval.ttype); - TREE_USED (yyval.ttype) = 1; - } - else - { - assemble_external (yyval.ttype); - TREE_USED (yyval.ttype) = 1; - /* we have a definition - still check if iVariable */ - - if (!objc_receiver_context - || (objc_receiver_context - && strcmp (IDENTIFIER_POINTER (yyvsp[0].ttype), "super"))) - { - tree decl; - - if (objc_method_context - && (decl = is_ivar (objc_ivar_chain, yyvsp[0].ttype))) - { - if (IDENTIFIER_LOCAL_VALUE (yyvsp[0].ttype)) - warning ("local declaration of `%s' hides instance variable", - IDENTIFIER_POINTER (yyvsp[0].ttype)); - else - { - if (is_private (decl)) - yyval.ttype = error_mark_node; - else - yyval.ttype = build_ivar_reference (yyvsp[0].ttype); - } - } - } - else /* we have a message to super */ - yyval.ttype = get_super_receiver (); - } - - if (TREE_CODE (yyval.ttype) == CONST_DECL) - { - yyval.ttype = DECL_INITIAL (yyval.ttype); - /* This is to prevent an enum whose value is 0 - from being considered a null pointer constant. */ - yyval.ttype = build1 (NOP_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (yyval.ttype), yyval.ttype); - TREE_CONSTANT (yyval.ttype) = 1; - } - ; - break;} -case 83: -#line 698 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = combine_strings (yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 84: -#line 700 "objc-parse.y" -{ char class = TREE_CODE_CLASS (TREE_CODE (yyvsp[-1].ttype)); - if (class == 'e' || class == '1' - || class == '2' || class == '<') - C_SET_EXP_ORIGINAL_CODE (yyvsp[-1].ttype, ERROR_MARK); - yyval.ttype = yyvsp[-1].ttype; ; - break;} -case 85: -#line 706 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = error_mark_node; ; - break;} -case 86: -#line 708 "objc-parse.y" -{ if (current_function_decl == 0) - { - error ("braced-group within expression allowed only inside a function"); - YYERROR; - } - /* We must force a BLOCK for this level - so that, if it is not expanded later, - there is a way to turn off the entire subtree of blocks - that are contained in it. */ - keep_next_level (); - push_iterator_stack (); - push_label_level (); - yyval.ttype = expand_start_stmt_expr (); ; - break;} -case 87: -#line 722 "objc-parse.y" -{ tree rtl_exp; - if (pedantic) - pedwarn ("ANSI C forbids braced-groups within expressions"); - pop_iterator_stack (); - pop_label_level (); - rtl_exp = expand_end_stmt_expr (yyvsp[-2].ttype); - /* The statements have side effects, so the group does. */ - TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (rtl_exp) = 1; - - if (TREE_CODE (yyvsp[-1].ttype) == BLOCK) - { - /* Make a BIND_EXPR for the BLOCK already made. */ - yyval.ttype = build (BIND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (rtl_exp), - NULL_TREE, rtl_exp, yyvsp[-1].ttype); - /* Remove the block from the tree at this point. - It gets put back at the proper place - when the BIND_EXPR is expanded. */ - delete_block (yyvsp[-1].ttype); - } - else - yyval.ttype = yyvsp[-1].ttype; - ; - break;} -case 88: -#line 745 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_function_call (yyvsp[-3].ttype, yyvsp[-1].ttype); ; - break;} -case 89: -#line 747 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_array_ref (yyvsp[-3].ttype, yyvsp[-1].ttype); ; - break;} -case 90: -#line 749 "objc-parse.y" -{ - if (doing_objc_thang) - { - if (is_public (yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype)) - yyval.ttype = build_component_ref (yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); - else - yyval.ttype = error_mark_node; - } - else - yyval.ttype = build_component_ref (yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); - ; - break;} -case 91: -#line 761 "objc-parse.y" -{ - tree expr = build_indirect_ref (yyvsp[-2].ttype, "->"); - - if (doing_objc_thang) - { - if (is_public (expr, yyvsp[0].ttype)) - yyval.ttype = build_component_ref (expr, yyvsp[0].ttype); - else - yyval.ttype = error_mark_node; - } - else - yyval.ttype = build_component_ref (expr, yyvsp[0].ttype); - ; - break;} -case 92: -#line 775 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_unary_op (POSTINCREMENT_EXPR, yyvsp[-1].ttype, 0); ; - break;} -case 93: -#line 777 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_unary_op (POSTDECREMENT_EXPR, yyvsp[-1].ttype, 0); ; - break;} -case 94: -#line 779 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_message_expr (yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 95: -#line 781 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_selector_expr (yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 96: -#line 783 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_protocol_expr (yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 97: -#line 785 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_encode_expr (yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 98: -#line 787 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_objc_string_object (yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 100: -#line 794 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = chainon (yyvsp[-1].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 102: -#line 802 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = chainon (yyvsp[-1].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 105: -#line 810 "objc-parse.y" -{ c_mark_varargs (); - if (pedantic) - pedwarn ("ANSI C does not permit use of `varargs.h'"); ; - break;} -case 106: -#line 820 "objc-parse.y" -{ ; - break;} -case 111: -#line 832 "objc-parse.y" -{ current_declspecs = TREE_VALUE (declspec_stack); - prefix_attributes = TREE_PURPOSE (declspec_stack); - declspec_stack = TREE_CHAIN (declspec_stack); - resume_momentary (yyvsp[-2].itype); ; - break;} -case 112: -#line 837 "objc-parse.y" -{ current_declspecs = TREE_VALUE (declspec_stack); - prefix_attributes = TREE_PURPOSE (declspec_stack); - declspec_stack = TREE_CHAIN (declspec_stack); - resume_momentary (yyvsp[-2].itype); ; - break;} -case 113: -#line 842 "objc-parse.y" -{ shadow_tag_warned (yyvsp[-1].ttype, 1); - pedwarn ("empty declaration"); ; - break;} -case 114: -#line 845 "objc-parse.y" -{ pedwarn ("empty declaration"); ; - break;} -case 115: -#line 854 "objc-parse.y" -{ ; - break;} -case 120: -#line 869 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.itype = suspend_momentary (); - pending_xref_error (); - declspec_stack = tree_cons (prefix_attributes, - current_declspecs, - declspec_stack); - current_declspecs = yyvsp[0].ttype; - prefix_attributes = NULL_TREE; ; - break;} -case 121: -#line 879 "objc-parse.y" -{ prefix_attributes = chainon (prefix_attributes, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 122: -#line 884 "objc-parse.y" -{ current_declspecs = TREE_VALUE (declspec_stack); - prefix_attributes = TREE_PURPOSE (declspec_stack); - declspec_stack = TREE_CHAIN (declspec_stack); - resume_momentary (yyvsp[-2].itype); ; - break;} -case 123: -#line 889 "objc-parse.y" -{ current_declspecs = TREE_VALUE (declspec_stack); - prefix_attributes = TREE_PURPOSE (declspec_stack); - declspec_stack = TREE_CHAIN (declspec_stack); - resume_momentary (yyvsp[-2].itype); ; - break;} -case 124: -#line 894 "objc-parse.y" -{ current_declspecs = TREE_VALUE (declspec_stack); - prefix_attributes = TREE_PURPOSE (declspec_stack); - declspec_stack = TREE_CHAIN (declspec_stack); - resume_momentary (yyvsp[-1].itype); ; - break;} -case 125: -#line 899 "objc-parse.y" -{ current_declspecs = TREE_VALUE (declspec_stack); - prefix_attributes = TREE_PURPOSE (declspec_stack); - declspec_stack = TREE_CHAIN (declspec_stack); - resume_momentary (yyvsp[-1].itype); ; - break;} -case 126: -#line 904 "objc-parse.y" -{ shadow_tag (yyvsp[-1].ttype); ; - break;} -case 127: -#line 906 "objc-parse.y" -{ pedwarn ("empty declaration"); ; - break;} -case 128: -#line 915 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, yyvsp[-1].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 129: -#line 917 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = chainon (yyvsp[0].ttype, tree_cons (NULL_TREE, yyvsp[-1].ttype, yyvsp[-2].ttype)); ; - break;} -case 130: -#line 921 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = NULL_TREE; ; - break;} -case 131: -#line 923 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, yyvsp[0].ttype, yyvsp[-1].ttype); ; - break;} -case 132: -#line 925 "objc-parse.y" -{ if (extra_warnings) - warning ("`%s' is not at beginning of declaration", - IDENTIFIER_POINTER (yyvsp[0].ttype)); - yyval.ttype = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, yyvsp[0].ttype, yyvsp[-1].ttype); ; - break;} -case 133: -#line 937 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, yyvsp[0].ttype, NULL_TREE); - TREE_STATIC (yyval.ttype) = 1; ; - break;} -case 134: -#line 940 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, yyvsp[0].ttype, NULL_TREE); ; - break;} -case 135: -#line 942 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, yyvsp[0].ttype, yyvsp[-1].ttype); - TREE_STATIC (yyval.ttype) = 1; ; - break;} -case 136: -#line 945 "objc-parse.y" -{ if (extra_warnings && TREE_STATIC (yyvsp[-1].ttype)) - warning ("`%s' is not at beginning of declaration", - IDENTIFIER_POINTER (yyvsp[0].ttype)); - yyval.ttype = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, yyvsp[0].ttype, yyvsp[-1].ttype); - TREE_STATIC (yyval.ttype) = TREE_STATIC (yyvsp[-1].ttype); ; - break;} -case 137: -#line 959 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, yyvsp[-1].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 138: -#line 961 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = chainon (yyvsp[0].ttype, tree_cons (NULL_TREE, yyvsp[-1].ttype, yyvsp[-2].ttype)); ; - break;} -case 139: -#line 965 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = NULL_TREE; ; - break;} -case 140: -#line 967 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, yyvsp[0].ttype, yyvsp[-1].ttype); ; - break;} -case 143: -#line 977 "objc-parse.y" -{ /* For a typedef name, record the meaning, not the name. - In case of `foo foo, bar;'. */ - yyval.ttype = lookup_name (yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 144: -#line 981 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = get_static_reference (yyvsp[-1].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 145: -#line 983 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = get_object_reference (yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 146: -#line 985 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = TREE_TYPE (yyvsp[-1].ttype); ; - break;} -case 147: -#line 987 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = groktypename (yyvsp[-1].ttype); ; - break;} -case 155: -#line 1009 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = NULL_TREE; ; - break;} -case 156: -#line 1011 "objc-parse.y" -{ if (TREE_CHAIN (yyvsp[-1].ttype)) yyvsp[-1].ttype = combine_strings (yyvsp[-1].ttype); - yyval.ttype = yyvsp[-1].ttype; - ; - break;} -case 157: -#line 1018 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = start_decl (yyvsp[-3].ttype, current_declspecs, 1, - yyvsp[-1].ttype, prefix_attributes); - start_init (yyval.ttype, yyvsp[-2].ttype, global_bindings_p ()); ; - break;} -case 158: -#line 1023 "objc-parse.y" -{ finish_init (); - finish_decl (yyvsp[-1].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype, yyvsp[-4].ttype); ; - break;} -case 159: -#line 1026 "objc-parse.y" -{ tree d = start_decl (yyvsp[-2].ttype, current_declspecs, 0, - yyvsp[0].ttype, prefix_attributes); - finish_decl (d, NULL_TREE, yyvsp[-1].ttype); - ; - break;} -case 160: -#line 1034 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = start_decl (yyvsp[-3].ttype, current_declspecs, 1, - yyvsp[-1].ttype, prefix_attributes); - start_init (yyval.ttype, yyvsp[-2].ttype, global_bindings_p ()); ; - break;} -case 161: -#line 1039 "objc-parse.y" -{ finish_init (); - decl_attributes (yyvsp[-1].ttype, yyvsp[-3].ttype, prefix_attributes); - finish_decl (yyvsp[-1].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype, yyvsp[-4].ttype); ; - break;} -case 162: -#line 1043 "objc-parse.y" -{ tree d = start_decl (yyvsp[-2].ttype, current_declspecs, 0, - yyvsp[0].ttype, prefix_attributes); - finish_decl (d, NULL_TREE, yyvsp[-1].ttype); ; - break;} -case 163: -#line 1051 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = NULL_TREE; ; - break;} -case 164: -#line 1053 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = yyvsp[0].ttype; ; - break;} -case 165: -#line 1058 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = yyvsp[0].ttype; ; - break;} -case 166: -#line 1060 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = chainon (yyvsp[-1].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 167: -#line 1065 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = yyvsp[-2].ttype; ; - break;} -case 168: -#line 1070 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = yyvsp[0].ttype; ; - break;} -case 169: -#line 1072 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = chainon (yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 170: -#line 1077 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = NULL_TREE; ; - break;} -case 171: -#line 1079 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_tree_list (yyvsp[0].ttype, NULL_TREE); ; - break;} -case 172: -#line 1081 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_tree_list (yyvsp[-3].ttype, build_tree_list (NULL_TREE, yyvsp[-1].ttype)); ; - break;} -case 173: -#line 1083 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_tree_list (yyvsp[-5].ttype, tree_cons (NULL_TREE, yyvsp[-3].ttype, yyvsp[-1].ttype)); ; - break;} -case 174: -#line 1085 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_tree_list (yyvsp[-3].ttype, yyvsp[-1].ttype); ; - break;} -case 180: -#line 1103 "objc-parse.y" -{ really_start_incremental_init (NULL_TREE); - /* Note that the call to clear_momentary - is in process_init_element. */ - push_momentary (); ; - break;} -case 181: -#line 1108 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = pop_init_level (0); - if (yyval.ttype == error_mark_node - && ! (yychar == STRING || yychar == CONSTANT)) - pop_momentary (); - else - pop_momentary_nofree (); ; - break;} -case 182: -#line 1116 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = error_mark_node; ; - break;} -case 183: -#line 1122 "objc-parse.y" -{ if (pedantic) - pedwarn ("ANSI C forbids empty initializer braces"); ; - break;} -case 187: -#line 1136 "objc-parse.y" -{ process_init_element (yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 188: -#line 1138 "objc-parse.y" -{ push_init_level (0); ; - break;} -case 189: -#line 1140 "objc-parse.y" -{ process_init_element (pop_init_level (0)); ; - break;} -case 191: -#line 1146 "objc-parse.y" -{ set_init_label (yyvsp[-1].ttype); ; - break;} -case 193: -#line 1149 "objc-parse.y" -{ set_init_label (yyvsp[-1].ttype); ; - break;} -case 195: -#line 1155 "objc-parse.y" -{ push_c_function_context (); - if (! start_function (current_declspecs, yyvsp[0].ttype, - prefix_attributes, NULL_TREE, 1)) - { - pop_c_function_context (); - YYERROR1; - } - reinit_parse_for_function (); ; - break;} -case 196: -#line 1164 "objc-parse.y" -{ store_parm_decls (); ; - break;} -case 197: -#line 1172 "objc-parse.y" -{ finish_function (1); - pop_c_function_context (); ; - break;} -case 198: -#line 1178 "objc-parse.y" -{ push_c_function_context (); - if (! start_function (current_declspecs, yyvsp[0].ttype, - prefix_attributes, NULL_TREE, 1)) - { - pop_c_function_context (); - YYERROR1; - } - reinit_parse_for_function (); ; - break;} -case 199: -#line 1187 "objc-parse.y" -{ store_parm_decls (); ; - break;} -case 200: -#line 1195 "objc-parse.y" -{ finish_function (1); - pop_c_function_context (); ; - break;} -case 203: -#line 1211 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = yyvsp[-1].ttype; ; - break;} -case 204: -#line 1213 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_nt (CALL_EXPR, yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype, NULL_TREE); ; - break;} -case 205: -#line 1218 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_nt (ARRAY_REF, yyvsp[-3].ttype, yyvsp[-1].ttype); ; - break;} -case 206: -#line 1220 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_nt (ARRAY_REF, yyvsp[-2].ttype, NULL_TREE); ; - break;} -case 207: -#line 1222 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = make_pointer_declarator (yyvsp[-1].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 208: -#line 1224 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = yyvsp[0].ttype; ; - break;} -case 211: -#line 1236 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_nt (CALL_EXPR, yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype, NULL_TREE); ; - break;} -case 212: -#line 1241 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_nt (ARRAY_REF, yyvsp[-3].ttype, yyvsp[-1].ttype); ; - break;} -case 213: -#line 1243 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_nt (ARRAY_REF, yyvsp[-2].ttype, NULL_TREE); ; - break;} -case 214: -#line 1245 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = make_pointer_declarator (yyvsp[-1].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 215: -#line 1247 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = yyvsp[0].ttype; ; - break;} -case 217: -#line 1256 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_nt (CALL_EXPR, yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype, NULL_TREE); ; - break;} -case 218: -#line 1261 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = yyvsp[-1].ttype; ; - break;} -case 219: -#line 1263 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = make_pointer_declarator (yyvsp[-1].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 220: -#line 1265 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_nt (ARRAY_REF, yyvsp[-3].ttype, yyvsp[-1].ttype); ; - break;} -case 221: -#line 1267 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_nt (ARRAY_REF, yyvsp[-2].ttype, NULL_TREE); ; - break;} -case 222: -#line 1269 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = yyvsp[0].ttype; ; - break;} -case 224: -#line 1275 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = start_struct (RECORD_TYPE, yyvsp[-1].ttype); - /* Start scope of tag before parsing components. */ - ; - break;} -case 225: -#line 1279 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = finish_struct (yyvsp[-3].ttype, yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 226: -#line 1281 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = finish_struct (start_struct (RECORD_TYPE, NULL_TREE), - yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); - ; - break;} -case 227: -#line 1285 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = xref_tag (RECORD_TYPE, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 228: -#line 1287 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = start_struct (UNION_TYPE, yyvsp[-1].ttype); ; - break;} -case 229: -#line 1289 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = finish_struct (yyvsp[-3].ttype, yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 230: -#line 1291 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = finish_struct (start_struct (UNION_TYPE, NULL_TREE), - yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); - ; - break;} -case 231: -#line 1295 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = xref_tag (UNION_TYPE, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 232: -#line 1297 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyvsp[0].itype = suspend_momentary (); - yyval.ttype = start_enum (yyvsp[-1].ttype); ; - break;} -case 233: -#line 1300 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = finish_enum (yyvsp[-4].ttype, nreverse (yyvsp[-3].ttype), yyvsp[0].ttype); - resume_momentary (yyvsp[-5].itype); ; - break;} -case 234: -#line 1303 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyvsp[0].itype = suspend_momentary (); - yyval.ttype = start_enum (NULL_TREE); ; - break;} -case 235: -#line 1306 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = finish_enum (yyvsp[-4].ttype, nreverse (yyvsp[-3].ttype), yyvsp[0].ttype); - resume_momentary (yyvsp[-5].itype); ; - break;} -case 236: -#line 1309 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = xref_tag (ENUMERAL_TYPE, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 240: -#line 1320 "objc-parse.y" -{ if (pedantic) pedwarn ("comma at end of enumerator list"); ; - break;} -case 241: -#line 1325 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = yyvsp[0].ttype; ; - break;} -case 242: -#line 1327 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = chainon (yyvsp[-1].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); - pedwarn ("no semicolon at end of struct or union"); ; - break;} -case 243: -#line 1332 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = NULL_TREE; ; - break;} -case 244: -#line 1334 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = chainon (yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[-1].ttype); ; - break;} -case 245: -#line 1336 "objc-parse.y" -{ if (pedantic) - pedwarn ("extra semicolon in struct or union specified"); ; - break;} -case 246: -#line 1340 "objc-parse.y" -{ - tree interface = lookup_interface (yyvsp[-1].ttype); - - if (interface) - yyval.ttype = get_class_ivars (interface); - else - { - error ("Cannot find interface declaration for `%s'", - IDENTIFIER_POINTER (yyvsp[-1].ttype)); - yyval.ttype = NULL_TREE; - } - ; - break;} -case 247: -#line 1365 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = yyvsp[0].ttype; - current_declspecs = TREE_VALUE (declspec_stack); - prefix_attributes = TREE_PURPOSE (declspec_stack); - declspec_stack = TREE_CHAIN (declspec_stack); - resume_momentary (yyvsp[-1].itype); ; - break;} -case 248: -#line 1371 "objc-parse.y" -{ if (pedantic) - pedwarn ("ANSI C forbids member declarations with no members"); - shadow_tag(yyvsp[0].ttype); - yyval.ttype = NULL_TREE; ; - break;} -case 249: -#line 1376 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = yyvsp[0].ttype; - current_declspecs = TREE_VALUE (declspec_stack); - prefix_attributes = TREE_PURPOSE (declspec_stack); - declspec_stack = TREE_CHAIN (declspec_stack); - resume_momentary (yyvsp[-1].itype); ; - break;} -case 250: -#line 1382 "objc-parse.y" -{ if (pedantic) - pedwarn ("ANSI C forbids member declarations with no members"); - shadow_tag(yyvsp[0].ttype); - yyval.ttype = NULL_TREE; ; - break;} -case 251: -#line 1387 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = NULL_TREE; ; - break;} -case 253: -#line 1393 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = chainon (yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 254: -#line 1398 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = grokfield (yyvsp[-3].filename, yyvsp[-2].lineno, yyvsp[-1].ttype, current_declspecs, NULL_TREE); - decl_attributes (yyval.ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype, prefix_attributes); ; - break;} -case 255: -#line 1402 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = grokfield (yyvsp[-5].filename, yyvsp[-4].lineno, yyvsp[-3].ttype, current_declspecs, yyvsp[-1].ttype); - decl_attributes (yyval.ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype, prefix_attributes); ; - break;} -case 256: -#line 1405 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = grokfield (yyvsp[-4].filename, yyvsp[-3].lineno, NULL_TREE, current_declspecs, yyvsp[-1].ttype); - decl_attributes (yyval.ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype, prefix_attributes); ; - break;} -case 258: -#line 1417 "objc-parse.y" -{ if (yyvsp[-2].ttype == error_mark_node) - yyval.ttype = yyvsp[-2].ttype; - else - yyval.ttype = chainon (yyvsp[0].ttype, yyvsp[-2].ttype); ; - break;} -case 259: -#line 1422 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = error_mark_node; ; - break;} -case 260: -#line 1428 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_enumerator (yyvsp[0].ttype, NULL_TREE); ; - break;} -case 261: -#line 1430 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_enumerator (yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 262: -#line 1435 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_tree_list (yyvsp[-1].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 263: -#line 1437 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_tree_list (yyvsp[-1].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 264: -#line 1442 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = NULL_TREE; ; - break;} -case 266: -#line 1448 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, yyvsp[0].ttype, NULL_TREE); ; - break;} -case 267: -#line 1450 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, yyvsp[0].ttype, yyvsp[-1].ttype); ; - break;} -case 268: -#line 1455 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = NULL_TREE; ; - break;} -case 269: -#line 1457 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, yyvsp[0].ttype, yyvsp[-1].ttype); ; - break;} -case 270: -#line 1462 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = yyvsp[-1].ttype; ; - break;} -case 271: -#line 1465 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = make_pointer_declarator (yyvsp[-1].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 272: -#line 1467 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = make_pointer_declarator (yyvsp[0].ttype, NULL_TREE); ; - break;} -case 273: -#line 1469 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_nt (CALL_EXPR, yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype, NULL_TREE); ; - break;} -case 274: -#line 1471 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_nt (ARRAY_REF, yyvsp[-3].ttype, yyvsp[-1].ttype); ; - break;} -case 275: -#line 1473 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_nt (ARRAY_REF, yyvsp[-2].ttype, NULL_TREE); ; - break;} -case 276: -#line 1475 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_nt (CALL_EXPR, NULL_TREE, yyvsp[0].ttype, NULL_TREE); ; - break;} -case 277: -#line 1477 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_nt (ARRAY_REF, NULL_TREE, yyvsp[-1].ttype); ; - break;} -case 278: -#line 1479 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_nt (ARRAY_REF, NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE); ; - break;} -case 279: -#line 1481 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = yyvsp[0].ttype; ; - break;} -case 280: -#line 1490 "objc-parse.y" -{ - if (pedantic && yyvsp[0].ends_in_label) - pedwarn ("ANSI C forbids label at end of compound statement"); - ; - break;} -case 282: -#line 1499 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ends_in_label = yyvsp[0].ends_in_label; ; - break;} -case 283: -#line 1501 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ends_in_label = 0; ; - break;} -case 287: -#line 1513 "objc-parse.y" -{ emit_line_note (input_filename, lineno); - pushlevel (0); - clear_last_expr (); - push_momentary (); - expand_start_bindings (0); - if (objc_method_context) - add_objc_decls (); - ; - break;} -case 289: -#line 1528 "objc-parse.y" -{ if (pedantic) - pedwarn ("ANSI C forbids label declarations"); ; - break;} -case 292: -#line 1539 "objc-parse.y" -{ tree link; - for (link = yyvsp[-1].ttype; link; link = TREE_CHAIN (link)) - { - tree label = shadow_label (TREE_VALUE (link)); - C_DECLARED_LABEL_FLAG (label) = 1; - declare_nonlocal_label (label); - } - ; - break;} -case 293: -#line 1553 "objc-parse.y" -{; - break;} -case 295: -#line 1558 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = convert (void_type_node, integer_zero_node); ; - break;} -case 296: -#line 1560 "objc-parse.y" -{ emit_line_note (input_filename, lineno); - expand_end_bindings (getdecls (), 1, 0); - yyval.ttype = poplevel (1, 1, 0); - if (yychar == CONSTANT || yychar == STRING) - pop_momentary_nofree (); - else - pop_momentary (); ; - break;} -case 297: -#line 1568 "objc-parse.y" -{ emit_line_note (input_filename, lineno); - expand_end_bindings (getdecls (), kept_level_p (), 0); - yyval.ttype = poplevel (kept_level_p (), 0, 0); - if (yychar == CONSTANT || yychar == STRING) - pop_momentary_nofree (); - else - pop_momentary (); ; - break;} -case 298: -#line 1576 "objc-parse.y" -{ emit_line_note (input_filename, lineno); - expand_end_bindings (getdecls (), kept_level_p (), 0); - yyval.ttype = poplevel (kept_level_p (), 0, 0); - if (yychar == CONSTANT || yychar == STRING) - pop_momentary_nofree (); - else - pop_momentary (); ; - break;} -case 301: -#line 1596 "objc-parse.y" -{ emit_line_note (yyvsp[-5].filename, yyvsp[-4].lineno); - expand_start_cond (truthvalue_conversion (yyvsp[-1].ttype), 0); - yyval.itype = stmt_count; - if_stmt_file = yyvsp[-5].filename; - if_stmt_line = yyvsp[-4].lineno; - position_after_white_space (); ; - break;} -case 302: -#line 1609 "objc-parse.y" -{ stmt_count++; - emit_line_note (yyvsp[-2].filename, yyvsp[-1].lineno); - /* See comment in `while' alternative, above. */ - emit_nop (); - expand_start_loop_continue_elsewhere (1); - position_after_white_space (); ; - break;} -case 303: -#line 1616 "objc-parse.y" -{ expand_loop_continue_here (); ; - break;} -case 304: -#line 1620 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.filename = input_filename; ; - break;} -case 305: -#line 1624 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.lineno = lineno; ; - break;} -case 306: -#line 1629 "objc-parse.y" -{ ; - break;} -case 307: -#line 1634 "objc-parse.y" -{ ; - break;} -case 308: -#line 1639 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ends_in_label = yyvsp[0].ends_in_label; ; - break;} -case 309: -#line 1644 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ends_in_label = 0; ; - break;} -case 310: -#line 1646 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ends_in_label = 1; ; - break;} -case 311: -#line 1652 "objc-parse.y" -{ stmt_count++; ; - break;} -case 313: -#line 1655 "objc-parse.y" -{ stmt_count++; - emit_line_note (yyvsp[-3].filename, yyvsp[-2].lineno); -/* It appears that this should not be done--that a non-lvalue array - shouldn't get an error if the value isn't used. - Section 3.2.2.1 says that an array lvalue gets converted to a pointer - if it appears as a top-level expression, - but says nothing about non-lvalue arrays. */ -#if 0 - /* Call default_conversion to get an error - on referring to a register array if pedantic. */ - if (TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (yyvsp[-1].ttype)) == ARRAY_TYPE - || TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (yyvsp[-1].ttype)) == FUNCTION_TYPE) - yyvsp[-1].ttype = default_conversion (yyvsp[-1].ttype); -#endif - iterator_expand (yyvsp[-1].ttype); - clear_momentary (); ; - break;} -case 314: -#line 1672 "objc-parse.y" -{ expand_start_else (); - yyvsp[-1].itype = stmt_count; - position_after_white_space (); ; - break;} -case 315: -#line 1676 "objc-parse.y" -{ expand_end_cond (); - if (extra_warnings && stmt_count == yyvsp[-3].itype) - warning ("empty body in an else-statement"); ; - break;} -case 316: -#line 1680 "objc-parse.y" -{ expand_end_cond (); - /* This warning is here instead of in simple_if, because we - do not want a warning if an empty if is followed by an - else statement. Increment stmt_count so we don't - give a second error if this is a nested `if'. */ - if (extra_warnings && stmt_count++ == yyvsp[0].itype) - warning_with_file_and_line (if_stmt_file, if_stmt_line, - "empty body in an if-statement"); ; - break;} -case 317: -#line 1692 "objc-parse.y" -{ expand_end_cond (); ; - break;} -case 318: -#line 1694 "objc-parse.y" -{ stmt_count++; - emit_line_note (yyvsp[-2].filename, yyvsp[-1].lineno); - /* The emit_nop used to come before emit_line_note, - but that made the nop seem like part of the preceding line. - And that was confusing when the preceding line was - inside of an if statement and was not really executed. - I think it ought to work to put the nop after the line number. - We will see. --rms, July 15, 1991. */ - emit_nop (); ; - break;} -case 319: -#line 1704 "objc-parse.y" -{ /* Don't start the loop till we have succeeded - in parsing the end test. This is to make sure - that we end every loop we start. */ - expand_start_loop (1); - emit_line_note (input_filename, lineno); - expand_exit_loop_if_false (NULL_PTR, - truthvalue_conversion (yyvsp[-1].ttype)); - position_after_white_space (); ; - break;} -case 320: -#line 1713 "objc-parse.y" -{ expand_end_loop (); ; - break;} -case 321: -#line 1716 "objc-parse.y" -{ emit_line_note (input_filename, lineno); - expand_exit_loop_if_false (NULL_PTR, - truthvalue_conversion (yyvsp[-2].ttype)); - expand_end_loop (); - clear_momentary (); ; - break;} -case 322: -#line 1723 "objc-parse.y" -{ expand_end_loop (); - clear_momentary (); ; - break;} -case 323: -#line 1727 "objc-parse.y" -{ stmt_count++; - emit_line_note (yyvsp[-5].filename, yyvsp[-4].lineno); - /* See comment in `while' alternative, above. */ - emit_nop (); - if (yyvsp[-1].ttype) c_expand_expr_stmt (yyvsp[-1].ttype); - /* Next step is to call expand_start_loop_continue_elsewhere, - but wait till after we parse the entire for (...). - Otherwise, invalid input might cause us to call that - fn without calling expand_end_loop. */ - ; - break;} -case 324: -#line 1739 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyvsp[0].lineno = lineno; - yyval.filename = input_filename; ; - break;} -case 325: -#line 1742 "objc-parse.y" -{ - /* Start the loop. Doing this after parsing - all the expressions ensures we will end the loop. */ - expand_start_loop_continue_elsewhere (1); - /* Emit the end-test, with a line number. */ - emit_line_note (yyvsp[-2].filename, yyvsp[-3].lineno); - if (yyvsp[-4].ttype) - expand_exit_loop_if_false (NULL_PTR, - truthvalue_conversion (yyvsp[-4].ttype)); - /* Don't let the tree nodes for $9 be discarded by - clear_momentary during the parsing of the next stmt. */ - push_momentary (); - yyvsp[-3].lineno = lineno; - yyvsp[-2].filename = input_filename; - position_after_white_space (); ; - break;} -case 326: -#line 1758 "objc-parse.y" -{ /* Emit the increment expression, with a line number. */ - emit_line_note (yyvsp[-4].filename, yyvsp[-5].lineno); - expand_loop_continue_here (); - if (yyvsp[-3].ttype) - c_expand_expr_stmt (yyvsp[-3].ttype); - if (yychar == CONSTANT || yychar == STRING) - pop_momentary_nofree (); - else - pop_momentary (); - expand_end_loop (); ; - break;} -case 327: -#line 1769 "objc-parse.y" -{ stmt_count++; - emit_line_note (yyvsp[-5].filename, yyvsp[-4].lineno); - c_expand_start_case (yyvsp[-1].ttype); - /* Don't let the tree nodes for $3 be discarded by - clear_momentary during the parsing of the next stmt. */ - push_momentary (); - position_after_white_space (); ; - break;} -case 328: -#line 1777 "objc-parse.y" -{ expand_end_case (yyvsp[-3].ttype); - if (yychar == CONSTANT || yychar == STRING) - pop_momentary_nofree (); - else - pop_momentary (); ; - break;} -case 329: -#line 1783 "objc-parse.y" -{ stmt_count++; - emit_line_note (yyvsp[-3].filename, yyvsp[-2].lineno); - if ( ! expand_exit_something ()) - error ("break statement not within loop or switch"); ; - break;} -case 330: -#line 1788 "objc-parse.y" -{ stmt_count++; - emit_line_note (yyvsp[-3].filename, yyvsp[-2].lineno); - if (! expand_continue_loop (NULL_PTR)) - error ("continue statement not within a loop"); ; - break;} -case 331: -#line 1793 "objc-parse.y" -{ stmt_count++; - emit_line_note (yyvsp[-3].filename, yyvsp[-2].lineno); - c_expand_return (NULL_TREE); ; - break;} -case 332: -#line 1797 "objc-parse.y" -{ stmt_count++; - emit_line_note (yyvsp[-4].filename, yyvsp[-3].lineno); - c_expand_return (yyvsp[-1].ttype); ; - break;} -case 333: -#line 1801 "objc-parse.y" -{ stmt_count++; - emit_line_note (yyvsp[-7].filename, yyvsp[-6].lineno); - STRIP_NOPS (yyvsp[-2].ttype); - if ((TREE_CODE (yyvsp[-2].ttype) == ADDR_EXPR - && TREE_CODE (TREE_OPERAND (yyvsp[-2].ttype, 0)) == STRING_CST) - || TREE_CODE (yyvsp[-2].ttype) == STRING_CST) - expand_asm (yyvsp[-2].ttype); - else - error ("argument of `asm' is not a constant string"); ; - break;} -case 334: -#line 1812 "objc-parse.y" -{ stmt_count++; - emit_line_note (yyvsp[-9].filename, yyvsp[-8].lineno); - c_expand_asm_operands (yyvsp[-4].ttype, yyvsp[-2].ttype, NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE, - yyvsp[-6].ttype == ridpointers[(int)RID_VOLATILE], - input_filename, lineno); ; - break;} -case 335: -#line 1819 "objc-parse.y" -{ stmt_count++; - emit_line_note (yyvsp[-11].filename, yyvsp[-10].lineno); - c_expand_asm_operands (yyvsp[-6].ttype, yyvsp[-4].ttype, yyvsp[-2].ttype, NULL_TREE, - yyvsp[-8].ttype == ridpointers[(int)RID_VOLATILE], - input_filename, lineno); ; - break;} -case 336: -#line 1827 "objc-parse.y" -{ stmt_count++; - emit_line_note (yyvsp[-13].filename, yyvsp[-12].lineno); - c_expand_asm_operands (yyvsp[-8].ttype, yyvsp[-6].ttype, yyvsp[-4].ttype, yyvsp[-2].ttype, - yyvsp[-10].ttype == ridpointers[(int)RID_VOLATILE], - input_filename, lineno); ; - break;} -case 337: -#line 1833 "objc-parse.y" -{ tree decl; - stmt_count++; - emit_line_note (yyvsp[-4].filename, yyvsp[-3].lineno); - decl = lookup_label (yyvsp[-1].ttype); - if (decl != 0) - { - TREE_USED (decl) = 1; - expand_goto (decl); - } - ; - break;} -case 338: -#line 1844 "objc-parse.y" -{ stmt_count++; - emit_line_note (yyvsp[-5].filename, yyvsp[-4].lineno); - expand_computed_goto (convert (ptr_type_node, yyvsp[-1].ttype)); ; - break;} -case 341: -#line 1857 "objc-parse.y" -{ - /* The value returned by this action is */ - /* 1 if everything is OK */ - /* 0 in case of error or already bound iterator */ - - yyval.itype = 0; - if (TREE_CODE (yyvsp[-1].ttype) != VAR_DECL) - error ("invalid `for (ITERATOR)' syntax"); - else if (! ITERATOR_P (yyvsp[-1].ttype)) - error ("`%s' is not an iterator", - IDENTIFIER_POINTER (DECL_NAME (yyvsp[-1].ttype))); - else if (ITERATOR_BOUND_P (yyvsp[-1].ttype)) - error ("`for (%s)' inside expansion of same iterator", - IDENTIFIER_POINTER (DECL_NAME (yyvsp[-1].ttype))); - else - { - yyval.itype = 1; - iterator_for_loop_start (yyvsp[-1].ttype); - } - ; - break;} -case 342: -#line 1878 "objc-parse.y" -{ - if (yyvsp[-1].itype) - iterator_for_loop_end (yyvsp[-3].ttype); - ; - break;} -case 343: -#line 1913 "objc-parse.y" -{ register tree value = check_case_value (yyvsp[-1].ttype); - register tree label - = build_decl (LABEL_DECL, NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE); - - stmt_count++; - - if (value != error_mark_node) - { - tree duplicate; - int success = pushcase (value, convert_and_check, - label, &duplicate); - if (success == 1) - error ("case label not within a switch statement"); - else if (success == 2) - { - error ("duplicate case value"); - error_with_decl (duplicate, "this is the first entry for that value"); - } - else if (success == 3) - warning ("case value out of range"); - else if (success == 5) - error ("case label within scope of cleanup or variable array"); - } - position_after_white_space (); ; - break;} -case 344: -#line 1938 "objc-parse.y" -{ register tree value1 = check_case_value (yyvsp[-3].ttype); - register tree value2 = check_case_value (yyvsp[-1].ttype); - register tree label - = build_decl (LABEL_DECL, NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE); - - stmt_count++; - - if (value1 != error_mark_node && value2 != error_mark_node) - { - tree duplicate; - int success = pushcase_range (value1, value2, - convert_and_check, label, - &duplicate); - if (success == 1) - error ("case label not within a switch statement"); - else if (success == 2) - { - error ("duplicate case value"); - error_with_decl (duplicate, "this is the first entry for that value"); - } - else if (success == 3) - warning ("case value out of range"); - else if (success == 4) - warning ("empty case range"); - else if (success == 5) - error ("case label within scope of cleanup or variable array"); - } - position_after_white_space (); ; - break;} -case 345: -#line 1967 "objc-parse.y" -{ - tree duplicate; - register tree label - = build_decl (LABEL_DECL, NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE); - int success = pushcase (NULL_TREE, 0, label, &duplicate); - stmt_count++; - if (success == 1) - error ("default label not within a switch statement"); - else if (success == 2) - { - error ("multiple default labels in one switch"); - error_with_decl (duplicate, "this is the first default label"); - } - position_after_white_space (); ; - break;} -case 346: -#line 1982 "objc-parse.y" -{ tree label = define_label (input_filename, lineno, yyvsp[-1].ttype); - stmt_count++; - emit_nop (); - if (label) - expand_label (label); - position_after_white_space (); ; - break;} -case 347: -#line 1994 "objc-parse.y" -{ emit_line_note (input_filename, lineno); - yyval.ttype = NULL_TREE; ; - break;} -case 348: -#line 1997 "objc-parse.y" -{ emit_line_note (input_filename, lineno); ; - break;} -case 349: -#line 2002 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = NULL_TREE; ; - break;} -case 351: -#line 2009 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = NULL_TREE; ; - break;} -case 354: -#line 2016 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = chainon (yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 355: -#line 2021 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_tree_list (yyvsp[-3].ttype, yyvsp[-1].ttype); ; - break;} -case 356: -#line 2026 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, combine_strings (yyvsp[0].ttype), NULL_TREE); ; - break;} -case 357: -#line 2028 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, combine_strings (yyvsp[0].ttype), yyvsp[-2].ttype); ; - break;} -case 358: -#line 2034 "objc-parse.y" -{ pushlevel (0); - clear_parm_order (); - declare_parm_level (0); ; - break;} -case 359: -#line 2038 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = yyvsp[0].ttype; - parmlist_tags_warning (); - poplevel (0, 0, 0); ; - break;} -case 361: -#line 2046 "objc-parse.y" -{ tree parm; - if (pedantic) - pedwarn ("ANSI C forbids forward parameter declarations"); - /* Mark the forward decls as such. */ - for (parm = getdecls (); parm; parm = TREE_CHAIN (parm)) - TREE_ASM_WRITTEN (parm) = 1; - clear_parm_order (); ; - break;} -case 362: -#line 2054 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = yyvsp[0].ttype; ; - break;} -case 363: -#line 2056 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE); ; - break;} -case 364: -#line 2062 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = get_parm_info (0); ; - break;} -case 365: -#line 2064 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = get_parm_info (0); - /* Gcc used to allow this as an extension. However, it does - not work for all targets, and thus has been disabled. - Also, since func (...) and func () are indistinguishable, - it caused problems with the code in expand_builtin which - tries to verify that BUILT_IN_NEXT_ARG is being used - correctly. */ - error ("ANSI C requires a named argument before `...'"); - ; - break;} -case 366: -#line 2074 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = get_parm_info (1); ; - break;} -case 367: -#line 2076 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = get_parm_info (0); ; - break;} -case 368: -#line 2081 "objc-parse.y" -{ push_parm_decl (yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 369: -#line 2083 "objc-parse.y" -{ push_parm_decl (yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 370: -#line 2090 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_tree_list (build_tree_list (current_declspecs, - yyvsp[-1].ttype), - build_tree_list (prefix_attributes, - yyvsp[0].ttype)); - current_declspecs = TREE_VALUE (declspec_stack); - prefix_attributes = TREE_PURPOSE (declspec_stack); - declspec_stack = TREE_CHAIN (declspec_stack); - resume_momentary (yyvsp[-2].itype); ; - break;} -case 371: -#line 2099 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_tree_list (build_tree_list (current_declspecs, - yyvsp[-1].ttype), - build_tree_list (prefix_attributes, - yyvsp[0].ttype)); - current_declspecs = TREE_VALUE (declspec_stack); - prefix_attributes = TREE_PURPOSE (declspec_stack); - declspec_stack = TREE_CHAIN (declspec_stack); - resume_momentary (yyvsp[-2].itype); ; - break;} -case 372: -#line 2108 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_tree_list (build_tree_list (current_declspecs, - yyvsp[-1].ttype), - build_tree_list (prefix_attributes, - yyvsp[0].ttype)); - current_declspecs = TREE_VALUE (declspec_stack); - prefix_attributes = TREE_PURPOSE (declspec_stack); - declspec_stack = TREE_CHAIN (declspec_stack); - resume_momentary (yyvsp[-2].itype); ; - break;} -case 373: -#line 2117 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_tree_list (build_tree_list (current_declspecs, - yyvsp[-1].ttype), - build_tree_list (prefix_attributes, - yyvsp[0].ttype)); - current_declspecs = TREE_VALUE (declspec_stack); - prefix_attributes = TREE_PURPOSE (declspec_stack); - declspec_stack = TREE_CHAIN (declspec_stack); - resume_momentary (yyvsp[-2].itype); ; - break;} -case 374: -#line 2127 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_tree_list (build_tree_list (current_declspecs, - yyvsp[-1].ttype), - build_tree_list (prefix_attributes, - yyvsp[0].ttype)); - current_declspecs = TREE_VALUE (declspec_stack); - prefix_attributes = TREE_PURPOSE (declspec_stack); - declspec_stack = TREE_CHAIN (declspec_stack); - resume_momentary (yyvsp[-2].itype); ; - break;} -case 375: -#line 2141 "objc-parse.y" -{ pushlevel (0); - clear_parm_order (); - declare_parm_level (1); ; - break;} -case 376: -#line 2145 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = yyvsp[0].ttype; - parmlist_tags_warning (); - poplevel (0, 0, 0); ; - break;} -case 378: -#line 2153 "objc-parse.y" -{ tree t; - for (t = yyvsp[-1].ttype; t; t = TREE_CHAIN (t)) - if (TREE_VALUE (t) == NULL_TREE) - error ("`...' in old-style identifier list"); - yyval.ttype = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE, yyvsp[-1].ttype); ; - break;} -case 379: -#line 2163 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_tree_list (NULL_TREE, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 380: -#line 2165 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = chainon (yyvsp[-2].ttype, build_tree_list (NULL_TREE, yyvsp[0].ttype)); ; - break;} -case 381: -#line 2171 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_tree_list (NULL_TREE, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 382: -#line 2173 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = chainon (yyvsp[-2].ttype, build_tree_list (NULL_TREE, yyvsp[0].ttype)); ; - break;} -case 388: -#line 2185 "objc-parse.y" -{ - if (objc_implementation_context) - { - finish_class (objc_implementation_context); - objc_ivar_chain = NULL_TREE; - objc_implementation_context = NULL_TREE; - } - else - warning ("`@end' must appear in an implementation context"); - ; - break;} -case 389: -#line 2200 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_tree_list (NULL_TREE, yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 390: -#line 2202 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = chainon (yyvsp[-2].ttype, build_tree_list (NULL_TREE, yyvsp[0].ttype)); ; - break;} -case 391: -#line 2207 "objc-parse.y" -{ - objc_declare_class (yyvsp[-1].ttype); - ; - break;} -case 392: -#line 2213 "objc-parse.y" -{ - objc_declare_alias (yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[-1].ttype); - ; - break;} -case 393: -#line 2219 "objc-parse.y" -{ - objc_interface_context = objc_ivar_context - = start_class (CLASS_INTERFACE_TYPE, yyvsp[-2].ttype, NULL_TREE, yyvsp[-1].ttype); - objc_public_flag = 0; - ; - break;} -case 394: -#line 2225 "objc-parse.y" -{ - continue_class (objc_interface_context); - ; - break;} -case 395: -#line 2230 "objc-parse.y" -{ - finish_class (objc_interface_context); - objc_interface_context = NULL_TREE; - ; - break;} -case 396: -#line 2236 "objc-parse.y" -{ - objc_interface_context - = start_class (CLASS_INTERFACE_TYPE, yyvsp[-1].ttype, NULL_TREE, yyvsp[0].ttype); - continue_class (objc_interface_context); - ; - break;} -case 397: -#line 2243 "objc-parse.y" -{ - finish_class (objc_interface_context); - objc_interface_context = NULL_TREE; - ; - break;} -case 398: -#line 2249 "objc-parse.y" -{ - objc_interface_context = objc_ivar_context - = start_class (CLASS_INTERFACE_TYPE, yyvsp[-4].ttype, yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[-1].ttype); - objc_public_flag = 0; - ; - break;} -case 399: -#line 2255 "objc-parse.y" -{ - continue_class (objc_interface_context); - ; - break;} -case 400: -#line 2260 "objc-parse.y" -{ - finish_class (objc_interface_context); - objc_interface_context = NULL_TREE; - ; - break;} -case 401: -#line 2266 "objc-parse.y" -{ - objc_interface_context - = start_class (CLASS_INTERFACE_TYPE, yyvsp[-3].ttype, yyvsp[-1].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); - continue_class (objc_interface_context); - ; - break;} -case 402: -#line 2273 "objc-parse.y" -{ - finish_class (objc_interface_context); - objc_interface_context = NULL_TREE; - ; - break;} -case 403: -#line 2279 "objc-parse.y" -{ - objc_implementation_context = objc_ivar_context - = start_class (CLASS_IMPLEMENTATION_TYPE, yyvsp[-1].ttype, NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE); - objc_public_flag = 0; - ; - break;} -case 404: -#line 2285 "objc-parse.y" -{ - objc_ivar_chain - = continue_class (objc_implementation_context); - ; - break;} -case 405: -#line 2291 "objc-parse.y" -{ - objc_implementation_context - = start_class (CLASS_IMPLEMENTATION_TYPE, yyvsp[0].ttype, NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE); - objc_ivar_chain - = continue_class (objc_implementation_context); - ; - break;} -case 406: -#line 2299 "objc-parse.y" -{ - objc_implementation_context = objc_ivar_context - = start_class (CLASS_IMPLEMENTATION_TYPE, yyvsp[-3].ttype, yyvsp[-1].ttype, NULL_TREE); - objc_public_flag = 0; - ; - break;} -case 407: -#line 2305 "objc-parse.y" -{ - objc_ivar_chain - = continue_class (objc_implementation_context); - ; - break;} -case 408: -#line 2311 "objc-parse.y" -{ - objc_implementation_context - = start_class (CLASS_IMPLEMENTATION_TYPE, yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype, NULL_TREE); - objc_ivar_chain - = continue_class (objc_implementation_context); - ; - break;} -case 409: -#line 2319 "objc-parse.y" -{ - objc_interface_context - = start_class (CATEGORY_INTERFACE_TYPE, yyvsp[-4].ttype, yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); - continue_class (objc_interface_context); - ; - break;} -case 410: -#line 2326 "objc-parse.y" -{ - finish_class (objc_interface_context); - objc_interface_context = NULL_TREE; - ; - break;} -case 411: -#line 2332 "objc-parse.y" -{ - objc_implementation_context - = start_class (CATEGORY_IMPLEMENTATION_TYPE, yyvsp[-3].ttype, yyvsp[-1].ttype, NULL_TREE); - objc_ivar_chain - = continue_class (objc_implementation_context); - ; - break;} -case 412: -#line 2342 "objc-parse.y" -{ - remember_protocol_qualifiers (); - objc_interface_context - = start_protocol(PROTOCOL_INTERFACE_TYPE, yyvsp[-1].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); - ; - break;} -case 413: -#line 2348 "objc-parse.y" -{ - forget_protocol_qualifiers(); - finish_protocol(objc_interface_context); - objc_interface_context = NULL_TREE; - ; - break;} -case 414: -#line 2357 "objc-parse.y" -{ - yyval.ttype = NULL_TREE; - ; - break;} -case 415: -#line 2361 "objc-parse.y" -{ - if (yyvsp[-2].code == LT_EXPR && yyvsp[0].code == GT_EXPR) - yyval.ttype = yyvsp[-1].ttype; - else - YYERROR1; - ; - break;} -case 418: -#line 2375 "objc-parse.y" -{ objc_public_flag = 2; ; - break;} -case 419: -#line 2376 "objc-parse.y" -{ objc_public_flag = 0; ; - break;} -case 420: -#line 2377 "objc-parse.y" -{ objc_public_flag = 1; ; - break;} -case 421: -#line 2382 "objc-parse.y" -{ - yyval.ttype = NULL_TREE; - ; - break;} -case 423: -#line 2387 "objc-parse.y" -{ - if (pedantic) - pedwarn ("extra semicolon in struct or union specified"); - ; - break;} -case 424: -#line 2405 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = yyvsp[0].ttype; - current_declspecs = TREE_VALUE (declspec_stack); - prefix_attributes = TREE_PURPOSE (declspec_stack); - declspec_stack = TREE_CHAIN (declspec_stack); - resume_momentary (yyvsp[-1].itype); ; - break;} -case 425: -#line 2411 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = yyvsp[0].ttype; - current_declspecs = TREE_VALUE (declspec_stack); - prefix_attributes = TREE_PURPOSE (declspec_stack); - declspec_stack = TREE_CHAIN (declspec_stack); - resume_momentary (yyvsp[-1].itype); ; - break;} -case 426: -#line 2417 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = NULL_TREE; ; - break;} -case 427: -#line 2422 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = NULL_TREE; ; - break;} -case 430: -#line 2429 "objc-parse.y" -{ - yyval.ttype = add_instance_variable (objc_ivar_context, - objc_public_flag, - yyvsp[0].ttype, current_declspecs, - NULL_TREE); - ; - break;} -case 431: -#line 2436 "objc-parse.y" -{ - yyval.ttype = add_instance_variable (objc_ivar_context, - objc_public_flag, - yyvsp[-2].ttype, current_declspecs, yyvsp[0].ttype); - ; - break;} -case 432: -#line 2442 "objc-parse.y" -{ - yyval.ttype = add_instance_variable (objc_ivar_context, - objc_public_flag, - NULL_TREE, - current_declspecs, yyvsp[0].ttype); - ; - break;} -case 433: -#line 2452 "objc-parse.y" -{ - remember_protocol_qualifiers (); - if (objc_implementation_context) - objc_inherit_code = CLASS_METHOD_DECL; - else - fatal ("method definition not in class context"); - ; - break;} -case 434: -#line 2460 "objc-parse.y" -{ - forget_protocol_qualifiers (); - add_class_method (objc_implementation_context, yyvsp[0].ttype); - start_method_def (yyvsp[0].ttype); - objc_method_context = yyvsp[0].ttype; - ; - break;} -case 435: -#line 2467 "objc-parse.y" -{ - continue_method_def (); - ; - break;} -case 436: -#line 2471 "objc-parse.y" -{ - finish_method_def (); - objc_method_context = NULL_TREE; - ; - break;} -case 437: -#line 2477 "objc-parse.y" -{ - remember_protocol_qualifiers (); - if (objc_implementation_context) - objc_inherit_code = INSTANCE_METHOD_DECL; - else - fatal ("method definition not in class context"); - ; - break;} -case 438: -#line 2485 "objc-parse.y" -{ - forget_protocol_qualifiers (); - add_instance_method (objc_implementation_context, yyvsp[0].ttype); - start_method_def (yyvsp[0].ttype); - objc_method_context = yyvsp[0].ttype; - ; - break;} -case 439: -#line 2492 "objc-parse.y" -{ - continue_method_def (); - ; - break;} -case 440: -#line 2496 "objc-parse.y" -{ - finish_method_def (); - objc_method_context = NULL_TREE; - ; - break;} -case 442: -#line 2508 "objc-parse.y" -{yyval.ttype = NULL_TREE; ; - break;} -case 447: -#line 2515 "objc-parse.y" -{yyval.ttype = NULL_TREE; ; - break;} -case 451: -#line 2525 "objc-parse.y" -{ - objc_inherit_code = CLASS_METHOD_DECL; - ; - break;} -case 452: -#line 2529 "objc-parse.y" -{ - add_class_method (objc_interface_context, yyvsp[0].ttype); - ; - break;} -case 454: -#line 2535 "objc-parse.y" -{ - objc_inherit_code = INSTANCE_METHOD_DECL; - ; - break;} -case 455: -#line 2539 "objc-parse.y" -{ - add_instance_method (objc_interface_context, yyvsp[0].ttype); - ; - break;} -case 457: -#line 2547 "objc-parse.y" -{ - yyval.ttype = build_method_decl (objc_inherit_code, yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype, NULL_TREE); - ; - break;} -case 458: -#line 2552 "objc-parse.y" -{ - yyval.ttype = build_method_decl (objc_inherit_code, NULL_TREE, yyvsp[0].ttype, NULL_TREE); - ; - break;} -case 459: -#line 2557 "objc-parse.y" -{ - yyval.ttype = build_method_decl (objc_inherit_code, yyvsp[-3].ttype, yyvsp[-1].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); - ; - break;} -case 460: -#line 2562 "objc-parse.y" -{ - yyval.ttype = build_method_decl (objc_inherit_code, NULL_TREE, yyvsp[-1].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); - ; - break;} -case 469: -#line 2592 "objc-parse.y" -{ current_declspecs = TREE_VALUE (declspec_stack); - prefix_attributes = TREE_PURPOSE (declspec_stack); - declspec_stack = TREE_CHAIN (declspec_stack); - resume_momentary (yyvsp[-2].itype); ; - break;} -case 470: -#line 2597 "objc-parse.y" -{ shadow_tag (yyvsp[-1].ttype); ; - break;} -case 471: -#line 2599 "objc-parse.y" -{ pedwarn ("empty declaration"); ; - break;} -case 472: -#line 2604 "objc-parse.y" -{ push_parm_decl (yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 473: -#line 2606 "objc-parse.y" -{ push_parm_decl (yyvsp[0].ttype); ; - break;} -case 474: -#line 2614 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_tree_list (build_tree_list (current_declspecs, - yyvsp[-1].ttype), - build_tree_list (prefix_attributes, - yyvsp[0].ttype)); ; - break;} -case 475: -#line 2619 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_tree_list (build_tree_list (current_declspecs, - yyvsp[-1].ttype), - build_tree_list (prefix_attributes, - yyvsp[0].ttype)); ; - break;} -case 476: -#line 2624 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = build_tree_list (build_tree_list (current_declspecs, - yyvsp[-1].ttype), - build_tree_list (prefix_attributes, - yyvsp[0].ttype)); ; - break;} -case 477: -#line 2632 "objc-parse.y" -{ - yyval.ttype = NULL_TREE; - ; - break;} -case 478: -#line 2636 "objc-parse.y" -{ - /* oh what a kludge! */ - yyval.ttype = (tree)1; - ; - break;} -case 479: -#line 2641 "objc-parse.y" -{ - pushlevel (0); - ; - break;} -case 480: -#line 2645 "objc-parse.y" -{ - /* returns a tree list node generated by get_parm_info */ - yyval.ttype = yyvsp[0].ttype; - poplevel (0, 0, 0); - ; - break;} -case 483: -#line 2660 "objc-parse.y" -{ - yyval.ttype = chainon (yyvsp[-1].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); - ; - break;} -case 488: -#line 2673 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = get_identifier (token_buffer); ; - break;} -case 489: -#line 2674 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = get_identifier (token_buffer); ; - break;} -case 490: -#line 2675 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = get_identifier (token_buffer); ; - break;} -case 491: -#line 2676 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = get_identifier (token_buffer); ; - break;} -case 492: -#line 2677 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = get_identifier (token_buffer); ; - break;} -case 493: -#line 2678 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = get_identifier (token_buffer); ; - break;} -case 494: -#line 2679 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = get_identifier (token_buffer); ; - break;} -case 495: -#line 2680 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = get_identifier (token_buffer); ; - break;} -case 496: -#line 2681 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = get_identifier (token_buffer); ; - break;} -case 497: -#line 2682 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = get_identifier (token_buffer); ; - break;} -case 498: -#line 2683 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = get_identifier (token_buffer); ; - break;} -case 499: -#line 2684 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = get_identifier (token_buffer); ; - break;} -case 500: -#line 2685 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = get_identifier (token_buffer); ; - break;} -case 501: -#line 2686 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = get_identifier (token_buffer); ; - break;} -case 502: -#line 2687 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = get_identifier (token_buffer); ; - break;} -case 503: -#line 2688 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = get_identifier (token_buffer); ; - break;} -case 504: -#line 2689 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = get_identifier (token_buffer); ; - break;} -case 505: -#line 2690 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = get_identifier (token_buffer); ; - break;} -case 506: -#line 2691 "objc-parse.y" -{ yyval.ttype = get_identifier (token_buffer); ; - break;} -case 509: -#line 2697 "objc-parse.y" -{ - yyval.ttype = build_keyword_decl (yyvsp[-5].ttype, yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); - ; - break;} -case 510: -#line 2702 "objc-parse.y" -{ - yyval.ttype = build_keyword_decl (yyvsp[-2].ttype, NULL_TREE, yyvsp[0].ttype); - ; - break;} -case 511: -#line 2707 "objc-parse.y" -{ - yyval.ttype = build_keyword_decl (NULL_TREE, yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); - ; - break;} -case 512: -#line 2712 "objc-parse.y" -{ - yyval.ttype = build_keyword_decl (NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE, yyvsp[0].ttype); - ; - break;} -case 516: -#line 2725 "objc-parse.y" -{ - yyval.ttype = chainon (yyvsp[-1].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); - ; - break;} -case 517: -#line 2733 "objc-parse.y" -{ - if (TREE_CHAIN (yyvsp[0].ttype) == NULL_TREE) - /* just return the expr., remove a level of indirection */ - yyval.ttype = TREE_VALUE (yyvsp[0].ttype); - else - /* we have a comma expr., we will collapse later */ - yyval.ttype = yyvsp[0].ttype; - ; - break;} -case 518: -#line 2745 "objc-parse.y" -{ - yyval.ttype = build_tree_list (yyvsp[-2].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); - ; - break;} -case 519: -#line 2749 "objc-parse.y" -{ - yyval.ttype = build_tree_list (NULL_TREE, yyvsp[0].ttype); - ; - break;} -case 521: -#line 2757 "objc-parse.y" -{ - yyval.ttype = get_class_reference (yyvsp[0].ttype); - ; - break;} -case 522: -#line 2764 "objc-parse.y" -{ objc_receiver_context = 1; ; - break;} -case 523: -#line 2766 "objc-parse.y" -{ objc_receiver_context = 0; ; - break;} -case 524: -#line 2768 "objc-parse.y" -{ - yyval.ttype = build_tree_list (yyvsp[-3].ttype, yyvsp[-1].ttype); - ; - break;} -case 528: -#line 2781 "objc-parse.y" -{ - yyval.ttype = chainon (yyvsp[-1].ttype, yyvsp[0].ttype); - ; - break;} -case 529: -#line 2788 "objc-parse.y" -{ - yyval.ttype = build_tree_list (yyvsp[-1].ttype, NULL_TREE); - ; - break;} -case 530: -#line 2792 "objc-parse.y" -{ - yyval.ttype = build_tree_list (NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE); - ; - break;} -case 531: -#line 2799 "objc-parse.y" -{ - yyval.ttype = yyvsp[-1].ttype; - ; - break;} -case 532: -#line 2806 "objc-parse.y" -{ - yyval.ttype = yyvsp[-1].ttype; - ; - break;} -case 533: -#line 2815 "objc-parse.y" -{ - yyval.ttype = groktypename (yyvsp[-1].ttype); - ; - break;} -} - /* the action file gets copied in in place of this dollarsign */ -#line 487 "/usr/local/share/bison.simple" - - yyvsp -= yylen; - yyssp -= yylen; -#ifdef YYLSP_NEEDED - yylsp -= yylen; -#endif - -#if YYDEBUG != 0 - if (yydebug) - { - short *ssp1 = yyss - 1; - fprintf (stderr, "state stack now"); - while (ssp1 != yyssp) - fprintf (stderr, " %d", *++ssp1); - fprintf (stderr, "\n"); - } -#endif - - *++yyvsp = yyval; - -#ifdef YYLSP_NEEDED - yylsp++; - if (yylen == 0) - { - yylsp->first_line = yylloc.first_line; - yylsp->first_column = yylloc.first_column; - yylsp->last_line = (yylsp-1)->last_line; - yylsp->last_column = (yylsp-1)->last_column; - yylsp->text = 0; - } - else - { - yylsp->last_line = (yylsp+yylen-1)->last_line; - yylsp->last_column = (yylsp+yylen-1)->last_column; - } -#endif - - /* Now "shift" the result of the reduction. - Determine what state that goes to, - based on the state we popped back to - and the rule number reduced by. */ - - yyn = yyr1[yyn]; - - yystate = yypgoto[yyn - YYNTBASE] + *yyssp; - if (yystate >= 0 && yystate <= YYLAST && yycheck[yystate] == *yyssp) - yystate = yytable[yystate]; - else - yystate = yydefgoto[yyn - YYNTBASE]; - - goto yynewstate; - -yyerrlab: /* here on detecting error */ - - if (! yyerrstatus) - /* If not already recovering from an error, report this error. */ - { - ++yynerrs; - -#ifdef YYERROR_VERBOSE - yyn = yypact[yystate]; - - if (yyn > YYFLAG && yyn < YYLAST) - { - int size = 0; - char *msg; - int x, count; - - count = 0; - /* Start X at -yyn if nec to avoid negative indexes in yycheck. */ - for (x = (yyn < 0 ? -yyn : 0); - x < (sizeof(yytname) / sizeof(char *)); x++) - if (yycheck[x + yyn] == x) - size += strlen(yytname[x]) + 15, count++; - msg = (char *) malloc(size + 15); - if (msg != 0) - { - strcpy(msg, "parse error"); - - if (count < 5) - { - count = 0; - for (x = (yyn < 0 ? -yyn : 0); - x < (sizeof(yytname) / sizeof(char *)); x++) - if (yycheck[x + yyn] == x) - { - strcat(msg, count == 0 ? ", expecting `" : " or `"); - strcat(msg, yytname[x]); - strcat(msg, "'"); - count++; - } - } - yyerror(msg); - free(msg); - } - else - yyerror ("parse error; also virtual memory exceeded"); - } - else -#endif /* YYERROR_VERBOSE */ - yyerror("parse error"); - } - - goto yyerrlab1; -yyerrlab1: /* here on error raised explicitly by an action */ - - if (yyerrstatus == 3) - { - /* if just tried and failed to reuse lookahead token after an error, discard it. */ - - /* return failure if at end of input */ - if (yychar == YYEOF) - YYABORT; - -#if YYDEBUG != 0 - if (yydebug) - fprintf(stderr, "Discarding token %d (%s).\n", yychar, yytname[yychar1]); -#endif - - yychar = YYEMPTY; - } - - /* Else will try to reuse lookahead token - after shifting the error token. */ - - yyerrstatus = 3; /* Each real token shifted decrements this */ - - goto yyerrhandle; - -yyerrdefault: /* current state does not do anything special for the error token. */ - -#if 0 - /* This is wrong; only states that explicitly want error tokens - should shift them. */ - yyn = yydefact[yystate]; /* If its default is to accept any token, ok. Otherwise pop it.*/ - if (yyn) goto yydefault; -#endif - -yyerrpop: /* pop the current state because it cannot handle the error token */ - - if (yyssp == yyss) YYABORT; - yyvsp--; - yystate = *--yyssp; -#ifdef YYLSP_NEEDED - yylsp--; -#endif - -#if YYDEBUG != 0 - if (yydebug) - { - short *ssp1 = yyss - 1; - fprintf (stderr, "Error: state stack now"); - while (ssp1 != yyssp) - fprintf (stderr, " %d", *++ssp1); - fprintf (stderr, "\n"); - } -#endif - -yyerrhandle: - - yyn = yypact[yystate]; - if (yyn == YYFLAG) - goto yyerrdefault; - - yyn += YYTERROR; - if (yyn < 0 || yyn > YYLAST || yycheck[yyn] != YYTERROR) - goto yyerrdefault; - - yyn = yytable[yyn]; - if (yyn < 0) - { - if (yyn == YYFLAG) - goto yyerrpop; - yyn = -yyn; - goto yyreduce; - } - else if (yyn == 0) - goto yyerrpop; - - if (yyn == YYFINAL) - YYACCEPT; - -#if YYDEBUG != 0 - if (yydebug) - fprintf(stderr, "Shifting error token, "); -#endif - - *++yyvsp = yylval; -#ifdef YYLSP_NEEDED - *++yylsp = yylloc; -#endif - - yystate = yyn; - goto yynewstate; -} -#line 2820 "objc-parse.y" - |